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Müller M, Van Liefferinge E, Tilbrook A, van Barneveld R, Roura E. Excess dietary Lys reduces feed intake, stimulates jejunal CCK secretion and alters essential and non-essential blood AA profile in pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:24. [PMID: 38369505 PMCID: PMC10874532 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercial diets are frequently formulated to meet or exceed nutrient levels including those of limiting essential amino acids (AA) covering potential individual variations within the herd. However, the provision of dietary excess of AA, such as Lys, may lead to reduced appetite and growth in pigs. The mechanisms modulating these responses have not been extensively investigated. This study evaluated the effect of Lys dietary excesses on performance and satiety biomarkers in post weaning pigs. METHODS Twenty-four pigs aged 21 d and weighing 6.81 ± 0.12 kg (mean ± SEM) were individually housed and offered 1 of 4 dietary treatments for 3 weeks: a diet containing a standardized ileal digestible Lys reaching 100% (T0), 120% (T1), 150% (T2) or 200% (T3) of the NRC (2012) requirements. At the end of the experiment, blood samples from the cephalic vein of the T0 and T3 groups were obtained for AA analysis. In addition, primary intestinal cultures from T0 pigs were used, following their humane killing, to evaluate the effect of Lys on gut hormone secretion and AA sensors gene expression under ex vivo conditions. RESULTS Feed intake was linearly reduced (P < 0.001) and the weight gain to feed ratio reduced (P < 0.10) with increased dietary levels of Lys during the third- and first-week post weaning, respectively. Cholecystokinin concentration (P < 0.05) and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and the solute carrier family 7 member 2 (P < 0.10) gene expression was enhanced in proximal jejunum tissues incubated with Lys at 20 mmol/L when compared to the control (Lys 0 mmol/L). Plasma Lys and Glu (P < 0.05) concentration increased in the T3 compared to T0 pigs. In contrast, plasma levels of His, Val, Thr, Leu (P < 0.05) and Gln (P < 0.10) were lower in T3 than T0 pigs. CONCLUSION The present results confirm that excess dietary Lys inhibits hunger in pigs. Moreover, the results provide evidence of pre- and post-absorptive mechanisms modulating these responses. Lys dietary excesses should be narrowed, when possible, to avoid negative effects of the AA on appetite in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Müller
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Elout Van Liefferinge
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality (LANUPRO), Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, 339000, Ghent, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Alan Tilbrook
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation and the School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Eugeni Roura
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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Tan Y, Chrysopoulou M, Rinschen MM. Integrative physiology of lysine metabolites. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:579-586. [PMID: 37781739 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00061.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine is an essential amino acid that serves as a building block in protein synthesis. Beside this, the metabolic activity of lysine has only recently been unraveled. Lysine metabolism is tissue specific and is linked to several renal, cardiovascular, and endocrinological diseases through human metabolomics datasets. As a free molecule, lysine takes part in the antioxidant response and engages in protein modifications, and its chemistry shapes both proteome and metabolome. In the proteome, it is an acceptor for a plethora of posttranslational modifications. In the metabolome, it can be modified, conjugated, and degraded. Here, we provide an update on integrative physiology of mammalian lysine metabolites such as α-aminoadipic acid, saccharopine, pipecolic acid, and lysine conjugates such as acetyl-lysine, and sugar-lysine conjugates such as advanced glycation end products. We also comment on their emerging associative and mechanistic links to renal disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Tan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- III Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Thomas BL, Guadagnin AR, Fehlberg LK, Sugimoto Y, Shinzato I, Drackley JK, Cardoso FC. Feeding rumen-protected lysine to dairy cows prepartum improves performance and health of their calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:2256-2274. [PMID: 34955262 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Providing adequate concentrations of AA in the prepartum diet is pivotal for the cow's health and performance. However, less is known about the potential in utero effects of particular AA on early-life performance of calves. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects on dairy calves when their dams were fed rumen-protected lysine (RPL; AjiPro-L Generation 3, Ajinomoto Heartland Inc.; 0.54% dry matter of total mixed ration as top dress) from 26 ± 4.6 d (mean ± standard deviation) before calving until calving. Seventy-eight male (M) and female (F) Holstein calves were assigned to 2 treatments based on their dams' prepartum treatment, RPL supplementation (PRE-L) or without RPL (CON). At the time of birth (0.5-2 h after calving), before colostrum was fed, blood samples were collected. An initial body weight was obtained at 1 to 3 h after birth. Calves were fed 470 g of colostrum replacer (Land O'Lakes Bovine IgG Colostrum Replacer, Land O'Lakes, Inc.) diluted in 3.8 L of water. Calves were provided water ad libitum and fed milk replacer (Advance Excelerate, Milk Specialties Global Animal Nutrition; 28.5% crude protein, 15% fat) at 0600 h and 1700 h until 42 d of age. Calves were measured weekly, at weaning (d 42), and at the end of the experimental period (d 56). Plasma concentrations of AA were measured on d 0, 7, and 14 d using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (Waters) with a derivatization method (AccQ-Tag Derivatization). Final body weight was greater for M (87 ± 11 kg) than F (79 ± 7 kg). Calves in PRE-L tended to have greater dry matter (814 ± 3 g/d) and crude protein (234 ± 6 g/d) intakes than those in CON (793 ± 9 g/d and 228 ± 11 g/d, respectively). Calves in PRE-L had greater average daily gain (0.96 ± 0.04 kg/d) than calves in CON (0.85 ± 0.03 kg/d) during wk 6 to 8. Calves in PRE-L tended to be medicated fewer days than CON (4.7 ± 1.2 d vs. 6.2 ± 3.4 d, respectively). Calves in PRE-L-M and CON-F (2,916 ± 112 µM and 2,848 ± 112 µM, respectively) had greater total AA concentration in plasma than calves in PRE-L-F and CON-M (2,684 ± 112 µM and 2,582 ± 112 µM, respectively). Calves in PRE-L-F and CON-M (4.09 ± 0.11% and 4.16 ± 0.11%, respectively) had greater concentration of Lys as a percentage of total AA compared with calves in CON-F and PRE-L-M (3.91 ± 0.11% and 3.90 ± 0.11%, respectively). Calves in PRE-L tended to have greater percentage of phagocytic neutrophils (39.6 ± 1.59%) than calves in CON (35.9 ± 1.59%). In conclusion, increasing the metabolizable lysine provided to prepartum dairy cows had modest effect over offspring performance, with the major result being a greater average daily gain for calves in PRE-L during the preweaning phase (wk 6-8).
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Thomas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - A R Guadagnin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - L K Fehlberg
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Y Sugimoto
- Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Tokyo, Japan 104-8315
| | - I Shinzato
- Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Tokyo, Japan 104-8315
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - F C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Zhou H, Chen D, Mao X, He J, Yu J, Zheng P, Luo J, Gao J, Htoo JK, Yu B. Evaluation of standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement for 8-20 kg pigs fed low crude protein diets. Anim Sci J 2018; 90:237-246. [PMID: 30556220 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) requirement for weaned pigs fed with low crude protein (CP) diet. In Experiment 1, 144 pigs were fed a normal CP (20%) diet with 12.3 g/kg SID Lys and five low CP (18.5%) diets providing SID Lys levels of 9.8, 11.1, 12.3, 13.5, and 14.8 g/kg, respectively, for 28 days. Reducing dietary CP from 20% to 18.5% enhanced (p < 0.05) the growth performance. The average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) increased (linear and quadratic; p < 0.05), serum urea nitrogen (SUN) decreased (linear and quadratic; p < 0.05) as SID Lys increased. The SID Lys levels required to maximize ADG and optimize G:F were 12.8 and 13.1 g/kg using a curvilinear plateau model, and to minimize SUN was 13.4 g/kg using a two-slope broken-line model, which averaged 13.1 g/kg SID Lys. In Experiment 2, 18 pigs were used in a 12-day N balance trial and received the same diets of Experiment 1. Total N excretion was decreased when dietary CP reduced and further decreased when SID Lys increased. Collectively, 1.5% dietary CP reduction improved the growth performance and decreased the N excretion; the optimal SID Lys requirement was at 13.1 g/kg of 8-20 kg pigs fed with 18.5% CP diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Evonik Degussa (China) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | | | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, China
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Lin X, Li S, Zou Y, Zhao FQ, Liu J, Liu H. Lysine Stimulates Protein Synthesis by Promoting the Expression of ATB0,+ and Activating the mTOR Pathway in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. J Nutr 2018; 148:1426-1433. [PMID: 30184226 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background l-lysine (Lys) is a critical dietary nutrient for mammary gland development and milk production. However, the specific pathways of Lys utilization and how milk protein synthesis is affected in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) are poorly understood. Objective We aimed to investigate the effects of Lys on milk protein synthesis and the mechanism of Lys uptake and catabolism in BMECs. Methods BMECs were cultured in 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mmol Lys/L to detect cell viability, or cultured in 0-2.0 mmol Lys/L with l-[ring-3H5] phenylalanine to study the effect of Lys on protein turnover, or cultured in Krebs buffer with [U-14C] l-Lys to quantify Lys metabolism. In some experiments, BMECs were cultured in a conditioned medium alone or including 1.0 mmol Lys/L and 2-amino-endo-bicyclo [2.2.1] heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) for 24 h to analyze the expression of amino acid transporter B (0+) (ATB0,+), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) pathways. Results Including 1.0 mmol Lys/L in cultures increased cell viability by 17-47% and protein synthesis by 7-23%, whereas protein degradation was inhibited by 4-64% compared with BMECs cultured with 0, 0.5, or 2.0 mmol Lys/L (all P ≤ 0.05). Studies that used [U-14C] l-Lys showed that most Lys was incorporated into proteins (90%), whereas the remainder was either oxidized into CO2 (4%) or used as a substrate for aspartate (3%) and histidine synthesis (3%). Furthermore, Lys significantly increased expression of ATB0,+ (71% mRNA and 44% protein), STAT5 (27% mRNA and 21% phosphorylated proteins), and mTOR (51% mRNA and 22% phosphorylated proteins) compared with cells without Lys. Conclusions Lys promoted protein synthesis, mostly through enhancing uptake by ATB0,+ and the mTOR and JAK2-STAT5 pathways. Understanding the utilization of Lys in BMECs provides insights into the role of amino acid nutrition in bovine milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shanshan Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yixuan Zou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Feng-Qi Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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Zhou H, Chen D, Mao X, He J, Yu J, Zheng P, Luo J, Gao J, Htoo J, Yu B. Effects of dietary lysine levels on jejunal expression of amino
acids transporters and hindgut microflora in weaned pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/93736/2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yang QQ, Suen PK, Zhang CQ, Mak WS, Gu MH, Liu QQ, Sun SSM. Improved growth performance, food efficiency, and lysine availability in growing rats fed with lysine-biofortified rice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1389. [PMID: 28465621 PMCID: PMC5430985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice is an excellent source of protein, and has an adequate balance of amino acids with the exception of the essential amino acid lysine. By using a combined enhancement of lysine synthesis and suppression of its catabolism, we had produced two transgenic rice lines HFL1 and HFL2 (High Free Lysine) containing high concentration of free lysine. In this study, a 70-day rat feeding study was conducted to assess the nutritional value of two transgenic lines as compared with either their wild type (WT) or the WT rice supplemented with different concentrations of L-lysine. The results revealed that animal performance, including body weight, food intake, and food efficiency, was greater in the HFL groups than in the WT group. Moreover, the HFL diets had increased protein apparent digestibility, protein efficiency ratio, and lysine availability than the WT diet. Based on the linear relationship between dietary L-lysine concentrations and animal performance, it indicated that the biological indexes of the HFL groups were similar or better than that of the WT20 group, which was supplemented with L-lysine concentrations similar to those present in the HFL diets. Therefore, lysine-biofortified rice contributed to improved growth performance, food efficiency, and lysine availability in growing rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pui Kit Suen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chang-Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wan Sheung Mak
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Hong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qiao-Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Samuel Sai-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Tucker H, Hanigan M, Escobar J, Doane P, Donkin S. Hepatic expression of aminoadipate semialdehyde synthase is unchanged by postruminal lysine supply in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1009-1018. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wu P, Li Y, Cheng J, Chen L, Zeng M, Wu Y, Wang J, Zhang J, Chu W. Transcriptome Analysis and Postprandial Expression of Amino Acid Transporter Genes in the Fast Muscles and Gut of Chinese Perch (Siniperca chuatsi). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159533. [PMID: 27463683 PMCID: PMC4963124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the expression and regulation of growth-related genes in the muscles of Chinese perch is of great interest to aquaculturists because of the commercial value of the species. The transcriptome annotation of the skeletal muscles is a crucial step in muscle growth-related gene analysis. In this study, we generated 52 504 230 reads of mRNA sequence data from the fast muscles of the Chinese perch by using Solexa/Illumina RNA-seq. Twenty-one amino acid transporter genes were annotated by searching protein and gene ontology databases, and postprandial changes in their transcript abundance were assayed after administering a single satiating meal to Chinese perch juveniles (body mass, approximately 100 g), following fasting for 1 week. The gut content of the Chinese perch increased significantly after 1 h and remained high for 6 h following the meal and emptied within 48-96 h. Expression of eight amino acid transporter genes was assayed in the fast muscles through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h. Among the genes, five transporter transcripts were markedly up-regulated within 1 h of refeeding, indicating that they may be potential candidate genes involved in the rapid-response signaling system regulating fish myotomal muscle growth. These genes display coordinated regulation favoring the resumption of myogenesis responding to feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Bioengneering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Yulong Li
- Department of Bioengneering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, China
| | - Jia Cheng
- Department of Bioengneering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Bioengneering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Institute of Hunan Aquaculture and Fishes, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Yuanan Wu
- Institute of Hunan Aquaculture and Fishes, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Bioengneering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, China
| | - Jianshe Zhang
- Department of Bioengneering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde, 415000, China
- * E-mail: (JSZ); (WYC)
| | - Wuying Chu
- Department of Bioengneering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde, 415000, China
- * E-mail: (JSZ); (WYC)
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Attenuation of autophagic-proteolysis in C2C12 cells by saccharopine. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 410:93-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lysine nutrition in swine and the related monogastric animals: muscle protein biosynthesis and beyond. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:147. [PMID: 25830085 PMCID: PMC4377136 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0927-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Improving feed efficiency of pigs with dietary application of amino acids (AAs) is becoming increasingly important because this practice can not only secure the plasma AA supply for muscle growth but also protect the environment from nitrogen discharge with feces and urine. Lysine, the first limiting AA in typical swine diets, is a substrate for generating body proteins, peptides, and non-peptide molecules, while excess lysine is catabolized as an energy source. From a regulatory standpoint, lysine is at the top level in controlling AA metabolism, and lysine can also affect the metabolism of other nutrients. The effect of lysine on hormone production and activities is reflected by the change of plasma concentrations of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1. Lysine residues in peptides are important sites for protein post-translational modification involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. An inborn error of a cationic AA transporter in humans can lead to a lysinuric protein intolerance condition. Dietary deficiency of lysine will impair animal immunity and elevate animal susceptibility to infectious diseases. Because lysine deficiency has negative impact on animal health and growth performance and it appears that dietary lysine is non-toxic even at a high dose of supplementation, nutritional emphasis should be put on lysine supplementation to avoid its deficiency rather than toxicity. Improvement of muscle growth of monogastric animals such as pigs via dietary lysine supply may be due to a greater increase in protein synthesis rather than a decrease in protein degradation. Nevertheless, the underlying metabolic and molecular mechanisms regarding lysine effect on muscle protein accretion merits further clarification. Future research undertaken to fully elucidate the metabolic and regulatory mechanisms of lysine nutrition could provide a sound scientific foundation necessary for developing novel nutritional strategies to enhance the muscle growth and development of meat animals.
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Effects of dietary l-lysine intake on the intestinal mucosa and expression of CAT genes in weaned piglets. Amino Acids 2013; 45:383-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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