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Park S, Lee J, Yun W, Hong S, Oh H, Song D, Chang S, An J, Cho H, Jeon K, Cho J. Supplementation of protease and different nutrient density diets in growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 66:326-339. [PMID: 38628687 PMCID: PMC11016743 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of protease supplementation and different nutrient density of diets in growing-finishing pigs. A total of one hundred-eight crossbred growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with an initial body weight (BW; 18.74 ± 3.46 kg) were used for 15 weeks. Pigs were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 3 pigs per pen in a 3 × 2 factorial through the following arrangement: Three groups of protease (1, Basal diets; 2, Protease A: 125 mg/kg protease derived from Streptomyces sps; 3, Protease B: 100 mg/kg protease derived from Bacillus licheniformis) at two different nutrient density diets (1, Basal requirement; 2, 0.94%-0.98% higher than requirement in dietary protein and 50 kcal/kg in energy). High nutrient (HN) diets showed higher average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.05) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) (p < .0001) compared to basal nutrient (BN) diets during growing periods. Supplementation of protease showed higher BW (p < 0.05) and ADG (p < 0.05) compared to non-supplementation of protease during growing periods. Also, supplementation of protease showed higher ATTD of CP (p < 0.01), ATTD of gross energy (p < 0.05) and decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level (p = 0.001) compared to non-supplementation of protease during finishing periods. Pigs which fed the protease showed decreased ammonia (NH3) emissions (p < 0.05) during experiment periods and decreased hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions (p < 0.01) during finishing periods. Interactions between nutrient density and protease were observed, which decreased the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) in HN diets without protease compared to BN diets without protease during weeks 4 to 6. Also, interaction between nutrient density and protease was observed, which resulted in improved ATTD of CP (p < 0.01) in response to PTA supplementation with HN diets during the finishing period. In conclusion, supplementation of protease reduces NH3 in feces and BUN in whole blood by increasing the digestibility of CP and improves growth performance. Also, diets with high nutrient density improved growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Park
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jihwan Lee
- Department of Poultry Science, University
of Georgia (UGA), Athens 30602, GA, United States
| | - Won Yun
- Central Research Institute, Woosung Feed
Co., Ltd, Daejeon 34379, Korea
| | - Seokman Hong
- Central Research Institute, Woosung Feed
Co., Ltd, Daejeon 34379, Korea
| | - Hanjin Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dongcheol Song
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Seyeon Chang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jaewoo An
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyunah Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kyeongho Jeon
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jinho Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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González-Solé F, Camp Montoro J, Solà-Oriol D, Pérez JF, Lawlor PG, Boyle LA, Garcia Manzanilla E. Effect of mixing at weaning and nutrient density of the weaner diet on growth performance and welfare of pigs to slaughter. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:38. [PMID: 37641119 PMCID: PMC10464064 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00334-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mixing pigs at weaning can compromise pig welfare and growth. Therefore, grouping littermates together may allow a diet nutrient and energy density reduction during the nursery period to reduce feed cost without affecting slaughter weight. This study investigated the combined effect of mixing and reducing dietary energy and nutrient density on growth performance, body lesions (BL), and behaviour in pigs from weaning to slaughter. RESULTS Forty-eight litters [554 pigs, 11-12 pigs/litter; Danish Duroc × (Large White × Landrace)] were included in the trial. At 28 days of age, pigs were weaned and housed in nursery rooms in litter groups (INTACT, n = 24) or mixed with other litters and grouped by weight to reduce within-pen pig weight variation (MIXED, n = 24). A dietary regimen meeting pigs' nutritional requirements (CON) and a low-density dietary regimen (LOW; -10% energy and protein) completed a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (Mixing x Diet, n = 12). On day 74 of age, pigs moved to the grower-finisher accommodation without further mixing and all pigs received the CON dietary regimen. Mixing increased FCR by 4.0% during the nursery period (p = 0.003). Nursery pigs fed LOW experienced a growth retardation which was maintained until slaughter (-2.6 kg slaughter weight; p = 0.025). Initial differences in the coefficient of variation (CV) between MIXED (10.4%) and INTACT (17.6%; p < 0.001) pigs were reduced in CON pens but not in LOW pens (interaction p = 0.025) at the end of the nursery period. MIXED pigs had more fights and BL (p < 0.001) at weaning and showed more aggression (p = 0.003) after being moved to the grower-finisher rooms. At the end of the nursery period, MIXED pigs fed LOW showed the highest number of aggressive behaviours around the feeder (interaction; p = 0.003) and pigs fed LOW showed more damaging behaviour (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Mixing animals at weaning had limited impact on growth performance but impaired welfare which was aggravated by energy and nutrient reduction in the nursery diet. Decreasing dietary nutrient density in the nursery stage retarded growth, which could not be compensated for during the growing-finishing period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc González-Solé
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.
| | - Jordi Camp Montoro
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Co. Cork, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - José Francisco Pérez
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Co. Cork, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Laura A Boyle
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Co. Cork, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Edgar Garcia Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Co. Cork, Fermoy, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, Dublin, Ireland
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da Silva CA, Dias CP, Callegari MA, Romano GDS, Lais de Souza K, Jacob DV, Ulbrich AJ, Goossens T. Phytogenics and encapsulated sodium butyrate can replace antibiotics as growth promoters for lightly weaned piglets. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279197. [PMID: 36548241 PMCID: PMC9778559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of essential oils plus dry herbs (PHYTO) and encapsulated sodium butyrate (BUT) supplementation compared with enramycin (ENR), as a growth promoter, on the performance, diarrhoea control and intestinal microbiota in lightly weaned piglets. Two hundred weaned piglets, 20 days old, 4.69 ± 0.56 kg, were submitted during the nursery phase (20 to 69 days of age) to four treatments: control (CTR)-without any additive supplementation; ENR (with 8 ppm of enramycin throughout), BUT (with 2000 ppm between 20 to 34 d, 1500 ppm between 34 to 48 d and 1000 ppm between 48 to 69 d), and PHYTO (150 ppm between 20 to 48 d). At 62 days old, forty piglets (10 replicates per treatment) were slaughtered to perform bacterial identification through 16S rRNA (V3-V4) sequencing of the caecal content. During the second phase of the trial (34 to 48 days), the BUT group showed higher DWG (P = 0.023) and BW (P = 0.039) than the CTR group, and all groups that received additives had better FCR than the CTR group (P = 0.001). In the last phase of the trial (48 to 69 days), the ENR group presented a better FCR (P = 0.054) than the CRT and other groups. In the total period (20 to 69 days), ENR and BUT showed better FCR (P = 0.006) than CRT. Diarrhoea incident data showed differences (P<0.05), favouring the BUT treatment compared to the CTR. Only the Megasphaeraceae and Streptococcaceae families showed differences (p<0.05) in relative abundance between CTR and PHYTO and between CTR and BUT, respectively. Differential abundances of the Megasphaera and Streptococcus genera were observed between CTR and PHYTO and CTR and BUT. Phytogenics and encapsulated sodium butyrate are able and effective for modulating the specific caecal microbiota, improving performance and controlling diarrhoea occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Abércio da Silva
- Animal Sciences Department, Center of Agrarian Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tim Goossens
- Nutriad Animal Nutrition Ltda., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rodrigues LA, Panisson JC, Van Kessel AG, Columbus DA. Functional amino acid supplementation attenuates the negative effects of plant-based nursery diets on the response of pigs to a subsequent Salmonella Typhimurium challenge. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac267. [PMID: 35976068 PMCID: PMC9584161 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional amino acids (FAA) attenuate the effects of Salmonella challenge in pigs. However, this may be affected by protein source (PS). The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of nursery dietary PS and FAA supplementation on growth performance and immune status of pigs subsequently challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium (ST). Thirty-two weanling pigs (8.7 ± 0.23 kg) were assigned to a feeding program for 31 d in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were dietary PS (plant-based [PB] vs. animal-based [AB]) and FAA profile (basal [FAA-] or supplemented [FAA+; Thr, Met, and Trp at 120% of requirements]). Pigs were subsequently placed on a common grower diet and, after a 7-d adaptation, were inoculated with ST and monitored for 7 d postinoculation. Growth performance, rectal temperature, fecal score, gut health, ST shedding score, intestinal colonization and translocation, and blood parameters of acute-phase response and antioxidant balance were measured pre- and postinoculation. Data were analyzed with a 2 (AB vs. PB) × 2 (FAA- vs. FAA+) factorial arrangement of treatments and differences between means were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. Postinoculation fecal score was worse, ST shedding, cecal myeloperoxidase, and cecal and colonic ST colonization were greater in PB compared to AB pigs (P < 0.05). Translocation of ST to spleen was decreased by FAA+ (P < 0.05), regardless of dietary PS. Postinoculation, AB pigs had greater average daily gain compared to PB-FAA- (P < 0.05). Pigs fed AB-FAA- showed increased average daily feed intake compared to PB-FAA- pigs (P < 0.05) and feed efficiency was increased in AB-FAA+ compared to PB-FAA- pigs (P < 0.05). Feeding PB ingredients in nursery diets seems to increase susceptibility of pigs to Salmonella. Moreover, FAA supplementation partially attenuated the negative effects of PB diets on the response of pigs to ST challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Rodrigues
- Prairie Swine Centre Inc., S7H 5N9, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Josiane C Panisson
- Prairie Swine Centre Inc., S7H 5N9, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Andrew G Van Kessel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Daniel A Columbus
- Prairie Swine Centre Inc., S7H 5N9, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Saskatoon, Canada
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Effects of early feeding of enzymatically treated yeast on growth performance, organ weights, intestinal histomorphology and ceca microbial metabolites in broiler chickens subjected to Eimeria challenge. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101967. [PMID: 35760002 PMCID: PMC9241041 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study evaluated effects of early feeding of enzymatically treated yeast on growth performance and selected physiological responses in broiler chickens. A total of 480-day-old (male) Ross × Ross 708 broiler chicks were placed in 24 floor pens (20 birds per pen) and allocated to 2 diets (control vs. yeast) in a completely randomized block design (n = 12). Diets were formulated for a 5-phase feeding program: Pre-starter; d 0 to 6 Starter; d 7 to 15, Grower: d 16 to 28, Finisher 1; d 28 to 42 and Finisher 2; d 43 to 56. The yeast was applied in pre-starter and starter diets at 0.6 and 0.2%, respectively. Birds received a common diet from d 16 to 56. Feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) were recorded by phase for calculation of BW gain (BWG) and FCR. On d 10, all birds received an oral dose of 25,000 E. acervullina and 5,000 E. maxima sporulated oocysts in 1 mL of sterile saline. On d 15 post-hatch, one bird per pen was sacrificed for organ weights (gizzard, small intestine, ceca, liver, spleen, liver, and bursa), jejunal tissues for histomorphology and ceca digesta for microbial activity. On d 56, one bird per pen was sacrificed for organs and breast weight. In pre-starter phase, yeast fed birds showed improved (P < 0.05) BWG and FCR than control fed birds. Combining pre-starter and starter phases, the FCR of yeast fed birds showed improved FCR (1.115 vs. 1.135; P < 0.05) than control. The overall BWG (d 0–56) was 3.920 and 3.962 kg/ bird and corresponding values for FCR were, 1.808 and 1.755, for the control and yeast, respectively. Diets had no (P > 0.05) effects on physiological responses evaluated on necropsied birds except that yeast birds had (P < 0.05) lighter bursa than control birds on d 15. The current data indicated that yeast could support growth in early life of broiler chickens, but these effects were not sustained after the transitioning birds to common grower and finisher diets.
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Wensley MR, Tokach MD, Woodworth JC, Goodband RD, Gebhardt JT, DeRouchey JM, McKilligan D. Maintaining continuity of nutrient intake after weaning. II. Review of post-weaning strategies. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab022. [PMID: 34841202 PMCID: PMC8611789 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Low feed consumption during the first 3 d post-weaning disrupts nutrient intake and
results in what is commonly known as a post-weaning growth check. While most pigs recover
from this initial reduction in feed intake (FI), some pigs fail to successfully make this
transition leading to morbidity and mortality. In this review, our objective is to
describe the different post-weaning strategies that can be used to minimize nutrient
intake disruption and improve FI in the immediate post-weaning period. Providing weanling
pigs with an environment that encourages them to search out and consume feed is important.
This includes appropriate barn temperatures, resource availability, and nursery placement
strategies. Research is needed to better understand the ideal environmental temperatures
to encourage pen exploration and reduce time to initial FI. Likewise, mat and gruel
feeding are commonly practiced throughout the industry to increase feed accessibility;
however, limited research data is available to validate protocols or benefits. Nursery
placement strategies include sorting light weight pigs into uniform body weight groups and
average or heavy weight pigs into variable body weight groups to provide benefit to light
pigs while reducing initial aggression in heavy pigs. Furthermore, water enrichment with
nutrient dense products have been shown to improve growth performance and reduce morbidity
and mortality in the early post-weaning period. Because young pigs are sensitive to
palatability, diet form and complexity should also be considered. Weanling pigs prefer
diets manufactured with coarse ground corn (700 μm) compared to fine ground corn.
Additionally, weanling pigs are more attracted to large diameter pellets (12 mm) compared
with small pellets. Despite these preferences, impacts on growth are relatively small.
Feeding complex diets with high levels of lactose, animal protein products, or other
palatable ingredients is another strategy shown to improve growth performance during the
first week post-weaning; however, the initial benefits quickly diminished as pigs become
older. Other strategies that warrant further investigation include the effect of crumble
diets on feed preference and the concept of perinatal or social interaction flavor
learning. In summary, strategic post-weaning nutrition and management practices must focus
on maintaining continuity of nutrient intake in order to reduce morbidity and mortality in
the immediate post-weaning period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madie R Wensley
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
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Camp Montoro J, Solà-Oriol D, Muns R, Gasa J, Llanes N, Manzanilla EG. High levels of standardized ileal digestible amino acids improve feed efficiency in slow-growing pigs at late grower-finisher stage. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:276-283. [PMID: 34288144 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Slow-growing pigs negatively affect production efficiency in conventional pig farms by increasing the occupation time of the facilities and being a limiting factor for the All-In/All-Out swine production systems. This subset of pigs is usually managed with the rest of the pigs, and their nutrient requirements may not be fulfilled. The purpose of the present study was to compare the productive performance of slow- and fast-growing pigs to different standardized ileal digestible (SID) amino acids (AA) dietary levels at late grower-finisher stage. A total of 84 pigs were weighed, tagged, and classified as slow-growing (SG; n = 48; 24.1 ± 1.38 kg) or fast-growing pigs (FG; n = 36; 42.7 ± 1.63 kg) at 11 weeks of age. Pigs were housed in mixed sex pens (n = 8 SG+6 FG/pen) equipped with feeding stations to record daily feed intake per individual pig. Pigs were assigned to three dietary treatments resulting in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement at 15 weeks of age. Isoenergetic diets were formulated by increasing the ideal protein profile based on the following SID lysine (Lys) levels: 0.92%, 1.18% and 1.45%. Pigs were weighed bi-weekly until 21 weeks of age. Fast-growing pigs were 33.7 kg heavier, gained 255 g/day and consumed 625.5 g/day more than SG pigs (p < 0.001). No interaction or diet effects were observed for final body weight, average daily gain and average daily feed intake (p > 0.05). However, feed conversion ratio was 0.3 lower for SG pigs fed 1.45% SID Lys/AA compared to SG pigs fed 0.92% SID Lys/AA (p = 0.002). Feed conversion ratio was not different within the FG pigs' dietary treatments (p > 0.05). The efficiency of SG pigs may be improved when dietary SID AA levels are increased from 0.92 up to 1.45% SID Lys/AA. Thus, nutrient requirements may vary depending on growth rate at the same age, and SG pigs may require higher dietary SID AA levels than FG pigs to achieve similar productive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Camp Montoro
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ramon Muns
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co Down, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Josep Gasa
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Núria Llanes
- Cooperativa d'Ivars d'Urgell SCCL, Lleida, Spain
| | - Edgar Garcia Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.,UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Hawe SJ, Scollan N, Gordon A, Muns R, Magowan E. Impact of feeding low and average birthweight pigs on a weight basis post-weaning on growth performance and body composition. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Aymerich P, Soldevila C, Bonet J, Gasa J, Coma J, Solà-Oriol D. Increasing Dietary Lysine Impacts Differently Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Sorted by Body Weight. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1032. [PMID: 32545783 PMCID: PMC7341301 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted analyzing whether growing pigs classified in different initial body weight categories (BWCAT) have a different response to increasing standardized ileal digestible lysine to net energy ratio (SID Lys:NE), to assess whether light pigs might benefit from being differentially fed. A total of 1170 pigs in pens of 13 were individually weighed, classified in 3 BWCAT (Lp: 32.1 ± 2.8 kg, Mp: 27.5 ± 2.3 kg, and Sp: 23.4 ± 2.9 kg), and afterwards pens were randomly allocated to 5 dietary SID Lys:NE treatments (3.25 to 4.88 g/Mcal) fed over 47 days. Results reported a greater linear improvement of growth and feed efficiency of Sp compared to Lp when increasing SID Lys:NE. Modelling the response to SID Lys:NE using quadratic polynomial models showed that the levels to reach 98% of maximum growth from day 0-47 were 3.67, 3.88, 4.06 g SID Lys/Mcal NE for Lp, Mp, and Sp, respectively. However, due to the overlapping SID Lys:NE confidence intervals at maximum performance, it was not possible to determine if requirements were different between BWCAT. Summarizing, the results suggested that feeding small pigs greater SID Lys:NE than large pigs can improve their performance and increase the efficiency of the overall production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Aymerich
- Vall Companys Group, 25191 Lleida, Spain; (C.S.); (J.B.); (J.C.)
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.G.); (D.S.-O.)
| | - Carme Soldevila
- Vall Companys Group, 25191 Lleida, Spain; (C.S.); (J.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Jordi Bonet
- Vall Companys Group, 25191 Lleida, Spain; (C.S.); (J.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Josep Gasa
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.G.); (D.S.-O.)
| | - Jaume Coma
- Vall Companys Group, 25191 Lleida, Spain; (C.S.); (J.B.); (J.C.)
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.G.); (D.S.-O.)
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Camp Montoro J, Manzanilla EG, Solà-Oriol D, Muns R, Gasa J, Clear O, Calderón Díaz JA. Predicting Productive Performance in Grow-Finisher Pigs Using Birth and Weaning Body Weight. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1017. [PMID: 32545432 PMCID: PMC7341257 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to (1) investigate the effect of birth and weaning body weight (BW) on performance indicators of grow-finisher pigs and (2) estimate birth and weaning BW cut-off values in order to identify slow growing pigs (SGP). Pigs (n = 144) were classified as SMALL (0.9 ± 0.13 kg) or BIG (1.4 ± 0.20 kg) at birth and re-classified as SMALL (5.4 ± 1.6 kg) or BIG (6.3 ± 1.91 kg) at weaning. Individual BW was recorded bi-weekly, and feed intake was recorded on a daily basis. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and days to target slaughter weight (TSW) were calculated. SMALL-SMALL pigs had lower ADG (p < 0.05) requiring 167.1 days (i.e., 14.2 extra days) to TSW (p < 0.05) compared with BIG pigs at birth and/or weaning. However, FCR was similar between groups (p > 0.05). Pigs weaned at <3.7 kg BW would likely be SGP. Pigs born at ≥1.1 kg BW or weaned at ≥6.4 kg BW are more likely to reach TSW at 22 weeks of age. The results suggest that birth BW might not be the best predictor for subsequent performance, as some small-born pigs were able to catch up with their bigger counterparts. The cut-off values identified could be used to design specific management and nutritional strategies for SGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Camp Montoro
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (O.C.); (J.A.C.D.)
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.S.-O.); (J.G.)
| | - Edgar Garcia Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (O.C.); (J.A.C.D.)
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.S.-O.); (J.G.)
| | - Ramon Muns
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough, Co Down BT 26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK;
| | - Josep Gasa
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.S.-O.); (J.G.)
| | - Oliver Clear
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (O.C.); (J.A.C.D.)
| | - Julia Adriana Calderón Díaz
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (O.C.); (J.A.C.D.)
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11
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Gaukroger CH, Stewart CJ, Edwards SA, Walshaw J, Adams IP, Kyriazakis I. Changes in Faecal Microbiota Profiles Associated With Performance and Birthweight of Piglets. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:917. [PMID: 32595608 PMCID: PMC7300224 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract microbiota interacts with the host to modulate metabolic phenotype. This interaction could provide insights into why some low birthweight pigs can exhibit compensatory growth whilst others remain stunted. This study aimed to identify microbiota markers associated with birthweight [low birthweight (n = 13) or normal birthweight pigs (n = 13)] and performance ["good" or "poor" average daily gain (ADG) class]. Furthermore, the study determined whether the taxonomic markers were longitudinal, or time point specific in their ability to identify low birthweight pigs who could exhibit compensatory growth. Faecal samples were collected and liveweight recorded at 10 different time points from birth to 56 days of age. No consistent associations between birthweight, performance and gut microbiota were found across all time points. However, there was a significant (P < 0.05) effect of birthweight on microbiota richness at 21, 27, 32 and 56 days of age. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in genera abundance according to birthweight and performance were also identified. Low birthweight pigs had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower abundance of Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, but a significantly (P < 0.05) higher abundance of Ruminococcaceae UCG-014 on days 21 and 32, respectively. Piglets classified as having a "good" ADG class had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher abundance of Lactobacillus, unclassified Prevotellaceae and Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 on days 4, 8 and 14, respectively. Furthermore, Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 was significantly more abundant at 14 days of age in normal birthweight pigs with a "good" ADG class compared to those classified as "poor." The results of this study indicate that there are time point-specific differences in the microbiota associated with birthweight and performance, corresponding to the period in which solid feed intake first occurs. Identifying early-life microbiota markers associated with performance emphasises the importance of the neonatal phase when considering intervention strategies aimed at promoting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare H Gaukroger
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Stewart
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra A Edwards
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian P Adams
- Fera Science Limited, York, United Kingdom.,Institute for Agri-Food Research and Innovation, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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12
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Huting AMS, Wellock I, Tuer S, Kyriazakis I. Weaning age and post-weaning nursery feeding regime are important in improving the performance of lightweight pigs. J Anim Sci 2020; 97:4834-4844. [PMID: 31679028 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the effect of weaning age, weaning weight, and nursery feeding regime on post-weaning performance. The focus was on pigs weaned light, as they may be better off when weaned at a later age and/or offered a specialist nursery feeding regime. Piglets (n = 1,448) from one farrowing batch of 110 sows that farrowed over 2 wk were individually weighed and their morphometric measurements were taken at birth. Pigs were weaned on the same day, but variation in birth date resulted in variable weaning ages (mean age day 34.1, SD = 2.5). The youngest 50% at weaning were classified Y and the oldest 50% as O; within an age class, the lightest 50% were classified L, the heaviest 50% as H, and housed accordingly. Pigs were individually weighed at weaning, 7 and 15 wk post-weaning. At weaning, Y were 6 d younger and 1.4 kg lighter than O pigs, whereas L were 3.2 kg lighter than H pigs. Pigs were randomly allocated to a 3-stage superior (SUP) or control (CON) nursery feeding regime, with SUP pigs having a 65% greater allowance (on a kg/pig basis) of the first and second stage feeds than the CON. Pigs weaned Y had a higher mortality rate from weaning to 7 wk post-weaning than pigs weaned O (9.14% vs. 4.98%; P = 0.046). As expected, age and weight significantly (P < 0.001) affected performance to both 7 and 15 wk post-weaning: at 15-wk pigs weaned Y were 5.5 kg lighter than pigs weaned O; pigs weaned L were 9.0 kg lighter than H pigs. It was estimated that pigs weaned YL needed ~4 d more (P = 0.018) to reach 60 kg BW than pigs weaned OL. Feed intake was not affected by feeding regime, age and weight, or their interactions. Performance was not affected by feeding regime (P > 0.05), but was affected by the weight × feeding regime interaction (P = 0.044) to 7 wk post-weaning: L pigs on SUP were 1.2 kg heavier than L pigs on the CON regime; this was not the case for the H pigs. Performance up to 7 wk post-weaning was positively associated with birth weight to cranial circumference ratio and weaning weight (P < 0.05) for both YL and OL pigs; for the latter, additional performance predictors were weaning age (P = 0.044) and feeding (P = 0.027). Improved growth for L pigs up to 7 wk post-weaning could be obtained by a greater allowance of the nursery diets. However, weaning at a later age benefitted the performance of L pigs to a common BW, suggesting that this might be a strategy with longer term benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M S Huting
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Primary Diets, ABAgri, Melmerby, Ripon, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Ian Wellock
- Primary Diets, ABAgri, Melmerby, Ripon, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Steve Tuer
- Stephen Tuer Farms Ltd, Northallerton, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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13
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Bugenyi AW, Cho HS, Heo J. Association between oropharyngeal microbiome and weight gain in piglets during pre and post weaning life. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:247-262. [PMID: 32292932 PMCID: PMC7142290 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.2.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Birth weight and subsequent weight gain is of critical importance in the survival and performance of piglets on a commercial swine farm setting. Oropharyngeal microbiome could influence immunity, and feeding behavior thus impacting health and weight gain. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to profile the composition and predicted metabolic functionality of the oropharyngeal microbiota in 8 piglets (4 with a birthweight ≤ 1.0 kg and 4 with a birthweight ≥ 1.7 kg) at 11, 26, and 63 days of age. We found 9 genera that were significantly associated with average daily gain (ADG) at 11 days (false discovery rate, FDR < 0.05) and 26 days of age (FDR < 0.1), respectively. The microbial functional profile revealed several pathways associated with ADG (FDR < 0.05). Among these, pathways related to degradation of catechols showed a positive association with ADG at 11, 26, and 63 days of age, implying a potential to breakdown the host-derived catecholamines. We also noted that pathways related to the biodegradation of nucleosides and nucleotides increased with ADG during the pre-weaning phase, while those involved in their biosynthesis decreased. Our findings provide insights into the oropharyngeal microbial memberships and metabolic pathways that are involved in a piglet's weight gain. Thus, providing a basis for the development of strategies aimed at improving weight gain in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wange Bugenyi
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Heo
- International Agricultural Development and Cooperation Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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14
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Craig AL, Muns R, Gordon A, Magowan E. Extended nursing and/or increased starter diet allowances for low weaning weight pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:1301-1309. [PMID: 32054219 PMCID: PMC7322640 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the use of nurse sows and post-weaning nutrition strategies for low wean weight (WW) pigs on lifetime growth and efficiency. Methods Animals (n = 270) were assigned to one of five treatments at 28 d. Low WW pigs (<6 kg) were either weaned and offered a special dietary regime recommended for low WW pigs (WEAN) or placed on a nurse sow (NURSE) and weaned at 49 d. Normal WW pigs (9 kg) (NORM) were also weaned at 28 d. After weaning, NORM and NURSE pigs were offered either a ‘high’ (4 kg/pig of starter 1 diet followed by 8 kg/pig of starter 2 diet) or ‘low’ (8 kg/pig of starter 2 diet) starter diet allowance in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. A typical grower diet was then offered, followed by a typical finisher diet until 147 d of age. Results NORM pigs where heavier throughout their life compared to NURSE pigs (91.4 kg vs 76.2 kg at 147 d; p<0.001). WEAN pigs were heavier at 70 d compared to NURSE pigs (23.9 kg vs 21.0 kg; p<0.001), but there was no significant difference at 147 d between NURSE and WEAN treatments. NURSE pigs had reduced feed intake throughout the finishing period (1.6 kg/d; p<0.001) compared to WEAN (2.0 kg/d) and NORM (1.9 kg/d) pigs. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of NURSE (2.20) was lower than NORM and WEAN during the finishing period (2.40 and 2.79, respectively). Conclusion Extended (up to 49 d) nursing for low WW pigs resulted in improved FCR during the finishing period, but no overall improvement in growth rate compared to low WW pigs weaned at 28 d and offered a specialised starter regime. Normal WW pigs where significantly heavier than low WW pigs throughout the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee-Louise Craig
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Northern Ireland BT26 6DR, UK
| | - Ramon Muns
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Northern Ireland BT26 6DR, UK
| | - Alan Gordon
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 5PX, UK
| | - Elizabeth Magowan
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Northern Ireland BT26 6DR, UK.,Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 5PX, UK
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15
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Zeng ZK, Urriola PE, Dunkelberger JR, Eggert JM, Vogelzang R, Shurson GC, Johnston LJ. Implications of early-life indicators for survival rate, subsequent growth performance, and carcass characteristics of commercial pigs1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3313-3325. [PMID: 31257437 PMCID: PMC6667258 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of genetic selection for increased litter size, modern, highly prolific sows often produce large litters with an increased percentage of light birth weight (BiW) piglets compared with less prolific females. However, there is limited information elucidating what proportion of light BiW piglets that express compensatory growth and how these pigs might be identified at a young age. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of birth weight and early phase growth on preweaning mortality, subsequent growth performance, and carcass characteristics of pigs. Individual records collected on 7,654 commercial crossbred pigs were used for analyses. A segmented regression model was used to analyze the effect of birth weight on preweaning survival and a series of mixed models were used to analyze the effect of birth weight (n = 7,654) group on weights recorded at: weaning (n = 6,777), nursery exit (n = 4,805), and finishing exit (n = 1,417); hot carcass weight (HCW), and lean percentage (n = 4,572). The effect of growth rate group was defined during suckling (< 225 or ≥ 225 g/d) or the nursery phase (< 424 or ≥ 424 g/d). Preweaning mortality, growth rate, BW, and carcass traits were adjusted to a standard age, and ADG and lean percentage were calculated. Results of segmented regression analysis showed that the slope of preweaning mortality on birth weights below 0.99 kg differed (P < 0.05) from the slope of preweaning mortality regressed on birth weights above 0.99 kg. The mixed model analyses showed a positive linear effect (P < 0.05) of BiW and quadratic effect (P < 0.05) of sow parity on age-adjusted finishing weight (FiW), HCW, and lean percentage. The positive influences of increasing BiW were greater (P < 0.05) in age-adjusted FiW and HCW for pigs with slow suckling growth rate compared with those with fast suckling growth rate. Pigs with fast nursery growth rate had greater (P < 0.05) age-adjusted FiW and HCW compared with the slow growing nursery contemporaries. In conclusion, piglets born weighing less than 1 kg were at a higher risk of preweaning mortality than piglets born weighing 1 kg or greater. Light BiW pigs, but not heavy BiW pigs, may lose compensatory growth capability if growth rate during the suckling phase is below the average level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikai K Zeng
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Pedro E Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | | | | | - Roos Vogelzang
- Topigs Norsvin Research Center, Beuningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Lee J Johnston
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN, MN
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16
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Manu H, Lee SH, Ren P, Pangeni D, Yang X, Baidoo SK. Effects of time of feeding during gestation on sow's performance1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1234-1241. [PMID: 30649344 PMCID: PMC6396240 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different feeding time regimes given similar energy intake per kilogram live BW0.75 during gestation on sow's performance. One hundred and seventy-four sows [Topigs TN 70 (Landrace × Large White, Topigs USA); parity 3.81 ± 0.16; initial BW = 211.57 ± 3.34 kg; backfat (BF) 13.70 ± 0.42 mm] were blocked by parity, farrowing date, balanced for BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments included sows fed corn-soybean meal-based diet once at [0730 (control, T1), 1130 (T2), or 1530 h (T3)], with daily feed quantity kept at 1.25× maintenance energy intake [100 × (BW)0.75] kcal ME/d. Sows received 6,758, 7,434, and 8,110 kcal ME/d from days 30 to 60, days 61 to 90, days 91 to 109 of gestation, respectively. The gestation diet was formulated to contain 3,379 kcal of ME/kg, 0.70% Ca, 0.61% total P, 0.58% SID Lys, 0.26% SID Met, 0.45% SID Thr, 0.12% SID Trp, and 0.48% SID Met+Cys. Body weight and BF were recorded on days 30, 60, 90, and 109 of gestation, 24 h after farrowing and at weaning. Results showed that feeding times evaluated did not alter BW changes from day 30 to day 109 of gestation (P = 0.81) or from day 30 to weaning (P = 0.87). Similarly, feeding sows daily at 1130 h did not influence BF gains and sow reproductive performance relative to the control sows (P > 0.10). Sows fed once daily at 1530 h gained more BF compared with the control (3.69 ± 0.47 vs. 2.12 ± 0.50 mm, P = 0.04) from day 30 to day 109 of gestation. From day 30 of gestation to weaning, treatments did not influence BF gain (P = 0.24). Feeding sows daily meal at 1530 h had propensity to increase (P = 0.09) the number of piglets weaned by 0.54 piglets compared with the control sows. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that feeding pregnant sows at 1530 h altered energy and nutrient metabolism improving their BF gain and exhibited a potential to increase the number of weaned piglets compared with conventional feeding regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayford Manu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Su H Lee
- Department of Swine and Poultry Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Devi Pangeni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Xiaojian Yang
- Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN
| | - Samuel K Baidoo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN
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17
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Huting AMS, Sakkas P, Wellock I, Almond K, Kyriazakis I. Once small always small? To what extent morphometric characteristics and post-weaning starter regime affect pig lifetime growth performance. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:21. [PMID: 30062042 PMCID: PMC6055348 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine the effect of piglet morphometric characteristics and starter regime on postnatal growth. Some piglets born light are able to grow faster than others, and identifying which piglets are more at risk to remain light and at which stages of growth is essential. A nutrient enriched starter regime may allow lightweight pigs to improve their post-weaning growth. A total 1487 newly born piglets from 137 litters originating from 8 consecutive farrowing batches were followed from birth (BiW) to weaning (WW, d28) and finishing (d99). At birth morphometric measurements were taken, including body mass index (BMI), ponderal index (PI) and BiW:cranial circumferences (BiW:CC). At weaning pigs were randomly allocated to one of two experimental regimes: either a nutrient enriched regime with a 20% higher essential amino acids (EAA): energy ratio (HIGH) or a standard regime (CTRL). Piglets were retrospectively allocated to 4 different weight classes (C) using percentiles at birth, weaning and finishing, with C1 representing the lightest and C4 the heaviest class. A series of novel statistical models were used to determine which factors were able to predict performance. Results For BiW C1 piglets, BMI (P = 0.003) and BiW relative to birth litter (P = 0.026) were positively associated with pre-weaning performance, whereas BiW:CC (P = 0.011) and WW (P = 0.001) were positively associated with post-weaning growth. Post-weaning the best predictors of piglets weaned light (WW C1) were PI (P = 0.037), BiW:CC (P < 0.001) and WW (P < 0.001). Starter regime did not influence (P > 0.05) post-weaning performance. Conclusion Our results show that not all light pigs are the same and that their performance is under the influence of body shape rather than BiW. Therefore, pig producers should discriminate between light pigs based on birth characteristics to improve the effectiveness of intervention strategies at the different stages of growth. Irrespective of weight class piglets did not benefit from the EAA enriched regime applied. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40813-018-0098-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M S Huting
- 1Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - P Sakkas
- 1Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - I Wellock
- Primary Diets, ABAgri, Melmerby, Ripon, North Yorkshire HG4 5HP UK
| | - K Almond
- Primary Diets, ABAgri, Melmerby, Ripon, North Yorkshire HG4 5HP UK
| | - I Kyriazakis
- 1Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
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18
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Liu J, Cao S, Liu M, Chen L, Zhang H. A high nutrient dense diet alters hypothalamic gene expressions to influence energy intake in pigs born with low birth weight. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5514. [PMID: 29615796 PMCID: PMC5882958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The low birth weight (LBW) individual had greater risk of developing metabolic dysfunction in adulthood. The aim of this study was to test whether the LBW individual is more prone to glucose intolerance on a high nutrient dense (HND) diet, and to investigate the associated hypothalamic gene expressions using pigs as model. The intake of digestible energy intake, if calculated on a body weight basis, was greater in LBW pigs than that of normal birth weight (NBW) pigs. The LBW pigs fed the HND diet had greater digestible energy intake than those fed the NND diet at adulthood, which did not occur for NBW pigs. Notably, up-regulated hypothalamic toll-like receptor 4, interleukin 6 and phospho-NFκB p65 expressions, and the altered expressions of hypothalamic leptin receptor, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, agouti-related protein and proopiomelanocortin predicted the overconsumption of energy intake and development of glucose intolerance in LBW pigs fed the HND diet. Collectively, pigs born with LBW had a distinct hypothalamic leptin signaling to a high nutrient dense diet, which contributed to greater energy intake and glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China. .,School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, P. R. China.
| | - Shanchuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.
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19
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Douglas SL, Edwards SA, Kyriazakis I. Are all piglets born lightweight alike? Morphological measurements as predictors of postnatal performance. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:3510-3518. [PMID: 27695793 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Birth weight (BiW) of pigs is a commonly used predictor of postnatal performance; however, it has been suggested that morphological measurements may be more reflective of the intrauterine environment and thus better predictors of postnatal growth. The aim of this study was to determine 1) whether morphological measurements, including ponderal index (PI), body mass index (BMI), and abdominal circumference (AC), could be used as predictors of postnatal performance and 2) if so, would they be better predictors than BiW and 3) would the same predictors apply to pigs of different BiW at different stages of their growth? Morphological measurements, BiW, and BW at d 28 and 70 were available for 731 pigs from experiments conducted over a 2-yr period. A series of linear models was used to determine predictors that affected growth performance from birth to d 28 and from d 28 to 70. For both light (LBiW; ≤1.25 kg) and normal BiW pigs (NBiW; 1.60 to 2.00 kg), BiW was not the best predictor of performance ( > 0.05); different variables for the growth periods considered applied to pigs with different BiW. For LBiW pigs BMI ( < 0.001) and AC ( = 0.0202) were the best predictors for d 1 to 28, and AC ( = 0.0317) and PI ( = 0.0450) were the best predictors from d 28 to 70, with pigs with a larger AC and higher PI/BMI more likely to have higher ADG pre- or postweaning. In contrast, the best predictor variables for NBiW pigs were AC ( = 0.0482) for d 1 to 28 and crown-rump length (CRL; = 0.0138) for d 28 to 70. Focusing on LBiW pigs with low ADG, BMI was the best predictor ( < 0.05) of growth for pre and postweaning, whereas for LBiW pigs with high ADG the best predictors were AC ( = 0.00132) from d 1 to 28 and BiW ( = 0.00601) from d 28 to 70, with increasing BMI, AC, and BiW associated with greater ADG. For NBiW pigs with high preweaning ADG, the best predictor consisted solely of AC ( 0.0210), but no morphological predictor variables were significant for NBiW pigs with low preweaning ADG. For d 28 to 70, the best predictor for NBiW pigs with low ADG was CRL ( = 0.0171), but for high ADG no predictor variables were significant. The present study showed that the morphology of piglets is more important than BiW when predicting the postnatal growth of pigs; however, which measurement is the most important depends on both the BiW and stage of growth. For small-sized pigs, these morphological measures may be considered as a decision-making tool by farmers when trying to identify potential poor performers.
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van Barneveld RJ, Hewitt RJE. Reducing variation in pork production systems through maternal and pre- and post-weaning nutrition strategies. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Variation is inherent in any biological system and is a challenge to manage in modern pork-production businesses. In the case of the growing and finishing herd, inherent variation within a population of pigs represents a significant cost as a result of the need to select on farm to meet market specifications, poor matching of diet specifications to nutrient requirements, grading losses, higher pre-weaning mortality, and challenges associated with health management. As a consequence, any management practice that can be applied to reduce variation at the point of sale has the potential to improve the profitability and overall efficiency of a pig enterprise. The present paper considers nutritional interventions of sows during gestation, lactation and the weaning to oestrus interval to minimise inherent variation in the progeny and then pre- and post-weaning nutrition of piglets to limit further variation. Prior to birth, there are many factors that can influence variation in the birthweight and growth potential of the progeny. In gestating sows, dietary energy will not influence variation in birthweight, but supplementation with free arginine and glutamine will reduce variation in birthweight of piglets born and piglets born alive. In lactating sows, maintenance of feed intake to optimise milk production and minimise weight loss of the sow during lactation not only minimises variation in progeny weight at weaning, but enhances subsequent birthweight heterogeneity due to the influence of the sow’s metabolic status on follicle and oocyte quality. Supplementation with dextrose during the weaning to oestrus interval can also reduce variation in birthweight due to a pronounced effect on plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. Prior to weaning, light weight piglets appear to have an enhanced capacity for growth compared with their larger counterparts. To this end, split suckling has been shown to reduce weaning-weight variation, despite no effect on average growth rate or weaning weight for litters with nine piglets or more born alive. Supplemental milk before weaning has reduced variation in weaning weights, but creep feeding has proved equivocal in this regard. Post-weaning, it appears that remedial feeding strategies will do little to improve the growth potential of light-weight pigs, and while high specification diets may contribute to a slight reduction in variation at slaughter, this strategy is unlikely to be economically viable. As with many aspects of commercial pork production, it would seem that the greatest potential to reduce variation in the slaughter weight of market pigs vests with careful management of gestating and lactating sows, with some potential for dietary interventions to further reduce variation in birth and weaning weights.
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The consequences of introducing stochasticity in nutrient utilisation models: the case of phosphorus utilisation by pigs. Br J Nutr 2015; 115:389-98. [PMID: 26608351 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515004523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Simulation models of nutrient utilisation ignore that variation in pig system components can influence the predicted mean and variance of the performance of a group of pigs. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology to investigate how variation in feed composition would (a) affect the outputs of a nutrient utilisation model and (b) interact with variation that arises from the traits of individual pigs. We used a P intake and utilisation model to address these characteristics. Introduction of stochasticity gave rise to a number of methodological challenges--for example, how to generate variation in both feed composition and pigs and account for correlations between ingredients when modelling variation associated with feed mixing efficiency. Introducing variation in feed composition and pig phenotype resulted in moderate decreases in mean digested, retained and excreted P predicted for a population of pigs and an increase in their associated CV. A lower percentage of pigs in the population were predicted to meet their requirements during the feeding period considered, by comparison with the no-variation scenario. Variation in feed ingredient composition contributed more to performance variation than variation due to mixing efficiency. When variations in both feed composition and pig traits were considered, it was the former rather than the latter that had the dominant influence on variability in pig performance. The developed framework emphasises the consequences of random variability on the predictions of nutrient utilisation models. Such consequences will have a significant impact on decisions about management strategies such as feeding that are subject to variation.
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Hewitt RJE, Corso A, van Barneveld RJ. Reducing variation in finisher growth performance through early post-weaning dietary intervention. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/anv55n12ab103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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