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Sreenivasan CC, Sheng Z, Wang D, Li F. Host Range, Biology, and Species Specificity of Seven-Segmented Influenza Viruses-A Comparative Review on Influenza C and D. Pathogens 2021; 10:1583. [PMID: 34959538 PMCID: PMC8704295 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Other than genome structure, influenza C (ICV), and D (IDV) viruses with seven-segmented genomes are biologically different from the eight-segmented influenza A (IAV), and B (IBV) viruses concerning the presence of hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein, which combines the function of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase responsible for receptor-binding, fusion, and receptor-destroying enzymatic activities, respectively. Whereas ICV with humans as primary hosts emerged nearly 74 years ago, IDV, a distant relative of ICV, was isolated in 2011, with bovines as the primary host. Despite its initial emergence in swine, IDV has turned out to be a transboundary bovine pathogen and a broader host range, similar to influenza A viruses (IAV). The receptor specificities of ICV and IDV determine the host range and the species specificity. The recent findings of the presence of the IDV genome in the human respiratory sample, and high traffic human environments indicate its public health significance. Conversely, the presence of ICV in pigs and cattle also raises the possibility of gene segment interactions/virus reassortment between ICV and IDV where these viruses co-exist. This review is a holistic approach to discuss the ecology of seven-segmented influenza viruses by focusing on what is known so far on the host range, seroepidemiology, biology, receptor, phylodynamics, species specificity, and cross-species transmission of the ICV and IDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra C. Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
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Sato K, Hayashi H, Shimotai Y, Yamaya M, Hongo S, Kawakami K, Matsuzaki Y, Nishimura H. TMPRSS2 Activates Hemagglutinin-Esterase Glycoprotein of Influenza C Virus. J Virol 2021; 95:e0129621. [PMID: 34406864 PMCID: PMC8513465 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01296-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza C virus (ICV) has only one kind of spike protein, the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoprotein. HE functions similarly to hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase of the influenza A and B viruses (IAV and IBV, respectively). It has a monobasic site, which is cleaved by some host enzymes. The cleavage is essential to activating the virus, but the enzyme or enzymes in the respiratory tract have not been identified. This study investigated whether the host serine proteases, transmembrane protease serine S1 member 2 (TMPRSS2) and human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT), which reportedly cleave HA of IAV/IBV, are involved in HE cleavage. We established TMPRSS2- and HAT-expressing MDCK cells (MDCK-TMPRSS2 and MDCK-HAT). ICV showed multicycle replication with HE cleavage without trypsin in MDCK-TMPRSS2 cells as well as IAV did. The HE cleavage and multicycle replication did not appear in MDCK-HAT cells infected with ICV without trypsin, while HA cleavage and multistep growth of IAV appeared in the cells. Amino acid sequences of the HE cleavage site in 352 ICV strains were completely preserved. Camostat and nafamostat suppressed the growth of ICV and IAV in human nasal surface epithelial (HNE) cells. Therefore, this study revealed that, at least, TMPRSS2 is involved in HE cleavage and suggested that nafamostat could be a candidate for therapeutic drugs for ICV infection. IMPORTANCE Influenza C virus (ICV) is a pathogen that causes acute respiratory illness, mostly in children, but there are no anti-ICV drugs. ICV has only one kind of spike protein, the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoprotein on the virion surface, which possesses receptor-binding, receptor-destroying, and membrane fusion activities. The HE cleavage is essential for the virus to be activated, but the enzyme or enzymes in the respiratory tract have not been identified. This study revealed that transmembrane protease serine S1 member 2 (TMPRSS2), and not human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT), is involved in HE cleavage. This is a novel study on the host enzymes involved in HE cleavage, and the result suggests that the host enzymes, such as TMPRSS2, may be a target for therapeutic drugs of ICV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Sato
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Medical University Research Administrator, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shimotai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Yamaya
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate school of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kawakami
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Sederdahl BK, Williams JV. Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Influenza C Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:E89. [PMID: 31941041 PMCID: PMC7019359 DOI: 10.3390/v12010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza C virus (ICV) is a common yet under-recognized cause of acute respiratory illness. ICV seropositivity has been found to be as high as 90% by 7-10 years of age, suggesting that most people are exposed to ICV at least once during childhood. Due to difficulty detecting ICV by cell culture, epidemiologic studies of ICV likely have underestimated the burden of ICV infection and disease. Recent development of highly sensitive RT-PCR has facilitated epidemiologic studies that provide further insights into the prevalence, seasonality, and course of ICV infection. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of ICV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany K. Sederdahl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - John V. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children (i4Kids), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Potdar VA, Hinge DD, Dakhave MR, Manchanda A, Jadhav N, Kulkarni PB, Chadha MS. Molecular detection and characterization of Influenza 'C' viruses from western India. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 54:466-477. [PMID: 28803969 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Since 2003, India has had a well-established influenza surveillance network, though Influenza C virus was not the focus of study. We therefore retrospectively analyzed clinical samples from Pune, western India collected during January 2009 to August 2015, by real-time RT-PCR. Three of 2530 samples of patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) or severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) showed positivity for Influenza C virus infection, while 105 and 31 samples were positive for Influenza A and B viruses respectively. Influenza C viruses were successfully isolated using the embryonated egg system and whole genomes were sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically. HE gene-based phylogeny showed that two viruses C/India/P119564/2011 and C/India P121719/2012 clustered with the C/Sao Paulo/378/82 (SP82) lineage, whereas C/India/P135047/2013 clustered with the C/Kanagawa/1/76 (KA76) lineage. The internal gene of these viruses grouped in two lineages. The PB1, PB2, M and NS genes of the study viruses grouped with C/Yamagata/26/81 (YA81), while the P3 (PA) and NP genes grouped with C/Mississippi/80 (MS80). Bayesian clock studies conclude that the Indian strains may have emerged through multiple reassortment events.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Potdar
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India.
| | - D D Hinge
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | | | - N Jadhav
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - M S Chadha
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Atkinson KV, Bishop LA, Rhodes G, Salez N, McEwan NR, Hegarty MJ, Robey J, Harding N, Wetherell S, Lauder RM, Pickup RW, Wilkinson M, Gatherer D. Influenza C in Lancaster, UK, in the winter of 2014-2015. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46578. [PMID: 28406194 PMCID: PMC5390268 DOI: 10.1038/srep46578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza C is not included in the annual seasonal influenza vaccine, and has historically been regarded as a minor respiratory pathogen. However, recent work has highlighted its potential role as a cause of pneumonia in infants. We performed nasopharyngeal or nasal swabbing and/or serum sampling (n = 148) in Lancaster, UK, over the winter of 2014-2015. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we obtain seropositivity of 77%. By contrast, only 2 individuals, both asymptomatic adults, were influenza C-positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Deep sequencing of nasopharyngeal samples produced partial sequences for 4 genome segments in one of these patients. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the influenza C genome from this individual is evolutionarily distant to those sampled in recent years and represents a novel genome constellation, indicating that it may be a product of a decades-old reassortment event. Although we find no evidence that influenza C was a significant respiratory pathogen during the winter of 2014-2015 in Lancaster, we confirm previous observations of seropositivity in the majority of the population. (170 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate V Atkinson
- Division of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YT, UK
- Present address: University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lisa A Bishop
- Division of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YT, UK
- Royal Lancaster Infirmary, Ashton Road, Lancaster, LA1 4RP, UK
| | - Glenn Rhodes
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Nicolas Salez
- UMR_D 190, Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille cedex 05, 13005, France
| | - Neil R McEwan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Matthew J Hegarty
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Julie Robey
- Queen Square Medical Practice, 2 Queen Square, Lancaster, LA1 1RP, UK
| | - Nicola Harding
- Queen Square Medical Practice, 2 Queen Square, Lancaster, LA1 1RP, UK
| | - Simon Wetherell
- Queen Square Medical Practice, 2 Queen Square, Lancaster, LA1 1RP, UK
| | - Robert M Lauder
- Division of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YT, UK
| | - Roger W Pickup
- Division of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YT, UK
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Royal Lancaster Infirmary, Ashton Road, Lancaster, LA1 4RP, UK
| | - Derek Gatherer
- Division of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YT, UK.
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Odagiri T, Matsuzaki Y, Okamoto M, Suzuki A, Saito M, Tamaki R, Lupisan SP, Sombrero LT, Hongo S, Oshitani H. Isolation and characterization of influenza C viruses in the Philippines and Japan. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:847-58. [PMID: 25552361 PMCID: PMC4390655 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02628-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From November 2009 to December 2013 in the Philippines, 15 influenza C viruses were isolated, using MDCK cells, from specimens obtained from children with severe pneumonia and influenza-like illness (ILI). This is the first report of influenza C virus isolation in the Philippines. In addition, from January 2008 to December 2013, 7 influenza C viruses were isolated from specimens that were obtained from children with acute respiratory illness (ARI) in Sendai city, Japan. Antigenic analysis with monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoprotein showed that 19 strains (12 from the Philippines and 7 from Japan) were similar to the influenza C virus reference strain C/Sao Paulo/378/82 (SP82). Phylogenetic analysis of the HE gene showed that the strains from the Philippines and Japan formed distinct clusters within an SP82-related lineage. The clusters that included the Philippine and Japanese strains were shown to have diverged from a common ancestor around 1993. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of the internal genes showed that all strains isolated in the Philippines and Japan had emerged through reassortment events. The composition of the internal genes of the Philippine strains was different from that of the Japanese strains, although all strains were classified into an SP82-related lineage by HE gene sequence analysis. These observations suggest that the influenza C viruses analyzed here had emerged through different reassortment events; however, the time and place at which the reassortment events occurred were not determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Odagiri
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Michiko Okamoto
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mariko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan RITM-Tohoku Research Collaborating Center for Emerging and Reemerging Diseases, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Raita Tamaki
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan RITM-Tohoku Research Collaborating Center for Emerging and Reemerging Diseases, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Socorro P Lupisan
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Lydia T Sombrero
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Salez N, Mélade J, Pascalis H, Aherfi S, Dellagi K, Charrel RN, Carrat F, de Lamballerie X. Influenza C virus high seroprevalence rates observed in 3 different population groups. J Infect 2014; 69:182-9. [PMID: 24704348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology of Influenza C virus (FLUCV) infections remains poorly characterised. Here, we have examined the age- and location-specific seroprevalence of antibodies against FLUCV in 1441 sera from metropolitan continental France (Marseille), South-West Indian Ocean French territories (Reunion Island) and United-Kingdom (Edinburgh) using a combination of haemagglutination inhibition, virus neutralisation and ELISA assays. Our results show that immunity to FLUCV is common in all locations studied (global seroprevalence values >50%) and that the first immunising contacts generally occur early in life (i.e., in the 0-4 year-old age group). The latter item is further supported by the detection of FLUCV RNA by RT-PCR in naso-pharyngeal samples collected in patient attending the Emergency Room of the Public hospitals of Marseille, France with a large majority of children under 10 years-old: 17 (60.7%) in children ≤3 yo, 10 (35.7%) in the 4-10 yo age group and 1 (3.6%) in an adult (49yo). The temporal distribution of cases was atypical with regard to influenza (a large proportion of cases occurred in spring and summer) and the clinical presentation was diverse, including but being not limited to classical Influenza-like-Ilnesses. Altogether, our results indicate an intense circulation of FLUCV in the different study areas and an early occurrence of infection in human life. Flu C appears to be a widely under-diagnosed and under-studied human paediatric disease that obviously deserves further clinical and epidemiological characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Salez
- UMR_D 190, Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, Marseille, France.
| | - Julien Mélade
- UMR_D 190, Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Pascalis
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Sarah Aherfi
- IHU Mediterranee Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Koussay Dellagi
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Rémi N Charrel
- UMR_D 190, Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, Marseille, France; IHU Mediterranee Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Carrat
- Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses et Modélisation (UMR-S 707), INSERM-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- UMR_D 190, Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, Marseille, France; IHU Mediterranee Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
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Yano T, Maeda C, Akachi S, Matsuno Y, Yamadera M, Kobayashi T, Nagai Y, Iwade Y, Kusuhara H, Katayama M, Fukuta M, Nakagawa Y, Naraya S, Takahashi H, Hiraoka M, Yamauchi A, Nishinaka T, Amano H, Yamaguchi T, Ochiai H, Ihara T, Matsuzaki Y. Phylogenetic analysis and seroprevalence of influenza C virus in Mie Prefecture, Japan in 2012. Jpn J Infect Dis 2014; 67:127-31. [PMID: 24647258 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.67.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR were used to detect 14 (6.6%) influenza C virus (InfC) among 213 clinical samples collected from children with respiratory symptoms in Mie Prefecture, Japan, between January 2012 and December 2012. Virus isolation using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and/or embryonated chicken eggs was also successful for 3 of the 14 PCR-positive samples. Eleven patients (78.6%) were aged <3 years. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin-esterase gene showed that the InfC detected in Mie Prefecture belonged to the C/Sao Paulo/82-related lineage. To determine the seroprevalence of InfC, a total of 575 serum samples from patients aged 1 month to 69 years in Mie Prefecture were screened by hemagglutination inhibition test using the C/Mie/199/2012 (C/Sao Paulo/82-related lineage) strain as the antigen. The samples with an antibody titer of ≥1:16 were designated as antibody-positive. The results showed that 53.7% of the 296 serum samples collected in 2011 and 85.3% of the 279 samples collected in 2012 were positive for antibodies against InfC, suggesting that an outbreak of InfC infection occurred in Mie Prefecture in 2012. Therefore, continuous and proactive monitoring is important to determine the number of InfC-infections and to better understand the epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yano
- Mie Prefecture Health and Environment Research Institute
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9
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Yamaoka M, Homma M, Hotta H. MDCK cell cultures supplemented with high concentrations of trypsin exhibit remarkable susceptibility to influenza C virus. Arch Virol 1995; 140:937-44. [PMID: 7605204 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiplication of influenza C virus in MDCK cell cultures increased with increasing concentrations of trypsin up to 160 micrograms/ml, whereas maximum growth of influenza A virus in the same culture was observed at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml. In the presence of 160 micrograms of trypsin per ml MDCK cells showed the same or even higher susceptibility to various strains of influenza C virus compared with HMV-II cells, a human melanoma cell line that has been reported to have high susceptibility to the virus. Complete cleavage of the HE precursor protein of MDCK-grown influenza C virus into HE1 and HE2 subunits was achieved by trypsin at a concentration of 160 micrograms/ml, whereas only partial cleavage was observed at 10 micrograms/ml. The present results thus demonstrate that MDCK cell cultures supplemented with trypsin at a concentration of 160 micrograms/ml become highly susceptible to influenza C virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamaoka
- Division of Microbiology, Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
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10
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Nishimura H, Sugawara K, Kitame F, Nakamura K, Sasaki H. Prevalence of the antibody to influenza C virus in a northern Luzon Highland Village, Philippines. Microbiol Immunol 1987; 31:1137-43. [PMID: 3502168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1987.tb01348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A total of 101 serum samples were collected from the persons (1 to 85 years of age) living in a Philippine mountain village where the contact with other communities has largely been restricted. These sera were tested for the presence of antibody to influenza C virus with hemagglutination-inhibition and radioimmuno-precipitation tests. The results showed that all the subjects, including the persons who had never been outside the village, contained the antibody to the surface glycoprotein of the virus, and that the age of acquisition of the antibody was significantly lower in this village than in any of the previously studied communities. Thus it appeared that infection with influenza C virus was prevalent even in this small mountain village, presumably with a higher incidence than in the larger, industrialized communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nishimura
- Department of Bacteriology, Yamagata University School of Medicine
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Katagiri S, Ohizumi A, Ohyama S, Homma M. Follow-up study of type C influenza outbreak in a children's home. Microbiol Immunol 1987; 31:337-43. [PMID: 3613994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1987.tb03094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A follow-up study of type C influenza in a children's home was made where the first outbreak of type C influenza occurred in March, 1981. During the survey period of 2 years, 2 additional outbreaks occurred in April and October, 1982 and 4 cases of the secondary and 2 cases of the tertiary infections were serologically confirmed. All of the children exposed to the outbreaks, except 2 particular cases who were suffering from German measles, showed similar mild respiratory symptoms characterized by fever and long-lasting nasal discharge, irrespective of primary, secondary, and tertiary infections. No case of inapparent infection was observed. Incubation period was estimated to be not longer than 5 days and the period of virus shedding, to be longer than 22 days. Antibody response in the sera of patients to type C influenza virus was equally good after every infection, although it was not efficient to prevent the succeeding infection. Factors involved in the repeated infections of type C influenza were discussed.
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12
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Kawamura H, Tashiro M, Kitame F, Homma M, Nakamura K. Genetic variation among human strains of influenza C virus isolated in Japan. Virus Res 1986; 4:275-88. [PMID: 3739423 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(86)90006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The RNA genomes of sixteen human strains of influenza C virus isolated in Japan between 1964 and 1983 were compared by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and oligonucleotide fingerprinting. A high degree of genetic variation was observed among the strains analysed. However, there were some strains with the genomes closely related to one another, and they could be divided into two groups. The first group consists of C/Shizuoka/79, C/Kanagawa/1/81 and four strains of C/Yamagata/81. The 1981 strains of this group were all isolated in March of the year. The second one consists of C/Kyoto/41/82, C/Nara/82 and C/Hyogo/1/83 that were isolated between February 1982 and December 1983. Little or no difference was observed in the genomes of the same group, while the difference was evident between two groups. The Aichi/1/81 strain isolated in November 1981 had a genome distantly related to either of these two groups. Thus three different types of influenza C virus were isolated during the period of 12 mth from March 1981 to February 1982, suggesting that multiple influenza C viruses with distant genetic relationship were circulating at the same time in Japan.
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