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Satoh Y, Ono Y, Takahashi R, Katayama H, Iwaoka M, Yoshino O, Arai K. Seleno-relaxin analogues: effect of internal and external diselenide bonds on the foldability and a fibrosis-related factor of endometriotic stromal cells. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:729-737. [PMID: 39092438 PMCID: PMC11289879 DOI: 10.1039/d4cb00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Human relaxin-2 (H2 relaxin) is a peptide hormone of about 6 kDa, first identified as a reproductive hormone involved in vasoregulation during pregnancy. It has recently attracted strong interest because of its diverse functions, including anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and vasodilatory, and has been suggested as a potential peptide-based drug candidate for a variety of diseases. Mature H2 relaxin is constituted by the A- and B-chains stabilized by two interchain disulfide (SS) bridges and one intrachain SS linkage. In this study, seleno-relaxins, SeRlx-α and SeRlx-β, which are [C11UA,C11UB] and [C10UA,C15UA] variants of H2 relaxin, respectively, were synthesized via a one-pot oxidative chain assembly (folding) from the component A- and B-chains. The substitution of SS bonds in a protein with their analogue, diselenide (SeSe) bonds, has been shown to alter the physical, chemical, and physiological properties of the protein. The surface SeSe bond (U11A-U11B) enhanced the yield of chain assembly while the internal SeSe bond (U10A-U15A) improved the reaction rate of the folding, indicating that these bridges play a major role in controlling the thermodynamics and kinetics, respectively, of the folding mechanism. Furthermore, SeRlx-α and SeRlx-β effectively reduced the expression of a tissue fibrosis-related factor in human endometriotic stromal cells. Thus, the findings of this study indicate that the S-to-Se substitution strategy not only enhances the foldability of relaxin, but also provides new guidance for the development of novel relaxin formulations for endometriosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Satoh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University Kitakaname Hiratsuka-shi Kanagawa 259-1292 Japan +81-463-50-2094 +81-463-58-1211
| | - Yosuke Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Yamanashi 1110 Shimokato Chuo-shi Yamanashi 409-3898 Japan
| | - Rikana Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University Kitakaname Hiratsuka-shi Kanagawa 259-1292 Japan +81-463-50-2094 +81-463-58-1211
| | - Hidekazu Katayama
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Tokai University Kitakaname Hiratsuka-shi Kanagawa 259-1292 Japan
| | - Michio Iwaoka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University Kitakaname Hiratsuka-shi Kanagawa 259-1292 Japan +81-463-50-2094 +81-463-58-1211
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University Kitakaname Hiratsuka-shi Kanagawa 259-1292 Japan
| | - Osamu Yoshino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Yamanashi 1110 Shimokato Chuo-shi Yamanashi 409-3898 Japan
| | - Kenta Arai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University Kitakaname Hiratsuka-shi Kanagawa 259-1292 Japan +81-463-50-2094 +81-463-58-1211
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University Kitakaname Hiratsuka-shi Kanagawa 259-1292 Japan
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Zanon P, Terraciano PB, Quandt L, Palma Kuhl C, Pandolfi Passos E, Berger M. Angiotensin II - AT1 receptor signalling regulates the plasminogen-plasmin system in human stromal endometrial cells increasing extracellular matrix degradation, cell migration and inducing a proinflammatory profile. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116280. [PMID: 38735446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The pivotal role of human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs) in the development of endometriosis lies in their ability to adopt a pro-invasive and proinflammatory profile upon migration to areas outside the uterus. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in these events remain unclear. In this study, we investigated how angiotensin II (Ang II) affects the plasminogen-plasmin system in hESCs, and the mechanisms underlying cell proliferation, migration, matrix degradation, and inflammation. Precursors, receptors, and peptidases involved in angiotensin metabolism increased significantly in Ang II-treated hESCs. The expression and activity of tissue (tPA)- and urokinase (uPA)- type plasminogen activators and the receptor for uPA (uPAR) were induced in the presence of Ang II. The up-regulation of tPA-uPA/uPAR pathway significantly contributes to heightened plasmin production both on the surface of hESCs and in their conditioned media. As a result, the plasmin generation induced by Ang II enhances the degradation of fibrin and matrix proteins, while also boosting hESC viability, proliferation, and migration through the up-regulation of growth factor expression. Notably, Ang II-induced hESC migration was dependent on the generation of active plasmin on cell surface. Ang II regulates oxidative and inflammatory signalling in hESCs primarily via NADPH oxidase and through the up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules. Interestingly, Ang II receptor (AT1R) blockage, decreased plasmin generation, tPA-uPA/uPAR expression and hESC migration. Our results suggest that Ang II/AT1R axis regulates hESC proliferation and migration through tPA-uPA/uPAR pathway activation and plasmin generation. We propose the Ang II/AT1R axis as a potential target for endometriosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Zanon
- Grupo de Reprodução e Farmacologia Celular, Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA-UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências de Saúde: Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (PPGGO), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Barros Terraciano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências de Saúde: Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (PPGGO), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Grupo de Reprodução e Farmacologia Celular, Laboratório de Embriologia e Diferenciação Celular, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA-UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia Quandt
- Grupo de Reprodução e Farmacologia Celular, Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA-UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências de Saúde: Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (PPGGO), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Palma Kuhl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências de Saúde: Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (PPGGO), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Grupo de Reprodução e Farmacologia Celular, Laboratório de Embriologia e Diferenciação Celular, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA-UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pandolfi Passos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências de Saúde: Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (PPGGO), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Grupo de Reprodução e Farmacologia Celular, Laboratório de Embriologia e Diferenciação Celular, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA-UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Fertilidade, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Markus Berger
- Grupo de Reprodução e Farmacologia Celular, Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA-UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências de Saúde: Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (PPGGO), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Garcia Garcia JM, Vannuzzi V, Donati C, Bernacchioni C, Bruni P, Petraglia F. Endometriosis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Leading to Fibrosis. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:1453-1461. [PMID: 36289173 PMCID: PMC10160154 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-01083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting women of reproductive age. A relevant feature of endometriosis is the presence of fibrotic tissue inside and around the lesions, thus contributing to the classic endometriosis-related symptoms, pain, and infertility. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of fibrosis in endometriosis are not yet defined. The present review aimed to examine the biological mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in fibrogenesis of endometriotic lesions, highlighting the difference between deep infiltrating and ovarian endometriosis. The main cell types involved in the development of fibrosis are platelets, myofibroblasts, macrophages, and sensory nerve fibers. Members of the transforming growth factor (TGF) -β family, as well as the receptor Notch, or the bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), play a role in the development of tissue fibrosis, resulting in their metabolism and/or their signalling pathways altered in endometriotic lesions. It is relevant the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that guide and support fibrosis in endometriosis, to identify new drug targets and provide new therapeutic approaches to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Garcia Garcia
- Obstetrics and Gynecology and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "M. Serio, " University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Vannuzzi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "M. Serio, " University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Donati
- Obstetrics and Gynecology and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "M. Serio, " University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Caterina Bernacchioni
- Obstetrics and Gynecology and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "M. Serio, " University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Bruni
- Obstetrics and Gynecology and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "M. Serio, " University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Felice Petraglia
- Obstetrics and Gynecology and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "M. Serio, " University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Liu Y, Shu L, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Shen Y, Yang Y. The development of nasal polyps involves early middle meatus mucous remodeling via TGF-β1 mediated PAI-1 reduction. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 89:366-373. [PMID: 36841712 PMCID: PMC10164765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to elucidate the effect of PAI-1 (Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1) and t-PA (Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator) in tissue remodeling in nasal polyps patients. METHODS Samples were streamed as early Nasal Polyps (eNP, n=10) and inferior tissue from the same patient, mature Nasal Polyps (mNP, n=14), and Control group (n=15), respectively. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were applied to detect localization. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to measure different levels among three groups. The mNP tissue was cultured in vitro and treated with TGF-β1 (Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1) activator, TGF-β1 inhibitor (SB431542), and PAI-1 inhibitor (TM5275); then Western blot, qRT-PCR, and ELISA were used to assess changes. RESULTS The immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence showed that PAI-1 expression decreased in eNP and mNP, mainly in epithelium and glands. The transcriptional expression and protein level of TGF-β1/t-PA/PAI-1/Collagen1 were lower in eNP than IT while mNP group demonstrated lower mRNA expression and protein level of TGF-β1/t-PA/PAI-1/Collagen1 than Control group. In mNP tissue culture in vitro, TGF-β1 activator elevated t-PA, PAI-1, and Collagen1 with higher release of PAI-1 and Collagen1 in supernatant, whereas SB431542 suppressed above reactions; TM5275 lowered transcriptional and protein level of Collagen1 in supernatant. CONCLUSION Early Nasal polyps' formation in middle meatus mucous is related with fibrillation system PAI-1/t-PA and tissue remodeling; moreover, nasal polyps' development is regulated by TGF-β1-mediated PAI-1 reduction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chongqing, China
| | - Longlan Shu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaocong Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yucheng Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chongqing, China.
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Wang Y, Sun X. Reevaluation of lock solutions for Central venous catheters in hemodialysis: a narrative review. Ren Fail 2022; 44:1501-1518. [PMID: 36047812 PMCID: PMC9448397 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2022.2118068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant proportion of incident and prevalent hemodialysis patients have central venous catheters for vascular access. No consensus is available on the prevention of catheter dysfunction or catheter-related bloodstream infections in patients undergoing hemodialysis by means of catheter lock solutions. METHOD We reviewed the effects of single and combined anticoagulants with antibacterial catheter lock solutions or other antimicrobials for the prevention of thrombosis or infections in hemodialysis patients. Relative risks with 95% confidence intervals for trials of the same type of catheter locking solution were pooled. SOURCES OF INFORMATION We included original research articles in English from PubMed, EMBASE, SpringerLink, Elsevier and Ovid using the search terms 'hemodialysis,' 'central venous catheter,' 'locking solution,' 'UFH,' 'low molecular weight heparin,' 'EDTA,' 'citrate,' 'rt-PA,' 'urokinase,' 'gentamicin,' 'vancomycin', 'taurolidine,' 'sodium bicarbonate,' 'hypertonic saline' and 'ethanol' and 'catheter'. FINDINGS Low-dose heparin lock solution (< 5000 U/ml) can efficiently achieve anticoagulation and will not increase the risk of bleeding. Low-concentration citrate (< 5%) combined with rt-PA can effectively prevent catheter infection and dysfunction. Catheter-related infections may be minimized by choosing the appropriate antibiotic and dose. LIMITATIONS There is a lack of follow-up validation data for LMWH, EDTA, taurolidine, sodium bicarbonate, ethanol, and other lock solutions. IMPLICATIONS Since catheterization is common in hemodialysis units, studies on long-term treatment and preventative strategies for catheter dysfunction and catheter-related infection are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
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6
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The role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in gynecological and obstetrical diseases: an update review. J Reprod Immunol 2022; 150:103490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Piróg M, Kacalska-Janssen O, Jach R, Ząbczyk M, Natorska J. Fibrin clot properties among women with endometriosis and the impact of ovarian stimulation. Reprod Biomed Online 2021; 43:81-90. [PMID: 34001444 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Is there a difference in fibrin clot phenotype in women with endometriosis before and after ovarian stimulation? DESIGN Prospective study including 73 infertile women in two age-matched groups: (i) with confirmed endometriosis (n = 29); (ii) without endometriosis (n = 44). Assessments of plasma fibrin clot permeability (Ks), efficiency of fibrinolysis using clot lysis time (CLT), along with thrombin generation (prothrombin fragments 1+2 [F1+2] and endogenous thrombin potential [ETP]) and fibrinolysis inhibitors were performed together with clinical pregnancy rate. RESULTS Endometriosis was associated with increased thrombin generation, reflected by both higher F1+2 (+96.1%, P = 0.005) and ETP (+14.2%, P = 0.014) along with unfavourably altered fibrin clot properties represented by lower Ks (-31%, P < 0.001) and prolonged CLT (+13.5%, P = 0.02), compared with the non-endometriosis group. Moreover, women with endometriosis had higher plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1; +272%, P = 0.004) concentrations and alpha-2-antiplasmin activity (+39.9%, P < 0.001) in contrast to the other group. Ovarian stimulation led to reduction in F1+2 (-48.1%, P < 0.001), improvement of fibrin clot phenotype reflected by higher Ks (+25.9%, P < 0.001) and shortened CLT (-11.9%, P < 0.001), along with lower PAI-1 (-54%, P = 0.016) compared with the baseline in women with endometriosis. CONCLUSIONS Endometriosis is associated with the prothrombotic fibrin clot phenotype and increased thrombin generation. Ovarian stimulation favourably alters fibrin clot properties and leads to comparable pregnancy outcomes to those in women without endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Piróg
- Gynecological Endocrinology Department, Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow, Poland.
| | - Olga Kacalska-Janssen
- Gynecological Endocrinology Department, Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow, Poland
| | - Robert Jach
- Gynecological Endocrinology Department, Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Ząbczyk
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, and John Paul II Hospital Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Natorska
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, and John Paul II Hospital Krakow, Poland
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Yang B, Gu N, Shi S, Zhang C, Chen L, Ouyang J, Lin Y, Sun F, Xu H. Immunoreactivity of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 and Its Correlation with Dysmenorrhea and Lesional Fibrosis in Adenomyosis. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:2378-2386. [PMID: 33683668 PMCID: PMC8289782 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adenomyosis is associated with dysmenorrhea, infertility, and lesional fibrosis. The pathogenesis of adenomyosis is still unclear. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) plays important roles in pathological activities like tumor metastasis and endometriosis. Our objective was to investigate the expression and localization of PAI-1 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium with adenomyosis and in endometrium without adenomyosis. We also sought to determine the relationship between PAI-1 immunoreactivity and the severity of dysmenorrhea and the extent of lesional fibrosis in adenomyosis. PAI-1 expression was significantly higher in the ectopic endometrium of patients with adenomyosis than in both the eutopic endometrium of patients with adenomyosis and the endometrium of controls. Ectopic PAI-1 expression correlated positively with dysmenorrhea visual analog scale (VAS) scores and the extent of lesional fibrosis in adenomyosis. High PAI-1 expression increased the likelihood of moderate to severe dysmenorrhea in adenomyosis. These results suggest that PAI-1 is involved in the adenomyosis-associated dysmenorrhea and lesional fibrosis, which provide a potential target in treating symptomatic adenomyosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Yang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO. 910, Heng-Shan Road, Xu-Hui Qu, Shanghai, 200030 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Nihao Gu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO. 910, Heng-Shan Road, Xu-Hui Qu, Shanghai, 200030 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Shu Shi
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO. 910, Heng-Shan Road, Xu-Hui Qu, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Chen Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO. 910, Heng-Shan Road, Xu-Hui Qu, Shanghai, 200030 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Lan Chen
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO. 910, Heng-Shan Road, Xu-Hui Qu, Shanghai, 200030 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO. 910, Heng-Shan Road, Xu-Hui Qu, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Yu Lin
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO. 910, Heng-Shan Road, Xu-Hui Qu, Shanghai, 200030 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Feng Sun
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO. 910, Heng-Shan Road, Xu-Hui Qu, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Hong Xu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NO. 910, Heng-Shan Road, Xu-Hui Qu, Shanghai, 200030 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030 China
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Yoshino O, Ono Y, Honda M, Hattori K, Sato E, Hiraoka T, Ito M, Kobayashi M, Arai K, Katayama H, Tsuchida H, Yamada-Nomoto K, Iwahata S, Fukushi Y, Wada S, Iwase H, Koga K, Osuga Y, Iwaoka M, Unno N. Relaxin-2 May Suppress Endometriosis by Reducing Fibrosis, Scar Formation, and Inflammation. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E467. [PMID: 33142814 PMCID: PMC7693148 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relaxin (RLX)-2, produced by the corpus luteum and placenta, is known to be potentially effective in fibrotic diseases of the heart, lungs, kidneys, and bladder; however, its effectiveness in endometriosis has not yet been investigated. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive study on the effect of RLX-2 on endometriosis. We checked the expressions of LGR-7, a primary receptor of RLX-2, in endometriomas using immunohistochemistry. Endometriotic stromal cells (ESCs) purified from surgical specimens were used in in vitro experiments. The effects of RLX-2 on ESCs were evaluated by quantitative-PCR, ELISA, and Western blotting. Gel contraction assay was used to assess the contraction suppressive effect of RLX-2. The effect of RLX-2 was also examined in the endometriosis mouse model. LGR-7 was expressed in endometriotic lesions. In ESCs, RLX-2 increased the production of cAMP and suppressed the secretion of interleukin-8, an inflammatory cytokine, by 15% and mRNA expression of fibrosis-related molecules, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and collagen-I by approximately 50% (p < 0.05). In the gel contraction assay, RLX-2 significantly suppressed the contraction of ESCs, which was cancelled by removing RLX-2 from the medium or by adding H89, a Protein Kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. In ESCs stimulated with RLX-2, p38 MAPK phosphorylation was significantly suppressed. In the endometriosis mouse model, administration of RLX-2 significantly decreased the area of the endometriotic-like lesion with decreasing fibrotic component compared to non-treated control (p = 0.01). RLX-2 may contribute to the control of endometriotic lesion by suppressing fibrosis, scar formation, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yoshino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan; (M.H.); (K.H.); (E.S.); (T.H.); (S.I.); (H.I.); (N.U.)
| | - Yosuke Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Hokkaido 006-0811, Japan; (Y.O.); (Y.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Masako Honda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan; (M.H.); (K.H.); (E.S.); (T.H.); (S.I.); (H.I.); (N.U.)
| | - Kyoko Hattori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan; (M.H.); (K.H.); (E.S.); (T.H.); (S.I.); (H.I.); (N.U.)
| | - Erina Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan; (M.H.); (K.H.); (E.S.); (T.H.); (S.I.); (H.I.); (N.U.)
| | - Takehiro Hiraoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan; (M.H.); (K.H.); (E.S.); (T.H.); (S.I.); (H.I.); (N.U.)
| | - Masami Ito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (M.I.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (K.Y.-N.)
| | - Mutsumi Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (M.I.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (K.Y.-N.)
| | - Kenta Arai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Tokyo 259-1292, Japan; (K.A.); (M.I.)
| | - Hidekazu Katayama
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Tokyo 259-1292, Japan;
| | - Hiroyoshi Tsuchida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (M.I.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (K.Y.-N.)
| | - Kaori Yamada-Nomoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (M.I.); (M.K.); (H.T.); (K.Y.-N.)
| | - Shunsuke Iwahata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan; (M.H.); (K.H.); (E.S.); (T.H.); (S.I.); (H.I.); (N.U.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukushi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Hokkaido 006-0811, Japan; (Y.O.); (Y.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Shinichiro Wada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Hokkaido 006-0811, Japan; (Y.O.); (Y.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Haruko Iwase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan; (M.H.); (K.H.); (E.S.); (T.H.); (S.I.); (H.I.); (N.U.)
| | - Kaori Koga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (K.K.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (K.K.); (Y.O.)
| | - Michio Iwaoka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Tokyo 259-1292, Japan; (K.A.); (M.I.)
| | - Nobuya Unno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan; (M.H.); (K.H.); (E.S.); (T.H.); (S.I.); (H.I.); (N.U.)
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Fortin CN, Saed GM, Diamond MP. Predisposing factors to post-operative adhesion development. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 21:536-51. [PMID: 25935859 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adhesion development is the most common sequelae of intra-abdominal and pelvic surgery and represents a significant, yet poorly understood, cause of morbidity among post-operative patients. It remains unclear, for example, exactly why adhesions form more frequently in certain tissues and/or patients, or at specific locations within them, as opposed to others. This review contributes to the growing knowledge pool by elucidating factors that potentially predispose to the development of adhesions. Given the strong correlation between a hypofibrinolytic state and adhesion formation, this review article will examine not only those factors that have been shown to directly predispose to adhesion development, but also those that are likely do so indirectly by means of altering the coagulation/fibrinolytic profile. METHODS A literature search was performed using the PubMed database for all relevant English language articles up to February 2014. All of the identified articles were reviewed with particular attention to predisposing factors to post-operative adhesion development. In addition, the reference lists of each article were reviewed to identify additional relevant articles. RESULTS Various factors have been shown to directly increase the risk of post-operative adhesion development; namely, certain genetic polymorphisms in the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, increased estrogen exposure, and endometriosis. In addition, numerous factors are known to increase the risk of fibrosis, therefore likely increasing the risk of adhesion development indirectly. These factors include genetic polymorphisms in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, hyperglycemia, obesity, depression, binge alcohol consumption, anti-Parkinsonian medications, oral hormone therapy, pregnancy, and cancer. CONCLUSIONS The literature reviewed in this paper will help to direct future research aimed at understanding the mechanisms that underlie the association of certain factors with adhesion development. This information will be crucial in the creation of adequate preventative and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea N Fortin
- Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ghassan M Saed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Michael P Diamond
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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11
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Laux-Biehlmann A, d’Hooghe T, Zollner TM. Menstruation pulls the trigger for inflammation and pain in endometriosis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:270-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Ding D, Liu X, Duan J, Guo SW. Platelets are an unindicted culprit in the development of endometriosis: clinical and experimental evidence. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:812-32. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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13
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Wu Q, Ding D, Liu X, Guo SW. Evidence for a Hypercoagulable State in Women With Ovarian Endometriomas. Reprod Sci 2015; 22:1107-14. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719115572478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinjiao Wu
- Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xishi Liu
- Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
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14
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Marí-Alexandre J, García-Oms J, Barceló-Molina M, Gilabert-Aguilar J, Estellés A, Braza-Boíls A, Gilabert-Estellés J. MicroRNAs and angiogenesis in endometriosis. Thromb Res 2015; 135 Suppl 1:S38-40. [PMID: 25903532 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(15)50439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs function as important regulators of a wide range of cellular processes, such as angiogenesis and fibrinolysis, by postranscriptional modulation of gene expression. We present a review on the role of miRNAs and angiogenesis in endometriosis. Endometriosis, defined as the implantation of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, is one of the most frequent benign gynecological diseases and it has important consequences on the quality of life and fertility of patients. Similarly to tumor metastasis, the ectopic endometrium acquires the capability to adhere, proliferate and infiltrate the extracellular matrix. Endometriosis is a multifactorial and polygenic disease in which angiogenesis and proteolysis may be involved, and emerging data provide evidence that a dysregulation of miRNA expression may be implicated in these processes. The detection of circulating miRNAs in plasma and other body fluids and their relative stability has raised the possibility that they might serve as non-invasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of the disease. On the other hand, the development of therapies that might block the expression or mimic the functions of miRNAs could represent new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Marí-Alexandre
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier García-Oms
- Area Maternoinfantil, Hospital General Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | - Moisés Barceló-Molina
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Amparo Estellés
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aitana Braza-Boíls
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Braza-Boïls A, Marí-Alexandre J, Gilabert J, Sánchez-Izquierdo D, España F, Estellés A, Gilabert-Estellés J. MicroRNA expression profile in endometriosis: its relation to angiogenesis and fibrinolytic factors. Hum Reprod 2014; 29:978-88. [PMID: 24608518 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Could an aberrant microRNA (miRNA) expression profile be responsible for the changes in the angiogenic and fibrinolytic states observed in endometriotic lesions? SUMMARY ANSWER This study revealed characteristic miRNA expression profiles associated with endometriosis in endometrial tissue and endometriotic lesions from the same patient and their correlation with the most important angiogenic and fibrinolytic factors. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN?: An important role for dysregulated miRNA expression in the pathogenesis of endometriosis is well documented. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of the relationship between angiogenic and fibrinolytic factors and miRNAs when endometrial tissue and different types of endometriotic lesions from the same patient are compared. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Case-control study that involved 51 women with endometriosis and 32 women without the disease (controls). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The miRNA expression profiles were determined using the GeneChip miRNA 2.0 Affymetrix array platform, and the results were analysed using Partek Genomic Suite software. To validate the obtained results, 12 miRNAs differentially expressed were quantified by using miRCURY LNA™ Universal RT microRNA PCR. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A), thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) proteins were quantified by ELISA. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Patient endometrial tissue showed significantly lower levels of miR-202-3p, miR-424-5p, miR-449b-3p and miR-556-3p, and higher levels of VEGF-A and uPA than healthy (control) endometrium. However, tissue affected by ovarian endometrioma showed significantly lower expression of miR-449b-3p than endometrium from both controls and patients, and higher levels of PAI-1 and the angiogenic inhibitor TSP-1. A significant inverse correlation between miR-424-5p and VEGF-A protein levels was observed in patient endometrium, and an inverse correlation between miR-449b-3p and TSP-1 protein levels was observed in ovarian endometrioma. Peritoneal implants had significantly higher levels of VEGF-A than ovarian endometrioma samples. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Functional studies are needed to confirm the specific targets of the miRNAs differently expressed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Differences in miRNA levels could modulate the expression of VEGF-A and TSP-1, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. The higher angiogenic and proteolytic activities observed in eutopic endometrium from patients might facilitate the implantation of endometrial cells at ectopic sites. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by research grants from ISCIII-FEDER (PI11/0091, Red RIC RD12/0042/0029), Consellería de Educación-Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2011/027), Beca de Investigación Fundación Dexeus para la Salud de la Mujer (2011/0469), and by Fundación Investigación Hospital La Fe (2011/211). A.B-B. has a Contrato Posdoctoral de Perfeccionamiento Sara Borrell-ISCIII (CD13/00005). J.M-A. has a predoctoral grant PFIS-ISCIII (FI12/00012). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitana Braza-Boïls
- Grupo de Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
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Braza-Boïls A, Gilabert-Estellés J, Ramón LA, Gilabert J, Marí-Alexandre J, Chirivella M, España F, Estellés A. Peritoneal fluid reduces angiogenesis-related microRNA expression in cell cultures of endometrial and endometriotic tissues from women with endometriosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62370. [PMID: 23620826 PMCID: PMC3631199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis, defined as the presence of endometrium outside the uterus, is one of the most frequent gynecological diseases. It has been suggested that modifications of both endometrial and peritoneal factors could be implicated in this disease. Endometriosis is a multifactorial disease in which angiogenesis and proteolysis are dysregulated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the protein expression and may be the main regulators of angiogenesis. Our hypothesis is that peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis could modify the expression of several miRNAs that regulate angiogenesis and proteolysis in the endometriosis development. The objective of this study has been to evaluate the influence of endometriotic peritoneal fluid on the expression of six miRNAs related to angiogenesis, as well as several angiogenic and proteolytic factors in endometrial and endometriotic cell cultures from women with endometriosis compared with women without endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitana Braza-Boïls
- Grupo de Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Luis A. Ramón
- Grupo de Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Gilabert
- Servicio de Ginecología, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep Marí-Alexandre
- Grupo de Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Melitina Chirivella
- Departamento de Anatomopatología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco España
- Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Estellés
- Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Trovó de Marqui AB. Polimorfismos genéticos e endometriose: A contribuição dos genes que regulam a função vascular e o remodelamento de tecidos. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2012; 58:620-32. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-42302012000500022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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18
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Trovó de Marqui AB. Polimorfismos genéticos e endometriose: A contribuição dos genes que regulam a função vascular e o remodelamento de tecidos. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0104-4230(12)70259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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19
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Peritoneal cytokines and adhesion formation in endometriosis: an inverse association with vascular endothelial growth factor concentration. Fertil Steril 2012; 97:1380-6.e1. [PMID: 22542989 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate inflammatory/angiogenic cytokines-interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)-in the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis in relation to the occurrence and severity of pelvic adhesions and in control women without pelvic pathology. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING University research institution and hospital. PATIENT(S) Sixty-five women with laparoscopically and histopathologically confirmed endometriosis, including 40 women with pelvic adhesions, and 37 control women without pelvic pathology. INTERVENTION(S) Peritoneal fluid aspirated during routine diagnostic laparoscopic examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Cytokines evaluated in the peritoneal fluid via specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULT(S) Endometriosis and the revised American Fertility Society score of this disease were associated with statistically significantly increased levels of peritoneal IL-6 and IL-8 whereas the incidence and score of endometriosis-related pelvic adhesions were negatively associated with increased levels of VEGF-A. Notably, the concentration of VEGF-A predicted adhesion development and severity after adjustment for endometriosis severity. The adhesion score also correlated with increased levels of IL-6; however, after adjustment for endometriosis severity, the effect of this cytokine was no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSION(S) Increased levels of VEGF-A may be associated with a decreased rate of pelvic adhesion formation in the course of endometriosis.
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Abstract
Fibrosis is defined as a fibroproliferative or abnormal fibroblast activation-related disease. Deregulation of wound healing leads to hyperactivation of fibroblasts and excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the wound area, the pathological manifestation of fibrosis. The accumulation of excessive levels of collagen in the ECM depends on two factors: an increased rate of collagen synthesis and or decreased rate of collagen degradation by cellular proteolytic activities. The urokinase/tissue type plasminogen activator (uPA/tPA) and plasmin play significant roles in the cellular proteolytic degradation of ECM proteins and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. The activities of uPA/tPA/plasmin and plasmin-dependent MMPs rely mostly on the activity of a potent inhibitor of uPA/tPA, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Under normal physiologic conditions, PAI-1 controls the activities of uPA/tPA/plasmin/MMP proteolytic activities and thus maintains the tissue homeostasis. During wound healing, elevated levels of PAI-1 inhibit uPA/tPA/plasmin and plasmin-dependent MMP activities, and, thus, help expedite wound healing. In contrast to this scenario, under pathologic conditions, excessive PAI-1 contributes to excessive accumulation of collagen and other ECM protein in the wound area, and thus preserves scarring. While the level of PAI-1 is significantly elevated in fibrotic tissues, lack of PAI-1 protects different organs from fibrosis in response to injury-related profibrotic signals. Thus, PAI-1 is implicated in the pathology of fibrosis in different organs including the heart, lung, kidney, liver, and skin. Paradoxically, PAI-1 deficiency promotes spontaneous cardiac-selective fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the significance of PAI-1 in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish K Ghosh
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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Ramon LA, Braza-Boils A, Gilabert-Estelles J, Gilabert J, Espana F, Chirivella M, Estelles A. microRNAs expression in endometriosis and their relation to angiogenic factors. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:1082-90. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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22
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Cosin R, Gilabert-Estelles J, Ramon L, Gomez-Lechon M, Gilabert J, Chirivella M, Braza-Boils A, Espana F, Estelles A. Influence of peritoneal fluid on the expression of angiogenic and proteolytic factors in cultures of endometrial cells from women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2009; 25:398-405. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism and susceptibility to endometriosis in the Italian population. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 146:219-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Tissue factor (TF), is a cellular receptor that binds the ligand factor VII/VIIa to initiate the blood coagulation cascade. In addition to its role as the initiator of the hemostatic cascade, TF is known to be involved in angiogenesis via an interaction with factor VIIa and protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). In this article we review previous studies from our laboratory demonstrating that the pattern and level of TF expression is altered in multiple cell types derived from eutopic and ectopic endometrium from women with endometriosis compared with normal endometrium. We posit that the inflammatory environment that occurs in ectopic and eutopic endometrium from patients with disease results in high TF expression that in turn, signals via PAR-2 to further produce inflammatory cytokine or chemokine production and macrophage recruitment. Thus, our studies suggest that TF might be an ideal target for therapeutic intervention in endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Krikun
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, School of Medicine. 333 Cedar St., P.O. Box 208063, New Haven, CT, 06520-8063, USA.
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Ramón LA, Gilabert–Estellés J, Cosín R, Gilabert J, España F, Castelló R, Chirivella M, Romeu A, Estellés A. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G polymorphism and endometriosis. Influence of PAI-1 polymorphism on PAI-1 antigen and mRNA expression. Thromb Res 2008; 122:854-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Gilabert-Estellés J, Ramón LA, España F, Gilabert J, Vila V, Réganon E, Castelló R, Chirivella M, Estellés A. Expression of angiogenic factors in endometriosis: relationship to fibrinolytic and metalloproteinase systems. Hum Reprod 2007; 22:2120-7. [PMID: 17609243 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dem149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a highly prevalent, benign disease in which the angiogenic, fibrinolytic and metalloproteinase (MMP) systems may be implicated. The objective of this study is to analyse mRNA expression and protein levels of several angiogenic factors and to correlate them with several components of the fibrinolytic and MMP systems in samples from 71 women with endometriosis and 50 controls. METHODS AND RESULTS Eutopic endometrium showed higher mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients than in controls. However, ovarian endometrioma had lower VEGF mRNA levels than did the eutopic endometrium of patients. Similar results were obtained for VEGF protein levels. On the other hand, a significant increase in thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) levels was observed in ovarian endometrioma than in eutopic endometrium. The peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis showed a significant increase in VEGF, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and MMP-3 levels than that of controls. A significant correlation was observed between the levels of VEGF and uPA in endometrium and in peritoneal fluid. CONCLUSIONS Endometrium and peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis have increased levels of VEGF, uPA and MMP-3 levels. Therefore, the development of endometriotic implants at ectopic sites may be facilitated, promoting the progress of the endometriosis.
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