1
|
Exploring Clinically-Relevant Experimental Models of Neonatal Shock and Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Shock 2021; 53:596-604. [PMID: 31977960 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal shock and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. NEC is a life-threatening gastrointestinal illness, the precise etiology of which is not well understood, but is characterized by an immaturity of the intestinal barrier, altered function of the adaptive immune system, and intestinal dysbiosis. The complexities of NEC and shock in the neonatal population necessitate relevant clinical modeling using newborn animals that mimic the disease in human neonates to better elucidate the pathogenesis and provide an opportunity for the discovery of potential therapeutics. A wide variety of animal species-including rats, mice, piglets, and primates-have been used in developing experimental models of neonatal diseases such as NEC and shock. This review aims to highlight the immunologic differences in neonates compared with adults and provide an assessment of the advantages and drawbacks of established animal models of both NEC and shock using enteral or intraperitoneal induction of bacterial pathogens. The selection of a model has benefits unique to each type of animal species and provides individual opportunities for the development of targeted therapies. This review discusses the clinical and physiologic relevance of animal models and the insight they contribute to the complexities of the specific neonatal diseases: NEC and shock.
Collapse
|
2
|
Steinhagen F, Hilbert T, Cramer N, Senzig S, Parcina M, Bode C, Boehm O, Frede S, Klaschik S. Development of a minimal invasive and controllable murine model to study polymicrobial abdominal sepsis. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1909663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Folkert Steinhagen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Hilbert
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nina Cramer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Senzig
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marijo Parcina
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Bode
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Olaf Boehm
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stilla Frede
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Klaschik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Hsu AY, Gurol T, Sobreira TJP, Zhang S, Moore N, Cai C, Zhang ZY, Deng Q. Development and Characterization of an Endotoxemia Model in Zebra Fish. Front Immunol 2018; 9:607. [PMID: 29651289 PMCID: PMC5884884 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxemia is a condition in which endotoxins enter the blood stream and cause systemic and sometimes lethal inflammation. Zebra fish provides a genetically tractable model organism for studying innate immunity, with additional advantages in live imaging and drug discovery. However, a bona fide endotoxemia model has not been established in zebra fish. Here, we have developed an acute endotoxemia model in zebra fish by injecting a single dose of LPS directly into the circulation. Hallmarks of human acute endotoxemia, including systemic inflammation, extensive tissue damage, circulation blockade, immune cell mobilization, and emergency hematopoiesis, were recapitulated in this model. Knocking out the adaptor protein Myd88 inhibited systemic inflammation and improved zebra fish survival. In addition, similar alternations of pathways with human acute endotoxemia were detected using global proteomic profiling and MetaCore™ pathway enrichment analysis. Furthermore, treating zebra fish with a protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 11 (Shp2) inhibitor decreased systemic inflammation, immune mobilization, tissue damage, and improved survival in the endotoxemia model. Together, we have established and characterized the phenotypic and gene expression changes of a zebra fish endotoxemia model, which is amenable to genetic and pharmacological discoveries that can ultimately lead to a better mechanistic understanding of the dynamics and interplay of the innate immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Y Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Theodore Gurol
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Tiago J P Sobreira
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Natalie Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Chufan Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Attenuates the Severity of Sepsis in a Non-Surgical Preterm Mouse Model. Shock 2018; 47:242-250. [PMID: 27454382 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Preterm sepsis is characterized by systemic bacterial invasion and inflammatory response. Its pathogenesis is unclear due to lack of proper animal models. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) can affect physiologic and pathologic conditions through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anti-apoptotic properties. Since HO-1 is developmentally regulated, it may play a role in the pathogenesis of preterm sepsis. For this study, sepsis was induced using the non-surgical "cecal slurry" (CS) model. CS was given intraperitoneally at various doses to 4-day-old newborn mice to determine dose-dependent effects. The LD40 was then given and changes in bodyweight, bacterial colonization of organs, hematology, serum biochemistry, and immunomodulatory gene expression were determined. We found a dose-dependent mortality with an LD40 of 2.0 mg/g. Significant bacterial colonization and hematological changes (leukocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphocytopenia) and increased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, pattern-recognition receptors, and other genes related to immune responses were also observed. Twenty-four hours post-sepsis induction, bodyweight loss was associated with mortality and organ damage. Finally, to elucidate a protective role of HO-1, 30-μmol heme/kg was given subcutaneously 24 h pre-sepsis induction. HO activity in livers and spleens significantly increased 64% and 50% over age-matched controls 24 h post-heme administration. Importantly, heme significantly reduced mortality from 40.9% to 6.3% (P <0.005) and gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Ccl5, Cxcl10, IL-1b, and Ifng). We conclude that the CS model can be used as a model to study preterm sepsis. Because induction of HO-1 significantly reduced mortality, we speculate that HO-1 may confer protection against sepsis in preterm infants.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
This chapter describes techniques to measure the innate immune response in the mouse cecal ligation and puncture model of sepsis. The reader will learn how to perform retro-orbital bleeds to harvest serum from mice and learn how to perform peritoneal lavage to harvest cells and inflammatory mediators from this compartment. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique is described as a method to measure the levels of cytokines and chemokines in these fluids. Additionally, this chapter describes techniques to stain the cellular fraction of the peritoneal lavage with fluorescently labeled antibodies, and perform fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to quantify macrophages and neutrophils in this compartment.
Collapse
|
7
|
Steele AM, Starr ME, Saito H. Late Therapeutic Intervention with Antibiotics and Fluid Resuscitation Allows for a Prolonged Disease Course with High Survival in a Severe Murine Model of Sepsis. Shock 2017; 47:726-734. [PMID: 27879561 PMCID: PMC5432399 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current animal models of sepsis often incorporate antibiotics to be consistent with clinical standards for treatment of patients in the intensive care unit. However, such experimental intervention is commonly initiated very early after infectious insult, which likely blunts the progression of systemic inflammation and downstream pathology. The objective of this study was to establish an animal model of sepsis with delayed therapeutic intervention, allowing a longer disease course and downstream pathology, but still resulting in a high survival rate. Severe lethal abdominal infection was initiated in young adult (17-18-week-old) C57BL/6 mice by cecal slurry (CS) injection. When initiated early (1- or 6-h post-CS injection), antibiotic treatment (imipenem, 1.5 mg/mouse i.p., twice/day for 5 days) rescued the majority of mice; however, few of these mice showed evidence of bacteremia, cytokinemia, or organ injury. When antibiotic treatment was delayed until late time-points (12- or 24-h post-CS injection) the majority of animals did not survive beyond 48 h. When fluid resuscitation (physiological saline, s.c.) was performed in combination with antibiotic treatment (twice daily) beginning at these late time-points, the majority of mice survived (75%) and showed bacteremia, cytokinemia, organ dysfunction, and prolonged body weight loss (<90% for 4 weeks). We recommend that this new repeated combination treatment with antibiotics and fluids resuscitation be initiated at a late time point after bacteremia becomes evident because this model more closely mimics the downstream pathological characteristics of severe clinical sepsis yet maintains a high survival rate. This model would be advantageous for studies on severe sepsis and postintensive care illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Steele
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Marlene E. Starr
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Hiroshi Saito
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee MJ, Kim K, Jo YH, Lee JH, Hwang JE. Dose-dependent mortality and organ injury in a cecal slurry peritonitis model. J Surg Res 2016; 206:427-434. [PMID: 27884339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cecal slurry model was introduced as an alternative method for creating an animal sepsis model. This study was performed to evaluate dose-dependent mortality and organ injury in a sepsis model of cecal slurry peritonitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5.0, 7.5, 10, or 15 mL/kg groups, according to the volume of cecal slurry administered into the peritoneal cavity. In the survival study, rats were observed for 14 d after sepsis induction. In the second experiment, blood and tissue were harvested to measure organ injury and the 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate concentrations. RESULTS All rats in the 5.0 mL/kg group survived for 14 d, whereas all rats in the 15 mL/kg group died within 24 h. The survival rates in the 7.5 mL/kg and 10 mL/kg groups were 60% and 30%, respectively. In the arterial blood gas analysis, lactate concentrations increased and HCO3- decreased in a dose-dependent manner across the groups. Alanine aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen concentrations increased as the dose of cecal slurry increased. 2', 7'-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate concentrations also increased in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The cecal slurry model of sepsis evaluated in this study demonstrates dose-dependent mortality, metabolic acidosis, liver and kidney injuries, and reactive oxygen species production, and it could be used for subsequent sepsis experiments, considering the severity of sepsis induced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuseok Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - You Hwan Jo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Hwang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li PC, Tien YC, Day CH, Pai P, Kuo WW, Chen TS, Kuo CH, Tsai CH, Ju DT, Huang CY. Impact of LPS-induced cardiomyoblast cell apoptosis inhibited by earthworm extracts. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2016; 15:172-9. [PMID: 25249212 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-014-9281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dilong is an earthworm extract with a dense nutritional content, widely used in Chinese herbal medicine to remove stasis and stimulate wound healing. Earthworm extracts are traditionally used by indigenous people throughout the world. How this Dilong inhibits Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiomyoblast cell apoptosis is still unclear. This study investigates the Dilong extract effect on LPS-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. LPS (1 μg/ml) administration for 24 h induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells. Cell apoptosis was detected using MTT, LDH, TUNEL assay and JC-1 staining. Western blot analysis was used to detect pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins. Dilong extract totally blocked the LPS impact, leading to the activation of anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, stabilized the mitochondria membrane and down-regulated the extrinsic and intrinsic pro-apoptotic proteins, TNF-α, active caspase-8, t-Bid, Bax, active caspase-9 and active caspase-3. Dilong could potentially serve as a cardio protective agent against LPS-induced H9c2 cardiomyoblast cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chun Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Starr ME, Steele AM, Saito M, Hacker BJ, Evers BM, Saito H. A new cecal slurry preparation protocol with improved long-term reproducibility for animal models of sepsis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115705. [PMID: 25531402 PMCID: PMC4274114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a life-threatening systemic inflammatory response syndrome induced by infection, is widely studied using laboratory animal models. While cecal-ligation and puncture (CLP) is considered the gold standard model for sepsis research, it may not be preferable for experiments comparing animals of different size or under different dietary regimens. By comparing cecum size, shape, and cecal content characteristics in mice under different experimental conditions (aging, diabetes, pancreatitis), we show that cecum variability could be problematic for some CLP experiments. The cecal slurry (CS) injection model, in which the cecal contents of a laboratory animal are injected intraperitoneally to other animals, is an alternative method for inducing polymicrobial sepsis; however, the CS must be freshly prepared under conventional protocols, which is a major disadvantage with respect to reproducibility and convenience. The objective of this study was to develop an improved CS preparation protocol that allows for long-term storage of CS with reproducible results. Using our new CS preparation protocol we found that bacterial viability is maintained for at least 6 months when the CS is prepared in 15% glycerol-PBS and stored at -80°C. To test sepsis-inducing efficacy of stored CS stocks, various amounts of CS were injected to young (4-6 months old), middle-aged (12-14 months old), and aged (24-26 months old) male C57BL/6 mice. Dose- and age-dependent mortality was observed with high reproducibility. Circulating bacteria levels strongly correlated with mortality suggesting an infection-mediated death. Further, injection with heat-inactivated CS resulted in acute hypothermia without mortality, indicating that CS-mediated death is not due to endotoxic shock. This new CS preparation protocol results in CS stocks which are durable for freezing preservation without loss of bacterial viability, allowing experiments to be performed more conveniently and with higher reproducibility than before.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlene E. Starr
- Aging and Critical Care Research Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States of America
| | - Allison M. Steele
- Aging and Critical Care Research Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States of America
| | - Mizuki Saito
- Aging and Critical Care Research Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States of America
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States of America
| | - Bill J. Hacker
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States of America
| | - B. Mark Evers
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States of America
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Saito
- Aging and Critical Care Research Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States of America
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gavins FNE, Hughes EL, Buss NAPS, Holloway PM, Getting SJ, Buckingham JC. Leukocyte recruitment in the brain in sepsis: involvement of the annexin 1-FPR2/ALX anti-inflammatory system. FASEB J 2012; 26:4977-89. [PMID: 22964301 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-205971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unregulated inflammation underlies many diseases, including sepsis. Much interest lies in targeting anti-inflammatory mechanisms to develop new treatments. One such target is the anti-inflammatory protein annexin A1 (AnxA1) and its receptor, FPR2/ALX. Using intravital videomicroscopy, we investigated the role of AnxA1 and FPR2/ALX in a murine model of endotoxin-induced cerebral inflammation [intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]. An inflammatory response was confirmed by elevations in proinflammatory serum cytokines, increased cerebrovascular permeability, elevation in brain myeloperoxidase, and increased leukocyte rolling and adhesion in cerebral venules of wild-type (WT) mice, which were further exacerbated in AnxA1-null mice. mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4, MyD-88, and Ly96 was also assessed. The AnxA1-mimetic peptide, AnxA1(Ac2-26) (100 μg/mouse, ∼33 μmol) mitigated LPS-induced leukocyte adhesion in WT and AnxA1-null animals without affecting leukocyte rolling, in comparison to saline control. AnxA1(Ac2-26) effects were attenuated by Boc2 (pan-FPR antagonist, 10 μg/mouse, ∼12 nmol), and by minocycline (2.25 mg/mouse, ∼6.3 nmol). The nonselective Fpr agonists, fMLP (6 μg/mouse, ∼17 nmol) and AnxA1(Ac2-26), and the Fpr2-selective agonist ATLa (5 μg/mouse, ∼11 nmol) were without effect in Fpr2/3(-/-) mice. In summary, our novel results demonstrate that the AnxA1/FPR2 system has an important role in effecting the resolution of cerebral inflammation in sepsis and may, therefore, provide a novel therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicity N E Gavins
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Burlington Danes Bldg., Du Cane Rd., London W12 0NN, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chopra M, Das P, Golden H, Dostal DE, Watson LE, Sharma AC. Norepinephrine induces systolic failure and inhibits antiapoptotic genes in a polymicrobial septic rat model. Life Sci 2010; 87:672-8. [PMID: 20933523 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We examined the effect of norepinephrine (NE) infusion on left ventricular function and apoptotic genes during progression of polymicrobial sepsis. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (350-400 g) were made septic by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 200mg/kg cecal inoculum. Sham animals received 5% dextrose water, i.p. Echocardiography was performed at baseline, 3 days and 7 days post-sepsis/sham. NE (0.6 μgkg(-1)h(-1)) was infused for 2h, before the end of day 3 of echocardiography. At the end of day 7, rats were euthanized and heart tissues harvested for isolation of total RNA. PCR was performed using RT(2) profiler™ PCR array PARN-012 (Rat apoptosis array; SuperArray, MD) using RT(2) Real-Time™ SYBR Green PCR master mix PA-012. KEY FINDINGS NE-infusion resulted in a significant decrease in the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) (62.56±2.07 from the baseline 71.11±3.23, p<0.05) and fractional shortening (FS) (39.90±2.64 from the sham group 54.41±2.19, p<0.05) at 7 days post-sepsis, respectively. Super Array data revealed that during sepsis, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) (2.85±0.07 fold, p<0.0001), anti-apoptotic molecules, Prok2 (16.07±0.48 fold, p<0.0001) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) (23.5±0.57 fold, p<0.0001) were up regulated at day 1. At 7-days post-sepsis, CD40l g (2.49±0.54 fold, p<0.08) and Birc1b (17.8±0.58 fold, p<0.0001) were up regulated compared to the sham, 1 and 3-days post-sepsis groups. SIGNIFICANCE The data suggest that upregulation of a series of pro-apoptotic molecules could be responsible for systolic and diastolic dysfunction during 3 and 7 days post sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mani Chopra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Patole S, Muller R. Enteral feeding of preterm neonates: a survey of Australian neonatologists. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/jmf.16.5.309.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Patole
- Department of Neonatology Kirwan Hospital for Women Townsville Australia
| | - R Muller
- School of Public Health and Tropic Medicine James Cook University Townsville Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chopra M, Sharma AC. Contractile response of norepinephrine is modulated by caspase-3 in adult rat ventricular myocytes isolated from septic rat heart. Pharmacol Res 2009; 60:303-13. [PMID: 19394424 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis accounts for 50% of intensive care unit deaths due to cardiac dysfunction. The cellular mechanisms following norepinephrine (NE) during sepsis are undefined. Using a septic adult rat ventricular myocyte (ARVM) paradigm, we examined the molecular mechanism responsible for the blunted contractile response of NE. We tested the hypothesis that NE-induced increases in active caspase-3 contribute to sepsis-induced ARVM contractile dysfunction. Single ARVMs were isolated from hearts harvested from sham and septic male rats. The contractile properties and expression of caspase-3 cascade proteins were determined in ARVMs treated with NE with and without QVD-OPH, prazosin and atenolol to characterize the effect of NE on their mechanical properties. Septic ARVMs exhibited a significant decrease in peak shortening (PS) compared to sham ARVMs. The effect of NE on the PS of the sham ARVMs was more pronounced compared to the septic ARVMs, suggesting a blunted contractile response of NE. NE in the presence of QVD-OPH ameliorated the sepsis-induced decrease in PS at 18h but not at 1h, while the effect of NE on sepsis-induced contractile response remained unaffected at 18h by prazosin and atenolol. An up-regulated expression of caspase-3 in NE-treated septic ARVMs was reversed by QVD-OPH, as seen by the increased number of septic ARVMs exhibiting caspase-3 fluorescence. Transfection of ARVMs using caspase-3 siRNA blocked sepsis-induced up-regulation of caspase-3 and increased PS following NE treatment. These data suggest that caspase-3 inhibition ameliorated sepsis-induced decreased ARVM contractility and blocked the blunted contractile response of NE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mani Chopra
- Cardionome Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Upregulation of myocardial syntaxin1A is associated with an early stage of polymicrobial sepsis. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 323:61-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
Wynn JL, Scumpia PO, Delano MJ, O'Malley KA, Ungaro R, Abouhamze A, Moldawer LL. Increased mortality and altered immunity in neonatal sepsis produced by generalized peritonitis. Shock 2008; 28:675-683. [PMID: 17621256 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3180556d09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neonates have a higher prevalence of bacterial sepsis and have greater morbidity and mortality from sepsis than other infants and children. Our understanding of the inflammatory and immunological responses to sepsis is hampered by the lack of appropriate neonatal murine models. In the present report, we have developed a cecal slurry model of generalized peritonitis in neonatal mice (age range, 5-7 days) and compared the outcome and the innate and adaptive cellular responses of these animals with those of the young adult animals (age range, 7-10 weeks) with sepsis induced either by cecal slurry administration or by cecal ligation and puncture. Neonatal mice were more susceptible to sepsis and mounted a markedly attenuated systemic inflammatory response compared with young adult animals (specifically, decreased plasma interferon gamma; interleukins 1alpha and 1beta; regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES); and tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations). Compared with young adult animals, septic neonatal mice did not lose significant percentage or absolute number of splenic CD4+ T cells. These findings suggest that the cecal slurry model of generalized peritonitis can produce sepsis in neonatal mice with dose-dependent lethality. Inherent differences in the host response to polymicrobial sepsis between neonatal and young adult animals may explain the increased sensitivity of the neonatal mouse to generalized peritonitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James L Wynn
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neonatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Despite the fact that septic patients exhibit altered cardiac function, it is not considered a major pathology during sepsis. Thus, the molecular mechanisms underlying sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction have not been studied extensively. In a polymicrobial septic rat model, +dP/dt and -dP/dt on day 1 were not altered but found depressed later, i.e., at 3 and 7 days postsepsis. Diastolic dysfunction characterized by an elevation of the time constant of left ventricular relaxation, tau, was evident at 1, 3, and 7 days postsepsis. Recent data from our laboratory demonstrated that sepsis-induced cardiodynamic alterations correlated with upregulation of TNF receptor-associated death domain, Bax, Smac (both mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions), total nuclear factor kappaB expression, p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation, and cytochrome c levels in the rat heart at 3 and 7 days postsepsis. Data from various laboratories emphasized that molecular myocardial alteration, which occurs during early and late stages of sepsis, needs to be elucidated thoroughly. A poor understanding of myocardial signaling during early sepsis could be one of the main reasons for limited success of pharmacotherapeutic options for sepsis. We anticipate that an increased understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms leading to sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction would generate new enthusiasm among various research groups in this area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avadhesh C Sharma
- Cardionome Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chopra M, Sharma AC. Distinct cardiodynamic and molecular characteristics during early and late stages of sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction. Life Sci 2007; 81:306-16. [PMID: 17612571 PMCID: PMC1986677 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that progressive decline in myocardial performance would correlate with upregulation of markers for apoptotic mechanisms following increased duration of polymicrobial sepsis in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (350-400 g) were randomized into sham, 1-, 3- and 7-day sepsis groups. Each septic rat received 200 mg/kg cecal inoculum intraperitoneally (i.p). The post-mortem analysis showed a severely inflamed peritoneum with the presence of pus in all septic animals that was directly proportional to the duration of sepsis. We observed 10, 33 and 42% mortality in the 1-, 3- and 7-day sepsis groups, respectively. Septic animals at 3 and 7 days exhibited an increased wet lung/total body weight and heart weight/total body weight. A significant increase in total cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and C Reactive Protein (CRP) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) was also observed with an increased duration of sepsis. Myocardial ET-1 concentration in the 7-day post-sepsis group was significantly elevated compared to the sham and 1-day post-sepsis groups. Sepsis also produced a significant decrease in the mean arterial pressure in the 7-day post-sepsis group and tachycardia in the 1-, 3-, and 7-day post-sepsis groups compared to the sham group. A significant prolongation of the left ventricular isovolumic relaxation rate constant, tau, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in the 1-, 3- and 7-day post-sepsis groups compared to the sham group was observed. In addition, a significant decrease in the rates of left ventricular relaxation (-dP/dt) and contraction (+dP/dt) in the 3- and 7-day post-sepsis groups compared to the sham and 1-day post-sepsis group was observed. Sepsis produced a significant upregulation in the expression of myocardial TRADD, cytosolic active caspase-3, the Bax/Bcl(2) ratio, and the mitochondrial release of cytochrome C in the 3- and 7-day post-sepsis groups. We observed a progressive increase in the number of TUNEL positive nuclei, cytosolic caspase-3 activation and co-localization of PARP in the nuclei at 1, 3 and 7 days post-sepsis. These data suggest that the progression of sepsis from 1 day to 3-7 days produce distinct cardiodynamic characteristics with a more profound effect during later stages. The sepsis-induced decline in myocardial performance correlates with the induction of myocardial apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mani Chopra
- Cardionome Laboratory Department of Biomedical Sciences Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Patole SK, Kumaran V, Travadi JN, Brooks JM, Doherty DA. Does patent ductus arteriosus affect feed tolerance in preterm neonates? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007; 92:F53-5. [PMID: 16798786 PMCID: PMC2675306 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2006.093708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), especially PDA with sepsis, has been reported as a risk factor for feed intolerance in preterm neonates. In this study, the start to full feeds interval was found to be longest in preterm neonates (<or=28 weeks' gestation) with sepsis, followed by that in preterm neonates with sepsis and PDA, and in those with PDA alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Patole
- Department of Neonatal Paediatrics, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Bagot road, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Brahmbhatt S, Gupta A, Sharma AC. Bigendothelin-1 (1-21) fragment during early sepsis modulates tau, p38-MAPK phosphorylation and nitric oxide synthase activation. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 271:225-37. [PMID: 15881674 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-6416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Earlier we have demonstrated that inhibition of endothelin biosynthesis ameliorates endotoxemia-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activation and phosphorylation of p38-mitogen activated protein kinase (pp38-MAPK). Therefore, in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that activation of endothelin (ET)-1 biosynthesis using bigET-1 during early sepsis would upregulate iNOS and affect myocardial function in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (350-400 g) were anesthetised using Nembutal (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and jugular vein, tail artery (Mean arterial pressure, MAP) and right carotid arteries (advanced to left ventricle, LV) were cannulated. The rats were randomly divided into saline-, bigET-1- and C-terminal fragment of bigET-1 (bigET-1(22-38))-treated groups. Sepsis was induced using i.p. injection of cecal inoculum obtained from a donor rat (200 mg/kg in 5 ml 5% sterile dextrose water, D5W). Sham animals received an i.p. injection of D5W (5 ml/kg). MAP and LVP were recorded and cardiodynamic parameters were calculated at 0, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h post sham or sepsis-induction. A significant elevation in LV isovolumic relaxation rate constant (tau), LV end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and rate pressure product (RPP) was observed in vehicle-treated septic group at 24 h. BigET-1 significantly increased concentration of LV ET-1 both in sham and septic groups. BigET-1 elevated tau and LVEDP both in sham and septic animals as early as 12 h which persisted through 24 h. However, bigET-1(22-38) elevated LVEDP in septic group at 24 h but not in sham group. BigET-1 accentuated the levels of plasma nitric oxide byproduct (NOx) levels in both sham and septic animals at 6, 12 and 24 h. Sepsis increased myocardial iNOS at 24 h. BigET-1 significantly upregulated expression of myocardial iNOS and pp38-MAPK. The data suggest that increased substrate availability for ET-1 at the time of sepsis-induction contributes in diastolic dysfunction, iNOS activation and p38-MAPK phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Brahmbhatt
- Cardionome Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, 208, Sudro Hall, Fargo, ND, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Patole S, McGlone L, Muller R. Virtual elimination of necrotising enterocolitis for 5 years - reasons? Med Hypotheses 2004; 61:617-22. [PMID: 14592797 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A standardised feeding regimen was adopted in 1997 for guiding enteral feeding of neonates <32 weeks' gestation during clinical trials (18 months each) involving erythromycin (n=73) as a prokinetic and carboxymethylcellulose (n=70) as a laxative as well as for during 2 years (n=155) without any trials. Most aspects of the feeding regimen (e.g., milk increments-total volume/day, use of breast milk by choice, etc) were not significantly different from current practices. RESULTS 298 neonates <32 weeks' gestation (<28 weeks; n=78) were enterally fed during the 5 years. Their demographic characteristics and median (interquartile) age in days at starting (AST) and days to reach full enteral feeds (FFT) of 150 ml/kg/day were not significantly different during these 5 years: [AST: 5 (3-7.5)], [FFT: 4 (3-7)] Only one case of definite NEC (> or =Stage II) occurred during the 5 years. The time to reach full feeds was also reduced by over 54% (including for neonates <28 weeks gestation) compared with a historical cohort. CONCLUSION Sustained reduction in the time to reach full feeds with virtual elimination of > or =Stage II NEC for 5 years indicates continued benefits of a standardised feeding regimen as a simple preventive strategy to prevent NEC. Whether our specific policy of no enteral feeds in presence of hemodynamic instability associated with PDA requiring indomethacin, and/or sepsis played a role in achieving the significant results needs controlled trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Patole
- King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Western Australia 6008, Subiaco, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Holbeck S, Grände PO. Hypovolemia is a main factor behind disturbed perfusion and metabolism in the intestine during endotoxemia in cat. Shock 2002; 18:367-73. [PMID: 12392282 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200210000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in intestinal metabolism and perfusion during SIRS can be direct effects of toxic substances, and/or effects secondary to hypovolemia. An attempt to evaluate the significance of hypovolemia for intestinal disturbances during SIRS was made in the present study on feline by evaluating the degree to which the intestinal alterations following endotoxin infusion were restored by a clinically relevant volume infusion. The results were compared with control animals treated identically except that they were not given a volume infusion. We analyzed effects of a colloid infusion during endotoxemia on intestinal perfusion, and on the metabolites lactate, pyruvate, glucose, and glycerol in the intestinal wall, the latter by a microdialysis technique. Arterial and central venous blood pressures, and superior mesenteric artery blood flow were measured, and intestinal oxygen delivery and uptake were calculated. To evaluate to what extent a restoring effect of a colloid infusion was dependent on the type of colloid solution used, three different colloids with about the same volume expanding effects (6% albumin, 6% dextran 70 and 6% hydroxyethyl starch, n = 3 x 6) were tested randomly and blinded. Four hrs after start of endotoxin (1 mg/kg + 1 mg/kg/h), the colloid was infused at a rate of 5 mL/kg for 30 min followed by 2.5 mL/kg/h. Endotoxin caused a marked deterioration of perfusion and metabolic parameters. Most of these parameters turned towards normalization, though not fully reaching baseline values within 4 hrs after start of the colloid infusion. In the control experiments (n = 4), the endotoxin-induced deteriorations persisted or were aggravated during the corresponding time period. The results indicated that hypovolemia is an essential factor but not the only one behind alterations in metabolism and perfusion in the intestine during SIRS, and the alterations can be significantly reduced by adequate volume substitution. In this respect no differences could be seen between the three colloids tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Holbeck
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital and University of Lund, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ren J, Ren BH, Sharma AC. Sepsis-induced depressed contractile function of isolated ventricular myocytes is due to altered calcium transient properties. Shock 2002; 18:285-8. [PMID: 12353932 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200209000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic peritoneal sepsis in a rodent model produces myocardial dysfunction characterized by decreased rates of ventricular contraction and relaxation in the isolated heart preparation. However, it remains controversial whether the ventricular contractility is altered during sepsis. In the present study, we determined the effect of chronic peritoneal sepsis on the mechanical properties and intracellular Ca2+ handling of cardiac myocytes isolated from septic rats at 24 or 48 h. Mechanical properties were evaluated by use of an IonOptix MyoCam system. Myocytes were electrically stimulated at 0.5 Hz. The contractile properties analyzed included peak shortening (PS), time-to-peak shortening (TPS), time-to-90% relengthening (TR90), and maximal velocities of shortening and relengthening (+/-dL/dt). Intracellular Ca2+ handling was evaluated with fura-2 fluorescent dye. Myocytes obtained from 24-h postseptic animals exhibited a depressed PS (85% of control), normal TPS, prolonged TR90 (147% of control), and reduced +/-dL/dt (both 79% of control). Myocytes from 48-h postseptic animals also exhibited a reduced peak of intracellular Ca2+ sequestration (55% of control), but resting intracellular Ca2+ and Ca2+-transient decay were comparable with the values seen in myocytes from untreated rats. Myocytes from septic and control animals were equally responsive over a range of stimulation frequencies (0.1-5 Hz). Myocytes from septic animals were unresponsive (5% of control) to increase of extracellular Ca2+ (0.5-3 mM). These results demonstrate that sepsis produces substantial deficits in cardiac myocytes function that can be attributed to altered calcium transient properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks 58203, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sam AD, Sharma AC, Rice AN, Ferguson JL, Law WR. Interdependence of adenosine and nitric oxide in hepato-splanchnic circulation during sepsis. J Surg Res 2000; 94:61-7. [PMID: 11038304 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2000.6010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We tested the hypothesis that some of the maintenance of resting, regional hepato-splanchnic perfusion that is mediated by endogenous adenosine (ADO) during sepsis is interdependent with nitric oxide (NO). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four hours after sepsis/sham induction, rats were divided into two groups. Group 1 received a 10-min infusion of the ADO antagonist 8-sulfophenyltheophylline (8-SPT; 0.9 mg/kg x min), followed by 10 min of 8-SPT plus L-NAME (0.5 mg/kg x min). Group 2 received L-NAME first followed by 8-SPT in the presence of L-NAME (all groups: n = 6-10). Hemodynamic and regional hepato-splanchnic blood flow measurements were made prior to infusions, 10 min after initiation of each single agent infusion, and again after double agent infusion. RESULTS Twenty-four hours after sepsis hepato-splanchnic blood flow was significantly elevated, compared to nonseptic rats. Both ADO receptor blockade alone and NOS inhibition alone decreased total hepato-splanchnic blood flow to nonseptic values. Decreases in small intestinal and cecal blood flow accounted for the majority of this decrease, but decreased hepatic arterial perfusion contributed as well. No further alterations were seen when 8-SPT was infused in the presence of L-NAME, nor when L-NAME was infused in the presence of 8-SPT. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that there is significant interdependence of endogenous NO and ADO in maintaining resting small bowel, cecal, and hepatic arterial perfusion during sepsis. The lack of responses in other regions of the hepato-splanchnic circulation demonstrate regional specificity of this ADO-NO interdependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D Sam
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sharma AC, Fogelson BG, Nawas SI, Vigneswaran WT, Sam AD, Alden KJ, Ferguson JL, Law WR. Elevated coronary endothelin-1 but not nitric oxide in diabetics during CABG. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 67:1659-63. [PMID: 10391271 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(99)00287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After coronary artery bypass grafting procedures, a higher incidence of morbidity and mortality has been reported in diabetic patients. We tested whether coronary artery bypass grafting in diabetics affects the endothelin-1 and nitric oxide coronary effluent profile during reperfusion. METHODS Twenty-one consecutive patients (9 with type II diabetes mellitus, 12 non-diabetics) underwent coronary artery bypass grafting by one surgeon. The two groups did not differ in preoperative ejection fraction, Parsonnet score, number of vessels bypassed, or cross-clamp time. Each patient was treated in the same intraoperative manner with single atrial, aortic, and antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia (CPL) cannulas. Cold CPL arrest was by antegrade and retrograde infusion of modified Buckberg CPL solution. Warm CPL solution was infused before reperfusion. Coronary sinus blood samples were obtained for estimation of endothelin-1 and nitrite plus nitrate before CPL arrest and at 1 and 15 minutes after each of 2 reperfusion periods. RESULTS In diabetics, endothelin-1 was significantly increased at all reperfusion times as compared with non-diabetics. Nitrite plus nitrate levels were significantly higher in patients with diabetes than in those without, but did not change with time in either of the groups. CONCLUSIONS Reperfusion after CPL during coronary artery bypass grafting procedure can trigger the release of endothelin-1 in patients with diabetes mellitus. This may favor increased vascular tone or positive inotropic responses after coronary artery bypass grafting and may contribute to significant cardiovascular consequences in diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Sharma
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Motew SJ, Sam AD, Mourelatos MG, Sharma AC, Alden KJ, Ferguson JL, Law WR. Adenosine receptor antagonism affects regional resting vascular resistance during rat peritoneal sepsis. J Surg Res 1998; 80:326-32. [PMID: 9878333 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1998.5427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify vascular beds where endogenous adenosine plays a significant role as a mediator of resting perfusion alterations associated with sepsis, we tested the hypothesis that adenosine receptor blockade would cause differential regional increases in vascular resistance during intraperitoneal (ip) sepsis in the rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats (250-350 g) were catheterized and randomized to septic or nonseptic groups. Sepsis was induced with an ip injection of cecal slurry (150 mg/kg in D5W; 5 ml/kg), and baseline hemodynamics, cardiac output (CO), and blood flows (microspheres) were measured 24 h later. Animals then received the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PTH; 10 mM, 1.5 ml/kg), its vehicle (1.5 ml/kg), or normal saline (1.5 ml/kg), iv, and measurements were repeated. RESULTS Septic animals treated with 8-PTH had a significant increase in skeletal muscle, hepatic portal, and cerebral vascular resistance with concomitant decreases in CO when compared with vehicle at 1 min. No significant resistance changes were observed in the renal, adipose, or coronary vasculatures. Adenosine receptor blockade caused a significant increase in +dP/dt and -dP/dt during sepsis, indicating that the reduced CO was not secondary to myocardial depression. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that adenosine receptor-mediated actions during sepsis affect vascular beds selectively and indicate a significant role for adenosine in resting perfusion redistribution in sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Motew
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|