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Holt MR, Miles JJ, Inder WJ, Thomson RM. Exploring immunomodulation by endocrine changes in Lady Windermere syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:28-38. [PMID: 30697704 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung disease due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) occurs with disproportionate frequency in postmenopausal women with a unique phenotype and without clinically apparent predisposing factors. Dubbed 'Lady Windermere syndrome', the phenotype includes low body mass index (BMI), tall stature and higher than normal prevalence of scoliosis, pectus excavatum and mitral valve prolapse. Although the pathomechanism for susceptibility to NTM lung disease in these patients remains uncertain, it is likely to be multi-factorial. A role for the immunomodulatory consequences of oestrogen deficiency and altered adipokine production has been postulated. Altered levels of adipokines and dehydroepiandrosterone have been demonstrated in patients with NTM lung disease. Case reports of NTM lung disease in patients with hypopituitarism support the possibility that altered endocrine function influences disease susceptibility. This paper catalogues the evidence for immunomodulatory consequences of predicted endocrine changes in Lady Windermere syndrome, with emphasis on the immune response to NTM. Collectively, the data warrant further exploration of an endocrine link to disease susceptibility in Lady Windermere syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Holt
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - J J Miles
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - W J Inder
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - R M Thomson
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Velikova N, Mas N, Miguel-Romero L, Polo L, Stolte E, Zaccaria E, Cao R, Taverne N, Murguía JR, Martinez-Manez R, Marina A, Wells J. Broadening the antibacterial spectrum of histidine kinase autophosphorylation inhibitors via the use of ε-poly-L-lysine capped mesoporous silica-based nanoparticles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 13:569-581. [PMID: 27720925 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two-component systems (TCS) regulate diverse processes such as virulence, stress responses, metabolism and antibiotic resistance in bacteria but are absent in humans, making them promising targets for novel antibacterials. By incorporating recently described TCS histidine kinase autophosphorylation inhibitors (HKAIs) into ε-poly-L-lysine capped nanoparticles (NPs) we could overcome the Gram negative (Gr-) permeability barrier for the HKAIs. The observed bactericidal activity against Gr- bacteria was shown to be due to the enhanced delivery and internalization of the HKAIs and not an inhibitory or synergistic effect of the NPs. The NPs had no adverse effects on mammalian cell viability or the immune function of macrophages in vitro and showed no signs of toxicity to zebrafish larvae in vivo. These results show that HKAIs are promising antibacterials for both Gr- and Gr+pathogens and that NPs are a safe drug delivery technology that can enhance the selectivity and efficacy of HKAIs against bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Velikova
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Jaume Roig 11, Valencia, Spain; Host-Microbe Interactomics Chair Group, Animal Sciences, University of Wageningen, P.O. Box 338, The Netherlands.
| | - Nuria Mas
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universitat Politècnica de València-Universitat de València, Departamento de Quimica, Univesidad Politecnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeneria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBERBBN)
| | - Laura Miguel-Romero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Jaume Roig 11, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorena Polo
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universitat Politècnica de València-Universitat de València, Departamento de Quimica, Univesidad Politecnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeneria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBERBBN)
| | - Ellen Stolte
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Chair Group, Animal Sciences, University of Wageningen, P.O. Box 338, The Netherlands
| | - Edoardo Zaccaria
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Chair Group, Animal Sciences, University of Wageningen, P.O. Box 338, The Netherlands
| | - Rui Cao
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Chair Group, Animal Sciences, University of Wageningen, P.O. Box 338, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Taverne
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Chair Group, Animal Sciences, University of Wageningen, P.O. Box 338, The Netherlands
| | - José Ramón Murguía
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universitat Politècnica de València-Universitat de València, Departamento de Quimica, Univesidad Politecnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeneria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBERBBN)
| | - Ramon Martinez-Manez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universitat Politècnica de València-Universitat de València, Departamento de Quimica, Univesidad Politecnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeneria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBERBBN)
| | - Alberto Marina
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Jaume Roig 11, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jerry Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Chair Group, Animal Sciences, University of Wageningen, P.O. Box 338, The Netherlands
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Winthrop K, Rivera A, Engelmann F, Rose S, Lewis A, Ku J, Bermudez L, Messaoudi I. A Rhesus Macaque Model of Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:170-6. [PMID: 26562499 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0256rc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we sought to develop a nonhuman primate model of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected from three female rhesus macaques infected intrabronchially with escalating doses of M. avium subsp. hominissuis. Immunity was determined by measuring cytokine levels, lymphocyte proliferation, and antigen-specific responses. Disease progression was monitored clinically and microbiologically with serial thoracic radiographs, computed tomography scans, and quantitative mycobacterial cultures. The animal subjected to the highest inoculum showed evidence of chronic pulmonary MAC disease. Therefore, rhesus macaques could provide a robust model in which to investigate host-pathogen interactions during MAC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Winthrop
- 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Andrea Rivera
- 2 Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Flora Engelmann
- 2 Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Sasha Rose
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Anne Lewis
- 4 Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Jennifer Ku
- 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Luiz Bermudez
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- 2 Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California.,4 Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
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4
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Host response to nontuberculous mycobacterial infections of current clinical importance. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3516-22. [PMID: 24914222 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01606-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The nontuberculous mycobacteria are a large group of acid-fast bacteria that are very widely distributed in the environment. While Mycobacterium avium was once regarded as innocuous, its high frequency as a cause of disseminated disease in HIV-positive individuals illustrated its potential as a pathogen. Much more recently, there is growing evidence that the incidence of M. avium and related nontuberculous species is increasing in immunocompetent individuals. The same has been observed for M. abscessus infections, which are very difficult to treat; accordingly, this review focuses primarily on these two important pathogens. Like the host response to M. tuberculosis infections, the host response to these infections is of the TH1 type but there are some subtle and as-yet-unexplained differences.
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Haug M, Awuh JA, Steigedal M, Frengen Kojen J, Marstad A, Nordrum IS, Halaas Ø, Flo TH. Dynamics of immune effector mechanisms during infection with Mycobacterium avium in C57BL/6 mice. Immunology 2013; 140:232-43. [PMID: 23746054 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic infections with non-tuberculous mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium avium are receiving renewed attention because of increased incidence and difficulties in treatment. As for other mycobacterial infections, a still poorly understood collaboration of different immune effector mechanisms is required to confer protective immunity. Here we have characterized the interplay of innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms contributing to containment in a mouse infection model using virulent M. avium strain 104 in C57BL/6 mice. M. avium caused chronic infection in mice, as shown by sustained organ bacterial load. In the liver, bacteria were contained in granuloma-like structures that could be defined morphologically by expression of the antibacterial innate effector protein Lipocalin 2 in the adjoining hepatocytes and infiltrating neutrophils, possibly contributing to containment. Circulatory anti-mycobacterial antibodies steadily increased throughout infection and were primarily of the IgM isotype. Highest levels of interferon-γ were found in infected liver, spleen and serum of mice approximately 2 weeks post infection and coincided with a halt in organ bacterial growth. In contrast, expression of tumour necrosis factor was surprisingly low in spleen compared with liver. We did not detect interleukin-17 in infected organs or M. avium-specific T helper 17 cells, suggesting a minor role for T helper 17 cells in this model. A transient and relative decrease in regulatory T cell numbers was seen in spleens. This detailed characterization of M. avium infection in C57BL/6 mice may provide a basis for future studies aimed at gaining better insight into mechanisms leading to containment of infections with non-tuberculous mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Haug
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, NTNU, Trondheim; St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim
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6
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Bermudez L, Motamedi N, Kolonoski P, Chee C, Baimukanova G, Bildfell R, Wang G, Phan L, Young L. The Efficacy of Clarithromycin and the Bicyclolide EDP‐420 againstMycobacterium aviumin a Mouse Model of Pulmonary Infection. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:1506-10. [DOI: 10.1086/587906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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7
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Yamazaki Y, Danelishvili L, Wu M, Hidaka E, Katsuyama T, Stang B, Petrofsky M, Bildfell R, Bermudez LE. The ability to form biofilm influences Mycobacterium avium invasion and translocation of bronchial epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:806-14. [PMID: 16611229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Organisms of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) are widely distributed in the environment, form biofilms in water pipes and potable water tanks, and cause chronic lung infections in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. Pathological studies in patients with pulmonary MAC infection revealed granulomatous inflammation around bronchi and bronchioles. BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cell line was used to study MAC invasion. MAC strain A5 entered polarized BEAS-2B cells with an efficiency of 0.1 +/- 0.03% in 2 h and 11.3 +/- 4.0% in 24 h. In contrast, biofilm-deficient transposon mutants 5G4, 6H9 and 9B5 showed impaired invasion. Bacteria exposed to BEAS-2B cells for 24 h had greater ability to invade BEAS-2B cells compared with bacteria incubated in broth. M. avium had no impact on the monolayer transmembrane resistance. Scanning electron microscopy showed that MAC A5 forms aggregates on the surface of BEAS-2B cell monolayers, and transmission electron microscopy evidenced MAC within vacuoles in BEAS-2B cells. Cells infected with the 5G4 mutant, however, showed significantly fewer bacteria and no aggregates on the cell surface. Mutants had impaired ability to cause infection in mice, as well. The ability to form biofilm appeared to be associated with the invasiveness of MAC A5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Yamazaki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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8
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Wagner D, Sangari FJ, Parker A, Bermudez LE. fecB, a gene potentially involved in iron transport in Mycobacterium avium, is not induced within macrophages. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 247:185-91. [PMID: 15935568 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Revised: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
FecB is a protein involved in the transport of iron from ferric citrate in Escherichia coli and is present in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome sequence. Since the ability to retrieve iron from the host is crucial and may be related to virulence, we characterized the gene fecB from Mycobacterium avium, strain 101. An E. coli-mycobacterial shuttle plasmid with a fecB-promoter green fluorescence protein (gfp)-fusion was transformed into M. avium strain 104 to study the fecB-regulation. In vitro, the fecB expression in M. avium weakly correlated with the amount of iron present in the medium but the expression was maximal when there was no iron in the culture medium. In macrophages, M. avium fec B was not induced during the early phase of infection, suggesting that the iron concentration in the mycobacterial phagosome is not sufficiently low to stimulate the expression of fecB in M. avium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Wagner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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9
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Blumenthal A, Lauber J, Hoffmann R, Ernst M, Keller C, Buer J, Ehlers S, Reiling N. Common and unique gene expression signatures of human macrophages in response to four strains of Mycobacterium avium that differ in their growth and persistence characteristics. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3330-41. [PMID: 15908359 PMCID: PMC1111816 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.6.3330-3341.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Classification of pathogenic species according to the distinct host transcriptional responses that they elicit may become a relevant tool for microarray-based diagnosis of infection. Individual strains of Mycobacterium avium, an opportunistic pathogen in humans, have previously been shown to differ in terms of growth and persistence. In order to cover a wide spectrum of virulence, we selected four M. avium isolates (2151SmO, 2151SmT, SE01, TMC724) that have distinct intramacrophage replication characteristics and cause differential activation in human macrophages. Following infection with each of these strains, the expression of 12,558 genes in human macrophages was systematically analyzed by microarray technology. Fifty genes (including genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, signaling, and adhesion molecules) were differentially expressed more than twofold in response to all of the M. avium isolates investigated and therefore constitute a common macrophage signature in response to M. avium. The magnitude of regulation of most of these genes was directly correlated with the host cell-activating capacity of the particular M. avium strain. The regulation of a number of genes not previously associated with mycobacterial infections was apparent; these genes included genes encoding lymphocyte antigen 64 and myosin X. In addition, individual response patterns typical for some M. avium isolates could be defined by the pronounced upregulation of interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40) (in the case of 2151SmO) or the specific upregulation of SOCS-1 and IL-10 (in the case of SE01) in macrophages. TMC724, a strain of avian origin, could not be classified by any one of these schemes, possibly indicating the limits of pathogen categorization solely by immune response signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Blumenthal
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Department of Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
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10
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Kudo K, Sano H, Takahashi H, Kuronuma K, Yokota SI, Fujii N, Shimada KI, Yano I, Kumazawa Y, Voelker DR, Abe S, Kuroki Y. Pulmonary collectins enhance phagocytosis of Mycobacterium avium through increased activity of mannose receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7592-602. [PMID: 15187139 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Collectins, including surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) and mannose binding lectin (MBL), are the important constituents of the innate immune system. Mycobacterium avium, a facultative intracellular pathogen, has developed numerous mechanisms for entering mononuclear phagocytes. In this study, we investigated the interactions of collectins with M. avium and the effects of these lectins on phagocytosis of M. avium by macrophages. SP-A, SP-D, and MBL exhibited a concentration-dependent binding to M. avium. The binding of SP-A to M. avium was Ca(2+)-dependent but that of SP-D and MBL was Ca(2+)-independent. SP-A and SP-D but not MBL enhanced the phagocytosis of FITC-labeled M. avium by rat alveolar macrophages and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Excess mannan, zymosan, and lipoarabinomannan derived from the M. avium-intracellular complex, significantly decreased the collectin-stimulated phagocytosis of M. avium. Enhanced phagocytosis was not affected by the presence of cycloheximide or chelation of Ca(2+). The mutated collectin, SP-A(E195Q, R197D) exhibited decreased binding to M. avium but stimulated phagocytosis to a level comparable to wild-type SP-A. Enhanced phagocytosis by cells persisted even after preincubation and removal of SP-A or SP-D. Rat alveolar macrophages that had been incubated with SP-A or SP-D also exhibited enhanced uptake of (125)I-mannosylated BSA. Analysis by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry revealed that the lung collectins up-regulated the cell surface expression of mannose receptor on monocyte-derived macrophages. These results provide compelling evidence that SP-A and SP-D enhance mannose receptor-mediated phagocytosis of M. avium by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Kudo
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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11
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Abstract
Environmental mycobacteria are emerging pathogens causing opportunistic infections in humans and animals. The health impacts of human-mycobacterial interactions are complex and likely much broader than currently recognized. Environmental mycobacteria preferentially survive chlorination in municipal water, using it as a vector to infect humans. Widespread chlorination of water has likely selected more resistant environmental mycobacteria species and potentially explains the shift from M. scrofulaceum to M. avium as a cause of cervical lymphadenitis in children. Thus, human activities have affected mycobacterial ecology. While the slow growth and hydrophobicity of environmental mycobacteria appear to be disadvantages, the unique cell wall architecture also grants high biocide and antibiotic resistance, while hydrophobicity facilitates nutrient acquisition, biofilm formation, and spread by aerosolization. The remarkable stress tolerance of environmental mycobacteria is the major reason they are human pathogens. Environmental mycobacteria invade protozoans, exhibiting parasitic and symbiotic relationships. The molecular mechanisms of mycobacterial intracellular pathogenesis in animals likely evolved from similar mechanisms facilitating survival in protozoans. In addition to outright infection, environmental mycobacteria may also play a role in chronic bowl diseases, allergies, immunity to other pulmonary infections, and the efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd P Primm
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA.
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12
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Lopez JP, Clark E, Shepherd VL. Surfactant protein A enhances Mycobacterium avium ingestion but not killing by rat macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 74:523-30. [PMID: 12960270 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0103027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a significant cause of opportunistic infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Although the major route of entry of MAC is via the gastrointestinal tract, MAC can infect humans through the respiratory tract and eventually encounter alveolar macrophages within the lung. Once in the lung, MAC can potentially interact with surfactant protein A (SP-A), an important component of the pulmonary innate-immune response. Previous work on other pulmonary pathogens including Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) suggests that SP-A participates in promoting efficient clearance of these organisms by alveolar macrophages. In the present study, we investigated the role of SP-A in clearance of MAC by cultured rat macrophages. SP-A bound to MAC organisms and enhanced the ingestion of the mycobacteria by macrophages. Infection of macrophages with SP-A-MAC complexes induced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. However, intracellular survival of MAC was not altered by preopsonization with SP-A. In addition, inhibitors of inducible NO synthase did not alter MAC clearance. These results suggest that SP-A can bind to and enhance the uptake of MAC by alveolar macrophages, similar to previous findings with BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.However, unlike BCG and other pulmonary pathogens that are cleared effectively in the presence of SP-A via a NO-dependent pathway, macrophage-mediated clearance of MAC is not enhanced by SP-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Lopez
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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13
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Hou JY, Graham JE, Clark-Curtiss JE. Mycobacterium avium genes expressed during growth in human macrophages detected by selective capture of transcribed sequences (SCOTS). Infect Immun 2002; 70:3714-26. [PMID: 12065514 PMCID: PMC128060 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.7.3714-3726.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective capture of transcribed sequences (SCOTS) has been employed to identify 54 cDNA molecules that represent 46 genes that are expressed by Mycobacterium avium during growth in human macrophages. Some cDNA molecules correspond to genes that are apparently expressed 48 h after infection of macrophages, while others correspond to genes expressed 110 h after infection, and still others correspond to genes expressed throughout the course of infection in our model system. Genes expressed by M. avium during growth in macrophages include genes encoding enzymes of several biosynthetic pathways (pyrimidines, mycobactin, and polyketides); genes that encode enzymes involved in intermediary metabolism, energy metabolism (tricarboxylic acid cycle, glyoxalate shunt), and nitrogen metabolism; and genes that encode regulatory proteins. A number of genes of unknown function were also identified, including genes that code for proteins similar to members of the PPE family of proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and proteins similar to those encoded by the M. tuberculosis mce genes, which have been previously associated with mycobacterial virulence. The SCOTS technique, followed by enrichment for cDNA molecules that are up-regulated or are uniquely expressed by M. avium during growth in human macrophages (compared to growth in laboratory broth culture), allows recovery and identification of a greater diversity of cDNA molecules than does subtractive hybridization between cDNA mixtures from macrophage-grown and broth-grown M. avium. Data are presented demonstrating the reproducibility of recovery of a subset of cDNA molecules from cDNA mixtures purified by SCOTS on several different occasions. These results further demonstrate the beneficial utility of the SCOTS technique for identifying genes whose products are needed for successful survival and growth by an organism in a specific environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Y Hou
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA
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14
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Cooper AM, Adams LB, Dalton DK, Appelberg R, Ehlers S. IFN-gamma and NO in mycobacterial disease: new jobs for old hands. Trends Microbiol 2002; 10:221-6. [PMID: 11973155 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-842x(02)02344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Granulomatous disease following exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium avium is correlated with strong inflammatory and protective responses. The mouse model of mycobacterial infection provides an excellent tool with which to examine the inter-relationship between protective cell-mediated immunity and tissue-damaging hypersensitivity. It is well established that T cells and interferon (IFN)-gamma are necessary components of anti-bacterial protection. We propose that IFN-gamma also modulates the local cellular response by downregulating lymphocyte activation and by driving T cells into apoptosis, and that the events that limit excessive inflammation are largely mediated by IFN-gamma-induced nitric oxide (NO). In several murine models of mycobacterial infection, the absence of IFN-gamma and/or NO results in dysregulated granuloma formation and increased lymphocytic responses, which, in the case of M. avium infection, even leads to reduced bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Cooper
- The Trudeau Institute, PO Box 59, 100 Algonquin Ave, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA.
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15
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Martin E, Triccas JA, Kamath AT, Winter N, Britton WJ. Comparative protective effects of recombinant DNA and Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccines against M. avium infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 126:482-7. [PMID: 11737066 PMCID: PMC1906218 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of strategies are being explored to develop more effective vaccines against mycobacterial infection, including immunization with DNA plasmids encoding single mycobacterial bacterial genes and the use of recombinant live vectors based on the current vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). We have compared these two approaches using a model of virulent M. avium infection, and the gene for the immunodominant 35 kDa protein which is shared by M. avium and M. leprae, but absent from BCG. Recombinant BCG over-expressing the M. avium 35 kDa protein (BCG-35) induced strong antigen-specific proliferative and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-secreting T cell responses. These were comparable to those induced by a single immunization with a plasmid expressing the same antigen (DNA-35); however, repeat DNA-35 immunization evoked the strongest IFN-gamma release. Immunization with BCG-35 significantly reduced the growth of virulent M. avium, although this effect was similar to that induced by wild-type BCG. Immunization with DNA-35 resulted in significantly greater (2 x log(10)) reduction in the growth of M. avium. Prime-boost strategies combining DNA-35 and BCG-35 increased the protective effect above that achieved by BCG-35, but they were not more protective than DNA-35 alone. Therefore, recombinant BCG-35 and BCG induced similar levels of protection in this model, and maximal protection against M. avium infection was attained by immunization with DNA encoding the 35 kDa protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martin
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, NSW, Australia
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Martin E, Kamath AT, Triccas JA, Britton WJ. Protection against virulent Mycobacterium avium infection following DNA vaccination with the 35-kilodalton antigen is accompanied by induction of gamma interferon-secreting CD4(+) T cells. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3090-6. [PMID: 10816448 PMCID: PMC97536 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.6.3090-3096.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium is an opportunistic pathogen that primarily infects immunocompromised individuals, although the frequency of M. avium infection is also increasing in the immunocompetent population. The antigen repertoire of M. avium varies from that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with the immunodominant 35-kDa protein being present in M. avium and Mycobacterium leprae but not in members of the M. tuberculosis complex. Here we show that a DNA vector encoding this M. avium 35-kDa antigen (DNA-35) induces protective immunity against virulent M. avium infection, and this protective effect persists over 14 weeks of infection. In C57BL/6 mice, DNA vaccines expressing the 35-kDa protein as a cytoplasmic or secreted protein, both induced strong T-cell gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and humoral immune responses. Furthermore, the antibody response was to conformational determinants, confirming that the vector-encoded protein had adopted the native conformation. DNA-35 immunization resulted in an increased activated/memory CD4(+) T-cell response, with an accumulation of CD4(+) CD44(hi) CD45RB(lo) T cells and an increase in antigen-specific IFN-gamma production. The protective effect of the DNA-35 vectors against M. avium infection was comparable to that of vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and significantly greater than that for previous treated infection with M. avium. These results illustrate the importance of the 35-kDa protein in the protective response to M. avium infection and indicate that DNA vaccination successfully promotes a sustained level of protection during chronic M. avium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martin
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
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Jagannath C, Pai S, Actor JK, Hunter RL. CRL-1072 enhances antimycobacterial activity of human macrophages through interleukin-8. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19:67-76. [PMID: 10048770 DOI: 10.1089/107999099314432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CRL-1072 is a poloxamer surfactant that kills mycobacteria more effectively within macrophages than in broth cultures. Human macrophages treated with CRL-1072 synthesized interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in a dose-dependent manner. About 3000 pg of IL-8 per million human macrophages accumulated in cultures treated with 100-1500 ng of poloxamer, with mRNA message for IL-8 induced as early as 2 h. As macrophages do not have IL-RA receptors, a transwell culture was used to study the chemotactic and activating effects of IL-8 between CRL-1072-treated human macrophage effectors and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) targets. PMN were activated by IL-8 and secreted hydrogen peroxide and myeloperoxidase (MPO). MPO derived from PMN, in turn, activated monocytes for an enhanced killing of intracellular Mycobacterium avium. The ability of CRL-1072 to modulate macrophage-mediated activation of neutrophils and receive a feedback activation signal may form one mechanism by which its antimycobacterial activity is achieved in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston 77030, USA.
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