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Nath LC, Elliott A, La Gerche A, Weir J, Forbes G, Thomas G, Franklin S. Associations between postrace atrial fibrillation and measures of performance, racing history and airway disease in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2573-2583. [PMID: 37740606 PMCID: PMC10658555 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common performance limiting arrhythmia in racehorses. High dose exercise and airway disease promote AF in humans. Few studies have investigated epidemiological factors associated with AF in horses. OBJECTIVES Explore variables relating to performance, exercise volume and postrace endoscopic findings in horses with AF. ANIMALS A total of 164 horses with poor race performance and postrace AF were compared to 321 horses with poor performance without AF (PP) and 314 horses performing to expectation (TE). METHODS Horse-level and race-level variables for horses racing in Australia and Hong Kong from 2009 to 2021 were compared using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Postrace endoscopic exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) and tracheal mucus accumulation (TMA) grades for AF and PP horses were compared using chi-squared analysis. RESULTS Variables that were significant in the multivariable model of AF compared to TE were distance (lengths) behind the winner, (odds ratio [OR]; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.41 [1.32-1.51], P < .0001), cumulative prize money per start before the event (OR [95% CI] 1.02 [1.01-1.03], P = .01) and age (OR [95% CI] 0.72 [0.55-0.92], P = .01). More AF horses had EIPH grade ≥ 3 (23/109; 21.1%) than PP horses (7/213; 3.3%; OR [95%CI] 7.9 [3.3-20.2], P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Acute race performance was substantially impaired by AF but career earnings before the event were not inferior. Exercise volume did not promote AF. Higher grades of EIPH found in AF horses suggests a mechanistic relationship between these conditions.
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Cascardo B, Bernardes C, de Souza GN, Silva KM, Pires NR, de Alencar NX, Lessa DAB. Diagnostic value of tracheal wash cytology for monitoring Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage in Thoroughbred racehorses. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 118:104128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Kinnison T, Cardwell JM. Conflict Between Direct Experience and Research-Based Evidence Is a Key Challenge to Evidence-Based Respiratory Medicine on British Racing Yards. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:266. [PMID: 32537459 PMCID: PMC7267464 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) is a commonly diagnosed but variably defined syndrome of equine lower airway inflammation. The most recent American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) consensus statement, informed by research evidence, recommends a case definition based on clinical signs (poor performance or occasional coughing of at least 3 weeks duration), increased endoscopically-visible tracheal mucus, and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology, and proposes that the condition should be termed ‘mild-moderate equine asthma' (mEA). In British Thoroughbred racehorses, research to date has focused on airway inflammation defined by increased tracheal mucus and inflammatory tracheal wash sample cytology. It has been unclear whether or to what extent the ACVIM consensus statement has influenced the practice of British racing veterinarians. The aim of this qualitative study was to characterize and understand rationales for current practices relating to diagnosing and managing airway inflammation in British racehorses. Audio-recorded focus group discussions were conducted with 25 participants from four veterinary practices in England. Practices were purposively selected to represent those responsible for different types of racehorse, in different geographical regions. Thematic analysis of transcripts identified (i) an over-arching theme of serving the racing industry within which two further themes (ii) disregarding of the consensus and (iii) the pragmatic clinician were nested. The requirement to serve the racing industry was a key driver of clinical approaches, strongly influenced in particular by the trainer. Participants widely disregarded the consensus case definition of IAD/mEA for British racehorses because of perceived differences in etiology, perceived lack of practicability, particularly of BAL sampling, and perceived lack of understanding of the British racing context by consensus authors. Participants shared a strong professional identity as pragmatic clinicians providing an individualized clinical approach based on direct experience, which was often prioritized as the most valuable evidence with which to inform clinical decision-making. Lack of alignment with international consensus presents a barrier to practicing and furthering evidence-based medicine. Improved dialogue and partnership in research would be valuable and further research tailored for this population, including continuing development of contextually acceptable diagnostic methods, may be required.
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Abstract
The veterinary profession's use of critically important antimicrobials is a One Health issue that has come under the scrutiny of the World Health Organization and the European Parliament. Failure by the veterinary profession to demonstrate the ability to self-regulate may result in restriction on the freedom to dispense antimicrobials, in an effort to protect human health. The implementation of such legislation would have a considerable impact on veterinary practices and would likely impair our ability to treat some conditions. These concerns, and the increasing frequency of multi-resistant bacterial infections in equine patients, should prompt implementation and audit of antimicrobial stewardship practices and measures to limit the development and spread of multi-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rendle
- European Specialist in Equine Internal Medicine, Rainbow Equine Hospital
| | - Sarah Gough
- Rainbow Equine Hospital, Malton, North Yorkshire, YO17 6SG
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Davison JA, Wylie CE, McGladdery CE, Fettes C, Haggett EF, Ramzan PHL. Airborne particulate size and concentrations in five Thoroughbred training yards in Newmarket (UK). Vet J 2019; 248:48-50. [PMID: 31113562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite their implication in the pathogenesis of lower airway inflammation, limited baseline data exists for airborne particulates in Thoroughbred racehorse stalls in the United Kingdom. This study documents airborne particulate size and concentrations in Newmarket training yards using a nephelometer (DustTrak DRX 8534, TSI). Each stall was sampled on a summer and winter day at three time points (morning, midday and evening). Minimum, mean and maximum/min ranges were calculated for the fraction of particulates with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (particulate matter (PM) 2.5) and 10 μm (PM10). Comparisons were made using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Average particulate concentration ranges were 0.02-0.27 (summer) mg/m3, 0.01-0.37 (winter) mg/m3 for PM2.5 and 0.02-0.39 (summer) mg/m3, 0.02-0.60 (winter) mg/m3 for PM10. Statistically significant effects of season and time of day were established, resulting in implications for future studies investigating the effect of yard variables on airborne particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Davison
- Rossdales Equine Practice, Beaufort Cottage Stables, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 8JS, UK.
| | - Claire E Wylie
- Rossdales Equine Hospital, Cotton End Road, Exning, Suffolk, CB8 7NN, UK; Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Charles E McGladdery
- Rossdales Equine Practice, Beaufort Cottage Stables, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 8JS, UK
| | - Connor Fettes
- Rossdales Equine Practice, Beaufort Cottage Stables, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 8JS, UK; Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
| | - Emily F Haggett
- Rossdales Equine Hospital, Cotton End Road, Exning, Suffolk, CB8 7NN, UK
| | - Pieter H L Ramzan
- Rossdales Equine Practice, Beaufort Cottage Stables, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 8JS, UK
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Rendle
- Rainbow Equine Hospital, Malton, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - S W Page
- Advanced Veterinary Therapeutics, Newtown, Australia
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Salz RO, Ahern BJ, Boston R, Begg LM. Association of tracheal mucus or blood and airway neutrophilia with racing performance in Thoroughbred horses in an Australian racing yard. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:96-100. [PMID: 26952960 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the variation of tracheal mucus scores, tracheal blood scores and transendoscopic tracheal wash (TW) cytology in a population of Thoroughbred (TB) racehorses and assess their association with racing performance. METHODS A total of 220 endoscopic examinations were performed and TWs obtained from 155 TB racehorses. Samples were collected 60-120 min following gallop work. Tracheal mucus score, tracheal blood score and TW cytology were analysed and their association with racing performance assessed. RESULTS Of the total examinations and samples, 194 from 135 horses fitted the criteria for inclusion. The overall prevalence of visible tracheal mucus was 2.5% (5/194) and of increased tracheal mucus was 0%. The prevalence of visible tracheal blood was 8.8% (17/194) and of increased tracheal blood was 4.6% (9/194). A total of 36% (70/194) of TWs contained elevated percentages of neutrophils and of these, 96% (67/70) occurred in the absence of any visible tracheal mucus. There was no significant association between tracheal mucus score or TW cytology and subsequent racing performance. There was a statistically significant association (P = 0.004) between increased tracheal blood scores and poor racing performance. CONCLUSIONS Visible tracheal blood seen after strenuous exercise in clinically normal TB racehorses was a risk factor for poor racing performance, but the presence of airway neutrophilia was not. No horses in this study were found to have increased tracheal mucus, so the association of increased tracheal mucus with racing performance could not be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Salz
- Randwick Equine Centre, 3 Jane Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
| | - B J Ahern
- Randwick Equine Centre, 3 Jane Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - R Boston
- Randwick Equine Centre, 3 Jane Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - L M Begg
- Randwick Equine Centre, 3 Jane Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
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Couëtil LL, Cardwell JM, Gerber V, Lavoie JP, Léguillette R, Richard EA. Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses--Revised Consensus Statement. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:503-15. [PMID: 26806374 PMCID: PMC4913592 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this manuscript is to revise and update the previous consensus statement on inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in horses. Since 2007, a large number of scientific articles have been published on the topic and these new findings have led to a significant evolution of our understanding of IAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Couëtil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - J M Cardwell
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - V Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Berne and Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
| | - J-P Lavoie
- Faculté de Médicine Vétérinaire, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Université de Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - R Léguillette
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - E A Richard
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen Cedex 4, France
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Ross SE, Duz M, Rendle DI. Antimicrobial selection and dosing in the treatment of wounds in the United Kingdom. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:676-680. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Duz
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; The University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Campus; UK
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Ivester KM, Couëtil LL. Management of chronic airway inflammation in the horse: A systematic review. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Ivester
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - L. L. Couëtil
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
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11
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Ivester KM, Couëtil LL, Moore GE, Zimmerman NJ, Raskin RE. Environmental exposures and airway inflammation in young thoroughbred horses. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:918-24. [PMID: 24773603 PMCID: PMC4895475 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in horses is a widespread, performance‐limiting syndrome believed to develop in response to inhaled irritants in the barn environment. Objectives To evaluate changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and exposure to particulates, endotoxin, and ammonia during horses' first month in training. Animals Forty‐nine client‐owned 12‐ to 36‐month‐old Thoroughbred horses entering race training. Methods In this prospective cohort study, a convenience sample of horses was assigned to be fed hay from a net (n = 16), whereas the remaining horses were fed hay from the ground (n = 33). BALF was collected at enrollment and after 14 and 28 days in training. Respirable particulate, inhalable particulate, respirable endotoxin, and ammonia concentrations were measured at the breathing zone of each horse weekly. Results Median respirable particulates were significantly higher when horses were fed from hay nets than when fed hay from the ground (hay net 0.28 mg/m3, no hay net 0.055 mg/m3, P < .001). Likewise, inhalable particulate (hay net 8.3 mg/m3, no hay net 3.3 mg/m3, P = .0064) and respirable endotoxin (hay net 173.4 EU/m3, no hay net 59.2 EU/m3, P = .018) exposures were significantly higher when horses were fed from hay nets. Feeding hay from a net resulted in significantly higher BALF eosinophil proportions over time (P < .001). BALF eosinophils were significantly related to respirable particulate exposure (14 days in training rs = 0.37, P = .012, 28 days in training, rs = 0.38, P = .017). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation develops in response to respirable particulate exposure in young Thoroughbreds, indicating a potential hypersensitivity to inhaled particulate allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Ivester
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN
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Van Erck-Westergren E, Franklin SH, Bayly WM. Respiratory diseases and their effects on respiratory function and exercise capacity. Equine Vet J 2013; 45:376-87. [PMID: 23368813 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Given that aerobic metabolism is the predominant energy pathway for most sports, the respiratory system can be a rate-limiting factor in the exercise capacity of fit and healthy horses. Consequently, respiratory diseases, even in mild forms, are potentially deleterious to any athletic performance. The functional impairment associated with a respiratory condition depends on the degree of severity of the disease and the equestrian discipline involved. Respiratory abnormalities generally result in an increase in respiratory impedance and work of breathing and a reduced level of ventilation that can be detected objectively by deterioration in breathing mechanics and arterial blood gas tensions and/or lactataemia. The overall prevalence of airway diseases is comparatively high in equine athletes and may affect the upper airways, lower airways or both. Diseases of the airways have been associated with a wide variety of anatomical and/or inflammatory conditions. In some instances, the diagnosis is challenging because conditions can be subclinical in horses at rest and become clinically relevant only during exercise. In such cases, an exercise test may be warranted in the evaluation of the patient. The design of the exercise test is critical to inducing the clinical signs of the problem and establishing an accurate diagnosis. Additional diagnostic techniques, such as airway sampling, can be valuable in the diagnosis of subclinical lower airway problems that have the capacity to impair performance. As all these techniques become more widely used in practice, they should inevitably enhance veterinarians' diagnostic capabilities and improve their assessment of treatment effectiveness and the long-term management of equine athletes.
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Mason BJ, Riggs CM, Cogger N. Cohort study examining long-term respiratory health, career duration and racing performance in racehorses that undergo left-sided prosthetic laryngoplasty and ventriculocordectomy surgery for treatment of left-sided laryngeal hemiplegia. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:229-34. [PMID: 22812572 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The risk of respiratory conditions, such as inflammatory airway disease (IAD) and exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH), are thought to be higher in racehorses that undergo prosthetic laryngoplasty with ventriculocordectomy (PLVC) surgery to treat left-sided laryngeal hemiplegia (LLH) than in racehorses with normal laryngeal function. However, this has not been investigated formally owing to the difficulty of obtaining reliable follow-up data. OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence of respiratory conditions (IAD and EIPH), duration of racing career, number of starts and number of starts for which stakes money was earned in racehorses that had undergone PLVC surgery to treat LLH, compared with racehorses that did not have LLH or undergo any laryngeal surgery. METHODS A retrospective cohort study design was used, with surgical, clinical and race data of Thoroughbred racehorses obtained from the time of importation until retirement. The surgical cohort consisted of racehorses that had undergone PLVC for LLH and met specific inclusion criteria. Every surgical case was matched, according to trainer, year of import into Hong Kong and pre-import international handicap rating, to 2 unexposed racehorses. RESULTS Respiratory conditions, such as excessive tracheal mucus and epistaxis due to severe EIPH, were significantly increased in the surgical cohort, compared with the matched unexposed cohort (P values <0.001 and <0.004, respectively). Racing career duration in the surgical cohort was significantly shorter than in the unexposed cohort, which was primarily due to retirement because of epistaxis. The number of race starts was fewer in the surgical than in the unexposed cohort after surgery/matching, but the number of starts for which stakes money was earned was not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Owners and trainers should be advised that racehorses with LLH that undergo PLVC surgery are at an increased risk of respiratory conditions (IAD and severe EIPH), which is likely to shorten their racing career compared to racehorses with normal laryngeal function. Racing performance in terms of race starts was significantly less in racehorses that had undergone PLVC surgery; however, the number of starts for which stakes money was earned was similar to those racehorses that were unexposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Mason
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong, China.
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Courouce-Malblanc A, Deniau V, Rossignol F, Corde R, Leleu C, Maillard K, Pitel PH, Pronost S, Fortier G. Physiological measurements and prevalence of lower airway diseases in Trotters with dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Equine Vet J 2011:246-55. [PMID: 21059014 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) is one of the most common obstructive conditions of the upper respiratory tract in the racehorse. This condition has a complex aetiology which may be caused or exacerbated by pharyngeal inflammation. Additionally, lower respiratory airway diseases may be associated with DDSP thereby contributing to exercise intolerance in these horses. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to measure physiological variables during a standardised exercise test and to assess the prevalence and consequences of lower respiratory airway disease in horses with DDSP. METHODS A total of 46 horses were included in this study: 22 in the control and 24 in the DDSP groups. All horses performed a SET with measurement of heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration. One hour post exercise, respiratory samples were collected for cytological and bacteriological analysis. RESULTS During exercise, the DDSP group had higher blood lactate concentration than the control group. According to BAL results, 50 and 63% of control and DDSP group horses, respectively, had evidence of inflammatory airway disease (IAD). In the DDSP group, 42% of horses had a syndrome of tracheal inflammation (STI) with 71% of this group having bacteria isolated at >10(5) CFU/ml. CONCLUSIONS Horses with DDSP showed evidence of a high prevalence of IAD and STI with an associated positive bacteriology in 55% of the cases. Even if DDSP is treated by surgery, the authors' recommendation would be to investigate the possibility of lower respiratory airway problems which may also be impacting the horse's performance and/or surgery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Courouce-Malblanc
- ONIRIS, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation de Nantes Atlantique, UPSP, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Animale et de Pharmacologie Fonctionnelle, Atlanpôle, La Chantrerie, Nantes cedex, France.
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15
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CARDWELL JM, CHRISTLEY RM, GERBER V, MALIKIDES N, WOOD JLN, NEWTON JR, HODGSON JL. What's in a name? Inflammatory airway disease in racehorses in training. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:756-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cardwell JM, Wood JLN, Smith KC, Newton JR. Descriptive results from a longitudinal study of airway inflammation in British National Hunt racehorses. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:750-5. [PMID: 21496098 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Rates of airway inflammation in young racehorses decrease with time but it is not clear whether this is associated with increasing age or time exposed to the training environment. The structure of the British National Hunt (NH) population allowed closer examination of this relationship. OBJECTIVES To compare rates of inflammatory airway disease diagnosed by tracheal sampling (trIAD), and its components, in NH racehorses by age and training history and with published rates in young racehorses. METHODS A prospective, longitudinal study was conducted on 5 NH yards over 2 years. Period sample prevalences of nasal discharge, tracheal mucus, airway neutrophilia and trIAD (defined by a combination of tracheal mucus and airway neutrophilia) were estimated and compared between horses with different ages and time in training. RESULTS Horses new to training had twice the odds of visible tracheal mucus as ex-flat trained horses (OR 2.0; 95% CI: 1.4-2.8; P<0.001) but no significantly increased odds of airway neutrophilia (OR 1.3; 95% CI: 0.8-1.9; P = 0.3) and inconclusive evidence of increased odds of trIAD (OR 1.8; CI: 0.9-3.5; P = 0.08). However, a lower median time in training was significantly associated with the presence of visible mucus (P<0.001), increased mucus (P = 0.005) and trIAD (P = 0.03). No disease measure varied significantly with age. CONCLUSIONS Tracheal mucus and trIAD, but not neutrophilia detected in tracheal wash samples, were less prevalent in horses that had been exposed to the training environment for longer, explaining previously reported associations with age. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Neutrophil proportion in tracheal wash samples is not as useful a clinical tool as measures of visible tracheal mucus for identifying horses requiring treatment or changes in management. The inclusion of tracheal wash neutrophils in the assessment of equine airways, or at least their relative weighting in definitions of trIAD, should be re-evaluated.
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Kusano K, Hobo S, Ode H, Ishikawa Y. Tracheal Endoscopic and Cytological Findings and Blood Examination Results in Thoroughbred Racehorses Suspected to have Lower Respiratory Tract Disease. J Equine Sci 2009; 19:97-102. [PMID: 24833960 PMCID: PMC4013951 DOI: 10.1294/jes.19.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytology of tracheal aspirates, tracheal endoscopic and blood tests were carried out to
86 Thoroughbred racehorses presenting coughs or poor performance which were suspected to
have lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) to assess the conditions of the disorders.
Racehorses were classified into coughing (66 horses) and non-coughing (20 horses) groups
based on clinical symptoms. Nine Thoroughbred racehorses without respiratory abnormality
were used as controls. Assessment of grades of airway mucus, cytology of tracheal
aspirates and serum amyloid A (SAA), fibrinogen (Fbg) and pulmonary surfactant protein D
(SP-D) measurements were performed. Relationships between age, gender and racing careers
were also investigated to understand the characteristics of LRTD in racehorses. Mean age
was significantly higher in non-coughing group compared to coughing group. Existence of
racing career and number of starts were significantly greater in non-coughing group
compared to coughing group. On the other hand, grades of airway mucus were significantly
higher in coughing group compared to control group. Percentages of neutrophils in tracheal
aspirates were significantly higher in coughing group compared to non-coughing and control
groups. SAA, Fbg and SP-D were higher in coughing group compared to non-coughing and
control groups indicating that condition of coughing group is in the acute phase. Positive
rate of inflammatory airway disease was significantly higher in coughing and non-coughing
groups compared to control group. It was concluded that carrying out comprehensive
evaluation including investigation on SAA, Fbg and SP-D analysis with airway assessment to
Thoroughbred racehorses which were suspected to have LRTD are useful procedure to
understand the pathological condition which aid to initiate appropriate treatment,
prognosis judgment or to advise trainers to consider altering training regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanichi Kusano
- Miho Racehorse Clinic, Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, 2500-2 Mikoma, Miho-mura, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0493, Japan
| | - Seiji Hobo
- Microbiology Division, Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ode
- Microbiology Division, Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yuhiro Ishikawa
- Miho Racehorse Clinic, Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, 2500-2 Mikoma, Miho-mura, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0493, Japan
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