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Longitudinal surveillance of influenza in Japan, 2006-2016. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12026. [PMID: 35835833 PMCID: PMC9281223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed 2006–2016 national influenza surveillance data in Japan with regards to age-, sex-, and predominant virus-related epidemic patterns and the prevalence of serum influenza virus antibodies. We found a significant increase in influenza prevalence in both children (≤ 19 years old) and adults (≥ 20 years old) over time. The influenza prevalence was higher in children (0.33 [95% CI 0.26–0.40]) than in adults (0.09 [95% CI 0.07–0.11]). Additionally, the mean prevalence of antibodies for A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) was significantly higher in children than in adults, whereas the mean prevalence of antibodies for B lineages was relatively low in both children and adults. There was a biennial cycle of the epidemic peak in children, which was associated with a relatively higher prevalence of B lineages. The female-to-male ratios of the influenza prevalence were significantly different in children (≤ 19 years old; 1.10 [95% CI:1.08–1.13]), adults (20–59 years old; 0.79 [95% CI 0.75–0.82]), and older adults (≥ 60 years old; 1.01 [95% CI 0.97–1.04]). The significant increase in influenza prevalence throughout the study period suggests a change of immunity to influenza infection. Long-term surveillance is important for developing a strategy to monitor, prevent and control for influenza epidemics.
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Hoshina T, Aonuma H, Ote M, Sakurai T, Saiki E, Kinjo Y, Kondo K, Okabe M, Kanuka H. Intensive diagnostic management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in academic settings in Japan: challenge and future. Inflamm Regen 2020; 40:38. [PMID: 33062076 PMCID: PMC7549085 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-020-00147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), first emerged in Wuhan, China, and has spread globally to most countries. In Japan, the first COVID-19 patient was identified on January 15, 2020. By June 30, the total number of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 reached 18,000. The impact of molecular detection of pathogens is significant in acute-care settings where rapid and accurate diagnostic measures are critical for decisions in patient treatment and outcomes of infectious diseases. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods, such as quantitative PCR (qPCR), are the most established gene amplification tools and have a comprehensive range of clinical applications, including detecting a variety of pathogens, even novel agents causing emerging infections. Because SARS-CoV-2 contains a single-stranded RNA genome, reverse-transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) has been broadly employed for rapid and sensitive quantitative measurements of viral RNA copy numbers. The RT-qPCR method, however, still requires time-consuming reactions with two different enzymes in addition to isolation of RNA from patient samples, limiting the numbers of testing institutions for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection. Japan is known to have performed a relatively small number of PCR tests as well as confirmed cases among developed nations; as of June 30, 2020, approximately 390,000 people in Japan had undergone PCR tests. Given the devastating impact on medical services and the scale of demand for diagnostic testing of COVID-19, it has been proposed that academic settings such as basic research departments in university/college can be engaged in diagnosing, especially in university hospitals or academic medical centers. In collaboration with established diagnostic laboratories, academic facilities can divert their function to detecting virus from patients with suspected COVID-19, adopting existing specialized expertise in virus handling, molecular work, and data analysis. This in-house testing strategy facilitates the rapid diagnosing of thousands of samples per day and reduces sample turnaround time from 1 week to less than 24 h. This review provides an overview of the general principles, diagnostic value, and limitations of COVID-19 diagnosis platforms in Japan, in particular in-house testing at academic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokio Hoshina
- Team COVID-19 PCR Center, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Hiroka Aonuma
- Team COVID-19 PCR Center, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Manabu Ote
- Team COVID-19 PCR Center, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakurai
- Team COVID-19 PCR Center, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
- Laboratory Animal Facilities, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Erisha Saiki
- Team COVID-19 PCR Center, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
- Laboratory Animal Facilities, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Yuki Kinjo
- Team COVID-19 PCR Center, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kondo
- Team COVID-19 PCR Center, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Masataka Okabe
- Team COVID-19 PCR Center, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kanuka
- Team COVID-19 PCR Center, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
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Abstract
The ever-increasing speed and scope of human mobility by international air travel has led to a global transport network for infectious diseases with the potential to introduce pathogens into non-endemic areas, and to facilitate rapid spread of novel or mutated zoonotic agents. Robust national emergency preparedness is vital to mitigate the transmission of infectious diseases agents domestically and to prevent onward spread to other countries. Given the complex range of stakeholders who respond to an infectious disease threat being transmitted through air travel, it is important that protocols be tested and practised extensively in advance of a real emergency. Simulation exercises include the identification of possible scenarios based on the probability of hazards and the vulnerability of populations as a basis for planning, and provide a useful measure of preparedness efforts and capabilities. In October 2016, a live simulation exercise was conducted at a major airport in Ireland incorporating a public health threat for the first time, with the notification of a possible case of MERS-CoV aboard an aircraft plus an undercarriage fire. Strengths of the response to the communicable disease threat included appropriate public health risk assessment, case management, passenger information gathering, notification to relevant parties, and communication to passengers and multiple agencies. Lessons learned include: o Exercise planning should not be overly ambitious. In testing too many facets of emergency response, the public health response could be deprioritised. o The practical implementation of communication protocols in a real-time exercise of this scope proved challenging. These protocols should continue to be checked and tested by desk-top exercises to ensure that all staff concerned are familiar with them, especially in the context of staff turn-over. o The roles and responsibilities of the various agencies must be clear to avoid role confusion. o Equipment and infrastructure capacities must be considered and in place in advance of an actual incident or test, for example whether or not cell phone signals require boosting during a major event. Importantly, exercises bring together individuals representing organisations with different roles and perspectives allowing identification of capabilities and limitations, and problem solving about how to address the gaps and overlaps in a low-threat collaborative setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Martin
- Health Services Executive, 25-27 Middle Gardiner Street, Dublin 1, DO1 A4A3, Ireland.
| | - Mairin Boland
- Department of Public Health, Health Services Executive East, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Furushima D, Kawano S, Ohno Y, Kakehashi M. Estimation of the Basic Reproduction Number of Novel Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 in Elementary Schools Using the SIR Model. Open Nurs J 2017; 11:64-72. [PMID: 28761570 PMCID: PMC5510564 DOI: 10.2174/1874434601711010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The novel influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 (A/H1N1pdm) pandemic of 2009-2010 had a great impact on society. Objective: We analyzed data from the absentee survey, conducted in elementary schools of Oita City, to evaluate the A/H1N1pdm pandemic and to estimate the basic reproductive number (R0 ) of this novel strain. Method: We summarized the overall absentee data and calculated the cumulative infection rate. Then, we classified the data into 3 groups according to school size: small (<300 students), medium (300–600 students), and large (>600 students). Last, we estimated the R0 value by using the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) mathematical model. Results: Data from 60 schools and 27,403 students were analyzed. The overall cumulative infection rate was 44.4%. There were no significant differences among the grades, but the cumulative infection rate increased as the school size increased, being 37.7%, 44.4%, and 46.6% in the small, medium, and large school groups, respectively. The optimal R0 value was 1.33, comparable with that previously reported. The data from the absentee survey were reliable, with no missing values. Hence, the R0 derived from the SIR model closely reflected the observed R0 . The findings support previous reports that school children are most susceptible to A/H1N1pdm virus infection and suggest that the scale of an outbreak is associated with the size of the school. Conclusion: Our results provide further information about the A/H1N1pdm pandemic. We propose that an absentee survey should be implemented in the early stages of an epidemic, to prevent a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Furushima
- Department of Mathematical Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shoko Kawano
- Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Yuko Ohno
- Department of Mathematical Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Murakami Y, Hashimoto S, Kawado M, Ohta A, Taniguchi K, Sunagawa T, Matsui T, Nagai M. Estimated Number of Patients with Influenza A(H1)pdm09, or Other Viral Types, from 2010 to 2014 in Japan. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146520. [PMID: 26784031 PMCID: PMC4718664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease surveillance systems provide information crucial for protecting populations from influenza epidemics. However, few have reported the nationwide number of patients with influenza-like illness (ILI), detailing virological type. Using data from the infectious disease surveillance system in Japan, we estimated the weekly number of ILI cases by virological type, including pandemic influenza (A(H1)pdm09) and seasonal-type influenza (A(H3) and B) over a four-year period (week 36 of 2010 to week 18 of 2014). We used the reported number of influenza cases from nationwide sentinel surveillance and the proportions of virological types from infectious agents surveillance and estimated the number of cases and their 95% confidence intervals. For the 2010/11 season, influenza type A(H1)pdm09 was dominant: 6.48 million (6.33-6.63), followed by types A(H3): 4.05 million (3.90-4.21) and B: 2.84 million (2.71-2.97). In the 2011/12 season, seasonal influenza type A(H3) was dominant: 10.89 million (10.64-11.14), followed by type B: 5.54 million (5.32-5.75). In conclusion, close monitoring of the estimated number of ILI cases by virological type not only highlights the huge impact of previous influenza epidemics in Japan, it may also aid the prediction of future outbreaks, allowing for implementation of control and prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuji Hashimoto
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawado
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akiko Ohta
- Department of Public Health, Saitama Medical University Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Tomimasa Sunagawa
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamano Matsui
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagai
- Department of Public Health, Saitama Medical University Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
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Abstract
In response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemic of 2003 and the influenza pandemic of 2009, many countries instituted border measures as a means of stopping or slowing the spread of disease. The measures, usually consisting of a combination of border entry/exit screening, quarantine, isolation, and communications, were resource intensive, and modeling and observational studies indicate that border screening is not effective at detecting infectious persons. Moreover, border screening has high opportunity costs, financially and in terms of the use of scarce public health staff resources during a time of high need. We discuss the border-screening experiences with SARS and influenza and propose an approach to decision-making for future pandemics. We conclude that outbreak-associated communications for travelers at border entry points, together with effective communication with clinicians and more effective disease control measures in the community, may be a more effective approach to the international control of communicable diseases.
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Host Adaptation and the Alteration of Viral Properties of the First Influenza A/H1N1pdm09 Virus Isolated in Japan. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130208. [PMID: 26079133 PMCID: PMC4469301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A/Narita/1/2009 (A/N) was the first H1N1 virus from the 2009 pandemic (H1pdm) to be isolated in Japan. To better understand and predict the possible development of this virus strain, the effect of passaging A/N was investigated in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, chicken eggs and mice. A/N that had been continuously passaged in cells, eggs, or mice obtained the ability to grow efficiently in each host. Moreover, A/N grown in mice had both a high level of pathogenicity in mice and an increased growth rate in cells and eggs. Changes in growth and pathogenicity were accompanied by amino acid substitutions in viral hemagglutinin (HA) and PB2. In addition, the adapted viruses exhibited a reduced ability to react with ferret antisera against A/N. In conclusion, prolonged passaging allowed influenza A/N to adapt to different hosts, as indicated by a high increase in proliferative capacity that was accompanied by an antigenic alteration leading to amino acid substitutions.
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Yokouchi Y, Katsumori H, Shirakawa S, Fujiwara M, Kashima K, Kozawa R, Koike Y. Protective effects of influenza A (H1N1) pandemic 2009 vaccination against the onset of influenza-like illness and asthma exacerbation in Japanese children. J Asthma 2014; 51:825-31. [PMID: 24739075 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2014.915567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Japan started in October 2009. Children with asthma are considered as a high-risk group and are recommended to preferentially receive the vaccine. OBJECTIVE To identify the clinical effects of vaccination in Japanese children with and without asthma. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey to compare vaccination rates, vaccine effectiveness against physician-diagnosed influenza A infection (PDIA), and consecutive asthma exacerbations between children with and without asthma. RESULTS Of the 460 children included in this study, those with asthma had higher vaccination rates (46.5%, 67/144) than those without asthma (30.4%, 96/316). Influenza A infections were diagnosed in 28 of 163 vaccinated children (17.2%) compared to 164 of 297 unvaccinated children (55.2%, p < 0.001). Comparison of positive influenza diagnosis rates between vaccinated and unvaccinated children with and without asthma showed that unvaccinated children with asthma had an elevated odds ratio (13.235; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.564-32.134) and that treatment for asthma exacerbations was needed in a larger proportion of unvaccinated children. Vaccine effectiveness against PDIA was 87% (95% CI, 78-93%) overall, 92% (95% CI, 81-96%) in children with asthma and 81% (95% CI, 63-91%) in children without asthma, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The administration of an inactivated, split-virus, non-adjuvanted monovalent A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine during the pandemic period reduced the number of physician-diagnosed influenza A infections and asthma exacerbations in children with asthma. Therefore, we strongly recommend that high-risk children with a history of asthma receive vaccines during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Yokouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Disaster Medical Center , Tokyo , Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtyr Thors
- Schools of Clinical Sciences and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, , Bristol, UK
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Williams S, Fitzner J, Merianos A, Mounts A. The challenges of global case reporting during pandemic A(H1N1) 2009. Bull World Health Organ 2013; 92:60-7. [PMID: 24391301 DOI: 10.2471/blt.12.116723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) asked all Member States to provide case-based data on at least the first 100 laboratory-confirmed influenza cases to generate an early understanding of the pandemic and provide appropriate guidance to affected countries. In reviewing the pandemic surveillance strategy, we evaluated the utility of case-based data collection and the challenges in interpreting these data at the global level. To do this, we assessed compliance with the surveillance recommendation and data completeness of submitted case records and described the epidemiological characteristics of up to the first 110 reported cases from each country, aggregated into regions. From April 2009 to August 2011, WHO received over 18 000 case records from 84 countries. Data reached WHO at different time intervals, in different formats and without information on collection methods. Just over half of the 18 000 records gave the date of symptom onset, which made it difficult to assess whether the cases were among the earliest to be confirmed. Descriptive epidemiological analyses were limited to summarizing age, sex and hospitalization ratios. Centralized analysis of case-based data had little value in describing key features of the pandemic. Results were difficult to interpret and would have been misleading if viewed in isolation. A better approach would be to identify critical questions, standardize data elements and methods of investigation, and create efficient channels for communication between countries and the international public health community. Regular exchange of routine surveillance data will help to consolidate these essential channels of communication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Fitzner
- World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Angela Merianos
- World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Mounts
- World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
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Inamasu T, Sudo K, Kato S, Deguchi H, Ichikawa M, Shimizu T, Maeda T, Fujimoto S, Takebayashi T, Saito T. Pandemic influenza virus surveillance, Izu-Oshima Island, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1882-5. [PMID: 23092603 PMCID: PMC3559151 DOI: 10.3201/eid1811.111681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A population-based influenza surveillance study (using PCR virus subtyping) on Izu-Oshima Island, Japan, found that the cumulative incidence of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infections 2 seasons after the pandemic was highest for those 10–14 years of age (43.1%). No postpandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 case-patients had been infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus during the pandemic season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Inamasu
- Keio University Global Security Research Institute,Tokyo, Japan
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Neatherlin J, Cramer EH, Dubray C, Marienau KJ, Russell M, Sun H, Whaley M, Hancock K, Duong KK, Kirking HL, Schembri C, Katz JM, Cohen NJ, Fishbein DB. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during air travel. Travel Med Infect Dis 2013; 11:110-8. [PMID: 23523241 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The global spread of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus (pH1N1) associated with travelers from North America during the onset of the 2009 pandemic demonstrates the central role of international air travel in virus migration. To characterize risk factors for pH1N1 transmission during air travel, we investigated travelers and airline employees from four North American flights carrying ill travelers with confirmed pH1N1 infection. Of 392 passengers and crew identified, information was available for 290 (74%) passengers were interviewed. Overall attack rates for acute respiratory infection and influenza-like illness 1-7 days after travel were 5.2% and 2.4% respectively. Of 43 individuals that provided sera, 4 (9.3%) tested positive for pH1N1 antibodies, including 3 with serologic evidence of asymptomatic infection. Investigation of novel influenza aboard aircraft may be instructive. However, beyond the initial outbreak phase, it may compete with community-based mitigation activities, and interpretation of findings will be difficult in the context of established community transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Neatherlin
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Jackson C, Vynnycky E, Hawker J, Olowokure B, Mangtani P. School closures and influenza: systematic review of epidemiological studies. BMJ Open 2013; 3:bmjopen-2012-002149. [PMID: 23447463 PMCID: PMC3586057 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the effects of school closures on pandemic and seasonal influenza outbreaks. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE and EMBASE, reference lists of identified articles, hand searches of key journals and additional papers from the authors' collections. STUDY SELECTION Studies were included if they reported on a seasonal or pandemic influenza outbreak coinciding with a planned or unplanned school closure. RESULTS Of 2579 papers identified through MEDLINE and EMBASE, 65 were eligible for inclusion in the review along with 14 identified from other sources. Influenza incidence frequently declined after school closure. The effect was sometimes reversed when schools reopened, supporting a causal role for school closure in reducing incidence. Any benefits associated with school closure appeared to be greatest among school-aged children. However, as schools often closed late in the outbreak or other interventions were used concurrently, it was sometimes unclear how much school closure contributed to the reductions in incidence. CONCLUSIONS School closures appear to have the potential to reduce influenza transmission, but the heterogeneity in the data available means that the optimum strategy (eg, the ideal length and timing of closure) remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Jackson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Health Protection Agency, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Punam Mangtani
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Ahmad AS, Puttaswamy C, Mudasser S, Abdelaziz O. Clinical Presentation and Outcome in Hospitalized Patients of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) viral infection in Oman. Oman Med J 2012; 26:329-36. [PMID: 22125727 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2011.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In 2009, cases of human infection with a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus were detected and soon reached a pandemic level. Presenting clinical features of this disease in Oman were observed and an attempt was made to identify features predicting the high risk of mortality. METHODS The clinical and laboratory features at the time of presentation in adult patients admitted with flu-like illness or pneumonia were studied who were later diagnosed as H1N1 infection by PCR of nasopharyngeal and/or throat swabs. RESULTS H1N1 infection mostly affected younger individuals who presented with fever and cough. One-third of the patients had rhinorrhea and a few had vomiting and diarrhea. Chest crepitations were common. Most of the patients had normal or low cell counts. The chest X-ray was normal in 23 (41.8%) cases, while in other cases pneumonia was detected characteristically starting from base and extending up. Almost half of the patients were either in frank or impending respiratory failure. Nine (16.4%) patients died. CONCLUSION It is difficult to identify H1N1 influenza cases from other patients with a flu-like illness, but it can be strongly suspected when a patient presents with basal pneumonia, particularly if bilateral, with lymphocytopenia, and is hypoxemic, in the presence of other H1N1 infected cases in the community. These features are also indicative of severe illness with high mortality risk.
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15
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Dapat IC, Dapat C, Baranovich T, Suzuki Y, Kondo H, Shobugawa Y, Saito R, Suzuki H. Genetic characterization of human influenza viruses in the pandemic (2009-2010) and post-pandemic (2010-2011) periods in Japan. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36455. [PMID: 22761651 PMCID: PMC3384667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus was first detected in Japan in May 2009 and continued to circulate in the 2010–2011 season. This study aims to characterize human influenza viruses circulating in Japan in the pandemic and post-pandemic periods and to determine the prevalence of antiviral-resistant viruses. Methods Respiratory specimens were collected from patients with influenza-like illness on their first visit at outpatient clinics during the 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 influenza seasons. Cycling probe real-time PCR assays were performed to screen for antiviral-resistant strains. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the HA and NA genes were done to characterize circulating strains. Results and Conclusion In the pandemic period (2009–2010), the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus was the only circulating strain isolated. None of the 601 A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolates had the H275Y substitution in NA (oseltamivir resistance) while 599/601 isolates (99.7%) had the S31N substitution in M2 (amantadine resistance). In the post-pandemic period (2010–2011), cocirculation of different types and subtypes of influenza viruses was observed. Of the 1,278 samples analyzed, 414 (42.6%) were A(H1N1)pdm09, 525 (54.0%) were A(H3N2) and 33 (3.4%) were type-B viruses. Among A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates, 2 (0.5%) were oseltamivir-resistant and all were amantadine-resistant. Among A(H3N2) viruses, 520 (99.0%) were amantadine-resistant. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses from the post-pandemic period showed further evolution from the pandemic period viruses. For viruses that circulated in 2010–2011, strain predominance varied among prefectures. In Hokkaido, Niigata, Gunma and Nagasaki, A(H3N2) viruses (A/Perth/16/2009-like) were predominant whereas, in Kyoto, Hyogo and Osaka, A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses (A/New_York/10/2009-like) were predominant. Influenza B Victoria(HA)-Yamagata(NA) reassortant viruses (B/Brisbane/60/2008-like) were predominant while a small proportion was in Yamagata lineage. Genetic variants with mutations at antigenic sites were identified in A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and type-B viruses in the 2010–2011 season but did not show a change in antigenicity when compared with respective vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isolde C. Dapat
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Clyde Dapat
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatiana Baranovich
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasushi Suzuki
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kondo
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yugo Shobugawa
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Reiko Saito
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- School of Nursing, Niigata Seiryo University, Niigata, Japan
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16
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Gu Y, Komiya N, Kamiya H, Yasui Y, Taniguchi K, Okabe N. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 transmission during presymptomatic phase, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:1737-9. [PMID: 21888808 PMCID: PMC3322057 DOI: 10.3201/eid1709.101411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During an epidemiologic investigation of pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in May 2009 in Osaka, Japan, we found 3 clusters in which virus transmission occurred during the presymptomatic phase. This finding has public health implications because it indicates that viral transmission in communities cannot be prevented solely by isolating symptomatic case-patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Gu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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17
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Sakaguchi H, Tsunoda M, Wada K, Ohta H, Kawashima M, Yoshino Y, Aizawa Y. Assessment of border control measures and community containment measures used in Japan during the early stages of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31289. [PMID: 22355354 PMCID: PMC3280294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the early stages of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, border control measures were taken by quarantine stations to block the entry of infected individuals into Japan and community containment measures were implemented to prevent the spreading. The objectives of this study were to describe these measures and the characteristics of infected individuals, and to assess the measures' effectiveness. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Border control and community containment measures implemented from April to June (Period I: April 28-May 21, Period II: May 22-June 18) 2009 were described. Number of individuals identified and disease characteristics were analyzed. For entry screening, a health declaration form and an infrared thermoscanner were used to detect symptomatic passengers. Passengers indicated for the rapid influenza test underwent the test followed by RT-PCR. Patients positive for H1N1 were isolated, and close contacts were quarantined. Entry cards were handed out to all asymptomatic passengers informing them about how to contact a health center in case they developed symptoms. Nine individuals were identified by entry screening and 1 during quarantine to have Pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Health monitoring by health centers was performed in period I for passengers arriving from affected countries and in period II for those who had come into contact with the individuals identified by entry screening. Health monitoring identified 3 infected individuals among 129,546 in Period I and 5 among 746 in Period II. Enhanced surveillance, which included mandatory reporting of details of the infected individuals, identified 812 individuals, 141 (18%) of whom had a history of international travel. Twenty-four of these 141 passengers picked up by enhanced surveillance had been developing symptoms on entry and were missed at screening. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Symptomatic passengers were detected by the various entry screening measures put in place. Enhanced surveillance provided data for the improvement of public health measures in future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Sakaguchi
- Department of Occupational Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Tsunoda
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Wada
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kawashima
- Department of Occupational Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yae Yoshino
- Department of Occupational Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Aizawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Sugawara T, Ohkusa Y, Ibuka Y, Kawanohara H, Taniguchi K, Okabe N. Real-time prescription surveillance and its application to monitoring seasonal influenza activity in Japan. J Med Internet Res 2012; 14:e14. [PMID: 22249906 PMCID: PMC3846340 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Real-time surveillance is fundamental for effective control of disease outbreaks, but the official sentinel surveillance in Japan collects information related to disease activity only weekly and updates it with a 1-week time lag. Objective To report on a prescription surveillance system using electronic records related to prescription drugs that was started in 2008 in Japan, and to evaluate the surveillance system for monitoring influenza activity during the 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 influenza seasons. Methods We developed an automatic surveillance system using electronic records of prescription drug purchases collected from 5275 pharmacies through the application service provider’s medical claims service. We then applied the system to monitoring influenza activity during the 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 influenza seasons. The surveillance system collected information related to drugs and patients directly and automatically from the electronic prescription record system, and estimated the number of influenza cases based on the number of prescriptions of anti-influenza virus medication. Then it shared the information related to influenza activity through the Internet with the public on a daily basis. Results During the 2009–2010 influenza season, the number of influenza patients estimated by the prescription surveillance system between the 28th week of 2009 and the 12th week of 2010 was 9,234,289. In the 2010–2011 influenza season, the number of influenza patients between the 36th week of 2010 and the 12th week of 2011 was 7,153,437. The estimated number of influenza cases was highly correlated with that predicted by the official sentinel surveillance (r = .992, P < .001 for 2009–2010; r = .972, P < .001 for 2010–2011), indicating that the prescription surveillance system produced a good approximation of activity patterns. Conclusions Our prescription surveillance system presents great potential for monitoring influenza activity and for providing early detection of infectious disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamie Sugawara
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Randolph AG, Vaughn F, Sullivan R, Rubinson L, Thompson BT, Yoon G, Smoot E, Rice TW, Loftis LL, Helfaer M, Doctor A, Paden M, Flori H, Babbitt C, Graciano AL, Gedeit R, Sanders RC, Giuliano JS, Zimmerman J, Uyeki TM. Critically ill children during the 2009-2010 influenza pandemic in the United States. Pediatrics 2011; 128:e1450-8. [PMID: 22065262 PMCID: PMC3387899 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (pH1N1) virus continues to circulate worldwide. Determining the roles of chronic conditions and bacterial coinfection in mortality is difficult because of the limited data for children with pH1N1-related critical illness. METHODS We identified children (<21 years old) with confirmed or probable pH1N1 admitted to 35 US PICUs from April 15, 2009, through April 15, 2010. We collected data on demographics, baseline health, laboratory results, treatments, and outcomes. RESULTS Of 838 children with pH1N1 admitted to a PICU, the median age was 6 years, 58% were male, 70% had ≥1 chronic health condition, and 88.2% received oseltamivir (5.8% started before PICU admission). Most patients had respiratory failure with 564 (67.3%) receiving mechanical ventilation; 162 (19.3%) received vasopressors, and 75 (8.9%) died. Overall, 71 (8.5%) of the patients had a presumed diagnosis of early (within 72 hours after PICU admission) Staphylococcus aureus coinfection of the lung with 48% methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA). In multivariable analyses, preexisting neurologic conditions or immunosuppression, encephalitis (1.7% of cases), myocarditis (1.4% of cases), early presumed MRSA lung coinfection, and female gender were mortality risk factors. Among 251 previously healthy children, only early presumed MRSA coinfection of the lung (relative risk: 8 [95% confidence interval: 3.1-20.6]; P < .0001) remained a mortality risk factor. CONCLUSIONS Children with preexisting neurologic conditions and immune compromise were at increased risk of pH1N1-associated death after PICU admission. Secondary complications of pH1N1, including myocarditis, encephalitis, and clinical diagnosis of early presumed MRSA coinfection of the lung, were mortality risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne G. Randolph
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; ,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frances Vaughn
- National Disaster Medical System, Office of Preparedness and Emergency Operations, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC
| | - Ryan Sullivan
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lewis Rubinson
- National Disaster Medical System, Office of Preparedness and Emergency Operations, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC
| | - B. Taylor Thompson
- ARDSNet Coordinating Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Grace Yoon
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Smoot
- ARDSNet Coordinating Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Todd W. Rice
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt, Tennessee
| | - Laura L. Loftis
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark Helfaer
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Allan Doctor
- Department of Pediatrics, St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew Paden
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Egleston, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Heidi Flori
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California
| | - Christopher Babbitt
- Department of Pediatrics, Miller Children's Hospital, Long Beach, California
| | - Ana Lia Graciano
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Central California, Madera, California
| | - Rainer Gedeit
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ronald C. Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - John S. Giuliano
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale Children's Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jerry Zimmerman
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Timothy M. Uyeki
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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20
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Timenetsky KT, Aquino SH, Saghabi C, Taniguchi C, Silvia CV, Correa L, Marra AR, Eid RA, Dos Santos OF. High success and low mortality rates with non-invasive ventilation in influenza A H1N1 patients in a tertiary hospital. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:375. [PMID: 21955389 PMCID: PMC3224397 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2009, an outbreak of respiratory illness caused by influenza A H1N1 virus occurred worldwide. Some patients required Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. The use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in these patients is controversial, as the aerosol dispersion may contaminate the environment and health-care co-workers. Methods Describe the respiratory profile, the mortality rate, and the benefit of using NIV in patients with confirmed diagnosis of influenza AH1N1 who were admitted in the ICU during the year 2009. Results A total of 1, 401 cases of influenza A H1N1 were confirmed in our hospital by real-time RT-PCR in 2009, and 20 patients were admitted to the ICU. The patients' ages ranged from 18 to 74 years (median of 42). Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) was present in 70% of patients. The median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 7 (range 7 to 25). Of the 14 patients who developed ARF, 85.7% needed NIV and 14% needed invasive MV at admission. Our success rate (41.6%) with NIV was higher than that described by others. The hospital mortality rate was 2.1%. When influenza A H1N1 arrived in Brazil, the disease was already on endemic alert in other countries. The population was already aware of the symptoms and the health-care system of the treatment. This allowed patients to be properly and promptly treated for influenza A H1N1, while health-care workers took protective measures to avoid contamination. Conclusion In our study we found a high success and low mortality rates with non-invasive ventilation in patients with influenza A H1N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina T Timenetsky
- Critically Ill Patients Department, Albert Einstein Jewish Hospital (Avenida Albert Einstein, 627), Sao Paulo (zip code 05652900), Brazil.
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Van Kerkhove MD, Vandemaele KAH, Shinde V, Jaramillo-Gutierrez G, Koukounari A, Donnelly CA, Carlino LO, Owen R, Paterson B, Pelletier L, Vachon J, Gonzalez C, Hongjie Y, Zijian F, Chuang SK, Au A, Buda S, Krause G, Haas W, Bonmarin I, Taniguichi K, Nakajima K, Shobayashi T, Takayama Y, Sunagawa T, Heraud JM, Orelle A, Palacios E, van der Sande MAB, Wielders CCHL, Hunt D, Cutter J, Lee VJ, Thomas J, Santa-Olalla P, Sierra-Moros MJ, Hanshaoworakul W, Ungchusak K, Pebody R, Jain S, Mounts AW. Risk factors for severe outcomes following 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection: a global pooled analysis. PLoS Med 2011; 8:e1001053. [PMID: 21750667 PMCID: PMC3130021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the start of the 2009 influenza A pandemic (H1N1pdm), the World Health Organization and its member states have gathered information to characterize the clinical severity of H1N1pdm infection and to assist policy makers to determine risk groups for targeted control measures. METHODS AND FINDINGS Data were collected on approximately 70,000 laboratory-confirmed hospitalized H1N1pdm patients, 9,700 patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs), and 2,500 deaths reported between 1 April 2009 and 1 January 2010 from 19 countries or administrative regions--Argentina, Australia, Canada, Chile, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong SAR, Japan, Madagascar, Mexico, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, the United States, and the United Kingdom--to characterize and compare the distribution of risk factors among H1N1pdm patients at three levels of severity: hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and deaths. The median age of patients increased with severity of disease. The highest per capita risk of hospitalization was among patients <5 y and 5-14 y (relative risk [RR] = 3.3 and 3.2, respectively, compared to the general population), whereas the highest risk of death per capita was in the age groups 50-64 y and ≥65 y (RR = 1.5 and 1.6, respectively, compared to the general population). Similarly, the ratio of H1N1pdm deaths to hospitalizations increased with age and was the highest in the ≥65-y-old age group, indicating that while infection rates have been observed to be very low in the oldest age group, risk of death in those over the age of 64 y who became infected was higher than in younger groups. The proportion of H1N1pdm patients with one or more reported chronic conditions increased with severity (median = 31.1%, 52.3%, and 61.8% of hospitalized, ICU-admitted, and fatal H1N1pdm cases, respectively). With the exception of the risk factors asthma, pregnancy, and obesity, the proportion of patients with each risk factor increased with severity level. For all levels of severity, pregnant women in their third trimester consistently accounted for the majority of the total of pregnant women. Our findings suggest that morbid obesity might be a risk factor for ICU admission and fatal outcome (RR = 36.3). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that risk factors for severe H1N1pdm infection are similar to those for seasonal influenza, with some notable differences, such as younger age groups and obesity, and reinforce the need to identify and protect groups at highest risk of severe outcomes. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Van Kerkhove
- Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vivek Shinde
- Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization
| | | | - Artemis Koukounari
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christl A. Donnelly
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rhonda Owen
- Influenza Surveillance Section, Surveillance Branch, Office of Health Protection, Department of Health and Ageing, Woden, Australia
| | - Beverly Paterson
- Influenza Surveillance Section, Surveillance Branch, Office of Health Protection, Department of Health and Ageing, Woden, Australia
| | - Louise Pelletier
- Influenza Surveillance Section, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Vachon
- Influenza Surveillance Section, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudia Gonzalez
- Departamento de Epidemiología, División de Planificación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yu Hongjie
- Office for Disease Control and Emergency Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zijian
- Office for Disease Control and Emergency Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Shuk Kwan Chuang
- Surveillance and Epidemiology Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Centre for Health Protection of Department of Health, Hong Kong
| | - Albert Au
- Surveillance and Epidemiology Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Centre for Health Protection of Department of Health, Hong Kong
| | - Silke Buda
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerard Krause
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Walter Haas
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabelle Bonmarin
- Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Veille, Sanitaire, Saint-Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Kiyosu Taniguichi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tomi Sunagawa
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jean Michel Heraud
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur from Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Arnaud Orelle
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur from Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Ethel Palacios
- Directorate General of Epidemiology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marianne A. B. van der Sande
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - C. C. H. Lieke Wielders
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Darren Hunt
- New Zealand Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jeffrey Cutter
- Communicable Diseases Division at the Ministry of Health, Singapore
| | - Vernon J. Lee
- Biodefence Centre, Ministry of Defence, Singapore
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juno Thomas
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Respiratory Virus Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Patricia Santa-Olalla
- Coordinating Centre for Health Alerts and Emergencies, Dirección General de Salud Pública y Sanidad Exterior Ministerio de Sanidad y Política Social, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J. Sierra-Moros
- Coordinating Centre for Health Alerts and Emergencies, Dirección General de Salud Pública y Sanidad Exterior Ministerio de Sanidad y Política Social, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Kumnuan Ungchusak
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Seema Jain
- Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Mosby LG, Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ. 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in pregnancy: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205:10-8. [PMID: 21345415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To summarize the literature regarding 2009 H1N1 influenza A during pregnancy, we conducted a systematic literature review using a PubMed search and other strategies. Studies were included if they reported 2009 H1N1 influenza in pregnant women as original data. In all, 2153 abstracts were reviewed, and a total of 120 studies were included. Data were extracted regarding number of cases, additional risk factors for influenza-associated complications, treatment, and maternal and pregnancy outcomes. Authors were contacted to determine the extent of overlap when it was suspected. Pregnancy was associated with increased risk of hospital and intensive care unit admission and of death. Pregnant women who received delayed treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors or who had additional risk factors were more likely to develop severe disease. Preterm and emergency cesarean deliveries were frequently reported. These results reinforce the importance of early identification and treatment of suspected influenza in this high-risk population.
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Lipsitch M, Finelli L, Heffernan RT, Leung GM, Redd SC. Improving the evidence base for decision making during a pandemic: the example of 2009 influenza A/H1N1. Biosecur Bioterror 2011; 9:89-115. [PMID: 21612363 PMCID: PMC3102310 DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2011.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This article synthesizes and extends discussions held during an international meeting on "Surveillance for Decision Making: The Example of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A/H1N1," held at the Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics (CCDD), Harvard School of Public Health, on June 14 and 15, 2010. The meeting involved local, national, and global health authorities and academics representing 7 countries on 4 continents. We define the needs for surveillance in terms of the key decisions that must be made in response to a pandemic: how large a response to mount and which control measures to implement, for whom, and when. In doing so, we specify the quantitative evidence required to make informed decisions. We then describe the sources of surveillance and other population-based data that can presently--or in the future--form the basis for such evidence, and the interpretive tools needed to process raw surveillance data. We describe other inputs to decision making besides epidemiologic and surveillance data, and we conclude with key lessons of the 2009 pandemic for designing and planning surveillance in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/prevention & control
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/transmission
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology
- Data Collection
- Data Interpretation, Statistical
- Decision Making, Organizational
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Pandemics
- Population Surveillance
- Public Opinion
- Severity of Illness Index
- Vaccination/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lipsitch
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, 677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Nishiura H, Kamiya K. Fever screening during the influenza (H1N1-2009) pandemic at Narita International Airport, Japan. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:111. [PMID: 21539735 PMCID: PMC3096599 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entry screening tends to start with a search for febrile international passengers, and infrared thermoscanners have been employed for fever screening in Japan. We aimed to retrospectively assess the feasibility of detecting influenza cases based on fever screening as a sole measure. Methods Two datasets were collected at Narita International Airport during the 2009 pandemic. The first contained confirmed influenza cases (n = 16) whose diagnosis took place at the airport during the early stages of the pandemic, and the second contained a selected and suspected fraction of passengers (self-reported or detected by an infrared thermoscanner; n = 1,049) screened from September 2009 to January 2010. The sensitivity of fever (38.0°C) for detecting H1N1-2009 was estimated, and the diagnostic performances of the infrared thermoscanners in detecting hyperthermia at cut-off levels of 37.5°C, 38.0°C and 38.5°C were also estimated. Results The sensitivity of fever for detecting H1N1-2009 cases upon arrival was estimated to be 22.2% (95% confidence interval: 0, 55.6) among nine confirmed H1N1-2009 cases, and 55.6% of the H1N1-2009 cases were under antipyretic medications upon arrival. The sensitivity and specificity of the infrared thermoscanners in detecting hyperthermia ranged from 50.8-70.4% and 63.6-81.7%, respectively. The positive predictive value appeared to be as low as 37.3-68.0%. Conclusions The sensitivity of entry screening is a product of the sensitivity of fever for detecting influenza cases and the sensitivity of the infrared thermoscanners in detecting fever. Given the additional presence of confounding factors and unrestricted medications among passengers, reliance on fever alone is unlikely to be feasible as an entry screening measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishiura
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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Predictors of the uptake of A (H1N1) influenza vaccine: findings from a population-based longitudinal study in Tokyo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18893. [PMID: 21556152 PMCID: PMC3083407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overall pandemic A (H1N1) influenza vaccination rates remain low across all nations, including Japan. To increase the rates, it is important to understand the motives and barriers for the acceptance of the vaccine. We conducted this study to determine potential predictors of the uptake of A (H1N1) influenza vaccine in a cohort of Japanese general population. Methodology/Principal Findings By using self-administered questionnaires, this population-based longitudinal study was conducted from October 2009 to April 2010 among 428 adults aged 18–65 years randomly selected from each household residing in four wards and one city in Tokyo. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. Of total, 38.1% of participants received seasonal influenza vaccine during the preceding season, 57.0% had willingness to accept A (H1N1) influenza vaccine at baseline, and 12.1% had received A (H1N1) influenza vaccine by the time of follow-up. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, people who had been vaccinated were significantly more likely to be living with an underlying disease (p = 0.001), to perceive high susceptibility to influenza (p = 0.03), to have willingness to pay even if the vaccine costs ≥ US$44 (p = 0.04), to have received seasonal influenza vaccine during the preceding season (p<0.001), and to have willingness to accept A (H1N1) influenza vaccine at baseline (p<0.001) compared to those who had not been vaccinated. Conclusions/Significance While studies have reported high rates of willingness to receive A (H1N1) influenza vaccine, these rates may not transpire in the actual practices. The uptake of the vaccine may be determined by several potential factors such as perceived susceptibility to influenza and sensitivity to vaccination cost in general population.
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Ninomiya-Mori A, Nukuzuma S, Suga T, Akiyoshi K, Nukina M, Tanaka T. Genetic evidence for containment of viruses in the first outbreak of influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Kobe, Japan. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2011; 5:180-7. [PMID: 21477137 PMCID: PMC4941588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Ninomiya‐Mori et al. (2010) Genetic evidence for containment of viruses in the first outbreak of influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Kobe, Japan. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Doi: 10.1111/j.1750‐2659.2010.00188.x. Background On 16 May 2009, a high school student in Kobe with no history of overseas travel was reported as the first case of influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in Japan. Subsequently, it was revealed that the infection had spread to some cities in the Kansai region and most patients were high school students. The number of patients decreased rapidly within a week; however, it began to increase in the middle of July. Methods We phylogenetically analyzed viral characteristics using 27 viruses isolated from patients living in Kobe. Results and conclusions We demonstrated that viruses isolated in the early phase of the outbreak were distinguishable from those after the reappearance of patients. These findings provide genetic evidence for the effectiveness of public health containment measures in the Kansai region in preventing the progression of the outbreak.
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Sobata R, Matsumoto C, Igarashi M, Uchida S, Momose S, Hino S, Satake M, Tadokoro K. No viremia of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 was demonstrated in blood donors who had donated blood during the probable incubation period. Transfusion 2011; 51:1949-56. [PMID: 21414008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the spring of 2009, the novel swine-origin influenza A (pandemic [H1N1] 2009) virus emerged and spread globally. Although no established cases of transfusion-transmitted influenza have been reported, the widespread outbreak of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 caused serious concern regarding the safety of blood products. The Japanese Red Cross Blood Centers have intercepted blood products with accompanying postdonation information indicating possible pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection. To study the risk of transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 by blood transfusion, we searched for the viral genome in such products using nucleic acid amplification technology. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Between June and December 2009, blood components were collected from 579 blood donors who were diagnosed as or strongly suspected of having pandemic (H1N1) 2009 within 7 days after donation. Viral RNA was extracted from plasma and red blood cell (RBC) products, and RNA samples were subjected to real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of the hemagglutinin and matrix genes of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. RESULTS A total of 565 plasma and 413 RBC products from the 579 blood donors were available. No viral RNA of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 was detected in any of the blood samples from the 579 blood donors. CONCLUSION No viremia of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 was demonstrated in any of the 579 blood donors who had most likely donated blood during the incubation period. It is considered that the risk of transmitting pandemic (H1N1) 2009 by blood transfusion is extremely low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Sobata
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan.
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Khandaker G, Dierig A, Rashid H, King C, Heron L, Booy R. Systematic review of clinical and epidemiological features of the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2011; 5:148-56. [PMID: 21477133 PMCID: PMC5657010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Khandaker et al. (2011) Systematic review of clinical and epidemiological features of the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750‐2659.2011.00199.x. The aim of this systematic review was to summarise the clinical and epidemiological features of the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009. We did a systematic search of published literature reporting clinical features of laboratory‐confirmed pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 from 1 April 2009 to 31 January 2010. Forty‐four articles met our inclusion criteria for the review. The calculated weighted mean age of confirmed cases was 18·1 years, with the median ranging from 12 to 44 years. Cough (84·9%), fever (84·7%), headache (66·5%), runny nose (60·1%) and muscle pain (58·1%) were the most common symptoms of confirmed cases. One or more pre‐existing chronic medical conditions were found in 18·4% of cases. Almost two‐thirds (64%) of cases were aged between 10 and 29 years, 5·1% were aged over 50 years and only 1·1% were aged over 60 years. The confirmed case fatality ratio was 2·9% (95% CI 0·0–6·7%), an extracted average from 12 of 42 studies reporting fatal cases (937 fatal cases among 31 980 confirmed cases), which gives an overall estimated infected case fatality ratio of 0·02%. Early in the pandemic, disease occurred overwhelmingly in children and younger adults, with cough and fever as the most prevalent clinical symptoms of the confirmed cases. A high infection rate in children and young adults, with sparing of the elderly population, has implications for pandemic influenza management and control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulam Khandaker
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and the University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Tomizuka T, Takayama Y, Shobayashi T, Fukushima Y, Suzuki Y. Underlying medical conditions and hospitalization for pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 16:1646-7. [PMID: 20875306 PMCID: PMC3294386 DOI: 10.3201/eid1610.091755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Duque V, Cordeiro E, Mota V, Vaz J, Morais C, Rodrigues F, Coelho F, Saraiva da Cunha J, Meliço-Silvestre A. Os dias iniciais da infecção pelo vírus da gripe pandémica (H1N1) 2009 na região centro de Portugal. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0873-2159(15)31248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Liu SL, Zhang ZR, Wang C, Dong Y, Cui LB, Yang XH, Sun Z, Wang J, Chen J, Huang RJ, Miao F, Ruan B, Xie L, He HX, Deng J. 2009 pandemic characteristics and controlling experiences of influenza H1N1 virus 1 year after the inception in Hangzhou, China. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1985-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nakauchi M, Yasui Y, Miyoshi T, Minagawa H, Tanaka T, Tashiro M, Kageyama T. One-step real-time reverse transcription-PCR assays for detecting and subtyping pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009, seasonal influenza A/H1N1, and seasonal influenza A/H3N2 viruses. J Virol Methods 2010; 171:156-62. [PMID: 21029748 PMCID: PMC7173154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 (A/H1N1pdm) virus has caused significant outbreaks worldwide. A previous one-step real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) assay for detecting A/H1N1pdm virus (H1pdm rRT-PCR assay) was improved since the former probe had a low melting temperature and low tolerance to viral mutation. To help with the screening of the A/H1N1pdm virus, rRT-PCR assays were also developed for detecting human seasonal A/H1N1 (H1 rRT-PCR assay) and A/H3N2 influenza viruses (H3 rRT-PCR assay). H1pdm, H1, and H3 rRT-PCR assays were evaluated using in vitro-transcribed control RNA, isolated viruses, and other respiratory pathogenic viruses, and were shown to have high sensitivity, good linearity (R(2)=0.99), and high specificity. In addition, the improved H1pdm rRT-PCR assay could detect two viral strains of A/H1N1pdm, namely, A/Aichi/472/2009 (H1N1)pdm and A/Sakai/89/2009 (H1N1)pdm, which have mutation(s) in the probe-binding region of the hemagglutinin gene, without loss of sensitivity. Using the three rRT-PCR assays developed, 90 clinical specimens collected between May and October 2009 were then tested. Of these, 26, 20, and 2 samples were identified as positive for A/H1pdm, A/H3, and A/H1, respectively, while 42 samples were negative for influenza A viruses. The present results suggest that these highly sensitive and specific H1pdm, H1, and H3 rRT-PCR assays are useful not only for diagnosing influenza viruses, but also for the surveillance of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nakauchi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Kim JH, Lee HS, Park HK, Kim JS, Lee SW, Kim SS, Lee JK. An outbreak of novel influenza A (H1N1) in the English Language Institute. J Prev Med Public Health 2010; 43:274-8. [PMID: 20534967 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.3.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This report describes the results of an investigation on an outbreak of novel influenza A (H1N1) in an English language Institute in Seoul, Korea in May 2009. METHODS In this outbreak, novel influenza A (H1N1) was confirmed in 22 of 91 trainees, trainers and staff members. The trainees and 2 staff members were isolated in an assigned facility and the rest were isolated in their homes after we discovered the first patient with novel influenza A (H1N1). After the isolation, the people in the assigned facility were educated to use N95 respirators and they received oseltamivir for prophylaxis. RESULTS The initial findings in this study suggest that the symptoms were mild and similar to those of seasonal influenza. The classmates and roommates of the infected patients were more likely to get infected with novel influenza A (H1N1) than the trainees who were not classmates or roommates of the patients (OR: 3.19, 95% CI=0.91 - 11.11 for classmates and OR: 40.0, 95% CI=7.4-215.7 for roommates). CONCLUSIONS The public health response seems successful in terms of preventing the spread of this virus into the local community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyung Kim
- Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea
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Quoilin S, Thomas I, Gérard C, Brochier B, Bots J, Lokietek S, Robesyn E, Wuillaume F, Muyldermans G. Case finding of Influenza A(H1N1)2009 in Belgium in the early pandemic. Arch Public Health 2010. [PMCID: PMC3463026 DOI: 10.1186/0778-7367-68-2-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Ukimura A, Izumi T, Matsumori A. A national survey on myocarditis associated with the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in Japan. Circ J 2010; 74:2193-9. [PMID: 20697177 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-10-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An influenza pandemic occurred in 2009 and myocarditis associated with the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic was reported among hospitalized patients from August 2009. METHODS AND RESULTS The Japanese Circulation Society organized the Clinical Research Committee on Myocarditis Associated with Influenza Pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 and called for a case report on myocarditis for a national survey. The diagnosis of myocarditis was performed using the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Myocarditis (JCS 2009). Fifteen patients were reported to the committee. Fulminant myocarditis developed in 10 patients. Mechanical circulatory support (intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) and/or percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS)) was used on all 10 patients, 8 of whom were rescued. Abnormalities on echocardiography and elevated cardiac enzymes were seen in most of the patients. Myocarditis was found by endomyocardial biopsy in 6 patients. Three patients had complications with pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS In reality, myocarditis associated with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) seemed to be more common in hospitalized patients, compared with previous seasonal influenza virus outbreaks. To avoid misdiagnosis of acute myocarditis associated with influenza pandemic A (H1N1) 2009, it is essential to determine the characteristic symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings of acute myocarditis during influenza pandemics. Mechanical circulatory support (IABP and/or PCPS) was required to rescue patients with fulminant myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ukimura
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan.
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Household transmission of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus in Osaka, Japan in May 2009. J Infect 2010; 61:284-8. [PMID: 20670650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2010.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess household transmission of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) and effectiveness of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) of antiviral drugs among household contacts of patients during the first pandemic influenza A (H1N1) outbreak in Osaka, Japan in May 2009. METHODS Active surveillance of patients and their families was conducted. Public Health Center staff visited each home with an infected patient and advised every household member with regard to precautionary measures, and PEP was provided to household contacts to prevent secondary infection. We analyzed the effectiveness of PEP and characteristics of secondary infection. RESULTS The secondary attack rate (SAR) among household contacts was 3.7%. The SAR among household contacts without PEP was 26.1%. However, the SAR among those with PEP was 0.6%. Only two of 331 household contacts with PEP became infected. One of the two was infected with an oseltamivir-resistant strain. Analysis of SAR by age group showed that those under 20 years of age were at higher risk than those over 20 (relative risk [RR] = 7.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.24-27.8). Significant differences with respect to sex, number of household contacts, and use of antiviral medications in the index cases were not observed. CONCLUSIONS Our present results indicate that PEP is effective for preventing secondary H1N1 infection among household contacts.
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Matsumoto C, Sobata R, Uchida S, Hidaka T, Momose S, Hino S, Satake M, Tadokoro K. Risk for transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus by blood transfusion. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:722-3. [PMID: 20350401 PMCID: PMC3321974 DOI: 10.3201/eid1604.091795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Shiino T, Okabe N, Yasui Y, Sunagawa T, Ujike M, Obuchi M, Kishida N, Xu H, Takashita E, Anraku A, Ito R, Doi T, Ejima M, Sugawara H, Horikawa H, Yamazaki S, Kato Y, Oguchi A, Fujita N, Odagiri T, Tashiro M, Watanabe H. Molecular evolutionary analysis of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm, May-September, 2009: temporal and spatial spreading profile of the viruses in Japan. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11057. [PMID: 20548780 PMCID: PMC2883557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In March 2009, pandemic influenza A(H1N1) (A(H1N1)pdm) emerged in Mexico and the United States. In Japan, since the first outbreak of A(H1N1)pdm in Osaka and Hyogo Prefectures occurred in the middle of May 2009, the virus had spread over 16 of 47 prefectures as of June 4, 2009. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analyzed all-segment concatenated genome sequences of 75 isolates of A(H1N1)pdm viruses in Japan, and compared them with 163 full-genome sequences in the world. Two analyzing methods, distance-based and Bayesian coalescent MCMC inferences were adopted to elucidate an evolutionary relationship of the viruses in the world and Japan. Regardless of the method, the viruses in the world were classified into four distinct clusters with a few exceptions. Cluster 1 was originated earlier than cluster 2, while cluster 2 was more widely spread around the world. The other two clusters (clusters 1.2 and 1.3) were suggested to be distinct reassortants with different types of segment assortments. The viruses in Japan seemed to be a multiple origin, which were derived from approximately 28 transported cases. Twelve cases were associated with monophyletic groups consisting of Japanese viruses, which were referred to as micro-clade. While most of the micro-clades belonged to the cluster 2, the clade of the first cases of infection in Japan originated from cluster 1.2. Micro-clades of Osaka/Kobe and the Fukuoka cases, both of which were school-wide outbreaks, were eradicated. Time of most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) for each micro-clade demonstrated that some distinct viruses were transmitted in Japan between late May and early June, 2009, and appeared to spread nation-wide throughout summer. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that many viruses were transmitted from abroad in late May 2009 irrespective of preventive actions against the pandemic influenza, and that the influenza A(H1N1)pdm had become a pandemic stage in June 2009 in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teiichiro Shiino
- Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Nobuhiko Okabe
- Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yasui
- Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomimasa Sunagawa
- Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ujike
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Obuchi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Kishida
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hong Xu
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Takashita
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akane Anraku
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Ito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruko Doi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Ejima
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sugawara
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Horikawa
- Genome Analysis Center, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Yamazaki
- Genome Analysis Center, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kato
- Genome Analysis Center, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Oguchi
- Genome Analysis Center, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fujita
- Genome Analysis Center, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruo Watanabe
- Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Bautista E, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, Harper SA, Shaw M, Uyeki TM, Zaki SR, Hayden FG, Hui DS, Kettner JD, Kumar A, Lim M, Shindo N, Penn C, Nicholson KG. Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:1708-19. [PMID: 20445182 DOI: 10.1056/nejmra1000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 778] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
In April 2009, Mexican, American, and Canadian authorities announced that a novel influenza virus with pandemic potential had been identified in large segments of the population. Within weeks, it became apparent that the world was dealing with the first influenza pandemic in >40 yrs. Despite the unpredictable nature of influenza severity and spread in the pandemics of the 20th century, understanding the epidemiology of the past pandemics and current influenza pandemic will help prepare physicians, hospitals, and governments to predict and prepare for the subsequent waves and subsequent pandemics. We present a summary of the biology that predisposes influenza to cause sudden pandemics, as well as a summary of the epidemiology of the 20th century pandemics. We also report on the epidemiology, disease severity, and risk factors for severe disease and intensive care admission from the first wave of the current pandemic (April-August 2009). Last, we provide a mathematical model based on transmission dynamics of the H1N1 influenza virus that may provide some guidance in terms of disease incidence and hospital impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe R S Lagacé-Wiens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.
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Petrosillo N, Di Bella S, Drapeau CM, Grilli E. The novel influenza A (H1N1) virus pandemic: An update. Ann Thorac Med 2009; 4:163-72. [PMID: 19881161 PMCID: PMC2801040 DOI: 10.4103/1817-1737.56008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 4 months since it was first recognized, the pandemic strain of a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus has spread to all continents and, after documentation of human-to-human transmission of the virus in at least three countries in two separate World Health Organization (WHO) regions, the pandemic alert was raised to level 6. The agent responsible for this pandemic, a swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV), is characterized by a unique combination of gene segments that has not previously been identified among human or swine influenza A viruses. As of 31th July 2009, 168 countries and overseas territories/communities have each reported at least one laboratory-confirmed case of pandemic H1N1 infection. There have been a total of 162,380 reported cases and 1154 associated deaths. Influenza epidemics usually take off in autumn, and it is important to prepare for an earlier start this season. Estimates from Europe indicate that 230 millions Europe inhabitants will have clinical signs and symptoms of S-OIV this autumn, and 7- 35% of the clinical cases will have a fatal outcome, which means that there will be 160,000- 750,000 H1N1-related deaths. A vaccine against H1N1 is expected to be the most effective tool for controlling influenza A (H1N1) infection in terms of reducing morbidity and mortality and limiting diffusion. However, there are several issues with regard to vaccine manufacture and approval, as well as production capacity, that remain unsettled. We searched the literature indexed in PubMed as well as the websites of major international health agencies to obtain the material presented in this update on the current S-OIV pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Petrosillo
- 2nd Infectious Diseases Division, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, "Lazzaro Spallanzani," Rome, Italy.
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