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Hajia M. Molecular Epidemiology and Surveillance Program in Iran: Present Status and Future Prospect. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.15171/ijer.2018.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: The food-borne pathogens appear to be a reemerging and endless problem in the human community all over the world. Hence, all the outbreaks should be constantly monitored for pandemic strains and new mutant genotypes. The main purpose behind the molecular typing methods is the comparison of bacterial isolates to obtain genomic relatedness regarding epidemiological aspects. One of these methods that have been recently reported in several Iranian studies is pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The aim of this study was to review and discuss the current situation and difficulties, and also the necessity of planning for tracking new and re-emerging food-borne pathogens investigating PFGE future status in Iran as a molecular epidemiology tool. Results: According to the results, it was found that this technique requires high investments in both fields of required equipment and software some of which are now available in many research centers. In addition, investigations on various medical search engines revealed that hundreds of studies have been published after 2010 in Iran. These reports indicated that most of these studies were not able to provide an efficient epidemiological analysis of the outbreaks and prevention of future events, except for a few exceptions. Conclusion: A review of the capabilities available in the country in this respect led the researchers to infer that it may be the best time to make a plan on the existence of a general network of collecting and analyzing the results, as well as integrating them into the international databases. It is expected that these responsible institutions to make the required design in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Hajia
- Professor of Medical Microbiology, Department of Molecular Biology, Health Reference Laboratories Research Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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Lawpoolsri S, Kaewkungwal J, Khamsiriwatchara A, Sovann L, Sreng B, Phommasack B, Kitthiphong V, Lwin Nyein S, Win Myint N, Dang Vung N, Hung P, S. Smolinski M, W. Crawley A, Ko Oo M. Data quality and timeliness of outbreak reporting system among countries in Greater Mekong subregion: Challenges for international data sharing. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006425. [PMID: 29694372 PMCID: PMC5937798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-border disease transmission is a key challenge for prevention and control of outbreaks. Variation in surveillance structure and national guidelines used in different countries can affect their data quality and the timeliness of outbreak reports. This study aimed to evaluate timeliness and data quality of national outbreak reporting for four countries in the Mekong Basin Disease Surveillance network (MBDS). Data on disease outbreaks occurring from 2010 to 2015 were obtained from the national disease surveillance reports of Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Data included total cases, geographical information, and dates at different timeline milestones in the outbreak detection process. Nine diseases or syndromes with public health importance were selected for the analysis including: dengue, food poisoning & diarrhea, severe diarrhea, diphtheria, measles, H5N1 influenza, H1N1 influenza, rabies, and pertussis. Overall, 2,087 outbreaks were reported from the four countries. The number of outbreaks and number of cases per outbreak varied across countries and diseases, depending in part on the outbreak definition used in each country. Dates on index onset, report, and response were >95% complete in all countries, while laboratory confirmation dates were 10%-100% incomplete in most countries. Inconsistent and out of range date data were observed in 1%-5% of records. The overall timeliness of outbreak report, response, and public communication was within 1-15 days, depending on countries and diseases. Diarrhea and severe diarrhea outbreaks showed the most rapid time to report and response, whereas diseases such as rabies, pertussis and diphtheria required a longer time to report and respond. The hierarchical structure of the reporting system, data collection method, and country's resources could affect the data quality and timeliness of the national outbreak reporting system. Differences in data quality and timeliness of outbreak reporting system among member countries should be considered when planning data sharing strategies within a regional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranath Lawpoolsri
- The Center for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- The Center for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amnat Khamsiriwatchara
- The Center for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ly Sovann
- Department of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Bun Sreng
- Department of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Soe Lwin Nyein
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Naypyidaw, Myanmar
| | - Nyan Win Myint
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Naypyidaw, Myanmar
| | - Nguyen Dang Vung
- Institute for Preventive Medicine & Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Hung
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mark S. Smolinski
- Ending Pandemics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Adam W. Crawley
- Ending Pandemics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Moe Ko Oo
- Mekong Basin Disease Surveillance Foundation, Nonthaburi, Thailand
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Kirk MD, Pires SM, Black RE, Caipo M, Crump JA, Devleesschauwer B, Döpfer D, Fazil A, Fischer-Walker CL, Hald T, Hall AJ, Keddy KH, Lake RJ, Lanata CF, Torgerson PR, Havelaar AH, Angulo FJ. World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 22 Foodborne Bacterial, Protozoal, and Viral Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis. PLoS Med 2015; 12:e1001921. [PMID: 26633831 PMCID: PMC4668831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foodborne diseases are important worldwide, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. To our knowledge, we present the first global and regional estimates of the disease burden of the most important foodborne bacterial, protozoal, and viral diseases. METHODS AND FINDINGS We synthesized data on the number of foodborne illnesses, sequelae, deaths, and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), for all diseases with sufficient data to support global and regional estimates, by age and region. The data sources included varied by pathogen and included systematic reviews, cohort studies, surveillance studies and other burden of disease assessments. We sought relevant data circa 2010, and included sources from 1990-2012. The number of studies per pathogen ranged from as few as 5 studies for bacterial intoxications through to 494 studies for diarrheal pathogens. To estimate mortality for Mycobacterium bovis infections and morbidity and mortality for invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica infections, we excluded cases attributed to HIV infection. We excluded stillbirths in our estimates. We estimate that the 22 diseases included in our study resulted in two billion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.5-2.9 billion) cases, over one million (95% UI 0.89-1.4 million) deaths, and 78.7 million (95% UI 65.0-97.7 million) DALYs in 2010. To estimate the burden due to contaminated food, we then applied proportions of infections that were estimated to be foodborne from a global expert elicitation. Waterborne transmission of disease was not included. We estimate that 29% (95% UI 23-36%) of cases caused by diseases in our study, or 582 million (95% UI 401-922 million), were transmitted by contaminated food, resulting in 25.2 million (95% UI 17.5-37.0 million) DALYs. Norovirus was the leading cause of foodborne illness causing 125 million (95% UI 70-251 million) cases, while Campylobacter spp. caused 96 million (95% UI 52-177 million) foodborne illnesses. Of all foodborne diseases, diarrheal and invasive infections due to non-typhoidal S. enterica infections resulted in the highest burden, causing 4.07 million (95% UI 2.49-6.27 million) DALYs. Regionally, DALYs per 100,000 population were highest in the African region followed by the South East Asian region. Considerable burden of foodborne disease is borne by children less than five years of age. Major limitations of our study include data gaps, particularly in middle- and high-mortality countries, and uncertainty around the proportion of diseases that were foodborne. CONCLUSIONS Foodborne diseases result in a large disease burden, particularly in children. Although it is known that diarrheal diseases are a major burden in children, we have demonstrated for the first time the importance of contaminated food as a cause. There is a need to focus food safety interventions on preventing foodborne diseases, particularly in low- and middle-income settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn D. Kirk
- The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Robert E. Black
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - John A. Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dörte Döpfer
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Aamir Fazil
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Tine Hald
- Danish Technical University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aron J. Hall
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Karen H. Keddy
- Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robin J. Lake
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Claudio F. Lanata
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
| | | | - Arie H. Havelaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederick J. Angulo
- The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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