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Su YCF, Ma JZJ, Ou TP, Pum L, Krang S, Raftery P, Kinzer MH, Bohl J, Ieng V, Kab V, Patel S, Sar B, Ying WF, Jayakumar J, Horm VS, Boukli N, Yann S, Troupin C, Heang V, Garcia-Rivera JA, Sengdoeurn Y, Heng S, Lay S, Chea S, Darapheak C, Savuth C, Khalakdina A, Ly S, Baril L, Manning JE, Simone-Loriere E, Duong V, Dussart P, Sovann L, Smith GJD, Karlsson EA. Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Cambodia, January 2020 to February 2021. Virus Evol 2022; 9:veac121. [PMID: 36654682 PMCID: PMC9838690 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Cambodia was confirmed on 27 January 2020 in a traveller from Wuhan. Cambodia subsequently implemented strict travel restrictions, and although intermittent cases were reported during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, no apparent widespread community transmission was detected. Investigating the routes of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) introduction into the country was critical for evaluating the implementation of public health interventions and assessing the effectiveness of social control measures. Genomic sequencing technologies have enabled rapid detection and monitoring of emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we detected 478 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Cambodia between 27 January 2020 and 14 February 2021, 81.3 per cent in imported cases. Among them, fifty-four SARS-CoV-2 genomes were sequenced and analysed along with representative global lineages. Despite the low number of confirmed cases, we found a high diversity of Cambodian viruses that belonged to at least seventeen distinct PANGO lineages. Phylogenetic inference of SARS-CoV-2 revealed that the genetic diversity of Cambodian viruses resulted from multiple independent introductions from diverse regions, predominantly, Eastern Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia. Most cases were quickly isolated, limiting community spread, although there was an A.23.1 variant cluster in Phnom Penh in November 2020 that resulted in a small-scale local transmission. The overall low incidence of COVID-19 infections suggests that Cambodia's early containment strategies, including travel restrictions, aggressive testing and strict quarantine measures, were effective in preventing large community outbreaks of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne C F Su
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd 169857, Singapore
| | - Jordan Z J Ma
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd 169857, Singapore
| | - Tey Putita Ou
- Virology Unit, World Health Organization COVID-19 Global Referral Laboratory, Institute Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Preah Monivong Blvd (93), Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
- Ecole Doctorale GAIA, University of Montpelier, 641 Av. du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier 34000, France
| | - Leakhena Pum
- Virology Unit, World Health Organization COVID-19 Global Referral Laboratory, Institute Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Preah Monivong Blvd (93), Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Sidonn Krang
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, 80, 289 Samdach Penn Nouth St. (289), Phnom Penh 120407, Cambodia
| | - Philomena Raftery
- World Health Organization Country Office, 5 - St 205, Phnom Penh 12355, Cambodia
| | - Michael H Kinzer
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 80, 289 Samdach Penn Nouth St. (289), Phnom Penh 120407, Cambodia
| | - Jennifer Bohl
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vanra Ieng
- World Health Organization Country Office, 5 - St 205, Phnom Penh 12355, Cambodia
| | - Vannda Kab
- World Health Organization Country Office, 5 - St 205, Phnom Penh 12355, Cambodia
| | - Sarika Patel
- World Health Organization Country Office, 5 - St 205, Phnom Penh 12355, Cambodia
| | - Borann Sar
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 80, 289 Samdach Penn Nouth St. (289), Phnom Penh 120407, Cambodia
| | - Wong Foong Ying
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd 169857, Singapore
| | - Jayanthi Jayakumar
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd 169857, Singapore
| | - Viseth Srey Horm
- Virology Unit, World Health Organization COVID-19 Global Referral Laboratory, Institute Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Preah Monivong Blvd (93), Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Narjis Boukli
- Virology Unit, World Health Organization COVID-19 Global Referral Laboratory, Institute Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Preah Monivong Blvd (93), Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Sokhoun Yann
- Virology Unit, World Health Organization COVID-19 Global Referral Laboratory, Institute Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Preah Monivong Blvd (93), Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Cecile Troupin
- Virology Unit, World Health Organization COVID-19 Global Referral Laboratory, Institute Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Preah Monivong Blvd (93), Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Vireak Heang
- Sequencing Mini-Platform, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Preah Monivong Blvd (93), Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
- Naval Medical Research Unit TWO, Lot#: 80, 289 Samdach Penn Nout, Phnom Penh 120407, Cambodia
| | - Jose A Garcia-Rivera
- Naval Medical Research Unit TWO, Lot#: 80, 289 Samdach Penn Nout, Phnom Penh 120407, Cambodia
| | - Yi Sengdoeurn
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, 80, 289 Samdach Penn Nouth St. (289), Phnom Penh 120407, Cambodia
| | - Seng Heng
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, 80, 289 Samdach Penn Nouth St. (289), Phnom Penh 120407, Cambodia
| | - Sreyngim Lay
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sophana Chea
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chau Darapheak
- National Institute for Public Health, Lot#: 80, 289 Samdach Penn Nouth St (289), Phnom Penh 120407, Cambodia
| | - Chin Savuth
- National Institute for Public Health, Lot#: 80, 289 Samdach Penn Nouth St (289), Phnom Penh 120407, Cambodia
| | - Asheena Khalakdina
- World Health Organization Country Office, 5 - St 205, Phnom Penh 12355, Cambodia
| | - Sowath Ly
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institute Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Preah Monivong Blvd (93), Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Laurence Baril
- Direction, Institute Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Preah Monivong Blvd (93), Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Jessica E Manning
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, World Health Organization COVID-19 Global Referral Laboratory, Institute Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Preah Monivong Blvd (93), Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, World Health Organization COVID-19 Global Referral Laboratory, Institute Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Preah Monivong Blvd (93), Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Ly Sovann
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, 80, 289 Samdach Penn Nouth St. (289), Phnom Penh 120407, Cambodia
| | - Gavin J D Smith
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd 169857, Singapore
- Centre for Outbreak Preparedness, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, 8 College Rd 169857, Singapore
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Dr, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Virology Unit, World Health Organization COVID-19 Global Referral Laboratory, Institute Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Preah Monivong Blvd (93), Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
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2
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Auerswald H, Eng C, Lay S, In S, Eng S, Vo HTM, Sith C, Cheng S, Delvallez G, Mich V, Meng N, Sovann L, Sidonn K, Vanhomwegen J, Cantaert T, Dussart P, Duong V, Karlsson EA. Rapid Generation of In-House Serological Assays Is Comparable to Commercial Kits Critical for Early Response to Pandemics: A Case With SARS-CoV-2. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:864972. [PMID: 35602487 PMCID: PMC9121123 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.864972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Accurate and sensitive measurement of antibodies is critical to assess the prevalence of infection, especially asymptomatic infection, and to analyze the immune response to vaccination during outbreaks and pandemics. A broad variety of commercial and in-house serological assays are available to cater to different laboratory requirements; however direct comparison is necessary to understand utility. Materials and Methods We investigate the performance of six serological methods against SARS-CoV-2 to determine the antibody profile of 250 serum samples, including 234 RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases, the majority with asymptomatic presentation (87.2%) at 1-51 days post laboratory diagnosis. First, we compare to the performance of two in-house antibody assays: (i) an in-house IgG ELISA, utilizing UV-inactivated virus, and (ii) a live-virus neutralization assay (PRNT) using the same Cambodian isolate as the ELISA. In-house assays are then compared to standardized commercial anti-SARS-CoV-2 electrochemiluminescence immunoassays (Elecsys ECLIAs, Roche Diagnostics; targeting anti-N and anti-S antibodies) along with a flow cytometry based assay (FACS) that measures IgM and IgG against spike (S) protein and a multiplex microsphere-based immunoassay (MIA) determining the antibodies against various spike and nucleoprotein (N) antigens of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, hCoVs 229E, NL63, HKU1). Results Overall, specificity of assays was 100%, except for the anti-S IgM flow cytometry based assay (96.2%), and the in-house IgG ELISA (94.2%). Sensitivity ranged from 97.3% for the anti-S ECLIA down to 76.3% for the anti-S IgG flow cytometry based assay. PRNT and in-house IgG ELISA performed similarly well when compared to the commercial ECLIA: sensitivity of ELISA and PRNT was 94.7 and 91.1%, respectively, compared to S- and N-targeting ECLIA with 97.3 and 96.8%, respectively. The MIA revealed cross-reactivity of antibodies from SARS-CoV-2-infected patients to the nucleocapsid of SARS-CoV-1, and the spike S1 domain of HKU1. Conclusion In-house serological assays, especially ELISA and PRNT, perform similarly to commercial assays, a critical factor in pandemic response. Selection of suitable immunoassays should be made based on available resources and diagnostic needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Auerswald
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chanreaksmey Eng
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokchea Lay
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Saraden In
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokchea Eng
- Medical Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Hoa Thi My Vo
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Charya Sith
- Medical Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokleaph Cheng
- Medical Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Gauthier Delvallez
- Medical Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vann Mich
- Khmer–Soviet Friendship Hospital, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ngy Meng
- Khmer–Soviet Friendship Hospital, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ly Sovann
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kraing Sidonn
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Tineke Cantaert
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Pasteur Network, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Erik A. Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Yek C, Nam VS, Leang R, Parker DM, Heng S, Souv K, Sovannaroth S, Mayxay M, AbuBakar S, Sasmono RT, Tran ND, Le Nguyen HK, Lon C, Boonnak K, Huy R, Sovann L, Manning JE. The Pandemic Experience in Southeast Asia: Interface Between SARS-CoV-2, Malaria, and Dengue. Front Trop Dis 2021; 2:788590. [PMID: 35373190 PMCID: PMC8975143 DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.788590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Southeast Asia (SEA) emerged relatively unscathed from the first year of the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, but as of July 2021 the region is experiencing a surge in case numbers primarily driven by Alpha (B.1.1.7) and subsequently the more transmissible Delta (B.1.617.2) variants. While initial disease burden was mitigated by swift government responses, favorable cultural and societal factors, the more recent rise in cases suggests an under-appreciation of prior prevalence and over-appreciation of possible cross-protective immunity from exposure to endemic viruses, and highlights the effects of vaccine rollout at varying tempos and of variable efficacy. This burgeoning crisis is further complicated by co-existence of malaria and dengue in the region, with implications of serological cross-reactivity on interpretation of SARS-CoV-2 assays and competing resource demands impacting efforts to contain both endemic and pandemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Yek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Vu Sinh Nam
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Daniel M. Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Seng Heng
- Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Institute of Research and Education Development, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- WHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus Reference and Research (Dengue) and Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Nhu Duong Tran
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Chanthap Lon
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kobporn Boonnak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rekol Huy
- Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ly Sovann
- Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jessica E. Manning
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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4
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Um S, Siegers JY, Sar B, Chin S, Patel S, Bunnary S, Hak M, Sor S, Sokhen O, Heng S, Chau D, Sothyra T, Khalakdina A, Mott JA, Olsen SJ, Claes F, Sovann L, Karlsson EA. Human Infection with Avian Influenza A(H9N2) Virus, Cambodia, February 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2742-2745. [PMID: 34546164 PMCID: PMC8462329 DOI: 10.3201/eid2710.211039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In February 2021, routine sentinel surveillance for influenza-like illness in Cambodia detected a human avian influenza A(H9N2) virus infection. Investigations identified no recent H9N2 virus infections in 43 close contacts. One chicken sample from the infected child’s house was positive for H9N2 virus and genetically similar to the human virus.
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5
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Caron Y, Bory S, Pluot M, Nheb M, Chan S, Prum SH, Lim SBH, Sim M, Sengdoeurn Y, Sovann L, Khieu V, Vallée I, Yera H. Human Outbreak of Trichinellosis Caused by Trichinella papuae Nematodes, Central Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:1759-1766. [PMID: 32687022 PMCID: PMC7392432 DOI: 10.3201/eid2608.191497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2017, a severe trichinellosis outbreak occurred in Cambodia after persons consumed raw wild pig meat; 33 persons were infected and 8 died. We collected and analyzed the medical records for 25 patients. Clinical signs and symptoms included myalgia, facial or peripheral edema, asthenia, and fever. We observed increased levels of creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase-, as well as eosinophilia. Histopathologic examination of muscle biopsy specimens showed nonencapsulated Trichinella larvae. A Trichinella excretory/secretory antigen ELISA identified Trichinella IgM and IgG. Biopsy samples were digested and larvae were isolated and counted. PCR for the 5S rDNA intergenic spacer region and a multiplex PCR, followed by sequencing identified the parasite as Trichinella papuae. This species was identified in Papua New Guinea during 1999 and in several outbreaks in humans in Thailand. Thus, we identified T. papuae nematodes in humans in Cambodia.
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6
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Manning JE, Bohl JA, Lay S, Chea S, Sovann L, Sengdoeurn Y, Heng S, Vuthy C, Kalantar K, Ahyong V, Tan M, Sheu J, Tato CM, DeRisi JL, Baril L, Duong V, Dussart P, Karlsson EA. Rapid metagenomic characterization of a case of imported COVID-19 in Cambodia. bioRxiv 2020:2020.03.02.968818. [PMID: 32511296 PMCID: PMC7217139 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.02.968818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid production and publication of pathogen genome sequences during emerging disease outbreaks provide crucial public health information. In resource-limited settings, especially near an outbreak epicenter, conventional deep sequencing or bioinformatics are often challenging. Here we successfully used metagenomic next generation sequencing on an iSeq100 Illumina platform paired with an open-source bioinformatics pipeline to quickly characterize Cambodia's first case of COVID-2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Manning
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jennifer A. Bohl
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sreyngim Lay
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sophana Chea
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ly Sovann
- Cambodian Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Yi Sengdoeurn
- Cambodian Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Seng Heng
- Cambodian Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chan Vuthy
- Cambodian Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Vida Ahyong
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michelle Tan
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Sheu
- Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Redwood City, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Erik A. Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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7
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Lopez AL, Dutta S, Qadri F, Sovann L, Pandey BD, Bin Hamzah WM, Memon I, Iamsirithaworn S, Dang DA, Chowdhury F, Heng S, Kanungo S, Mogasale V, Sultan A, Ylade M. Cholera in selected countries in Asia. Vaccine 2019; 38 Suppl 1:A18-A24. [PMID: 31326255 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the current pandemic of cholera originated in Asia, reports of cholera cases and outbreaks in the region are sparse. To provide a sub-regional assessment of cholera in South and Southeast Asia, we collated published and unpublished data from existing surveillance systems from Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. METHODS Data from existing country surveillance systems on diarrhea, acute watery diarrhea, suspected cholera and/or confirmed cholera in nine selected Asian countries (Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam) from 2011 to 2015 (or 2016, when available) were collated. We reviewed annual cholera reports from WHO and searched PubMed and/or ProMED to complement data, where information is not completely available. RESULTS From 2011 to 2016, confirmed cholera cases were identified in at least one year of the 5- or 6-year period in the countries included. Surveillance for cholera exists in most countries, but cases are not always reported. India reported the most number of confirmed cases with a mean of 5964 cases annually. The mean number of cases per year in the Philippines, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Nepal and Thailand were 760, 592, 285, 264, 148 and 88, respectively. Cambodia and Vietnam reported 51 and 3 confirmed cholera cases in 2011, with no subsequent reported cases. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION We present consolidated results of available surveillance in nine Asian countries and supplemented these with publication searches. There is paucity of readily accessible data on cholera in these countries. We highlight the continuing existence of the disease even in areas with improved sanitation and access to safe drinking water. Continued vigilance and improved surveillance in countries should be strongly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Lopez
- Institute of Child Health and Human Development, University of the Philippines Manila-National Institutes of Health, Philippines.
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, India
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Iqbal Memon
- Sir Syed College of Medical Science, Pakistan
| | - Sopon Iamsirithaworn
- Department of Disease Control, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-U.S. CDC Collaboration, Thailand
| | - Duc Anh Dang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Viet Nam
| | | | | | - Suman Kanungo
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, India
| | | | | | - Michelle Ylade
- Institute of Child Health and Human Development, University of the Philippines Manila-National Institutes of Health, Philippines
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8
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Lawpoolsri S, Kaewkungwal J, Khamsiriwatchara A, Sovann L, Sreng B, Phommasack B, Kitthiphong V, Lwin Nyein S, Win Myint N, Dang Vung N, Hung P, S. Smolinski M, W. Crawley A, Ko Oo M. Data quality and timeliness of outbreak reporting system among countries in Greater Mekong subregion: Challenges for international data sharing. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006425. [PMID: 29694372 PMCID: PMC5937798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-border disease transmission is a key challenge for prevention and control of outbreaks. Variation in surveillance structure and national guidelines used in different countries can affect their data quality and the timeliness of outbreak reports. This study aimed to evaluate timeliness and data quality of national outbreak reporting for four countries in the Mekong Basin Disease Surveillance network (MBDS). Data on disease outbreaks occurring from 2010 to 2015 were obtained from the national disease surveillance reports of Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Data included total cases, geographical information, and dates at different timeline milestones in the outbreak detection process. Nine diseases or syndromes with public health importance were selected for the analysis including: dengue, food poisoning & diarrhea, severe diarrhea, diphtheria, measles, H5N1 influenza, H1N1 influenza, rabies, and pertussis. Overall, 2,087 outbreaks were reported from the four countries. The number of outbreaks and number of cases per outbreak varied across countries and diseases, depending in part on the outbreak definition used in each country. Dates on index onset, report, and response were >95% complete in all countries, while laboratory confirmation dates were 10%-100% incomplete in most countries. Inconsistent and out of range date data were observed in 1%-5% of records. The overall timeliness of outbreak report, response, and public communication was within 1-15 days, depending on countries and diseases. Diarrhea and severe diarrhea outbreaks showed the most rapid time to report and response, whereas diseases such as rabies, pertussis and diphtheria required a longer time to report and respond. The hierarchical structure of the reporting system, data collection method, and country's resources could affect the data quality and timeliness of the national outbreak reporting system. Differences in data quality and timeliness of outbreak reporting system among member countries should be considered when planning data sharing strategies within a regional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranath Lawpoolsri
- The Center for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- The Center for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amnat Khamsiriwatchara
- The Center for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ly Sovann
- Department of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Bun Sreng
- Department of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Soe Lwin Nyein
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Naypyidaw, Myanmar
| | - Nyan Win Myint
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Naypyidaw, Myanmar
| | - Nguyen Dang Vung
- Institute for Preventive Medicine & Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Hung
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mark S. Smolinski
- Ending Pandemics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Adam W. Crawley
- Ending Pandemics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Moe Ko Oo
- Mekong Basin Disease Surveillance Foundation, Nonthaburi, Thailand
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9
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Duong V, Mey C, Eloit M, Zhu H, Danet L, Huang Z, Zou G, Tarantola A, Cheval J, Perot P, Laurent D, Richner B, Ky S, Heng S, Touch S, Sovann L, van Doorn R, Tan Tran T, Farrar JJ, Wentworth DE, Das SR, Stockwell TB, Manuguerra JC, Delpeyroux F, Guan Y, Altmeyer R, Buchy P. Molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 at the origin of an epidemic of fatal hand, foot and mouth disease cases in Cambodia. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e104. [PMID: 27651091 PMCID: PMC5113052 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) causes hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). EV-A71 circulates in many countries and has caused large epidemics, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, since 1997. In April 2012, an undiagnosed fatal disease with neurological involvement and respiratory distress occurred in young children admitted to the Kantha Bopha Children's Hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Most died within a day of hospital admission, causing public panic and international concern. In this study, we describe the enterovirus (EV) genotypes that were isolated during the outbreak in 2012 and the following year. From June 2012 to November 2013, 312 specimens were collected from hospitalized and ambulatory patients and tested by generic EV and specific EV-A71 reverse transcription PCR. EV-A71 was detected in 208 clinical specimens while other EVs were found in 32 patients. The VP1 gene and/or the complete genome were generated. Our phylogenetic sequencing analysis demonstrated that 80 EV-A71 strains belonged to the C4a subgenotype and 3 EV-A71 strains belonged to the B5 genotype. Furthermore, some lineages of EV-A71 were found to have appeared in Cambodia following separate introductions from neighboring countries. Nineteen EV A (CV-A6 and CV-A16), 9 EV B (EV-B83, CV-B3, CV-B2, CV-A9, E-31, E-2 and EV-B80) and 4 EV C (EV-C116, EV-C96, CV-A20 and Vaccine-related PV-3) strains were also detected. We found no molecular markers of disease severity. We report here that EV-A71 genotype C4 was the main etiological agent of a large outbreak of HFMD and particularly of severe forms associated with central nervous system infections. The role played by other EVs in the epidemic could not be clearly established.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Cambodia/epidemiology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Disease Outbreaks
- Enterovirus A, Human/classification
- Enterovirus A, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus A, Human/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus A, Human/pathogenicity
- Epidemics
- Female
- Genome, Viral
- Genotype
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/mortality
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology
- Hospitalization
- Humans
- Infant
- Male
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Veasna Duong
- Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Channa Mey
- Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | | | - Huachen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lucie Danet
- Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Zhong Huang
- Institut Pasteur in Shanghai, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Gang Zou
- Institut Pasteur in Shanghai, Shanghai 200025, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Beat Richner
- Kantha Bopha Hospital, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Santy Ky
- Kantha Bopha Hospital, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Sothy Heng
- Kantha Bopha Hospital, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Sok Touch
- Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Ly Sovann
- Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh P1Q5, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Tan Tran
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh P1Q5, Vietnam
| | - Jeremy J Farrar
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh P1Q5, Vietnam
| | | | - Suman R Das
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Francis Delpeyroux
- Pasteur Institute, Paris 75724, France
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research, INSERM U994, Paris 75000, France
| | - Yi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ralf Altmeyer
- Institut Pasteur in Shanghai, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines R&D, Singapore 189720, Singapore
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10
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Timmermans A, Melendrez MC, Se Y, Chuang I, Samon N, Uthaimongkol N, Klungthong C, Manasatienkij W, Thaisomboonsuk B, Tyner SD, Rith S, Horm VS, Jarman RG, Bethell D, Chanarat N, Pavlin J, Wongstitwilairoong T, Saingam P, El BS, Fukuda MM, Touch S, Sovann L, Fernandez S, Buchy P, Chanthap L, Saunders D. Human Sentinel Surveillance of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viral Pathogens in Border Areas of Western Cambodia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152529. [PMID: 27028323 PMCID: PMC4814059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about circulation of influenza and other respiratory viruses in remote populations along the Thai-Cambodia border in western Cambodia. We screened 586 outpatients (median age 5, range 1–77) presenting with influenza-like-illness (ILI) at 4 sentinel sites in western Cambodia between May 2010 and December 2012. Real-time reverse transcriptase (rRT) PCR for influenza was performed on combined nasal and throat specimens followed by viral culture, antigenic analysis, antiviral susceptibility testing and full genome sequencing for phylogenetic analysis. ILI-specimens negative for influenza were cultured, followed by rRT-PCR for enterovirus and rhinovirus (EV/RV) and EV71. Influenza was found in 168 cases (29%) and occurred almost exclusively in the rainy season from June to November. Isolated influenza strains had close antigenic and phylogenetic relationships, matching vaccine and circulating strains found elsewhere in Cambodia. Influenza vaccination coverage was low (<20%). Western Cambodian H1N1(2009) isolate genomes were more closely related to 10 earlier Cambodia isolates (94.4% genome conservation) than to 13 Thai isolates (75.9% genome conservation), despite sharing the majority of the amino acid changes with the Thai references. Most genes showed signatures of purifying selection. Viral culture detected only adenovirus (5.7%) and parainfluenza virus (3.8%), while non-polio enteroviruses (10.3%) were detected among 164 culture-negative samples including coxsackievirus A4, A6, A8, A9, A12, B3, B4 and echovirus E6 and E9 using nested RT-PCR methods. A single specimen of EV71 was found. Despite proximity to Thailand, influenza epidemiology of these western Cambodian isolates followed patterns observed elsewhere in Cambodia, continuing to support current vaccine and treatment recommendations from the Cambodian National Influenza Center. Amino acid mutations at non-epitope sites, particularly hemagglutinin genes, require further investigation in light of an increasingly important role of permissive mutations in influenza virus evolution. Further research about the burden of adenovirus and non-polio enteroviruses as etiologic agents in acute respiratory infections in Cambodia is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ans Timmermans
- Department of Immunology, US Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Melanie C. Melendrez
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Youry Se
- Department of Immunology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Battambang, Cambodia
| | - Ilin Chuang
- Department of Immunology, US Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nou Samon
- Department of Immunology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Battambang, Cambodia
| | - Nichapat Uthaimongkol
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chonticha Klungthong
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wudtichai Manasatienkij
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Butsaya Thaisomboonsuk
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stuart D. Tyner
- Department of Immunology, US Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sareth Rith
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Viseth Srey Horm
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Richard G. Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Delia Bethell
- Department of Immunology, US Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitima Chanarat
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Julie Pavlin
- Deputy Director, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Piyaporn Saingam
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - But Sam El
- Department of Immunology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Battambang, Cambodia
| | - Mark M. Fukuda
- Department of Immunology, US Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sok Touch
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ly Sovann
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Stefan Fernandez
- Department of Immunology, US Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Lon Chanthap
- Department of Immunology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - David Saunders
- Department of Immunology, US Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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11
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Millman AJ, Havers F, Iuliano AD, Davis CT, Sar B, Sovann L, Chin S, Corwin AL, Vongphrachanh P, Douangngeun B, Lindblade KA, Chittaganpitch M, Kaewthong V, Kile JC, Nguyen HT, Pham DV, Donis RO, Widdowson MA. Detecting Spread of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Beyond China. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:741-9. [PMID: 25897654 PMCID: PMC4412232 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.141756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This virus is unlikely to have spread substantially among humans in Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos. During February 2013–March 2015, a total of 602 human cases of low pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) were reported; no autochthonous cases were reported outside mainland China. In contrast, since highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) reemerged during 2003 in China, 784 human cases in 16 countries and poultry outbreaks in 53 countries have been reported. Whether the absence of reported A(H7N9) outside mainland China represents lack of spread or lack of detection remains unclear. We compared epidemiologic and virologic features of A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) and used human and animal influenza surveillance data collected during April 2013–May 2014 from 4 Southeast Asia countries to assess the likelihood that A(H7N9) would have gone undetected during 2014. Surveillance in Vietnam and Cambodia detected human A(H5N1) cases; no A(H7N9) cases were detected in humans or poultry in Southeast Asia. Although we cannot rule out the possible spread of A(H7N9), substantial spread causing severe disease in humans is unlikely.
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12
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Chuang I, Timmermans A, Melendrez M, Se Y, Nou S, Uthaimongkol N, Tyner S, Rith S, Jarman R, Bethell D, Chanarat N, Pavlin J, Wongstitwilairoong T, Saingam P, Buth SE, Touch S, Heng S, Sovann L, Lon C, Fernandez S, Buchy P, Saunders D. 1482Sentinel Surveillance of Respiratory Viral Pathogens in Border Areas of Western Cambodia. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014. [PMCID: PMC5782267 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu052.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilin Chuang
- Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ans Timmermans
- Enterics, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Youry Se
- Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Samon Nou
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Battambang, Cambodia
| | - Nichapat Uthaimongkol
- Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stuart Tyner
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX
| | - Sareth Rith
- Institute of Pasteur, Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rick Jarman
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Delia Bethell
- Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitima Chanarat
- Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Julie Pavlin
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring,, MD
| | - Tippa Wongstitwilairoong
- Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyaporn Saingam
- Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sam El Buth
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sok Touch
- Cambodia Communicable Disease Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Seng Heng
- Cambodia Communicable Disease Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ly Sovann
- Cambodia Communicable Disease Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chanthap Lon
- Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Stefan Fernandez
- Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - David Saunders
- Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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Gupta V, Dawood FS, Muangchana C, Lan PT, Xeuatvongsa A, Sovann L, Olveda R, Cutter J, Oo KY, Ratih TSD, Kheong CC, Kapella BK, Kitsutani P, Corwin A, Olsen SJ. Influenza vaccination guidelines and vaccine sales in southeast Asia: 2008-2011. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52842. [PMID: 23285200 PMCID: PMC3528727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Southeast Asia is a region with great potential for the emergence of a pandemic influenza virus. Global efforts to improve influenza surveillance in this region have documented the burden and seasonality of influenza viruses and have informed influenza prevention strategies, but little information exists about influenza vaccination guidelines and vaccine sales. METHODS To ascertain the existence of influenza vaccine guidelines and define the scope of vaccine sales, we sent a standard three-page questionnaire to the ten member nations of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. We also surveyed three multinational manufacturers who supply influenza vaccines in the region. RESULTS Vaccine sales in the private sector were <1000 per 100,000 population in the 10 countries. Five countries reported purchasing vaccine for use in the public sector. In 2011, Thailand had the highest combined reported rate of vaccine sales (10,333 per 100,000). In the 10 countries combined, the rate of private sector sales during 2010-2011 (after the A(H1N1)2009pdm pandemic) exceeded 2008 pre-pandemic levels. Five countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam) had guidelines for influenza vaccination but only two were consistent with global guidelines. Four recommended vaccination for health care workers, four for elderly persons, three for young children, three for persons with underlying disease, and two for pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS The rate of vaccine sales in Southeast Asia remains low, but there was a positive impact in sales after the A(H1N1)2009pdm pandemic. Low adherence to global vaccine guidelines suggests that more work is needed in the policy arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Gupta
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health – U.S. CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Fatimah S. Dawood
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Charung Muangchana
- National Vaccine Committee Office, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Phan Trong Lan
- General Department of Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Socialist Republic of Vietnam
| | - Anonh Xeuatvongsa
- Expanded Program on Immunizations, Ministry of Public Health, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Ly Sovann
- CDC Department, Ministry of Public Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Remigio Olveda
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Jeffery Cutter
- Communicable Diseases Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore
| | - Khin Yi Oo
- National Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Nay Pyi Taw, The Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | | | - Chong Chee Kheong
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bryan K. Kapella
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul Kitsutani
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrew Corwin
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sonja J. Olsen
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health – U.S. CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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14
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15
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Kasper MR, Putnam SD, Sovann L, Yasuda CY, Blair PJ, Wierzba TF. Short report: Rapid-test based identification of influenza as an etiology of acute febrile illness in Cambodia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 85:1144-5. [PMID: 22144460 PMCID: PMC3225168 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza can be manifested as an acute febrile illness, with symptoms similar to many pathogens endemic to Cambodia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Quickvue influenza A+B rapid test to identify the etiology of acute febrile illness in Cambodia. During December 2006–May 2008, patients enrolled in a study to identify the etiology of acute febrile illnesses were tested for influenza by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and Quickvue influenza A+B rapid test. The prevalence of influenza was 19.7% by RT-PCR. Compared with RT-PCR, the sensitivity and specificity of the rapid test were 52.1% and 92.5%, respectively. The influenza rapid test identified the etiology in 10.2% of enrollees and ≥ 35% during peak times of influenza activity. This study suggests that rapid influenza tests may be useful during peak times of influenza activity in an area where several different etiologies can present as an acute febrile illness.
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16
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Yasuda C, Sovann L, Kasper M, Williams M, Wierzba TF. Epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentation and diagnosis at point-of-care during the first wave of the H1N1 influenza pandemic in Cambodia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2012; 43:68-77. [PMID: 23082556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We conducted clinic-based surveillance for influenza virus among cases with acute febrile illness at 9 medical clinics in south-central Cambodia during 2006-2009. Patients greater than or equal to 24 months old presenting with acute fever (> 38 degrees C) were enrolled. In late July 2009, the study identified its first case of pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza virus infection. The prevalence of pH1N1 infections increased rapidly during August and September and by October, pH1N1 infections had peaked replacing H3N2 as the dominant subtype. The incidence of pH1N1 subsequently decreased, with only one case identified in late December. From late July through December 2009, 42.4% of all influenza cases were caused by pH1N1. Except for headache, less frequently reported among pH1N1-infected patients, patients infected with the pH1N1 reported symptoms (eg, cough, diarrhea, vomiting and nausea) similar to seasonal H3N2 and B virus infections. Among children 6 to 12 years old, there was a higher number of hospitalizations campared to other age groups. Identification of influenza virus types A and B using the QuickVue rapid diagnostic test was found to be equally sensitive for pH1N1 (50.4%), H3N2 (51.7%) and influenza B (53.9%) viruses, although the sensitivity was low among all subtypes. The pH1N1 virus rapidly became the dominant virus subtype in 2009 in Cambodia, but no symptoms consistently distinguished the pandemic strain from other influenza virus subtypes. The QuickVue test was as sensitive for detecting pH1N1 viral as well as other circulating seasonal influenza viruses.
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17
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Hills SL, Van Cuong N, Touch S, Mai HH, Soeung SC, Lien TTH, Samnang C, Sovann L, Van Diu P, Lac LD, Heng S, Huong VM, Grundy JJ, Huch C, Lewthwaite P, Solomon T, Jacobson JA. Disability from Japanese encephalitis in Cambodia and Viet Nam. J Trop Pediatr 2011; 57:241-4. [PMID: 20068031 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmp133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A cohort of Japanese encephalitis (JE) survivors in Cambodia and Viet Nam were assessed at least 4 months after hospital discharge in order to understand the extent of disability after JE. We used a simple assessment tool which focuses on the impact on daily life. In total, 64 disability assessments were conducted: 38 in Cambodia and 26 in Viet Nam. In Cambodia, 4 (11%) children had severe sequelae, suggesting the children would likely be dependent, 15 (39%) had moderate sequelae and 17 (45%) had mild sequelae. In Viet Nam, two (8%) persons had severe sequelae, five (19%) had moderate sequelae and eight (31%) had mild sequelae. In many JE-endemic areas there are no multi-disciplinary teams with sophisticated equipment to assess patients after JE disease. This assessment tool can assist with patient management and generate data to support the need for programmes to prevent disease and improve outcomes for survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Hills
- Japanese encephalitis project, PATH, Seattle, WA, 98107, USA.
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18
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Kasper MR, Wierzba TF, Sovann L, Blair PJ, Putnam SD. Evaluation of an influenza-like illness case definition in the diagnosis of influenza among patients with acute febrile illness in Cambodia. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:320. [PMID: 21054897 PMCID: PMC2988054 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza-like illness (ILI) is often defined as fever (>38.0°C) with cough or sore throat. In this study, we tested the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of this case definition in a Cambodia patient population. Methods Passive clinic-based surveillance was established at nine healthcare centers to identify the causes of acute undifferentiated fever in patients aged two years and older seeking treatment. Fever was defined as tympanic membrane temperature >38°C lasting more than 24 hours and less than 10 days. Influenza virus infections were identified by polymerase chain reaction. Results From July 2008 to December 2008, 2,639 patients were enrolled. From 884 (33%) patients positive for influenza, 652 presented with ILI and 232 acute fever patients presented without ILI. Analysis by age group identified no significant differences between influenza positive patients from the two groups. Positive predictive values (PPVs) varied during the course of the influenza season and among age groups. Conclusion The ILI case definition can be used to identify a significant percentage of patients with influenza infection during the influenza season in Cambodia, assisting healthcare providers in its diagnosis and treatment. However, testing samples based on the criteria of fever alone increased our case detection by 34%.
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19
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Touch S, Suraratdecha C, Samnang C, Heng S, Gazley L, Huch C, Sovann L, Chhay CS, Soeung SC. A cost-effectiveness analysis of Japanese encephalitis vaccine in Cambodia. Vaccine 2010; 28:4593-9. [PMID: 20470803 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the cost and effectiveness of introducing a live, attenuated vaccine (SA 14-14-2) against Japanese encephalitis (JE) into the immunization program. The study demonstrated that SA 14-14-2 immunization is cost-effective in controlling JE in Cambodia compared to no vaccination. Averting one disability-adjusted life year, from a societal perspective, through the introduction of SA 14-14-2 through routine immunization, or a combination of routine immunization plus a campaign targeting children 1-5 or 1-10 years of age, costs US$22, US$34 and US$53, respectively. Sensitivity analyses confirmed that there was a high probability of SA 14-14-2 immunization being cost-effective under conditions of uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Touch
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, Cambodia.
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Sreng B, Touch S, Sovann L, Heng S, Rathmony H, Huch C, Chea N, Kosal S, Siriarayaporn P, Pathanapornpandh N, Rehmet S, Cavailler P, Vong S, Bushy P. A description of influenza-like illness (ILI) sentinel surveillance in Cambodia, 2006-2008. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2010; 41:97-104. [PMID: 20578488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) sentinel surveillance was initiated by the Communicable Disease Control Department (CDC), Ministry of Health, Cambodia and its partners to evaluate the epidemiology of influenza and identify the circulating strains. The surveillance started in late 2006 in four sentinel sites. The objectives of this study were 1) to document the incidence of LI and confirmed influenza cases reported in the national surveillance system from 2006 to 2008, just after the system and the definition were revised, 2) to identify the strains of influenza virus, 3) to compare the major demographic and clinical characteristics between ILI patients having positive and negative tests for influenza virus. An ILI case was defined as having a fever of at least 38 degrees C (axillary), cough or sore throat. A total of 155,866 ILI cases were reported to the CDC from 4 sentinel sites in Cambodia from August 2006 to December 2008. Specimens were collected in 1.8%. Of these, 9.6% tested positive for influenza. Influenza was observed to occur mainly from August to December, with a clear seasonal peak in October, as shown in the data from 2008. A new case definition beginning in August 2008 resulted in a decrease in weekly RI reported cases (from an average of 1,474 cases to 54 cases) and the proportion of positive tests for influenza increased (5.3% vs 29.3%). Influenza and ILI are seasonal in Cambodia. A higher body temperature was used to define ILI, which improved the influenza positivity rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sreng
- International Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi Thailand
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Touch S, Hills S, Sokhal B, Samnang C, Sovann L, Khieu V, Soeung SC, Toda K, Robinson J, Grundy J. Epidemiology and burden of disease from Japanese encephalitis in Cambodia: results from two years of sentinel surveillance. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14:1365-73. [PMID: 19747185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the results from two years of Japanese encephalitis (JE) sentinel surveillance in Cambodia. METHODS Sentinel site surveillance for JE in children aged 15 years and under was implemented in Cambodia in mid-2006. It was integrated into the routine meningoencephalitis surveillance system. Six hospitals were selected as sentinel sites. Epidemiological information and diagnostic specimens were collected from each patient presenting with meningoencephalitis. Cerebrospinal fluid and sera were tested for presence of immunoglobulin M antibodies against JE and dengue viruses by an ELISA. Surveillance data from 2006 to 2008 were analysed. RESULTS Of 586 patients presenting with meningoencephalitis, 110 (19%) were confirmed to have JE. The percentage of confirmed JE cases at individual sentinel sites ranged from 13% to 35% of all meningoencephalitis cases. Mean age was 6.2 years, with 95% of JE cases in children aged 12 years and under. Cases occurred year-round in both 12-month reporting periods. CONCLUSIONS JE is an important cause of meningoencephalitis in Cambodian children. As JE is a vaccine-preventable disease, an immunization programme could result in a considerable reduction in morbidity and mortality from JE among children in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Touch
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Buchy P, Mardy S, Vong S, Toyoda T, Aubin JT, Miller M, Touch S, Sovann L, Dufourcq JB, Richner B, Tu PV, Tien NTK, Lim W, Peiris JSM, Van der Werf S. Influenza A/H5N1 virus infection in humans in Cambodia. J Clin Virol 2007; 39:164-8. [PMID: 17526430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Between January 2005 and April 2006, six patients of influenza A/H5N1 virus infection were reported in Cambodia, all with fatal outcome. OBJECTIVES We describe the virological findings of these six H5N1 patients in association with clinical and epidemiologic findings. STUDY DESIGN Broncho-alveolar lavage, nasopharyngeal, throat and rectal swabs and sera were cultured for virus isolation and viral load quantified in clinical specimens by real-time RT-PCR. We compared sequences obtained from different body sites within the same patient to detect viral quasi-species. RESULTS H5N1 virus strains isolated in Cambodia belong to genotype Z, clade 1 viruses. H5N1 viruses were isolated from serum and rectal swab specimens in two patients. The haemagglutinin gene sequences of the virus in different body sites did not differ. Amino acid substitutions known to be associated with a change in virus binding were not observed. CONCLUSION The high frequency of virus isolation from serum and faecal swabs highlights that H5N1 is likely to be a disseminated infection in humans and this has implications for antiviral treatment, biosafety in clinical laboratories and on risks for nosocomial and human-to-human transmission. There were no tissue-specific adaptive mutations in the HA gene from viruses isolated from different organs.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Blood/virology
- Cambodia/epidemiology
- Cell Line
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Feces/virology
- Female
- Genotype
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/diagnosis
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/physiopathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Respiratory System/virology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Virus Cultivation
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Buchy
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, 5 Monivong blvd, P.O. Box 983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja J. Olsen
- International Emerging Infections Program, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Ly Sovann
- Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Timothy M. Uyeki
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott F. Dowell
- International Emerging Infections Program, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Kanal K, Chou TL, Sovann L, Morikawa Y, Mukoyama Y, Kakimoto K. Evaluation of the proficiency of trained non-laboratory health staffs and laboratory technicians using a rapid and simple HIV antibody test. AIDS Res Ther 2005; 2:5. [PMID: 15907202 PMCID: PMC1156864 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In Cambodia, nearly half of pregnant women attend antenatal care (ANC), which is an entry point of services for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). However, most of ANC services are provided in health centres or fields, where laboratory services by technicians are not available. In this study, those voluntary confidential counselling and testing (VCCT) counsellors involved in PMTCT were trained by experienced laboratory technicians in our centre on HIV testing using Determine (Abbot Laboratories) HIV1/2 test kits through a half-day training course, which consisted of use of a pipette, how to process whole blood samples, and how to read test result. The trained counsellors were midwives working for ANC and delivery ward in our centre without any experience on laboratory works. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of the training by evaluating the proficiency of the trained non-laboratory staffs. The trained counsellors withdrew blood sample after pre-test counselling following ANC, and performed the rapid test. Laboratory technicians routinely did the same test and returned reports of the test results to counsellors. Reports by the counsellors and the laboratory technicians were compared, and discordant reports in two groups were re-tested with the same rapid test kit using the same blood sample. Cause of discordance was detected in discussion with both groups. Of 563 blood samples tested by six trained VCCT counsellors and three laboratory technicians, 11 samples (2.0%) were reported positive in each group, however four discordant reports (0.7%) between the groups were observed, in which two positive reports and two negative reports by the counsellors were negative and positive by the laboratory technicians, respectively. Further investigation confirmed that all the reports by the counsellors were correct, and that human error in writing reports in the laboratory was a cause of these discordant reports. These findings lead us the conclusion that the half-day training using the rapid and simple test was feasible for non-laboratory staffs to attain enough proficiency to implement VCCT services for PMTCT in resource-limited settings, and that human error was more likely to occur in laboratory before giving reports to counsellors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koum Kanal
- National Maternal and Child Health Center, French street, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Thai Leang Chou
- National Maternal and Child Health Center, French street, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ly Sovann
- National Maternal and Child Health Center, French street, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Yasuo Morikawa
- Japan International Cooperation Agency Maternal and Child Health Project in Cambodia, P.O. Box 613 Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Yumi Mukoyama
- Japan International Cooperation Agency Maternal and Child Health Project in Cambodia, P.O. Box 613 Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kazuhiro Kakimoto
- Japan International Cooperation Agency Maternal and Child Health Project in Cambodia, P.O. Box 613 Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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