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Souty C, Amoros P, Falchi A, Capai L, Bonmarin I, van der Werf S, Masse S, Turbelin C, Rossignol L, Vilcu A, Lévy‐Bruhl D, Lina B, Minodier L, Dorléans Y, Guerrisi C, Hanslik T, Blanchon T. Influenza epidemics observed in primary care from 1984 to 2017 in France: A decrease in epidemic size over time. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:148-157. [PMID: 30428158 PMCID: PMC6379635 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological analysis of past influenza epidemics remains essential to understand the evolution of the disease and optimize control and prevention strategies. Here, we aimed to use data collected by a primary care surveillance system over the last three decades to study trends in influenza epidemics and describe epidemic profiles according to circulating influenza viruses. METHODS Influenza-like illness (ILI) weekly incidences were estimated using cases reported by general practitioners participating in the French Sentinelles network, between 1984 and 2017. Influenza epidemics were detected by applying a periodic regression to this time series. Epidemic (co-)dominant influenza virus (sub)types were determined using French virology data. RESULTS During the study period, 297 607 ILI cases were reported allowing the detection of 33 influenza epidemics. On average, seasonal epidemics lasted 9 weeks and affected 4.1% of the population (95% CI 3.5; 4.7). Mean age of cases was 29 years. Epidemic size decreased over time by -66 cases per 100 000 population per season on average (95% CI -132; -0.2, P value = 0.049) and epidemic height decreased by -15 cases per 100 000 (95% CI -28; -2, P value = 0.022). Epidemic duration appeared stable over time. Epidemics were mostly dominated by A(H3N2) (n = 17, 52%), associated with larger epidemic size, higher epidemic peak and older age of cases. CONCLUSIONS The declining trend in influenza epidemic size and height over the last 33 years might be related to several factors like increased vaccine coverage, hygiene improvements or changing in influenza viruses. However, further researches are needed to assess the impact of potential contributing factors to adapt influenza plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Souty
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMInstitut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP)ParisFrance
| | - Philippe Amoros
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMInstitut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP)ParisFrance
| | - Alessandra Falchi
- EA7310, Laboratoire de VirologieUniversité de Corse‐InsermCorteFrance
| | - Lisandru Capai
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMInstitut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP)ParisFrance
- EA7310, Laboratoire de VirologieUniversité de Corse‐InsermCorteFrance
| | - Isabelle Bonmarin
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSanté publique FranceSaint‐MauriceFrance
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Institut PasteurUnité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARNParisFrance
- Institut PasteurCentre Coordonnateur du Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe)ParisFrance
- UMR CNRS 3569ParisFrance
- Université Paris DiderotSorbonne Paris CitéUnité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARNParisFrance
| | - Shirley Masse
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMInstitut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP)ParisFrance
- EA7310, Laboratoire de VirologieUniversité de Corse‐InsermCorteFrance
| | - Clément Turbelin
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMInstitut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP)ParisFrance
| | - Louise Rossignol
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMInstitut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP)ParisFrance
| | - Ana‐Maria Vilcu
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMInstitut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP)ParisFrance
| | - Daniel Lévy‐Bruhl
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSanté publique FranceSaint‐MauriceFrance
| | - Bruno Lina
- Laboratoire de VirologieHospices Civils de LyonInstitut des Agents Infectieux (IAI)Centre National de Référence des virus respiratoires (dont la grippe)Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie NordGroupement Hospitalier NordLyonFrance
- Université de LyonVirpath, CIRI, INSERM U1111CNRS UMR5308ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Laëtitia Minodier
- EA7310, Laboratoire de VirologieUniversité de Corse‐InsermCorteFrance
| | - Yves Dorléans
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMInstitut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP)ParisFrance
| | - Caroline Guerrisi
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMInstitut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP)ParisFrance
| | - Thomas Hanslik
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMInstitut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP)ParisFrance
- Université de Versailles Saint‐Quentin‐en‐YvelinesUVSQUFR de MédecineVersaillesFrance
- Service de Médecine InterneHôpital Ambroise ParéAssistance Publique – Hôpitaux de ParisAPHPBoulogne BillancourtFrance
| | - Thierry Blanchon
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMInstitut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP)ParisFrance
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An der Heiden M, Buchholz U. Estimation of influenza-attributable medically attended acute respiratory illness by influenza type/subtype and age, Germany, 2001/02-2014/15. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 11:110-121. [PMID: 27754611 PMCID: PMC5304576 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The total burden of influenza in primary care is difficult to assess. The case definition of medically attended “acute respiratory infection” (MAARI) in the German physician sentinel is sensitive; however, it requires modelling techniques to derive estimates of disease attributable to influenza. We aimed to examine the impact of type/subtype and age. Methods Data on MAARI and virological results of respiratory samples (virological sentinel) were available from 2001/02 until 2014/15. We constructed a generalized additive regression model for the periodic baseline and the secular trend. The weekly number of influenza‐positive samples represented influenza activity. In a second step, we distributed the estimated influenza‐attributable MAARI (iMAARI) according to the distribution of types/subtypes in the virological sentinel. Results Season‐specific iMAARI ranged from 0.7% to 8.9% of the population. Seasons with the strongest impact were dominated by A(H3), and iMAARI attack rate of the pandemic 2009 (A(H1)pdm09) was 4.9%. Regularly the two child age groups (0‐4 and 5‐14 years old) had the highest iMAARI attack rates reaching frequently levels up to 15%‐20%. Influenza B affected the age group of 5‐ to 14‐year‐old children substantially more than any other age group. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated both comparability and stability of the model. Conclusion We constructed a model that is well suited to estimate the substantial impact of influenza on the primary care sector. A(H3) causes overall the greatest number of iMAARI, and influenza B has the greatest impact on school‐age children. The model may incorporate time series of other pathogens as they become available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Udo Buchholz
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Mosnier A, Caini S, Daviaud I, Bensoussan JL, Stoll-Keller F, Bui TT, Lina B, Van der Werf S, Cohen JM. Ten influenza seasons in France: distribution and timing of influenza A and B circulation, 2003-2013. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:357. [PMID: 26289794 PMCID: PMC4545988 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Describing the circulation of influenza viruses and the characteristics of seasonal epidemics remains an essential tool to optimize the strategies of influenza prevention and control. Special attention has been recently paid to influenza B in the context of the availability of a quadrivalent vaccine, containing two influenza B strains. METHODS We used data from a practitioners-based influenza surveillance network to describe the circulation of influenza viruses in France from 2003-2004 to 2012-2013. Nasopharyngeal swabs taken from acute respiratory infection (ARI) patients between October and April were tested for influenza. We reported the number of influenza cases by virus type (A, B), subtype (A(H1), A(H3)) and B lineage (Yamagata, Victoria) in each season and determined the frequency of influenza B vaccine mismatch. We estimated weekly incidence of influenza by extrapolating reported influenza cases to the French population. We compared the temporal characteristics of the epidemics caused by influenza A(H1), A(H3) and B. RESULTS Overall, 49,919 ARI patients were tested, of which 16,287 (32.6 %) were positive for influenza. Type B virus caused 23.7 % of all influenza cases. Virus subtypes A(H1) and A(H3) caused 51.6 % and 48.4 % of influenza A cases, respectively. Viruses of the B-Yamagata and B-Victoria lineage caused 62.8 % and 37.2 % of influenza B cases, respectively. There was an influenza B vaccine mismatch in three of the five seasons where influenza B caused 10 % or more of all influenza cases. Influenza A(H3) had the highest average value of estimated weekly incidence during the study period. Influenza B peaked an average 3.8 weeks later than influenza A when both virus types were circulating. No differences in the duration of influenza A and B epidemics were observed. CONCLUSIONS Influenza A(H3) was the most prevalent influenza type during the study period. Influenza B caused around one fourth of all influenza cases and tended to circulate later than influenza A. The frequency of influenza B vaccine mismatches was substantial. Timely data on the circulation of influenza viruses collected within influenza surveillance systems are essential to optimize influenza prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mosnier
- Open Rome (Organize and Promote Epidemiological Network), 67 rue du Poteau, 75018, Paris, France.
- Réseau des GROG, 67 rue du Poteau, 75018, Paris, France.
| | - Saverio Caini
- Open Rome (Organize and Promote Epidemiological Network), 67 rue du Poteau, 75018, Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Daviaud
- Open Rome (Organize and Promote Epidemiological Network), 67 rue du Poteau, 75018, Paris, France.
- Réseau des GROG, 67 rue du Poteau, 75018, Paris, France.
| | | | | | - Tan Tai Bui
- Open Rome (Organize and Promote Epidemiological Network), 67 rue du Poteau, 75018, Paris, France.
| | - Bruno Lina
- CNR des virus influenzae, CBPE, HCL & Virpath, UCBL, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
| | - Sylvie Van der Werf
- CNR des virus influenzae, GMVR Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3569, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Jean Marie Cohen
- Open Rome (Organize and Promote Epidemiological Network), 67 rue du Poteau, 75018, Paris, France.
- Réseau des GROG, 67 rue du Poteau, 75018, Paris, France.
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Adlhoch C, Broberg E, Beauté J, Snacken R, Bancroft E, Zucs P, Penttinen P. Influenza season 2013/14 has started in Europe with influenza A(H1)pdm09 virus being the most prevalent subtype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 24507465 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.4.20686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The 2013/14 influenza season has started in Europe. Four countries have reported medium intensity influenza activity, with children under 15 years being the most affected age group. A growing number of countries see increasing rates of influenza-like illness or acute respiratory infection and increasing proportions of specimens positive for influenza A(H1)pdm09 virus. In previous seasons, this subtype was associated with higher reported numbers of severe and fatal cases. Clinicians should offer influenza vaccination to unvaccinated persons belonging to risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Adlhoch
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
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Zou J, Yang H, Cui H, Shu Y, Xu P, Xu C, Chen T. Geographic divisions and modeling of virological data on seasonal influenza in the Chinese mainland during the 2006-2009 monitoring years. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58434. [PMID: 23526984 PMCID: PMC3602224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal influenza epidemics occur annually with bimodality in southern China and unimodality in northern China. Regional differences exist in surveillance data collected by the National Influenza Surveillance Network of the Chinese mainland. Qualitative and quantitative analyses on the spatiotemporal rules of the influenza virus's activities are needed to lay the foundation for the surveillance, prevention and control of seasonal influenza. METHODS The peak performance analysis and Fourier harmonic extraction methods were used to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics of the seasonal influenza virus activity and to obtain geographic divisions. In the first method, the concept of quality control was introduced and robust estimators were chosen to make the results more convincing. The dominant Fourier harmonics of the provincial time series were extracted in the second method, and the VARiable CLUSter (VARCLUS) procedure was used to variably cluster the extracted results. On the basis of the above geographic division results, three typical districts were selected and corresponding sinusoidal models were applied to fit the time series of the virological data. RESULTS The predominant virus during every peak is visible from the bar charts of the virological data. The results of the two methods that were used to obtain the geographic divisions have some consistencies with each other and with the virus activity mechanism. Quantitative models were established for three typical districts: the south1 district, including Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi and Fujian; the south2 district, including Hunan, Hubei, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang; and the north district, including the 14 northern provinces except Qinghai. The sinusoidal fitting models showed that the south1 district had strong annual periodicity with strong winter peaks and weak summer peaks. The south2 district had strong semi-annual periodicity with similarly strong summer and winter peaks, and the north district had strong annual periodicity with only winter peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Zou
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science jointly sponsored by Beijing Normal University and the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of CAS, School of Geography and Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hengjian Cui
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science jointly sponsored by Beijing Normal University and the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of CAS, School of Geography and Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiling Xu
- National Institute for Viral Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Chen
- National Institute for Viral Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Paul Glezen W, Schmier JK, Kuehn CM, Ryan KJ, Oxford J. The burden of influenza B: a structured literature review. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:e43-51. [PMID: 23327249 PMCID: PMC3673513 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.301137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, disease severity, and economic burden of influenza B as reported in the peer-reviewed published literature. We used MEDLINE to perform a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed, English-language literature published between 1995 and 2010. Widely variable frequency data were reported. Clinical presentation of influenza B was similar to that of influenza A, although we observed conflicting reports. Influenza B-specific data on hospitalization rates, length of stay, and economic outcomes were limited but demonstrated that the burden of influenza B can be significant. The medical literature demonstrates that influenza B can pose a significant burden to the global population. The comprehensiveness and quality of reporting on influenza B, however, could be substantially improved. Few articles described complications. Additional data regarding the incidence, clinical burden, and economic impact of influenza B would augment our understanding of the disease and assist in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Paul Glezen
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Legrand L, Vabret A, Dina J, Petitjean-Lecherbonnier J, Stéphanie G, Cuvillon D, Tripey V, Brouard J, Freymuth F. Epidemiological and phylogenic study of human metapneumovirus infections during three consecutive outbreaks in Normandy, France. J Med Virol 2011; 83:517-24. [PMID: 21264874 PMCID: PMC7166733 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is responsible for respiratory tract disease, particularly in the young and elderly population. An epidemiological and phylogenic study was performed on children admitted to hospital with an acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRI). Data were obtained and analyzed over three consecutive winters, from 2002–2003 to 2004–2005. Each year during the winter period, from November to March, 2,415 nasal swabs were tested by a direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) for influenza viruses A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, and adenoviruses. Rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, and coronaviruses OC43 and 229E were detected by RT‐PCR. A RT‐PCR designed for the M gene was performed on negative samples for hMPV detection and phylogenic analyses. For the three consecutive winters, hMPV represented 10%, 22.6%, and 8.8% of virus‐negative samples, respectively. In most cases, clinical symptoms indicated a LRI with a final diagnosis of bronchiolitis. During the winter of 2003–2004, all viral clusters (A1, A2, B1, and B2) that circulated in France shifted progressively from the A group to the B group. This study determined the prevalence of hMPV in Normandy, its clinical impact and permitted the analysis of the molecular evolution during the successive outbreaks. J. Med. Virol. 83:517–524, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Legrand
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, Caen, France.
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Dudareva S, Schweiger B, Thamm M, Höhle M, Stark K, Krause G, Buda S, Haas W. Prevalence of antibodies to 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus in German adult population in pre- and post-pandemic period. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21340. [PMID: 21701598 PMCID: PMC3119048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to detect levels of pre-existing cross-reactive antibodies in different age groups and to measure age-specific infection rates of the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic in Germany, we conducted a seroprevalence study based on samples from an ongoing nationwide representative health survey. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analysed 845 pre-pandemic samples collected between 25 Nov 2008 and 28 Apr 2009 and 757 post-pandemic samples collected between 12 Jan 2010 and 24 Apr 2010. Reactive antibodies against 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus (pH1N1) were detected using a haemagglutination inhibition test (antigen A/California/7/2009). Proportions of samples with antibodies at titre ≥ 40 and geometric mean of the titres (GMT) were calculated and compared among 6 age groups (18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, ≥ 70 years). The highest proportions of cross-reactive antibodies at titre ≥ 40 before the pandemic were observed among 18-29 year olds, 12.5% (95% CI 7.3-19.5%). The highest increase in seroprevalence between pre- and post-pandemic was also observed among 18-29 year olds, 29.9% (95% CI 16.7-43.2%). Effects of sampling period (pre- and post-pandemic), age, sex, and prior influenza immunization on titre were investigated with Tobit regression analysis using three birth cohorts (after 1976, between 1957 and 1976, and before 1957). The GMT increased between the pre- and post-pandemic period by a factor of 10.2 (95% CI 5.0-20.7) in the birth cohort born after 1976, 6.3 (95% CI 3.3-11.9) in those born between 1957 and 1976 and 2.4 (95% CI 1.3-4.3) in those born before 1957. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrate that infection rates differed among age groups and that the measured pre-pandemic level of cross-reactive antibodies towards pH1N1 did not add information in relation to protection and prediction of the most affected age groups among adults in the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Dudareva
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden.
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Respiratory symptoms and the case definition of gastroenteritis: an international analysis of the potential impact on burden estimates. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 138:117-24. [PMID: 19493373 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268809990112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimates of the burden of foodborne disease rely on attributing a proportion of syndromic gastroenteritis to foodborne transmission. Persons with syndromic diarrhoea/vomiting can also present with concurrent respiratory symptoms that could be due to respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, or both. This distinction is important when estimating the foodborne disease burden but has rarely been considered. Using data from population surveys from Australia, Canada and the USA we describe the effect of excluding persons with respiratory and associated symptoms from the case definition of gastroenteritis. Excluding persons first with respiratory symptoms, or second with respiratory symptoms plus fever and headache, resulted in a decrease in the weighted estimates of acute gastroenteritis of about 10-50% depending on the exclusion criteria. This has the potential to have a very significant impact on estimates of the burden of foodborne infections using syndromic case definitions of acute gastroenteritis.
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Trends of influenza infection in Egypt during two consecutive seasons. J Public Health (Oxf) 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-008-0236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Pechirra P, Gonçalves P, Arraiolos A, Coelho A, Rebelo-de-Andrade H. Characterization of influenza A/Fujian/411/2002(H3N2)-like viruses isolated in Portugal between 2003 and 2005. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1624-30. [PMID: 18649331 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In Portugal, influenza surveillance is achieved through the National Influenza Surveillance Programme (NISP), in close collaboration with other European and global surveillance networks. The NISP integrates epidemiological, clinical and virological data based on the information collected by a Network of Sentinel Medical Practitioners and by a network of Emergency Units of Hospitals and Health Care Centres. In this study, genetic and antigenic characterization of influenza A viruses of the A/Fujian/411/2002 lineage, isolated during the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 influenza winter seasons, in the context of the NISP, are described. Antigenic analysis of A/Fujian/411/2002-like viruses, first detected and isolated during the 2003/2004 winter season, revealed a close similarity with the reference strains A/Kumamoto/102/2002 and A/Wyoming/3/2003. Genetic analysis confirmed this similarity and revealed two different phylogenetic branches. The 2004/2005 influenza A(H3) isolates formed, both antigenic and genetically, a more homogeneous group and were closely related to A/Oslo/807/2004 and A/California/7/2004. During this season, the characterization of the influenza viral strains has shown continuous evolution to variants close related to A/Oslo/807/2004. The majority of amino acid substitutions detected in the haemagglutinin occurred at antigenic sites. This study reflects the contribution of individual countries for the surveillance and knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of the infection, essential for a concerted action towards the global monitoring of the disease. It also reflects the importance of constant monitoring of genetic and antigenic characteristics of circulating influenza strains, which will certainly be a major contribution to the formulation of influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pechirra
- National Influenza Centre, Respiratory and Enterovirus Unit, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
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Paget J, Marquet R, Meijer A, van der Velden K. Influenza activity in Europe during eight seasons (1999-2007): an evaluation of the indicators used to measure activity and an assessment of the timing, length and course of peak activity (spread) across Europe. BMC Infect Dis 2007; 7:141. [PMID: 18047685 PMCID: PMC2216029 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European Influenza Surveillance Scheme (EISS) has collected clinical and virological data on influenza since 1996 in an increasing number of countries. The EISS dataset was used to characterise important epidemiological features of influenza activity in Europe during eight winters (1999-2007). The following questions were addressed: 1) are the sentinel clinical reports a good measure of influenza activity? 2) how long is a typical influenza season in Europe? 3) is there a west-east and/or south-north course of peak activity ('spread') of influenza in Europe? METHODS Influenza activity was measured by collecting data from sentinel general practitioners (GPs) and reports by national reference laboratories. The sentinel reports were first evaluated by comparing them to the laboratory reports and were then used to assess the timing and spread of influenza activity across Europe during eight seasons. RESULTS We found a good match between the clinical sentinel data and laboratory reports of influenza collected by sentinel physicians (overall match of 72% for +/- 1 week difference). We also found a moderate to good match between the clinical sentinel data and laboratory reports of influenza from non-sentinel sources (overall match of 60% for +/- 1 week). There were no statistically significant differences between countries using ILI (influenza-like illness) or ARI (acute respiratory disease) as case definition. When looking at the peak-weeks of clinical activity, the average length of an influenza season in Europe was 15.6 weeks (median 15 weeks; range 12-19 weeks). Plotting the peak weeks of clinical influenza activity reported by sentinel GPs against the longitude or latitude of each country indicated that there was a west-east spread of peak activity (spread) of influenza across Europe in four winters (2001-2002, 2002-2003, 2003-2004 and 2004-2005) and a south-north spread in three winters (2001-2002, 2004-2005 and 2006-2007). CONCLUSION We found that: 1) the clinical data reported by sentinel physicians is a valid indicator of influenza activity; 2) the length of influenza activity across the whole of Europe was surprisingly long, ranging from 12-19 weeks; 3) in 4 out of the 8 seasons, there was a west-east spread of influenza, in 3 seasons a south-north spread; not associated with type of dominant virus in those seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paget
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL). PO Box 1568, 3500BN, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- European Influenza Surveillance Scheme Coordination Centre, PO Box 1568, 3500BN, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Marquet
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL). PO Box 1568, 3500BN, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Meijer
- European Influenza Surveillance Scheme Coordination Centre, PO Box 1568, 3500BN, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koos van der Velden
- European Influenza Surveillance Scheme Coordination Centre, PO Box 1568, 3500BN, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Morrissey B, Streamer M, Downard KM. Antigenic characterisation of H3N2 subtypes of the influenza virus by mass spectrometry. J Virol Methods 2007; 145:106-14. [PMID: 17588679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The antigenic characterisation of three H3N2 type A influenza strains by mass spectrometry is described. The approach, developed in this laboratory, employs matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry to analyse gel-resolved antigens, post their proteolysis and treatment with monoclonal antibodies. The primary structure and antigenicity of the component antigens of the virus can be determined in a single step. Four antigenic domains of hemagglutinin have been identified and these are localised at residues 109-125, 158-170 and 316-326 of the HA1 subunit and to residues 159-183 of the HA2 subunit. The results demonstrate the applicability of the approach for identifying antigenic determinants across various H3N2 strains with high throughput and at low sample levels. Comparative rates of antibody binding between two of the antigenic peptides have also been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethny Morrissey
- School of Molecular & Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
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