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Angulo A, Betts JT, Gonzlez-Alemn NJ, Castaeda E, Berghe EVANDEN, Elas DJ, McMahan CD, Matamoros WA. Continental fishes of Nicaragua: diversity, distribution and conservation status; with an annotated and illustrated checklist of species and an identification guide to families. Zootaxa 2023; 5376:1-89. [PMID: 38220798 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5376.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Based on a combination of intensive literature review, electronic database searches, re-identification of museum specimens, and fieldwork, we provide an updated checklist of the continental fishes of Nicaragua. This checklist, systematically arranged at the ordinal and familial level, includes nomenclatural revisions, distributional information, conservation status, and when appropriate, cross-references to previous lists and revisionary works on the fish fauna of the country and region (Central America); illustrations and descriptions to the family level and color photographs of some representative species are also included. According to our results, the native Nicaraguan continental fish fauna is composed of 244 species, divided into 111 genera, 45 families, 24 orders, and two classes; increasing by 60 (i.e., 32.6%) the number of species originally reported by Villa (1982; i.e., the most comprehensive work published to date). The majority of the Nicaraguan native continental fish species, according to their supposed tolerance to salinity, are peripheral (68.9%), followed by secondary freshwater fishes (23.8%), and primary freshwater fishes (only 7.4%). Fish diversity in the 19 major river basins ranged between 21 and 90 species (mean = 58 species, median = 60); the Escondido (Es; 87 species), in the Atlantic, and the Pacfico de Nicaragua (PN; 90), in the Pacific, presented the highest species richness. Most species (188) are restricted to elevations between 0 and 100 meters above sea level (masl); only a few species (18), in contrast, were found at elevations greater than 500 masl (up to 780 masl). Fourteen species in this revision are listed as endemic to Nicaragua. Regarding their conservation status, 22 species (9.0%) are categorized, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), as Data Deficient, 186 (76.2%) as Least Concern, and seven (2.9%) as Near Threatened; while 24 species (9.8%) are listed as Threatened, thirteen (5.3%) as Vulnerable, two (0.8%) as Endangered, and nine (3.7%) as Critically Endangered. Five species (2.0%) have not yet been evaluated. Six exotic species are also reported. Our results provide a framework for future taxonomic and biogeographic works on fishes from this country and region (Central America), particularly by providing up-to-date knowledge on nomenclature and distributions. In addition, the data provided in this revision will help to monitor fish distributional changes in the future due to human introductions and global change and will aid in conservation decisions concerning Nicaraguan continental fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Angulo
- Escuela de Biologa; Museo de Zoologa/Centro de Investigacin en Biodiversidad y Ecologa Tropical (CIBET) and Centro de Investigacin en Ciencias del Mar y Limnologa (CIMAR); Universidad de Costa Rica. 115012060; San Pedro de Montes de Oca; San Jos; Costa Rica.
| | - Joel T Betts
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife; Michigan State University; 480 Wilson Rd #13; East Lansing; MI 48824; USA.
| | - Nstor J Gonzlez-Alemn
- Unidad de Gestin Tcnica de Proyectos - Oficina de Relaciones Internacionales y de Cooperacin Externa (ORICE/UGETEP); Bluefields Indian & Caribbean University (BICU). Barrio San Pedro; Avenida Universitaria; Bluefields; Nicaragua; P.O. Box 88.
| | - Edgar Castaeda
- Universidad Americana (UAM; Costado Noroeste Camino de Oriente; Managua; Nicaragua.
| | - Eric VAN DEN Berghe
- Department of Environment and Development; Zamorano Biodiversity Center. Zamorano University of Tegucigalpa; P.O. Box 93; Honduras.
| | - Diego J Elas
- Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH). Chicago; Illinois; United States of America.
| | - Caleb D McMahan
- Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH). Chicago; Illinois; United States of America.
| | - Wilfredo A Matamoros
- Instituto de Ciencias Biolgicas; Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNICACH). Tuxtla Gutirrez; Chiapas; Mxico.
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Kautt AF, Machado‐Schiaffino G, Meyer A. Lessons from a natural experiment: Allopatric morphological divergence and sympatric diversification in the Midas cichlid species complex are largely influenced by ecology in a deterministic way. Evol Lett 2018; 2:323-340. [PMID: 30283685 PMCID: PMC6121794 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Explaining why some lineages diversify while others do not and how are key objectives in evolutionary biology. Young radiations of closely related species derived from the same source population provide an excellent opportunity to disentangle the relative contributions of possible drivers of diversification. In these settings, lineage-specific effects are shared and can be ruled out. Moreover, the relevant demographic and ecological parameters can be estimated accurately. Midas cichlid fish in Nicaragua have repeatedly colonized several crater lakes, diverged from the same source populations, and, interestingly, diversified in some of them but not others. Here, using the most comprehensive molecular and geometric morphometric data set on Midas cichlids to date (∼20,000 SNPs, 12 landmarks, ∼700 individuals), we aim to understand why and how crater lake populations diverge and why some of them are more prone to diversify in sympatry than others. Taking ancestor-descendant relationships into account, we find that Midas cichlids diverged in parallel from their source population mostly-but not exclusively-by evolving more slender body shapes in all six investigated crater lakes. Admixture among crater lakes has possibly facilitated this process in one case, but overall, admixture and secondary waves of colonization cannot predict morphological divergence and intralacustrine diversification. Instead, morphological divergence is larger the more dissimilar a crater lake is compared to the source lake and happens rapidly after colonization followed by a slow-down with time. Our data also provide some evidence that founder effects may positively contribute to divergence. The depth of a crater lake is positively associated with variation in body shapes (and number of species), presumably by providing more ecological opportunities. In conclusion, we find that parallel morphological divergence in allopatry and the propensity for diversification in sympatry across the entire Midas cichlid fish radiation is partly predictable and mostly driven by ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F. Kautt
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzUniversitätsstraße 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Gonzalo Machado‐Schiaffino
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzUniversitätsstraße 1078457KonstanzGermany
- Current Address: Genetics Area, Department of Functional BiologyUniversity of Oviedo33006OviedoSpain
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzUniversitätsstraße 1078457KonstanzGermany
- Radcliffe Institute for Advanced StudyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts02138
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Ford AGP, Rüber L, Newton J, Dasmahapatra KK, Balarin JD, Bruun K, Day JJ. Niche divergence facilitated by fine-scale ecological partitioning in a recent cichlid fish adaptive radiation. Evolution 2016; 70:2718-2735. [PMID: 27659769 PMCID: PMC5132037 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ecomorphological differentiation is a key feature of adaptive radiations, with a general trend for specialization and niche expansion following divergence. Ecological opportunity afforded by invasion of a new habitat is thought to act as an ecological release, facilitating divergence, and speciation. Here, we investigate trophic adaptive morphology and ecology of an endemic clade of oreochromine cichlid fishes (Alcolapia) that radiated along a herbivorous trophic axis following colonization of an isolated lacustrine environment, and demonstrate phenotype‐environment correlation. Ecological and morphological divergence of the Alcolapia species flock are examined in a phylogenomic context, to infer ecological niche occupation within the radiation. Species divergence is observed in both ecology and morphology, supporting the importance of ecological speciation within the radiation. Comparison with an outgroup taxon reveals large‐scale ecomorphological divergence but shallow genomic differentiation within the Alcolapia adaptive radiation. Ancestral morphological reconstruction suggests lake colonization by a generalist oreochromine phenotype that diverged in Lake Natron to varied herbivorous morphologies akin to specialist herbivores in Lakes Tanganyika and Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia G P Ford
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.,Current Address: School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, ECW Building, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Rüber
- Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, Bernastrasse 15, 3005, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jason Newton
- NERC Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Facility, SUERC, Rankine Avenue, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, East Kilbride, G75 0QF, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kristoffer Bruun
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Julia J Day
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Kautt AF, Machado-Schiaffino G, Meyer A. Multispecies Outcomes of Sympatric Speciation after Admixture with the Source Population in Two Radiations of Nicaraguan Crater Lake Cichlids. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006157. [PMID: 27362536 PMCID: PMC4928843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of species in the absence of geographic barriers (i.e. sympatric speciation) remains one of the most controversial topics in evolutionary biology. While theoretical models have shown that this most extreme case of primary divergence-with-gene-flow is possible, only a handful of accepted empirical examples exist. And even for the most convincing examples uncertainties remain; complex histories of isolation and secondary contact can make species falsely appear to have originated by sympatric speciation. This alternative scenario is notoriously difficult to rule out. Midas cichlids inhabiting small and remote crater lakes in Nicaragua are traditionally considered to be one of the best examples of sympatric speciation and lend themselves to test the different evolutionary scenarios that could lead to apparent sympatric speciation since the system is relatively small and the source populations known. Here we reconstruct the evolutionary history of two small-scale radiations of Midas cichlids inhabiting crater lakes Apoyo and Xiloá through a comprehensive genomic data set. We find no signs of differential admixture of any of the sympatric species in the respective radiations. Together with coalescent simulations of different demographic models our results support a scenario of speciation that was initiated in sympatry and does not result from secondary contact of already partly diverged populations. Furthermore, several species seem to have diverged simultaneously, making Midas cichlids an empirical example of multispecies outcomes of sympatric speciation. Importantly, however, the demographic models strongly support an admixture event from the source population into both crater lakes shortly before the onset of the radiations within the lakes. This opens the possibility that the formation of reproductive barriers involved in sympatric speciation was facilitated by genetic variants that evolved in a period of isolation between the initial founding population and the secondary migrants that came from the same source population. Thus, the exact mechanisms by which these species arose might be different from what had been thought before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F. Kautt
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | | | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kratochwil CF, Sefton MM, Meyer A. Embryonic and larval development in the Midas cichlid fish species flock (Amphilophus spp.): a new evo-devo model for the investigation of adaptive novelties and species differences. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:12. [PMID: 25887993 PMCID: PMC4352272 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Central American crater lake cichlid fish of the Midas species complex (Amphilophus spp.) are a model system for sympatric speciation and fast ecological diversification and specialization. Midas cichlids have been intensively analyzed from an ecological and morphological perspective. Genomic resources such as transcriptomic and genomic data sets, and a high-quality draft genome are available now. Many ecologically relevant species-specific traits and differences such as pigmentation and cranial morphology arise during development. Detailed descriptions of the early development of the Midas cichlid in particular, will help to investigate the ontogeny of species differences and adaptations. Results We describe the embryonic and larval development of the crater lake cichlid, Amphilophus xiloaensis, until seven days after fertilization. Similar to previous studies on teleost development, we describe six periods of embryogenesis - the zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, and post-hatching period. Furthermore, we define homologous stages to well-described teleost models such as medaka and zebrafish, as well as other cichlid species such as the Nile tilapia and the South American cichlid Cichlasoma dimerus. Key morphological differences between the embryos of Midas cichlids and other teleosts are highlighted and discussed, including the presence of adhesive glands and different early chromatophore patterns, as well as variation in developmental timing. Conclusions The developmental staging of the Midas cichlid will aid researchers in the comparative investigation of teleost ontogenies. It will facilitate comparative developmental biological studies of Neotropical and African cichlid fish in particular. In the past, the species flocks of the African Great Lakes have received the most attention from researchers, but some lineages of the 300–400 species of Central American lakes are fascinating model systems for adaptive radiation and rapid phenotypic evolution. The availability of genetic resources, their status as a model system for evolutionary research, and the possibility to perform functional experiments including transgenesis makes the Midas cichlid complex a very attractive model for evolutionary-developmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius F Kratochwil
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany. .,Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Maggie M Sefton
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany. .,International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Axel Meyer
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany. .,International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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Parallel evolution of Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fishes via non-parallel routes. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5168. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Recknagel H, Elmer KR, Meyer A. CRATER LAKE HABITAT PREDICTS MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN ADAPTIVE RADIATIONS OF CICHLID FISHES. Evolution 2014; 68:2145-55. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Recknagel
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; 78457 Konstanz Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8QQ United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn R. Elmer
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; 78457 Konstanz Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8QQ United Kingdom
| | - Axel Meyer
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; 78457 Konstanz Germany
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Franchini P, Fruciano C, Spreitzer ML, Jones JC, Elmer KR, Henning F, Meyer A. Genomic architecture of ecologically divergent body shape in a pair of sympatric crater lake cichlid fishes. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:1828-45. [PMID: 24237636 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Determining the genetic bases of adaptations and their roles in speciation is a prominent issue in evolutionary biology. Cichlid fish species flocks are a prime example of recent rapid radiations, often associated with adaptive phenotypic divergence from a common ancestor within a short period of time. In several radiations of freshwater fishes, divergence in ecomorphological traits - including body shape, colour, lips and jaws - is thought to underlie their ecological differentiation, specialization and, ultimately, speciation. The Midas cichlid species complex (Amphilophus spp.) of Nicaragua provides one of the few known examples of sympatric speciation where species have rapidly evolved different but parallel morphologies in young crater lakes. This study identified significant QTL for body shape using SNPs generated via ddRAD sequencing and geometric morphometric analyses of a cross between two ecologically and morphologically divergent, sympatric cichlid species endemic to crater Lake Apoyo: an elongated limnetic species (Amphilophus zaliosus) and a high-bodied benthic species (Amphilophus astorquii). A total of 453 genome-wide informative SNPs were identified in 240 F2 hybrids. These markers were used to construct a genetic map in which 25 linkage groups were resolved. Seventy-two segregating SNPs were linked to 11 QTL. By annotating the two most highly supported QTL-linked genomic regions, genes that might contribute to divergence in body shape along the benthic-limnetic axis in Midas cichlid sympatric adaptive radiations were identified. These results suggest that few genomic regions of large effect contribute to early stage divergence in Midas cichlids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Franchini
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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Geiger MF, McCrary JK, Schliewen UK. Crater Lake Apoyo revisited--population genetics of an emerging species flock. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74901. [PMID: 24086393 PMCID: PMC3781112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The polytypic Nicaraguan Midas cichlids (Amphilophus cf. citrinellus) have been established as a model system for studying the mechanisms of speciation and patterns of diversification in allopatry and sympatry. The species assemblage in Crater Lake Apoyo has been accepted as a textbook example for sympatric speciation. Here, we present a first comprehensive data set of population genetic (mtDNA & AFLPs) proxies of species level differentiation for a representative set of individuals of all six endemic Amphilophus species occurring in Crater Lake Apoyo. AFLP genetic differentiation was partitioned into a neutral and non-neutral component based on outlier-loci detection approaches, and patterns of species divergence were explored with Bayesian clustering methods. Substantial levels of admixture between species were detected, indicating different levels of reproductive isolation between the six species. Analysis of neutral genetic variation revealed several A. zaliosus as being introgressed by an unknown contributor, hereby rendering the sympatrically evolving L. Apoyo flock polyphyletic. This is contrasted by the mtDNA analysis delivering a clear monophyly signal with Crater Lake Apoyo private haplotypes characterising all six described species, but also demonstrating different demographic histories as inferred from pairwise mismatch distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias F. Geiger
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (ZSM, Zoologische Staatssammlung München), Department of Ichthyology, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey K. McCrary
- Fundación Nicaragüense Pro-desarrollo Comunitario Integral (FUNDECI/GAIA), Estación Biológica, Laguna de Apoyo Nature Reserve, Masaya, Nicaragua
| | - Ulrich K. Schliewen
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (ZSM, Zoologische Staatssammlung München), Department of Ichthyology, Munich, Germany
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Kautt AF, Elmer KR, Meyer A. Genomic signatures of divergent selection and speciation patterns in a ‘natural experiment’, the young parallel radiations of Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fishes. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4770-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn R. Elmer
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Universitätsstrasse 10; 78457; Konstanz; Germany
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