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Henry MW, Miller AO. Management of Fungal Osteoarticular Infections. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-023-00453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Gamaletsou MN, Rammaert B, Brause B, Bueno MA, Dadwal SS, Henry MW, Katragkou A, Kontoyiannis DP, McCarthy MW, Miller AO, Moriyama B, Pana ZD, Petraitiene R, Petraitis V, Roilides E, Sarkis JP, Simitsopoulou M, Sipsas NV, Taj-Aldeen SJ, Zeller V, Lortholary O, Walsh TJ. Osteoarticular Mycoses. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0008619. [PMID: 36448782 PMCID: PMC9769674 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00086-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarticular mycoses are chronic debilitating infections that require extended courses of antifungal therapy and may warrant expert surgical intervention. As there has been no comprehensive review of these diseases, the International Consortium for Osteoarticular Mycoses prepared a definitive treatise for this important class of infections. Among the etiologies of osteoarticular mycoses are Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Mucorales, dematiaceous fungi, non-Aspergillus hyaline molds, and endemic mycoses, including those caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Coccidioides species. This review analyzes the history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, inflammatory biomarkers, diagnostic imaging modalities, treatments, and outcomes of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis caused by these organisms. Candida osteomyelitis and Candida arthritis are associated with greater events of hematogenous dissemination than those of most other osteoarticular mycoses. Traumatic inoculation is more commonly associated with osteoarticular mycoses caused by Aspergillus and non-Aspergillus molds. Synovial fluid cultures are highly sensitive in the detection of Candida and Aspergillus arthritis. Relapsed infection, particularly in Candida arthritis, may develop in relation to an inadequate duration of therapy. Overall mortality reflects survival from disseminated infection and underlying host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N. Gamaletsou
- Laiko General Hospital of Athens and Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Blandine Rammaert
- Université de Poitiers, Faculté de médecine, CHU de Poitiers, INSERM U1070, Poitiers, France
| | - Barry Brause
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marimelle A. Bueno
- Far Eastern University-Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, Manilla, Philippines
| | | | - Michael W. Henry
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aspasia Katragkou
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Matthew W. McCarthy
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andy O. Miller
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Zoi Dorothea Pana
- Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ruta Petraitiene
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Roilides
- Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Maria Simitsopoulou
- Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos V. Sipsas
- Laiko General Hospital of Athens and Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Valérie Zeller
- Groupe Hospitalier Diaconesses-Croix Saint-Simon, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 2000, Paris, France
| | - Thomas J. Walsh
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Innovative Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Zhang C, Lin Y, Huang C, Huang Z, Fang X, Bai G, Zhang Z, Li W, Zhang W. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing assists the diagnosis treatment of fungal osteoarticular infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1072539. [PMID: 36506031 PMCID: PMC9726756 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1072539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal osteoarticular infection (FOI) is not commonly seen in clinical practice but proposes a great challenge to orthopedic surgeons. In this study, we aimed to investigate the risk factors, the clinical features, and surgical outcomes of FOI in our institution. Specifically, we aimed to explore the role of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in the diagnosis and treatment of FOI. Methods All the patients who were diagnosed and managed with FOI in our institution from January 2007 to December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed, including primary fungal implant-related infection, primary fungal osteomyelitis or arthritis, and fungal infections secondary to bacterial osteomyelitis or implant-related bacterial infections. The potential risk factors and the clinical and surgical features were analyzed. The pathogen data were compared between culture and the mNGS test. Results A total of 25 patients were included, namely, 12 primary implant-related infections, 7 primary fungal osteomyelitis or arthritis, and 6 fungal infections secondary to bacterial osteomyelitis or implant-related bacterial infections. Most cases had undergone multiple surgeries or long-term antibiotic treatment. Diagnosis was mainly based on microbial culture and the mNGS test. Optimization of culture methods and the use of mNGS assisted the diagnosis. Specifically, mNGS was performed in 12 patients, 5 of whom were culture-negative. In the remaining seven cases, mNGS demonstrated the same results as culture. Management of FOI was complicated as most patients required multiple surgeries followed by long-term antifungal treatment. In selected cases, antifungal-impregnated cement spacer retention can be an optional choice. The overall success rate was 100% (25/25) for our cohort. Conclusion We concluded that patients with comorbidities and a history of multiple surgeries or long-term antibiotics are under higher risk for FOI. Use of mNGS assists the diagnosis and treatment of FOI. Surgery combined with long-term antifungal treatment achieved satisfactory outcomes. In selected cases, antifungal-impregnated cement spacer retention can be an optional treatment choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Fujian Provincial Institute of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunzhi Lin
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Department of Stomatology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Changyu Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Fujian Provincial Institute of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zida Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Fujian Provincial Institute of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Fang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Fujian Provincial Institute of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guochang Bai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Fujian Provincial Institute of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Fujian Provincial Institute of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Fujian Provincial Institute of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Fujian Provincial Institute of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,*Correspondence: Wenming Zhang,
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De Meo D, Cera G, Ceccarelli G, Castagna V, Aronica R, Pieracci EM, Persiani P, Villani C. Candida fracture-related infection: a systematic review. J Bone Jt Infect 2021; 6:321-328. [PMID: 34458074 PMCID: PMC8386193 DOI: 10.5194/jbji-6-321-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study is to summarize and improve knowledge regarding a Candida fracture-related infection (CFRI) through a systematic review on the topic, accompanied by a case report. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on PRISMA statement were conducted on the CFRI topic. The following combined search terms were used to explore PubMed, Cochrane, and the Embase database: "fungal infection", "candida", "fracture related infection", "bone infection", "orthopedic infection", "internal fixation", "post-traumatic infection", and "osteomyelitis". Results: Out of 1514 records, only 5 case reports matched the selection criteria and were included. Moreover, a new case of CFRI, not previously described, was reported in this paper and reviewed. The main risk factors for CFRI were open wounds (three cases) and immunodeficiency (three cases). Initial improvement of clinical and laboratory signs of infection was noted in all cases. In the available short-term follow-up (mean 12.1 months; range 3-42), the reoperation rate was 33.3 %. Using a strategy based on extensive debridement/resection methods and prolonged systemic antifungal therapy (mean 8.8 weeks; range 6-18), four of six cases (66.6 %) were cured. Bone union occurred in three out of six cases. Conclusion: There is very low-quality evidence available regarding CFRI. Candida infections in surgically treated fractures are rare but difficult-to-treat events, with a slow onset, unspecific symptoms or signs, and a significant relapse risk; therefore, they still represent a current diagnostic challenge. The existing fracture-related infection treatment algorithm combined with long-term systemic antifungal therapy has an anecdotal value and needs more extensive studies to be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele De Meo
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedic Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00155, Rome, Italy.,M.I.T.O. Study Group (Infectious Diseases in Traumatology and Orthopedics Surgery), Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, Viale del Policlinico, 155,00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Cera
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedic Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00155, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- M.I.T.O. Study Group (Infectious Diseases in Traumatology and Orthopedics Surgery), Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, Viale del Policlinico, 155,00161 Rome, Italy.,Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00155, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Castagna
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedic Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00155, Rome, Italy
| | - Raissa Aronica
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00155, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo M Pieracci
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedic Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00155, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Persiani
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedic Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00155, Rome, Italy
| | - Ciro Villani
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedic Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00155, Rome, Italy.,M.I.T.O. Study Group (Infectious Diseases in Traumatology and Orthopedics Surgery), Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, Viale del Policlinico, 155,00161 Rome, Italy
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Costa-Paz M, Muscolo DL, Ayerza MA, Sanchez M, Astoul Bonorino J, Yacuzzi C, Carbo L. Mucormycosis osteomyelitis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: treatment and outcomes of 21 reported cases. Bone Jt Open 2021; 2:3-8. [PMID: 33537670 PMCID: PMC7842166 DOI: 10.1302/2633-1462.21.bjo-2020-0153.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Our purpose was to describe an unusual series of 21 patients with fungal osteomyelitis after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R). Methods We present a case-series of consecutive patients treated at our institution due to a severe fungal osteomyelitis after an arthroscopic ACL-R from November 2005 to March 2015. Patients were referred to our institution from different areas of our country. We evaluated the amount of bone resection required, type of final reconstructive procedure performed, and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) functional score. Results A total of 21 consecutive patients were included in the study; 19 were male with median age of 28 years (IQR 25 to 32). All ACL-R were performed with hamstrings autografts with different fixation techniques. An oncological-type debridement was needed to control persistent infection symptoms. There were no recurrences of fungal infection after median of four surgical debridements (IQR 3 to 6). Five patients underwent an extensive curettage due to the presence of large cavitary lesions and were reconstructed with hemicylindrical intercalary allografts (HIAs), preserving the epiphysis. An open surgical debridement was performed resecting the affected epiphysis in 15 patients, with a median bone loss of 11 cm (IQR 11.5 to 15.6). From these 15 cases, eight patients were reconstructed with allograft prosthesis composites (APC); six with tumour-type prosthesis (TTP) and one required a femoral TTP in combination with a tibial APC. One underwent an above-the-knee amputation. The median MSTS functional score was 20 points at a median of seven years (IQR 5 to 9) of follow-up. Conclusion This study suggests that mucormycosis infection after an ACL-R is a serious complication. Diagnosis is usually delayed until major bone destructive lesions are present. This may originate additional massive reconstructive surgeries with severe functional limitations for the patients. Level of evidence: IV Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;2(1):3–8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Luis Muscolo
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Marisa Sanchez
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Carlos Yacuzzi
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lisandro Carbo
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ionized jet deposition of antimicrobial and stem cell friendly silver-substituted tricalcium phosphate nanocoatings on titanium alloy. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2629-2642. [PMID: 34027240 PMCID: PMC8121618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthopedic infections pose severe societal and economic burden and interfere with the capability of the implanted devices to integrate in the host bone, thus significantly increasing implants failure rate. To address infection and promote integration, here nanostructured antibacterial and bioactive thin films are proposed, obtained, for the first time, by Ionized Jet Deposition (IJD) of silver-substituted tricalcium phosphate (Ag-TCP) targets on titanium. Coatings morphology, composition and mechanical properties are characterized and proof-of-concept of biocompatibility is shown. Antimicrobial efficacy is investigated against four Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains and against C. albicans fungus, by investigating the modifications in planktonic bacterial growth in the absence and presence of silver. Then, for all bacterial strains, the capability of the film to inhibit bacterial adhesion is also tested. Results indicate that IJD permits a fine control over films composition and morphology and deposition of films with suitable mechanical properties. Biological studies show a good efficacy against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and against fungus Candida albicans, with evidences of efficacy against planktonic growth and significant reduction of bacterial cell adhesion. No cytotoxic effects are evidenced for equine adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs), as no reductions are caused to cells viability and no interference is assessed in cells differentiation towards osteogenic lineage, in the presence of silver. Instead, thanks to nanostructuration and biomimetic composition, tricalcium phosphate (TCP) coatings favor cells viability, also when silver-substituted. These findings show that silver-substituted nanostructured coatings are promising for orthopedic implant applications. Silver-substituted TCP films on titanium are prepared by Ionized Jet Deposition Films are nanostructured, hard, with submicron thickness Adipose mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteogenic lineage on the surface of films Films show antimicrobial and anti-adhesive activity against several microorganisms Films are promising for application in orthopedic titanium implants
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Papachristou SG, Iosifidis E, Sipsas NV, Gamaletsou MN, Walsh TJ, Roilides E. Management of osteoarticular fungal infections in the setting of immunodeficiency. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:461-474. [PMID: 32213145 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1748499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Osteoarticular fungal infections (OAFIs) complicate the clinical course of high-risk patients, including immunosuppressed individuals. Their management, however, despite being intricate, is governed by evidence arising from sub-optimal quality research, such as case series. Guidelines are scarce and when present result in recommendations based on low quality evidence. Furthermore, the differences between the management of immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients are not distinct. This is a narrative review after a literature search in PubMed, up to November 2019.Areas covered: The major fungal groups causing osteomyelitis and/or arthritis are Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., non-Aspergillus filamentous fungi, non-Candida yeasts and endemic dimorphic fungi. Their epidemiology is briefly analyzed with emphasis on immunodeficiency and other risk factors. Management of OAFIs includes appropriate antifungal drug therapy (liposomal amphotericin B, triazoles or echinocandins), local surgery and immunotherapy for primary immunodeficiencies. Cessation of immunosuppressive drugs is also mandated.Expert opinion: Management of OAFIs includes affordable and available options and approaches. However, research on therapeutic practices is urgently required to be further improved, due to the rarity of affected patients. Evolution is expected to translate into novel antifungal drugs, less invasive and precise surgical approaches and targeted enhancement of immunoregulatory pathways in defense of challenging fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvas G Papachristou
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elias Iosifidis
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos V Sipsas
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Pathophysiology Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria N Gamaletsou
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Pathophysiology Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuel Roilides
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Gamaletsou MN, Meletiadis J, Chatziioannou S, Panayiotides IG, Agadakos E, Katsimpoulas M, Kostomitsopoulos N, Petraitis V, Walsh TJ, Sipsas NV. Experimental Candida albicans osteomyelitis: Microbiologic, antigenic, histologic, and 18FDG-PET-CT imaging characteristics in a newly established rabbit model. Med Mycol 2020; 57:1011-1017. [PMID: 30753591 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida osteomyelitis is a debilitating disease that is difficult to diagnose and treat. As there are no animal models or prospective studies for this uncommon infection, little is known about the pathogenesis, diagnosis, or treatment. We therefore sought to establish an animal model for the study of the pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic interventions of Candida osteomyelitis. We developed a modified version of the Norden rabbit model of tibial osteomyelitis, in which the right tibia was inoculated intraoperatively with different inocula of C. albicans or normal saline as control. On days 7, 14, and 21 after inoculation, the animals underwent bone radiography, 18-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) scan, and blood sampling for blood cultures, blood counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and Candida mannan antigen serum levels. On day 21, animals were euthanized, and infected tibias harvested for culture and histology. Among eight evaluable animals inoculated with 1 × 106 to 1 × 107 cfu, histology and bone cultures established the presence of Candida osteomyelitis in seven, with a host response of neutrophils, mononuclear cells, multinucleate giant cells, fibrosis, and necrosis. Infected animals demonstrated radiological signs of osteomyelitis with significantly increased tracer uptake in 18FDG-PET/CT scans (P < .01) and elevated serum mannan levels (P < .01). All blood cultures were negative. Indices of inflammation were only slightly increased. In conclusion, we report successful establishment of a new animal model of Candida albicans osteomyelitis that may be applicable to advancing our understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities, and treatment of this debilitating infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N Gamaletsou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Joseph Meletiadis
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Chatziioannou
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,PET/CT Section, Foundation for Biomedical Research of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis G Panayiotides
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Michalis Katsimpoulas
- Center for Experimental Surgery, Foundation for Biomedical Research of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Center for Experimental Surgery, Foundation for Biomedical Research of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vidmantas Petraitis
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos V Sipsas
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Nahra R, Hoedt C, Jagga S, Ren S, Kim TWB. Candida albicans Sacral Osteomyelitis Causing Necrosis of a Sacral Nerve Root: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect 2018; 7:e48. [PMID: 29252878 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.16.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CASE A 31-year-old immunocompetent woman presented with a large sacral mass on the left side, concerning for a neoplastic process. A biopsy specimen demonstrated fungal osteomyelitis. Intraoperatively, the left S1 sacral nerve root was found to be necrotic, consistent with the symptoms of numbness and weakness. The infection was resolved with aggressive surgical debridement and long-term therapy with antifungal medication. CONCLUSION Fungal osteomyelitis of the sacrum is rare, especially in an immunocompetent patient, and untreated infections can cause nerve root necrosis. We recommend aggressive surgical and antifungal management to avoid neurologic compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Nahra
- Departments of Medicine (R.N.), Infectious Disease (R.N.), Orthopaedic Surgery (C.H., T.W.B.K.), and Pathology (S.R), Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey
| | - Chris Hoedt
- Departments of Medicine (R.N.), Infectious Disease (R.N.), Orthopaedic Surgery (C.H., T.W.B.K.), and Pathology (S.R), Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey
| | - Shirish Jagga
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Grand View Hospital, Sellersville, Pennsylvania
| | - Shuyue Ren
- Departments of Medicine (R.N.), Infectious Disease (R.N.), Orthopaedic Surgery (C.H., T.W.B.K.), and Pathology (S.R), Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey
| | - Tae Won B Kim
- Departments of Medicine (R.N.), Infectious Disease (R.N.), Orthopaedic Surgery (C.H., T.W.B.K.), and Pathology (S.R), Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey
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Tatara AM, Rozich AJ, Kontoyiannis PD, Watson E, Albert ND, Bennett GN, Mikos AG. Econazole-releasing porous space maintainers for fungal periprosthetic joint infection. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:70. [PMID: 29752591 PMCID: PMC6009980 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While antibiotic-eluting polymethylmethacrylate space maintainers have shown efficacy in the treatment of bacterial periprosthetic joint infection and osteomyelitis, antifungal-eluting space maintainers are associated with greater limitations for treatment of fungal musculoskeletal infections including limited elution concentration and duration. In this study, we have designed a porous econazole-eluting space maintainer capable of greater inhibition of fungal growth than traditional solid space maintainers. The eluted econazole demonstrated bioactivity in a concentration-dependent manner against the most common species responsible for fungal periprosthetic joint infection as well as staphylococci. Lastly, these porous space maintainers retain compressive mechanical properties appropriate to maintain space before definitive repair of the joint or bony defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Tatara
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Emma Watson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathaniel D Albert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Antonios G Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Fungi are rare but important causes of osteoarticular infections, and can be caused by a wide array of yeasts and molds. Symptoms are often subacute and mimic those of other more common causes of osteoarticular infection, which can lead to substantial delays in treatment. A high index of suspicion is required to establish the diagnosis. The severity of infection depends on the inherent pathogenicity of the fungi, the immune status of the host, the anatomic location of the infection, and whether the infection involves a foreign body. Treatment often involves a combination of surgical debridement and prolonged antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Henry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Andy O Miller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Barry D Brause
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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12
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A rare case of Candida parapsilosis osteomyelitis: a literature review and proposed treatment algorithm. Patient Saf Surg 2017; 11:31. [PMID: 29296122 PMCID: PMC5740595 DOI: 10.1186/s13037-017-0146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida parapsilosis is a rare opportunistic pathogen that can be found in immunosuppressed patients. There are seldom-reported cases of fungal osteomyelitis surrounding orthopedic implants. Case presentation This is a case of chronic Candida parapsilosis osteomyelitis in an immunocompromised patient with a prior open reduction and internal fixation for a closed bimalleolar ankle fracture that went on to neglected wound complications. The patient underwent series of treatments including removal of hardware, serial irrigation and debridements, negative pressure wound therapy, and intravenous antifungal therapy. Our case illustrates the possibility of this rare pathogen involved in orthopedic surgery particularly in immunocompromised hosts. Conclusion Fungal and atypical pathogens should always be considered in such patients or if another diagnosis is not clear. Protracted time to culture specimens should be considered for at least four weeks in such situations. This article outlines a review of the literature and treatment algorithm to guide physicians when managing patients with this rare infection.
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13
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Gamaletsou MN, Rammaert B, Bueno MA, Sipsas NV, Moriyama B, Kontoyiannis DP, Roilides E, Zeller V, Taj-Aldeen SJ, Henry M, Petraitis V, Denning DW, Lortholary O, Walsh TJ. Aspergillus arthritis: analysis of clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of 31 reported cases. Med Mycol 2017; 55:246-254. [PMID: 27609563 PMCID: PMC6251616 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus arthritis is a debilitating form of invasive aspergillosis. Little is known about its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory features, treatment, and prognosis. Cases of Aspergillus arthritis were reviewed in the English literature from 1967 through 2015 for variables of arthritis with Aspergillus spp. recovered from joint and/or adjacent bone, underlying conditions, symptoms, signs, inflammatory biomarkers, diagnostic imaging, management, and outcome. Among 31 evaluable cases, 87% were males and 13% pediatric. Median age was 50 y (range 1-83 y). Seventeen (55%) patients were immunosuppressed with such conditions as hematological malignancies (26%), corticosteroids (39%), and/or transplantation (26%). Approximately one-half (52%) of patients had hematogenous seeding of the joint, and more than 80% had de novo infection with no prior antifungal therapy. Oligoarticular infection (2-3 joints) occurred in 45% and contiguous osteomyelitis was present in 61%. Clinical manifestations included pain (87%), edema (26%), and limited function (23%), with knees (35%), intervertebral discs (26%), and hips (16%) being most commonly infected. Aspergillus fumigatus constituted 77% of cases followed by Aspergillus flavus in 13%, Aspergillus niger in 3%, and not specified in 7%. Median ESR was 90 mm/hr and median CRP was 3.6 mg/dl. Median synovial fluid WBC was 17,200/μL (7,300-128,000) with 72% PMNs (range 61-92). Osteolysis occurred in 35%, and soft-tissue extension 47%. Nineteen patients (61%) were managed with combined medical and surgical therapy, 10 (32%) with medical therapy only, and 2 (6%) surgery only. Amphotericin B and itraconazole were the most frequently used agents with median duration of therapy of 219 days (range 30-545). Surgical interventions included debridement in 61%, drainage 19%, and amputation 6%. Complete or partial response was achieved in 71% and relapse occurred in 16%. Medical therapy was reinstituted with successful outcome in these patients. Overall survival was 65%. Aspergillus arthritis mainly develops as a de novo infection involving knees and intervertebral disks in immunocompromised patients with localizing symptoms. Contiguous osteomyelitis is frequently observed. Diagnosis is established by synovial fluid culture. Aspergillus arthritis is therapeutically challenging with most patients undergoing surgery and protracted antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N. Gamaletsou
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Pathophysiology Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Center for Osteoarticular Mycoses, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- National Aspergillosis Centre, University of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Blandine Rammaert
- Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, APHP, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre d’Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Institut Imagine, Paris
- Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Nikolaos V. Sipsas
- Pathophysiology Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Center for Osteoarticular Mycoses, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brad Moriyama
- Department of Pharmacy, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Roilides
- Center for Osteoarticular Mycoses, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Valerie Zeller
- Osteoarticular Reference Center, Groupe Hospitalier Diaconesses-Croix Saint-Simon, Paris, France
| | - Saad J. Taj-Aldeen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar
| | - Michael Henry
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Osteoarticular Mycoses, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vidmantas Petraitis
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Osteoarticular Mycoses, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - David W. Denning
- The National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, The University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Center for Osteoarticular Mycoses, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de mycologie moléculaire, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, APHP, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, IHU Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Thomas J. Walsh
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Osteoarticular Mycoses, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Gamaletsou MN, Rammaert B, Bueno MA, Sipsas NV, Moriyama B, Kontoyiannis DP, Roilides E, Zeller V, Taj-Aldeen SJ, Miller AO, Petraitiene R, Lortholary O, Walsh TJ. Candida Arthritis: Analysis of 112 Pediatric and Adult Cases. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015; 3:ofv207. [PMID: 26858961 PMCID: PMC4742637 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Candida arthritis is a debilitating form of deeply invasive candidiasis. However, its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, management, and outcome are not well understood. Methods. Cases of Candida arthritis were reviewed from 1967 through 2014. Variables included Candida spp in joint and/or adjacent bone, underlying conditions, clinical manifestations, inflammatory biomarkers, diagnostic imaging, management, and outcome. Results. Among 112 evaluable cases, 62% were males and 36% were pediatric. Median age was 40 years (range, <1–84 years). Most patients (65%) were not pharmacologically immunosuppressed. Polyarticular infection (≥3 joints) occurred in 31% of cases. Clinical manifestations included pain (82%), edema (71%), limited function (39%), and erythema (22%) with knees (75%) and hips (15%) most commonly infected. Median erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 62 mm/hr (10–141) and C reactive protein 26 mg/dL (0.5–95). Synovial fluid median white blood cell count was 27 500/µL (range, 100–220 000/µL) with 90% polymorphonuclear neutrophils (range, 24–98). Adjacent osteomyelitis was present in 30% of cases. Candida albicans constituted 63%, Candida tropicalis 14%, and Candida parapsilosis 11%. Most cases (66%) arose de novo, whereas 34% emerged during antifungal therapy. Osteolysis occurred in 42%, joint-effusion in 31%, and soft tissue extension in 21%. Amphotericin and fluconazole were the most commonly used agents. Surgical interventions included debridement in 25%, irrigation 10%, and drainage 12%. Complete or partial response was achieved in 96% and relapse in 16%. Conclusion. Candida arthritis mainly emerges as a de novo infection in usually non-immunosuppressed patients with hips and knees being most commonly infected. Localizing symptoms are frequent, and the most common etiologic agents are C albicans, C tropicalis, and C parapsilosis. Management of Candida arthritis remains challenging with a clear risk of relapse, despite antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N Gamaletsou
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology & Immunology, New York, New York; National and Kapodistrian and University of Athens, Greece; Center for Osteoarticular Mycoses, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Blandine Rammaert
- Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Institut Imagine; Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marimelle A Bueno
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology & Immunology , New York, New York
| | - Nikolaos V Sipsas
- National and Kapodistrian and University of Athens, Greece; Center for Osteoarticular Mycoses, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Brad Moriyama
- Department of Pharmacy , National Institutes of Health Clinical Center , Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Emmanuel Roilides
- Center for Osteoarticular Mycoses, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York; 3rd Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Valerie Zeller
- Osteoarticular Reference Center , Groupe Hospitalier Diaconesses-Croix Saint-Simon , Paris , France
| | | | - Andy O Miller
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology & Immunology, New York, New York; Center for Osteoarticular Mycoses, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York; Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Ruta Petraitiene
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology & Immunology , New York, New York
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Center for Osteoarticular Mycoses, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York; Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Institut Imagine
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology & Immunology, New York, New York; Center for Osteoarticular Mycoses, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York; Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
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