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Pal I, Ramsey JD. The role of the lymphatic system in vaccine trafficking and immune response. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:909-22. [PMID: 21683103 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The development and improvement of vaccines has been a significant endeavor on the part of the medical community for more than the last two centuries, and the success of these efforts is obvious when one considers the millions of lives that have been saved. Recent work in the field of vaccines, however, indicates that vaccines may be developed for even more challenging diseases than those previously addressed. It will be important in achieving this feat to account for the physical and chemical processes related to vaccine trafficking, rather than solely relying on our knowledge of the pathogen and our empirical experience. A thorough understanding of the lymphatic system is essential considering the role it plays in antigen trafficking and all immunological activity. This review describes the results of recent work that provides insight into the physiological processes of the lymphatic system and its various components with an emphasis on vaccine antigen trafficking from the administration site to secondary lymphoid tissues and the ensuing immune response. The review also discusses current challenges in designing vaccines and presents modern strategies for designing vaccines to better interface with the lymphatic system.
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Abstract
Cutaneous dendritic cells (DC) include epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), interstitial/dermal dendritic cells (DDC), as well as plasmacytoid DC (pDC) that occur under pathological conditions. These immune cells have a spectrum of different functions with implications that extend far beyond the skin. They have the potential to internalize particulate agents and macromolecules, and display migratory properties that endow them with the unique capacity to journey between skin and draining lymph nodes where they encounter antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Herein, we will review the features of human and mouse cutaneous DC, emphasizing characteristics representative of their life-cycle stages that occur within the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Valladeau
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Dermatologie-Pavillon R, EA 3732, Hopital Ed Herriot, Pav R, 69437 Lyon cedex, France.
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Abstract
Epidermal Langerhans cells, a constituent of the skin immune system, have a spectrum of different functions with implications that extend far beyond the skin. They have the potential to internalize particulate agents and macromolecules, and display migratory properties that endow them with the unique capacity to journey between skin and draining lymph nodes where they encounter antigen-specific T lymphocytes. In addition, LC are considered to play a pivotal role in infectious disease such as Aids, allergy, chronic inflammatory reactions, tumor rejections or transplantation. Herein, we will review the features of Langerhans cells, emphasizing characteristics representative of their life-cycle stages that occur within the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Valladeau
- Université Lyon I, EA 3732, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Pavillon R, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France.
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Bajtay Z, Csomor E, Sándor N, Erdei A. Expression and role of Fc- and complement-receptors on human dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2006; 104:46-52. [PMID: 16448704 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells, which take up pathogens/foreign structures in peripheral tissues, then migrate to secondary lymphoid organs where they initiate adaptive immune responses by activating naive T-cells. In the early phase of antigen uptake pattern recognition receptors (including mannose-, scavenger- and toll-like receptors) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns play an important role. Later receptors binding opsonized antigen are also involved in phagocytosis. These cell membrane molecules include various Fc-receptors, recognizing different isotypes of antibodies and various complement-receptors, such as CR3, CR4 and the C1q-binding complex of calreticulin and CD91. Here we aim to summarize how these immunecomplex binding receptors are involved in the initiation of DC maturation, and how they influence antigen presentation as well as some additional functions of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Bajtay
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Peter s. 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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Bonnefont-Rebeix C, de Carvalho CM, Bernaud J, Chabanne L, Marchal T, Rigal D. CD86 molecule is a specific marker for canine monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 109:167-76. [PMID: 16202456 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, canine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (cMo-DC) were produced in presence of canine GM-CSF (cGM-CSF) and canine IL-4 (cIL-4), and they were characterized by their dendritic morphology, MLR functionality and phenotype. We noticed that cMo-DC were labelled with three anti-human CD86 (FUN-1, BU63 and IT2.2 clones), whereas resting and activated lymphocytes or monocytes were not stained. CD86 expression was induced by cIL-4 and was up-regulated during the differentiation of the cMo-DC, with a maximum at day 7. Furthermore, cMo-DC were very potent even in low numbers as stimulator cells in allogeneic MLR, and BU63 mAb was able to completely block the cMo-DC-induced proliferation in MLR. We also observed that cMo-DC highly expressed MHC Class II and CD32, but we failed to determine their maturation state since the lack of commercially available canine markers. Moreover, cMo-DC contained cytoplasmic periodic microstructures, potentially new ultrastructural markers of canine DC recently described. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that the CD86 costimulatory marker is now usable for a better characterization of in vitro canine DC.
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Bayry J, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kazatchkine MD, Hermine O, Tough DF, Kaveri SV. Modulation of Dendritic Cell Maturation and Function by B Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:15-20. [PMID: 15972625 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Investigating the signals that regulate the function of dendritic cells (DC), the sentinels of the immune system, is critical to understanding the role of DC in the regulation of immune responses. Accumulating lines of evidence indicate that in addition to innate stimuli and T cell-derived signals, B lymphocytes exert a profound regulatory effect in vitro and in vivo on the Ag-presenting function of DC. The identification of B cells as a cellular source of cytokines, chemokines, and autoantibodies that are critically involved in the process of maturation, migration, and function of DC provides a rationale for immunotherapeutic intervention of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions by targeting B cells. Conversely, efficient cross-presentation of Ags by DC pulsed with immune complexes provides an alternative approach in the immunotherapy of cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Bayry
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Berkshire, United Kingdom.
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Boyd BL, Lee TM, Kruger EF, Pinchuk LM. Cytopathic and non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus biotypes affect fluid phase uptake and mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis in bovine monocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 102:53-65. [PMID: 15451615 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have used non-cytopathic (ncp) and cytopathic (cp) bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV) to determine how the two biotypes affect mannose receptor (MR)-mediated endocytosis and fluid phase uptake in bovine monocytes. We have demonstrated that endocytosis in uninfected monocytes after 1 h of culture was mediated by the MR and fluid phase uptake, and after 24 h of culture it was mediated via fluid phase uptake only. Both cp and ncp BVDV affected the mechanisms of antigen uptake in monocytes. Endocytosis in BVDV infected monocytes, unlike in uninfected cells, was MR-independent and mediated by fluid phase uptake after 1 h of infection. The 24-h-BVDV infection changed the antigen uptake mechanisms to become MR- and fluid phase uptake-dependent. We conclude that antigen uptake, an important antigen presenting cell (APC) function, is affected in the early stage of BVDV infection during the first 24 h, with both BVDV biotypes, cp and ncp, having similar effects on monocyte antigen uptake in cattle. By influencing the early antigen uptake function of APC, BVDV might disrupt the function of monocytes as professional APC and contribute to the specific immunotolerance to BVDV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/physiology
- Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/immunology
- Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/metabolism
- Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/virology
- Cattle
- Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral/immunology
- Dextrans/immunology
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/genetics
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/immunology
- Disease Reservoirs/veterinary
- Endocytosis/immunology
- Endocytosis/physiology
- Female
- Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate/analogs & derivatives
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mannose Receptor
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/immunology
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/metabolism
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/virology
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbie L Boyd
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, PO Box 6100, 39762-6100, USA
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Marovich M, Grouard-Vogel G, Louder M, Eller M, Sun W, Wu SJ, Putvatana R, Murphy G, Tassaneetrithep B, Burgess T, Birx D, Hayes C, Schlesinger-Frankel S, Mascola J. Human dendritic cells as targets of dengue virus infection. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2001; 6:219-24. [PMID: 11924831 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.00037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus infections are an emerging global threat. Severe dengue infection is manifested as dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, both of which can be fatal complications. Factors predisposing to complicated disease and pathogenesis of severe infections are discussed. Using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and ELISA techniques, we studied the cellular targets of dengue virus infection, at both the clinical (in vivo) and the laboratory (in vitro) level. Resident skin dendritic cells are targets of dengue virus infection as demonstrated in a skin biopsy from a dengue vaccine recipient. We show that factors influencing infection of monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells are different. Immature dendritic cells were found to be the cells most permissive for dengue infection and maybe early targets for infection. Immature dendritic cells exposed to dengue virus produce TNF-alpha protein. Some of these immature dendritic cells undergo TNF-alpha mediated maturation as a consequence of exposure to the dengue virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marovich
- Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
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9
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Abstract
The complex interaction of the innate and adaptive immune system requires flexibility and cooperation among various cell types. In this regard, antigen-presenting-cells (APCs) play a pivotal role in transferring information from the periphery of the organism to lymphoid organs, where they initiate the activation of naive T cells. Dendritic cells, Langerhans' cells (LCs), and macrophages are also critical in the induction of allergic inflammation by presenting allergens to T lymphocytes and by contributing to the local recruitment of effector cells. Because of a complex genetic background, atopic individuals exhibit a dysregulation of T cell-mediated immune mechanisms. Attempts to understand the role APCs play in these pathophysiologic conditions are in progress and may allow development of new treatment strategies. In this review we will focus on the biology of APCs and their unique role in the induction and control of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D von Bubnoff
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
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Bellinghausen I, Brand U, Knop J, Saloga J. Comparison of allergen-stimulated dendritic cells from atopic and nonatopic donors dissecting their effect on autologous naive and memory T helper cells of such donors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105:988-96. [PMID: 10808181 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.105526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of their production of IL-12, mature dendritic cells (DC) are potent inducers of T(H)1 responses. However, recent reports have demonstrated that DCs can also induce T(H)2 differentiation. OBJECTIVE In the current study we investigated which immune response is induced by DCs in naive CD45RA(+) or memory CD45R0(+) CD4(+) T cells from atopic individuals (patients with grass pollen, birch pollen, or house dust mite allergy) compared with nonatopic control subjects. METHODS Immature DCs, generated from peripheral blood monocytes from atopic and nonatopic donors, were pulsed with the respective allergen and fully matured. Then the mature DCs were cocultured in vitro with autologous naive (CD45RA(+)) and memory (CD45R0(+)) CD4(+) T cells and cytokine and IgE production were measured by ELISA. RESULTS After the second restimulation with allergen-pulsed DCs, naive as well as memory autologous CD4(+) T cells from atopic but not from nonatopic donors showed an enhanced production of the T(H)2-type cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10, resulting in an increased IgE production, whereas IFN-gamma production and proliferation were not different. IL-12 production and surface marker expression of DCs derived from atopic and nonatopic donors did not differ and addition of neutralizing anti-IL-12 mAbs did not increase IL-4 but diminished IFN-gamma production. CONCLUSION These data indicate that mature DCs are able to induce naive and activate allergen-specific T helper cells to produce T(H)2 cytokines if the T cells are derived from atopic donors. This phenomenon is not due to diminished IL-12 production by DCs of atopic donors.
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Valladeau J, Ravel O, Dezutter-Dambuyant C, Moore K, Kleijmeer M, Liu Y, Duvert-Frances V, Vincent C, Schmitt D, Davoust J, Caux C, Lebecque S, Saeland S. Langerin, a novel C-type lectin specific to Langerhans cells, is an endocytic receptor that induces the formation of Birbeck granules. Immunity 2000; 12:71-81. [PMID: 10661407 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 673] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have identified a type II Ca2+-dependent lectin displaying mannose-binding specificity, exclusively expressed by Langerhans cells (LC), and named Langerin. LC are uniquely characterized by Birbeck granules (BG), which are organelles consisting of superimposed and zippered membranes. Here, we have shown that Langerin is constitutively associated with BG and that antibody to Langerin is internalized into these structures. Remarkably, transfection of Langerin cDNA into fibroblasts created a compact network of membrane structures with typical features of BG. Langerin is thus a potent inducer of membrane superimposition and zippering leading to BG formation. Our data suggest that induction of BG is a consequence of the antigen-capture function of Langerin, allowing routing into these organelles and providing access to a nonclassical antigen-processing pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Surface/chemistry
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/physiology
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary
- Endocytosis/physiology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Intracellular Fluid/immunology
- Langerhans Cells/cytology
- Langerhans Cells/metabolism
- Langerhans Cells/physiology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mannose-Binding Lectins
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Proline
- RNA, Messenger
- Rats
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- J Valladeau
- Schering-Plough Laboratory for Immunological Research, Dardilly, France
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12
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
- Allergens/immunology
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/drug effects
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/physiology
- Dendritic Cells/physiology
- Humans
- Langerhans Cells/physiology
- Macrophages/physiology
- Monocytes/physiology
- Nasal Mucosa/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/drug therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/etiology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/drug therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/etiology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Fokkens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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