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Mahgoub E, Taneera J, Sulaiman N, Saber-Ayad M. The role of autophagy in colorectal cancer: Impact on pathogenesis and implications in therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:959348. [PMID: 36160153 PMCID: PMC9490268 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.959348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered as a global major cause of cancer death. Surgical resection is the main line of treatment; however, chemo-, radiotherapy and other adjuvant agents are crucial to achieve good outcomes. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a well-recognized key player in CRC progression, yet the processes linking the cancer cells to its TME are not fully delineated. Autophagy is one of such processes, with a controversial role in the pathogenesis of CRC, with its intricate links to many pathological factors and processes. Autophagy may apparently play conflicting roles in carcinogenesis, but the precise mechanisms determining the overall direction of the process seem to depend on the context. Additionally, it has been established that autophagy has a remarkable effect on the endothelial cells in the TME, the key substrate for angiogenesis that supports tumor metastasis. Favorable response to immunotherapy occurs only in a specific subpopulation of CRC patients, namely the microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H). In view of such limitations of immunotherapy in CRC, modulation of autophagy represents a potential adjuvant strategy to enhance the effect of those relatively safe agents on wider CRC molecular subtypes. In this review, we discussed the molecular control of autophagy in CRC and how autophagy affects different processes and mechanisms that shape the TME. We explored how autophagy contributes to CRC initiation and progression, and how it interacts with tumor immunity, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. The crosstalk between autophagy and the TME in CRC was extensively dissected. Finally, we reported the clinical efforts and challenges in combining autophagy modulators with various cancer-targeted agents to improve CRC patients’ survival and restrain cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglal Mahgoub
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jalal Taneera
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nabil Sulaiman
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maha Saber-Ayad
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Maha Saber-Ayad,
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2
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Mills JA, Humphries J, Simpson JD, Sonderegger SE, Thurecht KJ, Fletcher NL. Modulating Macrophage Clearance of Nanoparticles: Comparison of Small-Molecule and Biologic Drugs as Pharmacokinetic Modifiers of Soft Nanomaterials. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4080-4097. [PMID: 36069540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicines show benefits in overcoming the limitations of conventional drug delivery systems by reducing side effects, toxicity, and exhibiting enhanced pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles to improve the therapeutic window of small-molecule drugs. However, upon administration, many nanoparticles (NPs) prompt induction of host innate immune responses, which in combination with other clearance pathways such as renal and hepatic, eliminate up to 99% of the administered dose. Here, we explore a drug predosing strategy to transiently suppress the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), subsequently improving the PK profile and biological behaviors exhibited by a model NP system [hyperbranched polymers (HBPs)] in an immunocompetent mouse model. In vitro assays allowed the identification of five drug candidates that attenuated cellular association. Predosing of lead compounds chloroquine (CQ) and zoledronic acid (ZA) further showed increased HBP retention within the circulatory system of mice, as shown by both fluorescence imaging and positron emission tomography-computed tomography. Flow cytometric evaluation of spleen and liver tissue cells following intravenous administration further demonstrated that CQ and ZA significantly reduced HBP association with myeloid cells by 23 and 16%, respectively. The results of this study support the use of CQ to pharmacologically suppress the MPS to improve NP PKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Mills
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James Humphries
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Joshua D Simpson
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stefan E Sonderegger
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kristofer J Thurecht
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas L Fletcher
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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3
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Mukhopadhyay S, Mahapatra KK, Praharaj PP, Patil S, Bhutia SK. Recent progress of autophagy signaling in tumor microenvironment and its targeting for possible cancer therapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 85:196-208. [PMID: 34500075 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, a lysosomal catabolic process, involves degradation of cellular materials, protein aggregate, and dysfunctional organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis. Strikingly, autophagy exhibits a dual-sided role in cancer; on the one hand, it promotes clearance of transformed cells and inhibits tumorigenesis, while cytoprotective autophagy has a role in sustaining cancer. The autophagy signaling in the tumor microenvironment (TME) during cancer growth and therapy is not adequately understood. The review highlights the role of autophagy signaling pathways to support cancer growth and progression in adaptation to the oxidative and hypoxic context of TME. Furthermore, autophagy contributes to regulating the metabolic switch for generating sufficient levels of high-energy metabolites, including amino acids, ketones, glutamine, and free fatty acids for cancer cell survival. Interestingly, autophagy has a critical role in modulating the tumor-associated fibroblast resulting in different cytokines and paracrine signaling mediated angiogenesis and invasion of pre-metastatic niches to secondary tumor sites. Moreover, autophagy promotes immune evasion to inhibit antitumor immunity, and autophagy inhibitors enhance response to immunotherapy with infiltration of immune cells to the TME niche. Furthermore, autophagy in TME maintains and supports the survival of cancer stem cells resulting in chemoresistance and therapy recurrence. Presently, drug repurposing has enabled the use of lysosomal inhibitor-based antimalarial drugs like chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as clinically available autophagy inhibitors in cancer therapy. We focus on the recent developments of multiple autophagy modulators from pre-clinical trials and the challenges in developing autophagy-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Mukhopadhyay
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Kewal Kumar Mahapatra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Prakash Priyadarshi Praharaj
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
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4
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Suri M, Katnoria S, Walter NS, Manchanda RK, Khurana A, Nayak D, Bagai U, Kaur S. Efficacy of Chininum Sulphuricum 30C against Malaria: An in vitro and in vivo Study. Complement Med Res 2021; 29:43-52. [PMID: 34315160 DOI: 10.1159/000517509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New effective, economical and safe antimalarial drugs are urgently needed due to the development of multi-drug-resistant strains of the parasite. Homeopathy uses ultra-diluted doses of various substances to stimulate autoregulatory and self-healing processes to cure various ailments. The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antimalarial efficacy of a homeopathic drug, Chininum sulphuricum 30C. METHODS In vitro antiplasmodial activity was screened against the P. falciparum chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) strain, and cell viability was assessed against normal human dermal fibroblasts and HepG2 cells. Suppressive, preventive and curative studies were carried out against P. berghei-infected mice in vivo. RESULTS Chininum sulphuricum (30C) revealed good antiplasmodial activity in vitro, with 92.79 ± 6.93% inhibition against the 3D7 strain. The cell viability was 83.6 ± 0.6% against normal human dermal fibroblasts and 95.22 ± 5.1% against HepG2 cells. It also exhibited suppressive efficacy with 95.56% chemosuppression on day 7 with no mortality throughout the follow-up period of 28 days. It also showed preventive activity against the disease. Drug treatment was also safe to the liver and kidney function of the host as evidenced by biochemical studies. CONCLUSION Chininum sulphuricum 30C exhibited considerable antimalarial activity along with safety to the liver and kidney function of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Suri
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sapna Katnoria
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neha Sylvia Walter
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Raj Kumar Manchanda
- Central Council for Research in Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Khurana
- Central Council for Research in Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Debadatta Nayak
- Central Council for Research in Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Upma Bagai
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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5
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Wu K, Zhang Q, Wu X, Lu W, Tang H, Liang Z, Gu Y, Song S, Ayon RJ, Wang Z, McDermott KM, Balistrieri A, Wang C, Black SM, Garcia JGN, Makino A, Yuan JXJ, Wang J. Chloroquine is a potent pulmonary vasodilator that attenuates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4155-4172. [PMID: 28849593 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction and excessive pulmonary vascular remodelling are two major causes of elevated pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether chloroquine induced relaxation in the pulmonary artery (PA) and attenuates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Isometric tension was measured in rat PA rings pre-constricted with phenylephrine or high K+ solution. PA pressure was measured in mouse isolated, perfused and ventilated lungs. Fura-2 fluorescence microscopy was used to measure cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration levels in PA smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Patch-clamp experiments were performed to assess the activity of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) in PASMC. Rats exposed to hypoxia (10% O2 ) for 3 weeks were used as the model of HPH or Sugen5416/hypoxia (SuHx) for in vivo experiments. KEY RESULTS Chloroquine attenuated agonist-induced and high K+ -induced contraction in isolated rat PA. Pretreatment with l-NAME or indomethacin and functional removal of endothelium failed to inhibit chloroquine-induced PA relaxation. In PASMC, extracellular application of chloroquine attenuated store-operated Ca2+ entry and ATP-induced Ca2+ entry. Furthermore, chloroquine also inhibited whole-cell Ba2+ currents through VDCC in PASMC. In vivo experiments demonstrated that chloroquine treatment ameliorated the HPH and SuHx models. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Chloroquine is a potent pulmonary vasodilator that may directly or indirectly block VDCC, store-operated Ca2+ channels and receptor-operated Ca2+ channels in PASMC. The therapeutic potential of chloroquine in pulmonary hypertension is probably due to the combination of its vasodilator, anti-proliferative and anti-autophagic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Xiongting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Zhihao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yali Gu
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Shanshan Song
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ramon J Ayon
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ziyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kimberly M McDermott
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Angela Balistrieri
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christina Wang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Stephen M Black
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ayako Makino
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
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6
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Giovanella F, Ferreira GK, de Prá SDT, Carvalho-Silva M, Gomes LM, Scaini G, Gonçalves RC, Michels M, Galant LS, Longaretti LM, Dajori AL, Andrade VM, Dal-Pizzol F, Streck EL, de Souza RP. Effects of primaquine and chloroquine on oxidative stress parameters in rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2015; 87:1487-96. [PMID: 26312430 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primaquine and chloroquine are used for the treatment of malaria; evidence from the literature suggests that these drugs may induce oxidative stress. In this study we investigated the effects of primaquine and chloroquine on oxidative damage and DNA damage in brain, liver and kidney of rats after 7, 14 and 21 days of administration. Our results demonstrated that primaquine causes DNA damage in brain after 7, 14 and 21 days, and in liver after 7 and 14 days. Moreover, primaquine increases TBARS levels in the kidney and protein carbonyls in the brain after 14 days, and decreases protein carbonyls in the liver after 7 days. Whereas chloroquine causes DNA damage in the kidney after 7 and 14 days, and in the liver after 14 and 21 days, increases TBARS levels in the kidney after 7 days, and decreases TBARS levels in the brain after 21 days. Moreover, decreases protein carbonyls in the liver after 7 and 14 days, and in the brain after 7 and 21 days. However, chloroquine treatment for 14 days increases protein carbonyls in the brain and kidney. In conclusion, these results showed that prolonged treatment with antimalarial may adversely affect the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lara M Gomes
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, BR
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, BR
| | - Renata C Gonçalves
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
| | - Monique Michels
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
| | - Letícia S Galant
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
| | | | | | | | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
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7
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Sai WB, Yu MF, Wei MY, Lu Z, Zheng YM, Wang YX, Qin G, Guo D, Ji G, Shen J, Liu QH. Bitter tastants induce relaxation of rat thoracic aorta precontracted with high K+. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 41:301-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Sai
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China; College of Life Sciences; South-Central University for Nationalities; Wuhan China
| | - Meng-Fei Yu
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China; College of Life Sciences; South-Central University for Nationalities; Wuhan China
| | - Ming-Yu Wei
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China; College of Life Sciences; South-Central University for Nationalities; Wuhan China
| | - Zhongju Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; State University of New York; Stony Brook NY USA
| | - Yun-Min Zheng
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences; Albany Medical College; Albany NY USA
| | - Yong-Xiao Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences; Albany Medical College; Albany NY USA
| | - Gangjian Qin
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology; Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute; North-western, University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL USA
| | - Donglin Guo
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research and Main Line Health Heart Center; Wynnewood PA USA
| | - Guangju Ji
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules; Institute of Biophysics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Jinhua Shen
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China; College of Life Sciences; South-Central University for Nationalities; Wuhan China
| | - Qing-Hua Liu
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China; College of Life Sciences; South-Central University for Nationalities; Wuhan China
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8
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Carnovale C, Perrone V, Borsadoli C, Mambrini A, Speziali A, Froldi G, Antoniazzi S, Magistro L, Clementi E, Radice S. A case of urinary incontinence by hydroxychloroquine in a geriatric patient. J Clin Pharm Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Carnovale
- Scientific Institute; IRCCS Eugenio Medea; Lecco Italy
| | - V. Perrone
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences; University Hospital ‘Luigi Sacco’; Università di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - C. Borsadoli
- Pharmaceutical Service; Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Mantova; Mantua Italy
| | - A. Mambrini
- Physician, Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Mantova; Mantua Italy
| | - A. Speziali
- Pharmaceutical Service; Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Mantova; Mantua Italy
| | - G. Froldi
- Pharmaceutical Service; Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Mantova; Mantua Italy
| | - S. Antoniazzi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences; University Hospital ‘Luigi Sacco’; Università di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - L. Magistro
- Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Pharmacology “E. Trabucchi”; Università di Milano, Milan Italy
| | - E. Clementi
- Scientific Institute; IRCCS Eugenio Medea; Lecco Italy
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences; University Hospital ‘Luigi Sacco’; Università di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - S. Radice
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences; University Hospital ‘Luigi Sacco’; Università di Milano; Milan Italy
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9
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Ahmed MH, Osman MM. Why does chloroquine impair renal function?: chloroquine may modulate the renal tubular response to vasopressin either directly by inhibiting cyclic AMP generation, or indirectly via nitric oxide. Med Hypotheses 2006; 68:140-3. [PMID: 16919890 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine is one of the antimalaria drugs, also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although well tolerated in most individuals, it was suggested that chloroquine can exert a profound influence on renal function, especially in individuals with compromised body fluid status. However, epidemiological studies are still lacking. The renal actions of chloroquine are further exacerbated by co-administration of other commonly used drugs such as paracetamol. The following discussion will focus on the evidence that chloroquine is a stimulator of nitric oxide (NO), which mediates many of its renal actions (diuresis, natriuresis and an increase in both glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and plasma vasopressin). Chloroquine appears to modulate the renal tubular response to vasopressin either by directly inhibiting cAMP generation or indirectly via NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Ahmed
- Chemical Pathology Department, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hamphshire SO16 6YD, UK.
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10
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Albay D, Adler SG, Philipose J, Calescibetta CC, Romansky SG, Cohen AH. Chloroquine-induced lipidosis mimicking Fabry disease. Mod Pathol 2005; 18:733-8. [PMID: 15605079 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular accumulation of phospholipids may be a consequence of inherited or acquired metabolic disorders. In Fabry disease, deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A results in storage of globotriasylceramide in numerous cells including endothelium, striated muscle (skeletal, cardiac), smooth muscle, and renal epithelium among others; the ultrastructural appearance of the inclusions is of whorled layers of alternating dense and pale material ('zebra bodies' or myeline figures). Chloroquine therapy may result in storage of biochemically and ultrastructurally similar inclusions in many of the same cells as Fabry disease and often results in similar clinical manifestations. We report a 56-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis treated with chloroquine, who developed muscle weakness and renal insufficiency; information regarding therapy was not emphasized at the time of renal biopsy, leading to initial erroneous interpretation of Fabry disease. Following muscle biopsy, genetic and enzyme evaluation, and additional studies on the kidney biopsy, a diagnosis of chloroquine toxicity was established. One year following cessation of chloroquine, renal and muscle dysfunction greatly improved. In chloroquine toxicity, inclusions in glomeruli are not only in visceral epithelial, endothelial and mesangial cells but are in infiltrating monocytes/macrophages, which are most commonly present in the mesangium. Curvilinear bodies, the ultrastructural features of chloroquine toxicity in striated muscle, are not present in renal cells. This report documents differences in appearance, cells affected and morphological differential diagnostic features to distinguish these two entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Albay
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90048, USA
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11
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Ahmed MH, Balment RJ, Ashton N. Renal action of acute chloroquine and paracetamol administration in the anesthetized, fluid-balanced rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 306:478-83. [PMID: 12721325 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.051037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine induces diuresis, natriuresis, and an increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the rat. These responses are modified in rats with analgesic nephropathy induced by long-term paracetamol (acetaminophen) administration. Here, the effects of acute paracetamol treatment on renal function and the response to chloroquine are reported. Under intraval anesthesia (100 mg kg-1) male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6/group) were infused with 2.5% dextrose for 3 h. After a control hour, they received either vehicle, chloroquine (0.04 mg h-1), paracetamol (priming dose of 210 mg kg-1 followed by 110 mg kg-1h-1) or chloroquine and paracetamol over the next hour. Compared with vehicle, chloroquine infusion resulted in increases in GFR (2.4 +/- 0.3 versus 4.8 +/- 0.6 ml min-1), urine flow (4.2 +/- 0.3 versus 10.4 +/- 0.7 ml h-1), and sodium excretion (47.7 +/- 4.1 versus 171.2 +/- 18.6 micromol h-1) and a reduction in urine osmolality (223.2 +/- 5.9 versus 121.7 +/- 23.9 mOsM kg-1). Paracetamol reduced sodium excretion but had no effect on urine flow, GFR, or urine osmolality. When combined, paracetamol blocked the chloroquine-induced diuresis (3.9 +/- 0.7 ml h-1) and natriuresis (22.6 +/- 8.5 micromol h-1), attenuated the increase in glomerular filtration rate (3.5 +/- 0.2 ml min-1), and raised urine osmolality (280.0 +/- 22.8 mOsM kg-1). The differing effects of acute and long-term paracetamol treatment on basal and chloroquine-mediated renal function suggest that the length of prior exposure to paracetamol, and thus the presence of analgesic nephropathy, is an important determinant of the renal response to chloroquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Ahmed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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12
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Müller-Höcker J, Schmid H, Weiss M, Dendorfer U, Braun GS. Chloroquine-induced phospholipidosis of the kidney mimicking Fabry's disease: case report and review of the literature. Hum Pathol 2003; 34:285-9. [PMID: 12673565 DOI: 10.1053/hupa.2003.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A 46-year-old female patient with Sjögren's syndrome, hypertension, and stable chronic renal insufficiency (creatinine [CR], 1.9 to 2.1 mg/dL) had a progressive worsening of renal function (CR, 5.0 mg/dL) after 11 months of chloroquine therapy (155 mg/day; cumulative dose of approximately 51 g). Light microscopy revealed nonspecific angionephrosclerosis. Electron microscopy showed accumulations of lamellated myelinoid material and occasionally also of curvilinear bodies, especially in the glomerular podocytes and to a lesser extent in vascular myothelial and endothelial cells. In the tubular system, mainly protein droplets were stored. Activity of alpha-galactosidase A was normal in isolated leukocytes (56 nmol/mg; range, 33.2 to 109 nmol/mg), ruling out Fabry's disease. Clinical, morphological, and biochemical findings were consistent with chloroquine-associated deterioration of renal function that improved considerably after discontinuation of chloroquine treatment. Adverse effects of chloroquine may aggravate preexisting renal disease. Electron microscopy is a worthwhile tool for establishing the correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Müller-Höcker
- Pathologische Institut and medizinische Klinik-Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitãt, Munich, Germany
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13
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Ahmed MH, Ashton N, Balment RJ. The effect of chloroquine on renal function and vasopressin secretion: a nitric oxide-dependent effect. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 304:156-61. [PMID: 12490586 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.042523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that chloroquine administration increases plasma vasopressin concentration and urinary sodium excretion in Sprague-Dawley rats. Because chloroquine has also been shown to stimulate nitric oxide production, the aim of this study was to determine whether nitric oxide mediates chloroquine-induced changes in renal function and secretion of vasopressin. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6-8/group) were infused with 2.5% dextrose under Intraval anesthesia (100 mg kg(-1) i.p.). After 3-h equilibration and a control hour, animals received either vehicle, chloroquine (0.04 mg h(-1)), N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (nitric-oxide synthase inhibitor, 60 microg kg(-1) h(-1)), or combined chloroquine and L-NAME over the next hour. L-NAME or vehicle infusion continued for a further recovery hour. Plasma was collected from a parallel group of animals for vasopressin radioimmunoassay. Chloroquine stimulated a significant increase (p < 0.05) in urine flow rate, glomerular filtration rate, and sodium excretion over the hour of infusion, in comparison with vehicle-infused rats. These effects continued after cessation of chloroquine, reaching maxima in the following recovery hour. Coadministration of L-NAME abolished these effects, returning all parameters to levels comparable with those in vehicle-infused animals. Chloroquine administration was accompanied by a significant increase (p < 0.05) in plasma vasopressin, which was also reversed by L-NAME. The effects of chloroquine on renal function and vasopressin secretion seem to be mediated by pathways involving nitric oxide. These data suggest that chloroquine may stimulate nitric-oxide synthase both centrally, stimulating vasopressin secretion, and within the kidney, where it modulates glomerular hemodynamics and tubular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Ahmed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Cooper RG, Musabayane CT. Effects of ethanol on plasma chloroquine, arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations and renal hydro-electrolyte handling in the rat. Ren Fail 2000; 22:785-98. [PMID: 11104166 DOI: 10.1081/jdi-100101964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence in literature suggests that acute effects of either chloroquine or ethanol on kidney function partly depend on influencing plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin (AVP). Therefore, the goal of the current study was to explore the effects of chloroquine and/or various doses of ethanol on plasma AVP levels and associated effects on renal hydro-electrolyte handling. Separate groups of male anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on a continuous jugular infusion of 0.077 M NaCl at 150 microL/min(-1). After 3 h equilibration period, consecutive 20 min urine collections were made over the subsequent 4 h of 1 h control, 1 h 20 min treatment and 1 h 40 min postequilibration periods for measurements of urine flow and Na+ and K+ excretion rates. Chloroquine (0.06 microg/min(-1)) and/or ethanol at either 2.4, 6, 18 or 24 microg/min(-1) were added to the infusate during the treatment period. Trunk blood was collected after the treatment period from parallel groups for AVP, ethanol and chloroquine measurements. Vehicle infused animals acted as control animals. Infusion of ethanol at low rate of 2.4 microg/min(-1) increased Na+ excretion rates, but high rates (6-24 microg/min(-1)) did not elicit such effects. Plasma ethanol concentrations were undetectable following administration of ethanol alone at 2.4 or 6 microg/min(-1). However, ethanols were measurable following co-infusion of chloroquine and ethanol at 6 microg/min(-1) (6+/-1 mg/dL(-1)). Concurrent chloroquine and ethanol (24 microg/min(-1)) administration elevated plasma ethanol concentrations by 26% by comparison with that of ethanol alone at the same dose. Chloroquine and ethanol infusion at all doses significantly (p < 0.01) increased plasma chloroquine concentrations. Intravenous infusion of ethanol increased plasma AVP concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. The observations of this study suggest that acute ethanol increases plasma AVP levels in a dose-dependent manner to affect hydro-electrolyte balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooper
- Department of Physiology, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare
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Musabayane CT, Cooper RG, Rao PV, Balment RJ. Effects of ethanol on the changes in renal fluid and electrolyte handling and kidney morphology induced by long-term chloroquine administration to rats. Alcohol 2000; 22:129-38. [PMID: 11163120 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(00)00110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of long-term chloroquine and ethanol administration on renal fluid and electrolyte handling and kidney structure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with chloroquine diphosphate (20 microg kg(-1) bw) and/or ethanol (1.6 g kg(-1) bw) every third consecutive day for 4 weeks. Urine volume and total urinary outputs of Na+ and K+ were determined from 24-h samples. For detailed renal studies, rats were subsequently anaesthetised and challenged with a continuous jugular infusion of 0.077 M NaCl at 150 microl min(-1) 24 h after the last treatment. After a 3-h equilibration period, urine flow, Na+ and K+ excretion rates were determined over a 4-h period. Plasma concentrations of AVP and aldosterone were measured in unanaesthetised rats and in anaesthetised rats after hypotonic saline infusion. In separate groups, the rats were anaesthetised with an overdose of ether after 4 weeks of treatment and part of the right kidney was quickly collected and routinely processed for light microscopy. Chloroquine decreased Na+ excretion and increased plasma aldosterone concentrations in anaesthetised rats. Ethanol alone did not alter urinary Na+ outputs or aldosterone levels. Combined chloroquine and ethanol increased renal Na+ excretion, but did not affect plasma aldosterone levels. In unanaesthetised animals all treatments increased aldosterone levels by comparison with control rats. Urinary Na+ excretion was decreased by separate administration of either chloroquine or ethanol, but increased by combined treatment. Microscopic studies showed that concurrent chloroquine and ethanol administration induced extensive damage of the proximal tubule and collecting ducts cells. The results of this study suggest that alcohol consumption and chloroquine administration could result in diminished renal function possibly due to alteration of renally active hormones or kidney morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Musabayane
- Department of Physiology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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Musabayane CT, Cooper RG, Osim E, Balment RJ. Renal electrolyte and fluid handling in the rat following chloroquine and/or ethanol administration. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 2000; 34:43-51. [PMID: 10793267 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(00)00045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We postulated that chloroquine and/or ethanol affect plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations to alter renal function. Therefore, we studied the effects of chloroquine and/or ethanol on plasma AVP concentrations and fluid, urinary Na(+) and K(+) outputs in separate groups of anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats challenged with a continuous jugular infusion of 0.077 M NaCl at 150 microl.min(-1). After a 3-h equilibration period, vehicle, chloroquine (0.06 microg. min(-1)), ethanol (2.4 or 24 microg.min(-1)) or both chloroquine and ethanol were added to the infusate after 1 h (control) for 1 h 20 min (treatment). The animals were switched back to the infusate alone for the final 1 h 40 min recovery periods. Urine flow Na(+) and K(+) excretion rates were determined at 20-min intervals over the subsequent 4-h postequilibration period. Blood was collected from separate groups of animals at the end of treatment period or equivalent time for control animals for measurement of plasma aldosterone and AVP concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Simultaneous chloroquine and ethanol infusion significantly (p < 0.01) increased plasma chloroquine concentrations in an ethanol dose-dependent manner by comparison with animals administered chloroquine alone. Chloroquine infusion alone (0.06 microg.min(-1)) and/or ethanol (2.4 or 24 microg.min(-1)) elevated plasma AVP concentrations from 9.73 +/- 1.64 fmol.l(-1) in control rats to 15.65 +/- 2.49 fmol.l(-1), 17. 39 +/- 4.21 fmol.l(-1), and 33.87 +/- 6.18 fmol.l(-1), respectively. Separate administration of chloroquine or ethanol at low dose rates increased urinary Na(+) excretion rates. We conclude that the impairment of renal electrolyte handling associated with chloroquine administration may be exacerbated by ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Musabayane
- Department of Physiology, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Zimbabwe.
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Musabayane CT, Musvibe A, Wenyika J, Munjeri O, Osim EE. Chloroquine influences renal function in rural Zimbabweans with acute transient fever. Ren Fail 1999; 21:189-97. [PMID: 10088179 DOI: 10.3109/08860229909066983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish the effects of chloroquine on kidney function we monitored renal parameters in age and sex matched control subjects and patients who presented with acute transient fever. The patients were immediately treated with chloroquine diphosphate in the recommended dosage. Blood samples for creatinine, urea, Na+ and K+ determinations were collected before treatment (Day 0), on the 3rd day of treatment (Day 3) and two days after the last dose of chloroquine (Day 5). 24 h urine collections were collected for five consecutive days from the second day of treatment. Spot urine samples showed the absence of blood cells, bilirubin, glucose, protein and ketones. Examination of thick blood smears over three days did not reveal any forms of malaria parasites. Urinary tract infection in the patients was also excluded. Therefore, these patients were a suitable group to assess the effects of chloroquine on renal function. The blood pressure in females and males decreased significantly after two days of chloroquine treatment compared with Day 0. The plasma concentration of creatinine in females and females was increased by chloroquine 2 days after the last dose by comparison with the Day 0 (females, 66 +/- 2 mumol/L versus 83 +/- 2 mumol/L n = 20, p < 0.01 and males, 78 +/- 6 mumol/L versus 81 +/- 9 mumol/L, n = 20, p < 0.01). This was paralleled by a reduction in urinary creatinine excretion during the same period (females 15 +/- 1 mg/kg body weight/24 h versus 12 +/- 1 mg/kg body weight/24 h and males 23 +/- 3 mg/kg/24 h versus 18 +/- 2 mg/kg/24 h, p < 0.01 in both instances). Urinary urea excretion in females was reduced from 290 +/- 6 mumol/kg/24 h to 215 +/- 5 mumol/kg/24 h 2 days after treatment. The results of the study suggest that the effects of chloroquine in patients with acute transient fever include lowered urinary urea and creatinine excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Musabayane
- Department of Physiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare.
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Munjeri O, Hodza P, Osim EE, Musabayane CT. An investigation into the suitability of amidated pectin hydrogel beads as a delivery matrix for chloroquine. J Pharm Sci 1998; 87:905-8. [PMID: 9687331 DOI: 10.1021/js9801283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to delay the release of chloroquine to distal parts of the gastrointestinal tract by using a multiparticulate hydrogel formulation. Amidated pectin chloroquine beads (PC) with varying pectin-to-chloroquine ratios (PC) w/w loadings of 4:1, 2:1, and 1:1 in the dried beads were prepared by the gelation of drug-loaded pectin solutions in the presence of calcium. In vitro release studies of chloroquine from pectin-chloroquine hydrogel beads and chloroquine diphosphate powder were carried out in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. The total release of the entrapped chloroquine from the hydrogel beads was achieved between 4 and 7 h in simulated intestinal fluid, but total release was not achieved in simulated gastric fluid. However, total release from chloroquine diphosphate powder was achieved by 1.5 and 2 h in gastric and intestinal fluids, respectively. The plasma pharmacokinetics of chloroquine from pectin hydrogel beads and chloroquine diphosphate solution following single or repeated dosing were compared in male Sprague-Dawley rats over a period of 60 h. Oral administration of the hyrogel beads to rats produced maximum plasma concentrations by 7 h, but highest plasma concentrations following chloroquine solution administration were observed by 2 h. The dissolution data and appearance of significant plasma concentrations of chloroquine 2 to 4 h after oral administration suggests release in duodenum, jejunum, or ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Munjeri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare Zimbabwe
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Magwere T, Naik YS, Hasler JA. Effects of chloroquine treatment on antioxidant enzymes in rat liver and kidney. Free Radic Biol Med 1997; 22:321-7. [PMID: 8958157 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(96)00285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of chloroquine (CHQ) administration on antioxidant enzymes in rat liver and kidney was studied. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 20 mg/kg CHQ once a week for 4 weeks (chronic treatment) or a single dose at 10 or 20 mg/kg (acute treatment). Antioxidant enzyme activities were determined in cytosolic fractions of liver and kidney, whereas reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined in tissue samples. Results indicate minimal effects of acute CHQ treatment, whereas chronic treatment with CHQ differentially affected antioxidant enzymes in the two organs. Superoxide dismutase activity was increased nearly twofold, while activities of selenium glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase, and NAD (P) H: quinone oxidoreductase were decreased in livers of CHQ-treated rats compared to controls. No significant effects of CHQ on glutathione reductase, GSH, and MDA levels were seen in the liver. Fewer effects of CHQ were observed in the kidney where a decrease in GPX activity and an increase in MDA levels was seen. Lowering of antioxidant enzymes activities in the liver by CHQ could render the organ more susceptible to subsequent oxidative stress; while increased MDA production after CHQ treatment in the kidney indicate that the organ is being subjected to oxidative stress. This could have implications for prolonged chloroquine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Magwere
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Musabayane CT, Windle RJ, Forsling ML, Balment RJ. Arginine vasopressin mediates the chloroquine induced increase in renal sodium excretion. Trop Med Int Health 1996; 1:542-50. [PMID: 8765464 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-81.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We postulated that chloroquine increases plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations thus altering renal Na+ clearance. Therefore, we studied a relationship between plasma AVP concentrations and urinary Na+ output in separate groups of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats administered chloroquine (3 micrograms/min) for 1 h 20 min. We also monitored Na+ excretion rates in Brattleboro AVP-deficient Di rats challenged with hypotonic saline load and administered chloroquine for 1 h 20 min. To establish whether chloroquine-induced changes in renal Na+ excretion were mediated via AVP V1 receptors, we studied Na+ excretion rates in groups of SD rats administered chloroquine or AVP in the presence of AVP V1 receptor antagonist (1-(beta-mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)-2-O-methyltyrosine arginine vasopressin (d(CH2)5(Tyr(Me)2) AVP) at 11 pmol/min for 1 h 20 min. The Na+ excretion rate rose significantly (P < 0.01) from a pretreatment level of 9.8 +/- 1.0 mumol/min to a peak of 14.1 +/- 0.9 mumol/min in SD rats (n = 7) administered chloroquine. The Na+ excretion rate remained unaltered around 8.5 mumol/min in rats simultaneously administered chloroquine and the AVP V1 receptor antagonist. This compared with control rats (8.1 +/- 0.5 mumol/min, n = 7) and animals administered AVP V1 receptor antagonist alone (8.7 +/- 0.6 mumol/min, n = 7). Chloroquine did not affect urine flow, Na+ or K+ excretion rates in Brattleboro AVP-deficient Di rats. Administration of AVP alone was associated with significant increases in renal Na+ excretion rate. Blockade of AVP V1 receptors abolished the AVP-dependent increase in urinary Na+ loss. We conclude that at least part of the chloroquine-induced increase in Na+ excretion is mediated by chloroquine stimulating an increase in plasma AVP concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Musabayane
- School of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
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