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Saingam P, Di DYW, Yan T. Diversity and health risk potentials of the Enterococcus population in tropical coastal water impacted by Hurricane Lane. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2021; 19:990-1001. [PMID: 34874905 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2021.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hurricane-caused stormwater runoffs transport diverse terrestrial pollutants, adversely impact microbiological water quality, and introduce fecal and other pathogens to coastal water environments. This study investigated the genotypic diversity, phylogenetic composition, antibiotic resistance patterns, and virulence gene repertoire of the Enterococcus population in the Hilo Bay coastal water after the immediate impact of Hurricane Lane. DNA fingerprinting of Enterococcus isolates exhibited large genotypic diversity, while 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified four major species, including E. faecalis (34.7%), E. faecium (22.4%), E. hirae (22.4%), and E. durans (18.4%). Four common enterococcal virulence genes (cylA, esp, asa1, and gelE) were detected in the Enterococcus population, with significant portions of E. durans (33.3%), E. faecalis (41.2%), E. faecium (36.4%), and E. hirae (27.3%) isolates possessing two or more virulence genes. Considerable antibiotic resistance to rifampin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and nitrofurantoin was detected in the Enterococcus population, with one E. durans isolate showing vancomycin resistance. The results indicate considerable health implications associated with Enterococcus spp. in the hurricane-impacted tropical coastal water, illustrating the needs for more comprehensive understanding of the microbiological risks associated with storm-impacted coastal water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakit Saingam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA E-mail:
| | - Doris Y W Di
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA E-mail:
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA E-mail:
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Qazalbash M, Masud T, Ahmad A, Hayat R, Ibrahim M, Mujtaba A, Mumtaz A, Asad M. Diversity of lactic acid bacteria associated with raw yak
( Bos grunniens) milk produced in Pakistan. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/133201/2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lyons C, Raustad N, Bustos MA, Shiaris M. Incidence of Type II CRISPR1-Cas Systems in Enterococcus Is Species-Dependent. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143544. [PMID: 26600384 PMCID: PMC4658022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas systems, which obstruct both viral infection and incorporation of mobile genetic elements by horizontal transfer, are a specific immune response common to prokaryotes. Antiviral protection by CRISPR-Cas comes at a cost, as horizontally-acquired genes may increase fitness and provide rapid adaptation to habitat change. To date, investigations into the prevalence of CRISPR have primarily focused on pathogenic and clinical bacteria, while less is known about CRISPR dynamics in commensal and environmental species. We designed PCR primers and coupled these with DNA sequencing of products to detect and characterize the presence of cas1, a universal CRISPR-associated gene and proxy for the Type II CRISPR1-Cas system, in environmental and non-clinical Enterococcus isolates. CRISPR1-cas1 was detected in approximately 33% of the 275 strains examined, and differences in CRISPR1 carriage between species was significant. Incidence of cas1 in E. hirae was 73%, nearly three times that of E. faecalis (23.6%) and 10 times more frequent than in E. durans (7.1%). Also, this is the first report of CRISPR1 presence in E. durans, as well as in the plant-associated species E. casseliflavus and E. sulfureus. Significant differences in CRISPR1-cas1 incidence among Enterococcus species support the hypothesis that there is a tradeoff between protection and adaptability. The differences in the habitats of enterococcal species may exert varying selective pressure that results in a species-dependent distribution of CRISPR-Cas systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casandra Lyons
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicole Raustad
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mario A. Bustos
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Shiaris
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pleural Enterococcus faecalis empyema: an unusual case. Infection 2007; 37:56-9. [PMID: 17973078 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-007-6359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A 63-year-old female patient was admitted to the department of neurology following an acute ischemic infarction of the right medial cerebral artery. She developed fever, respiratory failure, and hypotension and had to be transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) for intubation and mechanical ventilation. Chest X-ray showed increased density of the complete right hemi-thorax, indicative of massive pleural effusion. Chest tube drainage produced 1.5 l of pus in 1 h. Cultures revealed growth of Enterococcus faecalis. The patient was treated with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid with good clinical response. Enterococci very rarely cause spontaneous pleural empyema. The natural resistance of enterococci to several types of antibiotics can lead to selection of enterococci as seen in other clinical studies and may lead to this unusual clinical consequence.
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Bonilla TD, Nowosielski K, Esiobu N, McCorquodale DS, Rogerson A. Species assemblages of Enterococcus indicate potential sources of fecal bacteria at a south Florida recreational beach. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2006; 52:807-10. [PMID: 16631811 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tonya D Bonilla
- Oceanographic Center of Nova Southeastern University, 8000 N Ocean Drive, Dania Beach, FL 33004, USA
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Graef EM, Devriese LA, Baele M, Vancanneyt M, Swings J, Haesebrouck F, Decostere A. Identification of enterococcal, streptococcal and Weissella species in the faecal flora of individually owned dogs. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 99:348-53. [PMID: 16033466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To improve the limited information on the composition of the faecal Gram-positive coccal flora of healthy dogs by the use of a molecular identification method. METHODS AND RESULTS Faecal swabs were collected for the selective isolation of Gram-positive coccal strains. Colonies with enterococcal- and streptococcal-like morphology were identified by tRNA intergenic length polymorphism analysis (tDNA-PCR). Fourteen known species belonging to three genera (Enterococcus, Streptococcus and Weissella) and one alleged new enterococcal species were found. CONCLUSIONS The faecal flora of dogs comprises an unusually broad diversity of culturable Gram-positive coccal species with Enterococcus faecalis being most frequently present followed by not less than six other species of about equal importance. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Many human- and animal-associated enterococci and streptococci are also present in dog faeces together with the largely uncharacterized Weissella cibaria and a group of strains resembling Enterococcus dispar, but representing a distinct and hitherto unknown species. Phenotypic characteristics of the latter two species were determined and the test results were compared with the species descriptions of W. cibaria and E. dispar respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Graef
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Devriese LA, Vancanneyt M, Descheemaeker P, Baele M, Van Landuyt HW, Gordts B, Butaye P, Swings J, Haesebrouck F. Differentiation and identification of Enterococcus durans, E. hirae and E. villorum. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 92:821-7. [PMID: 11972684 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare different tests in the identification of Enterococcus durans, E. hirae and E. villorum strains. These bacteria belong to the E. faecium species group and are phylogenetically closely related, as evidenced by 16S rRNA sequence homologies of over 98.8%. METHODS AND RESULTS Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of whole-cell protein, tRNA interpacer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and arbitrarily-primed (D11344-primed AP) -PCR analysis correctly identified all three species in a collection of strains from very diverse origins. In contrast, biochemical reactions only allowed the unequivocal differentiation of the three species as a group from the other enterococci. Within this group, D-xylose acidification can be used to differentiate E. villorum, but exceptions occur. Strains highly susceptible to clindamycin can be identified as E. durans, but many strains of this species cannot be differentiated from E. hirae and E. villorum due to acquired resistance. CONCLUSIONS Despite their close relationship, E. durans, E. hirae and E. villorum can be differentiated by genomic methods and by whole-cell protein analysis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Only a minority of strains of these three enterococcal species can be identified reliably by the currently available and commonly applied phenotypic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Devriese
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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Baele M, Devriese LA, Butaye P, Haesebrouck F. Composition of enterococcal and streptococcal flora from pigeon intestines. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 92:348-51. [PMID: 11849364 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify the streptococcal and enterococcal components of the microflora from pigeon intestines to species level by tDNA-intergenic polymerase chain reaction. METHODS AND RESULTS Gram-positive coccal strains were isolated from the intestines or faeces of 50 different pigeons, all from different lofts, on Columbia CNA blood agar. Sodium azide-sensitive enterococci were found to constitute the major coccal members of the intestinal flora of pigeons. Forty-two of 69 isolates were identified as Enterococcus columbae (84% of animals tested positive), while E. cecorum was encountered in 28% of all animals (14 isolates). Minor species (less than 10% of pigeons positive) were E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. gallinarum, E. casseliflavus, Streptococcus alactolyticus and Strep. gallolyticus. Contrary to the species description of E. columbae and E. cecorum, some of the strains were found to be motile. Certain other minor differences with the species description of E. columbae are also indicated. CONCLUSIONS Enterococcus columbae is the major Gram-positive facultatively anaerobic component of the pigeon intestinal flora. Certain phenotypic characteristics differ from the original species description. The potentially pathogenic Strep. gallolyticus is a minor component of the microflora. Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis are rare in pigeons. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The enterococcal and streptococcal flora of pigeons is composed of mainly host-specific bacteria. These are not likely to act as zoonotic pathogens nor as carriers of antibiotic resistance determinants possibly spreading to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baele
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Reid KC, Cockerill III FR, Patel R. Clinical and epidemiological features of Enterococcus casseliflavus/flavescens and Enterococcus gallinarum bacteremia: a report of 20 cases. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:1540-6. [PMID: 11340524 DOI: 10.1086/320542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/1999] [Revised: 10/03/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance of intrinsically vancomycin-resistant enterococci is not yet fully established, as these organisms are infrequently recovered from clinical specimens. We report our experience with 20 cases of Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus/flavescens bacteremia in humans from 1992 through 1998. Sixteen cases of bacteremia were caused by E. gallinarum. Underlying conditions were present in 19 (95%) of the patients and included malignancy, receipt of transplant, and Caroli's disease. Polymicrobial bacteremia was present in 9 patients (45%). E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus/flavescens, although they are infrequently isolated from clinical specimens, may cause serious invasive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Reid
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Oon LL, Ling ML, Chiew YF. Gastrointestinal colonisation of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus in a singapore teaching hospital. Pathology 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/00313020124995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Glycopeptide resistance may be either constitutive or transferable (on plasmids or as a transposon), and four phenotypes (van A, B, C, D) have been described to date. Recent data suggest solid media screening protocols appear to be insensitive at detecting low levels of carriage, and up to 40% of colonized patients may be falsely glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE) negative. Managing GRE-colonized or -infected patients using contact precautions appears to be useful in controlling clonal outbreaks, but may be of limited utility once GRE is endemic. Alternate strategies to manage GRE-colonized patients with prolonged carriage and in outpatient or home health settings include using risk-based transmission assessment to limit the logistic and psychosocial difficulties associated with the use of continuous contact precautions. The therapeutic options for treating GRE infection remain limited. Attempts to decolonize GRE-colonized patients with bacitracin appear to be of limited utility.
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Nelson RR. Intrinsically vancomycin-resistant gram-positive organisms: clinical relevance and implications for infection control. J Hosp Infect 1999; 42:275-82. [PMID: 10467540 DOI: 10.1053/jhin.1998.0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic resistance to vancomycin in gram-positive bacteria presumably predates acquired vancomycin resistance in enterococci but it has only recently generated interest. Intrinsically resistant enterococci possessing the vanC gene and the non-enterococcal genera Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Erysipelothrix are known to cause human infection. This review examines the available data on their identification, resistance mechanisms, epidemiology, clinical infections and antimicrobial susceptibility. Intrinsically vancomycin-resistant gram-positives are usually opportunistic pathogens. Although serious infections may occur, treatment options remain available. No additional infection control measures for the intrinsically resistant genera appear justified with currently available evidence, although vigilance should be maintained to detect future changes in susceptibility patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Nelson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow
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