1
|
Liu X, Khalil AEMM, Muthukumarasamy U, Onogi Y, Yan X, Singh I, Lopez-Gonzales E, Israel A, Serrano AC, Strowig T, Ussar S. Reduced intestinal lipid absorption improves glucose metabolism in aged G2-Terc knockout mice. BMC Biol 2023; 21:150. [PMID: 37403071 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological aging is an important factor leading to the development of pathologies associated with metabolic dysregulation, including type 2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Telomere length, a central feature of aging, has additionally been identified as inversely associated with glucose tolerance and the development of type 2 diabetes. However, the effects of shortened telomeres on body weight and metabolism remain incompletely understood. Here, we studied the metabolic consequences of moderate telomere shortening using second generation loss of telomerase activity in mice. RESULTS Aged male and female G2 Terc-/- mice and controls were characterized with respect to body weight and composition, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity and metabolic activity. This was complemented with molecular and histological analysis of adipose tissue, liver and the intestine as well as microbiota analysis. We show that moderate telomere shortening leads to improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in aged male and female G2 Terc-/- mice. This is accompanied by reduced fat and lean mass in both sexes. Mechanistically, the metabolic improvement results from reduced dietary lipid uptake in the intestine, characterized by reduced gene expression of fatty acid transporters in enterocytes of the small intestine. Furthermore, G2-Terc-/- mice showed significant alterations in the composition of gut microbiota, potentially contributing to the improved glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that moderate telomere shortening reduces intestinal lipid absorption, resulting in reduced adiposity and improved glucose metabolism in aged mice. These findings will guide future murine and human aging studies and provide important insights into the age associated development of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elagamy Mohamed Mahmoud Khalil
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Yasuhiro Onogi
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Xiaocheng Yan
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Inderjeet Singh
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elena Lopez-Gonzales
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Israel
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alberto Cebrian Serrano
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Microbial Immune Regulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Applicability of alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) extract for the histological staining of liver tissue. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
3
|
Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Wang J, Bäcker T, Krueger M, Zamani S, Rosowski S, Gruber T, Onogi Y, Feuchtinger A, Schulz TJ, Fässler R, Müller TD, García-Cáceres C, Meier M, Blüher M, Ussar S. Active integrins regulate white adipose tissue insulin sensitivity and brown fat thermogenesis. Mol Metab 2021; 45:101147. [PMID: 33359386 PMCID: PMC7808956 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Reorganization of the extracellular matrix is a prerequisite for healthy adipose tissue expansion, whereas fibrosis is a key feature of adipose dysfunction and inflammation. However, very little is known about the direct effects of impaired cell–matrix interaction in adipocyte function and insulin sensitivity. The objective of this study was to determine whether integrin activity can regulate insulin sensitivity in adipocytes and thereby systemic metabolism. Methods We characterized integrin activity in adipose tissue and its consequences on whole-body metabolism using adipose-selective deletion of β1 integrin (Itgb1adipo-cre) and Kindlin-2 (Kind2adipo-cre) in mice. Results We demonstrate that integrin signaling regulates white adipocyte insulin action and systemic metabolism. Consequently, loss of adipose integrin activity, similar to loss of adipose insulin receptors, results in a lipodystrophy-like phenotype and systemic insulin resistance. However, brown adipose tissue of Kind2adipo-cre and Itgb1adipo-cre mice is chronically hyperactivated and has increased substrate delivery, reduced endothelial basement membrane thickness, and increased endothelial vesicular transport. Conclusions Thus, we establish integrin-extracellular matrix interactions as key regulators of white and brown adipose tissue function and whole-body metabolism. β1 and β3 integrins interact with insulin signaling to regulate white adipocyte insulin sensitivity and systemic metabolism. Impaired integrin activity results in lipodystrophy in the absence of hepatosteatosis. β1 integrin activity regulates energy expenditure and vascular permeability in brown adipose tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jiefu Wang
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Bäcker
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Samira Zamani
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simon Rosowski
- Microfluidic and Biological Engineering, Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tim Gruber
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yasuhiro Onogi
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tim J Schulz
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cristina García-Cáceres
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Meier
- Microfluidic and Biological Engineering, Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Teixeira RB, Zimmer A, Godoy AEG, de Castro AL, Campos-Carraro C, Belló-Klein A, da Rosa Araujo AS. Thyroid hormone treatment improved the response to maximum exercise test and preserved the ventricular geometry in myocardial infarcted rats. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1561-1570. [PMID: 32667095 DOI: 10.1113/ep088614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does thyroid hormone treatment given after myocardial infarction preserve left ventricular function and treadmill exercise performance, and improve parameters of oxidative stress in the right ventricle and lungs of Wistar rats? What is the main finding and its importance? Thyroid hormone treatment improved the performance of the maximum exercise test in infarcted rats and induced effects in the heart and lungs that were similar to those observed with exercise training. This suggests there is a significant value of thyroid hormones for preserving exercise tolerance after myocardial infarction. ABSTRACT Left ventricular myocardial infarction (MI) provokes damage in the heart and in other tissues, such as right ventricle and lungs. The present study elucidated whether thyroid hormone treatment (THT) may present positive effects in heart and lungs after MI, and whether or not these effects are similar to those of exercise training (ET). Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sham operated (SHAM), infarcted (MI), infarcted + exercise training (MIE), and infarcted + thyroid hormones (MIH). A maximum exercise test, left ventricle echocardiography, pulmonary histology, and oxidative stress in the right ventricle and lung were evaluated. THT and ET both reduced left ventricular dilatation and end-diastolic wall stress indexes to a similar extent. MI accentuated the content of macrophages and inflammatory infiltrate in the lungs, which was partially prevented in the MIH and MIE groups. THT and ET presented similar effects in the heart and lungs, and both improved the performance of the maximum exercise test in infarcted animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayane Brinck Teixeira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexsandra Zimmer
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Luz de Castro
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Campos-Carraro
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriane Belló-Klein
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alex Sander da Rosa Araujo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Smane L, Pilmane M. Evaluation of the presence of MMP-2, TIMP-2, BMP2/4, and TGFβ3 in the facial tissue of children with cleft lip and palate. Acta Med Litu 2018; 25:86-94. [PMID: 30210242 PMCID: PMC6130923 DOI: 10.6001/actamedica.v25i2.3761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is the most common defect affecting the face. The treatment consists of surgical reconstruction of the anatomical structures of the cleft. Part of the surgical treatment is reconstruction of the alveolar bone by means of autogenic bone grafting (osteoplasty). This study aimed to evaluate the levels of expression of extracellular matrix remodeling factors in the facial tissue of children with a complete unilateral (CU) and a complete bilateral (CB) CLP to assess whether the wound healing process is adequate. Twenty-two CLP patients were enrolled in this study. Tissue samples were collected during alveolar osteoplasty for unilateral (n = 12) or bilateral (n = 10) cleft palate, (age range from 6 years 8 months to 12 years 2 months). Control material was obtained in the case of tooth extraction (age range from 6 years 9 months to 14 years 5 months). Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4 (BMP2/4), and transforming growth factor β3 (TGFβ3). Numbers of positively stained cells were graded semi-quantitatively. Data were analysed using the Kraskel-Wallis rank test and the Bonferroni correction. The total number of MMP2-positive cells was significantly lower in the CBCLP and in the control group than in the CUCLP (p < 0.001 after the Bonferroni correction). The total number of TIMP2-positive cells was significantly higher in the CUCLP than in the CBCLP and in the control group (p < 0.001; p < 0.003 after the Bonferroni correction). The overall number of BMP2/4, TGFβ3-positive cells was significantly higher in the CUCLP than in the CBCLP and in the control group (p < 0.001 after the Bonferroni correction). The decrease of the relative amount of statistically significant BMP2/4, TGFβ3, MMP-2, TIMP-2 containing bone cells in CBCLP patients identifies affected alveolar bone regeneration and remodeling process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liene Smane
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Department of Morphology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dapson R, Bain C. Brazilwood, sappanwood, brazilin and the red dye brazilein: from textile dyeing and folk medicine to biological staining and musical instruments. Biotech Histochem 2015; 90:401-23. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2015.1021381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
7
|
Peris CS, Badaro E, Ferreira MA, Lima-Filho AAS, Ferreira EL, Maia A, Rodrigues EB, Farah ME, Maia M. Color Variation Assay of the Anthocyanins from Açai Fruit (Euterpe oleracea): A Potential New Dye for Vitreoretinal Surgery. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2013; 29:746-53. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2013.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Siqueira Peris
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Institute (IPEPO), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emmerson Badaro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Institute (IPEPO), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magno Antonio Ferreira
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Institute (IPEPO), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Acácio Alves Souza Lima-Filho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Institute (IPEPO), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Ophthalmos Industry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Andre Maia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Institute (IPEPO), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Buchele Rodrigues
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Institute (IPEPO), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michel Eid Farah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Institute (IPEPO), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício Maia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Institute (IPEPO), Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Fighting Against Blindness, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Abstract
The hematoxylin and eosin stain is the most common method used in anatomic pathology, yet it is a method about which technologists ask numerous questions. Hematoxylin is a natural dye obtained from a tree originally found in Central America, and is easily converted into the dye hematein. This dye forms coordination compounds with mordant metals, such as aluminum, and the resulting lake attaches to cell nuclei. Regressive formulations contain a higher concentration of dye than progressive formulations and may also contain a lower concentration of mordant. The presence of an acid increases the life of the solution and in progressive solutions may also affect selectivity of staining. An appendix lists more than 60 hemalum formulations and the ratio of dye to mordant for each.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B D Llewellyn
- Anatomic Pathology, Prince George Regional Hospital, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dapson R, Horobin RW, Kiernan J. Hematoxylin shortages: their causes and duration, and other dyes that can replace hemalum in routine hematoxylin and eosin staining. Biotech Histochem 2010; 85:55-63. [DOI: 10.3109/10520290903048400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
11
|
Schulte EK. Standardization of biological dyes and stains: pitfalls and possibilities. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1991; 95:319-28. [PMID: 1708749 DOI: 10.1007/bf00266958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present paper gives a review of the actual state of standardization of biological dyes and stains. In a first part general information is given on practical problems encountered by the routine user of dyes with special emphasis on dye contamination. Some theoretical aspects of standardization are discussed. The second part of the paper gives more detailed information on commercial batches of hematoxylin-eosin-, Giemsa- and Papanicolaou-stains and on their standardization. Special problems arising with the application of image analysis techniques are briefly mentioned. User-oriented specifications for the standardization of dyes, stains and staining procedures are given. Fluorescent dyes and dyes used in chromogenic reagents such as the Feulgen-Schiff reaction are not included in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E K Schulte
- Anatomische Anstalt, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Federal Republic of Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The staining properties of chromoxane cyanine R (Colour Index No. 43820, Mordant blue 3; also known as eriochrome cyanine R and solochrome cyanine R) have been studied. Used alone, the dye imparted its red colour to nuclei, cytoplasm and collagen. The dye was extracted by mild alkali but not by acids. Stainability required ionized amino groups in the tissue, and there was also evidence for non-ionic binding of the dye. The colours obtained by staining with mixtures of chromoxane cyanine R and ferric chloride varied with the molar iron:dye ratio and with the pH. Useful staining was seen only between pH 1 and 2. The tissues were coloured either all blue (when Fe:dye was high), or both red and blue (when Fe:dye was low). Lower pH favoured the deposition of red, higher pH the deposition of blue colour. The red was mainly in cytoplasm, blue in nuclei and myelin. Collagen fibres were red or purple, depending on pH and iron:dye ratio. Red colours were differentiated by acid and changed to blue, but not extracted, by mild alkali. The red substance in the stained sections was clearly not the free dye, so it was probably an iron-dye complex. From the effects of various differentiating agents, it was deduced that the red and blue dye-metal complex molecules were bound to the tissue by the dye moiety, not by interposition of iron atoms. Staining by the complexes of iron(III) with chromoxane cyanine R did not involve nucleic acids or other polyanions or the amino groups of proteins. There was evidence for only non-ionic binding of both red and blue complexes. It is suggested that the red colour in sections stained by solutions with low iron:dye ratio is due to a simple carboxylate complex, [ Fe2H (dye)]-. The blue colour would then result from withdrawal of a proton from the red complex to give [Fe2(dye)]2-. The bases that remove the protons may be arginine-rich nucleoproteins of nuclei and phospholipid bases of myelin. Techniques are described for informative simultaneous staining in two colours, and for the selective staining of either nuclei or myelin.
Collapse
|
13
|
Llewellyn BD. Improved nuclear staining with mordant blue 3 as a hematoxylin substitute. STAIN TECHNOLOGY 1978; 53:73-7. [PMID: 80845 DOI: 10.3109/10520297809111445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For progressive staining 1 g mordant blue 3, 0.5 g iron a alum and 10 ml hydrochloric acid are combined to make 1 liter with distlled water. Paraffin sections are stained 5 minutes blued in 0.5% sodium acetate for 30 seconds and counterstained with eosin. For regressive staining, 1 g dye, 9 g iron alum and 50 ml acetic acid are combined to make 1 liter with distilled water. Staining time is 5 minutes followed by differentiation in 1% acid alcohol and blueing in 0.5% sodium acetate. Counterstain with eosin. In both cases results very closely results very resemble a good hematoxylin and eosin.
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Abstract
A procedure is described in which gallein, mordant violet 25, C.I. 45445, is used to demonstrate myelinated nerve fibers in animal brain. Specimens are fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed in a routine manner. Microsections are stained in an iron gallein solution with subsequent differentiation in 0.25% oxalic acid and 0.1% sodium carbonate solutions that avoid overdifferentiation. Methyl green is used to demonstrate other tissue elements. Myelin is stained deep violet, as are erythrocytes, with neuronal cell bodies and microglia shades of green. The staining procedure requires 30 minutes.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lillie RD, Pizzolato P, Donaldson PT. Nuclear stains with soluble metachrome metal mordant dye lakes. The effect of chemical endgroup blocking reactions and the artificial introduction of acid groups into tissues. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1976; 49:23-35. [PMID: 62734 DOI: 10.1007/bf00490123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Following our study on the effect of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction on nuclear staining with soluble metal mordant dye lakes covering 29 dye lakes we chose a series of lakes representing the three groups: (1) readily prevented by DNA removal, (2) weakened by DNA extraction but not prevented, (3) unaffected by DNA removal, for application of other endgroup blockade reactions. The lakes selected were alum and iron hematoxylins, iron alum and ferrous sulfate galleins, Fe2+ gallo blue E, iron alum celestin blue B, iron alum fluorone black and the phenocyanin TC-FeSO4 sequence. Azure A with and without an eosin B neutral stain, was used as a simple cationic (and anionic) dye control. Methylation was less effective than with simple cationic dyes, but did weaken celestin blue, gallo blue E and phenocyanin Fe2+ nuclear stains. These dyes also demonstrate other acid groups: acid mucins, cartilage matrix, mast cells, central nervous corpora amylacea and artificially introduced carboxyl, sulfuric and sulfonic acid groups. Alum hematoxylin stained cartilage weakly and demonstrated sulfation and sulfonation sites. The iron galleins, iron fluorone black and acid iron hematoxylin do not. A pH 4 iron alum hematoxylin gave no staining of these sites; an alum hematoxylin acidified with 1% 12 N HCl gave weaker results. Deamination prevented eosin and orange G counterstains but did not impair nuclear stains with any of the mordant dye lakes. The simple acetylations likewise did not alter mordant dye nuclear staining, the Skraup reagent gave its usual sulfation effect on other tissue elements, but did not alter nuclear stains by mordant dyes. The mordant dyes do not bind to periodic acid engendered aldehyde sites and p-toluidine/acetic acid and borohydride aldehyde blockades did not alter mordant dye lake nuclear staining. Nitration by tetranitromethane, which blocks azo coupling of tyrosine residues, did not alter nuclear staining by the mordant dye lakes. Benzil at pH 13, which prevents the beta-naphthoquinone-4-Na sulfonate (NQS) arginine reaction and the Fullmer reaction of basic nucleoprotein, did not affect iron gallein, iron or alum hematoxylin stains of nuclei or lingual keratohyalin.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lillie RD, Donaldson P, Jirge SK, Pizzolato P. Iron and aluminum lakes of Gallo blue E as nuclear and metachromatic mucin stains. STAIN TECHNOLOGY 1976; 51:187-92. [PMID: 59427 DOI: 10.3109/10520297609116697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gallo blue E, C. I. No. 51040, Mordant Violet 54, furnishes a blue black nuclear stain when applied to tissue sections in the form of its moderately stable iron lakes. This coloring combined well with such counterstains as orange G and eosin B. The Van Gieson stain tends to decolorize mucins, cartilage, and mast cells previously stained with this dye. Its aluminum lake solutions tend to gel in a few minutes to 24 hours depending on the solvent used and the amount of Al3+ present. Aluminum lake solutions give a moderately good blue to dark blue nuclear stain and a brilliant purplish red to dark purple stain to a variety of epithelial and connective tissue mucins. Acid dye counterstains are poorly tolerated. With either lake, nuclear staining is abolished by deoxyribonuclease digestion or relatively short mineral acid extraction of DNA.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lillie RD, Donaldson PT, Pizzolato P. The effect of graded 60 degrees C 1N nitric acid extraction and of deoxyribonuclease digestion on nuclear staining by metachrome mordant dye metal salt mixtures. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1976; 46:297-306. [PMID: 57109 DOI: 10.1007/bf02464419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We can divide metachrome mordant staining of nuclei after graded 60 degrees C 1 N nitric acid extraction into three groups. The Feulgen nucleal reaction and dilute cationic dye staining of nuclei are abolished in about 30 minutes. With one group of metachrome dyes nuclear staining is lost with acid exposures of one hour or less. In a second group nuclear staining is weakened by 30-60 minute extractions, but persists in recognizable grade for 4-6 hours. In the third group nuclear staining remains almost unimpaired for 4-6 hours. In the first group the nuclear staining seems clearly assignable to the nucleic acids and to DNA in particular. In the second group loss of part of the reactivity on short exposure indicates some participation of DNA in the control staining result, as well as participation of basic nucleoprotein. In the third group staining seems assignable largely to basic nucleoprotein. The five gallocyanin group dyes, all in group 1, all possess a dialkylamino group, probably functioning as an ammonium chloride.Hematoxylin, the flurone blacks and gallein all present an o-hydroxysemiquinone group which probably acts as a weak acid, in addition to the carboxyl group of gallein which gives the strongest staining of nuclei at the longest acid exposure. Deoxyribonuclease digestion (2 hours, 37 degrees C) separated sharply a class in which nuclear staining failed completely, a class in which nuclear staining was fully equal to that in the control preparations and an intermediate group in which slight, moderate, or severa impairment was present. Generally there was good agreement between the two methods of nucleic acid removal, despite the fixation difference. In each case, however, the extraction procedure was one worked out for the fixation on which it was used.
Collapse
|