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Zuckerman JE, Brealey J, Yabu JM, Chang A. Large Multinucleated Variant Endothelial Cells (MVECs) in Allograft Kidney Microvasculature: A Biopsy Series. Kidney Med 2022; 4:100411. [PMID: 35386598 PMCID: PMC8978075 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2022.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few published studies examining cytomorphologic alterations in endothelial cells in human tissue. One fascinating but largely unexplored endothelial morphologic variant is large multinucleated variant endothelial cells (MVECs). To our knowledge, there are no published reports of MVECs identified in the kidney. Here, we present a case series of 4 kidney biopsies from allograft kidneys whose microvasculature contained MVECs. Electron microscopy confirmed the endothelial identity in all cases. A broad immunohistochemical panel used in 1 case was also confirmatory of an endothelial cell origin. All cases occurred in the setting of chronic, active, antibody-mediated rejection, and alternative etiologies, such as viral infections, were excluded. Two patients were positive for concurrent donor-specific antibodies, and 3 of the 4 cases occurred in second kidney allografts. We speculate that MVECs are a rare or often overlooked finding often confused for megakaryocytes and may be associated with chronic endothelial cell injury in the setting of chronic antibody-mediated rejection.
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Rajapakse D, Chen M, Curtis TM, Xu H. PKCζ-dependent upregulation of p27kip1 contributes to oxidative stress induced retinal pigment epithelial cell multinucleation. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 9:2052-2068. [PMID: 29016360 PMCID: PMC5680555 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells increase in size and multinucleate during aging. We have shown using human and mouse cell lines that oxidised photoreceptor outer segments (oxPOS)-induced cytokinesis failure is related to RPE cell multinucleation, although the underlying mechanism remains unknown. This study investigated the role of the PKC pathway in oxPOS-induced RPE multinucleation using ARPE19 cells. oxPOS treatment promoted PKC activity and upregulated the mRNA expression of PKC α, δ, ζ, ι and μ. Inhibition of PKCα with Gö6976 resulted in a 33% reduction of multinucleate ARPE19 cells, whereas inhibition of PKCζ with Gö6983 led to a 50% reduction in multinucleate ARPE19 cells. Furthermore, oxPOS treatment induced a PKCζ-dependent upregulation of the Cdk inhibitor p27kip1, its inhibition using A2CE reduced oxPOS-induced ARPE19 multinucleation. Our results suggest that oxPOS-induced ARPE19 cytokinesis failure is, at least in part, due to the upregulation of p27kip1 through activating the PKC, particularly PKCζ pathway. Targeting the PKCζ-p27kip1 signalling axis may be a novel approach to restore RPE repair capacity during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinusha Rajapakse
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT97 BL, UK
| | - Mei Chen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT97 BL, UK
| | - Tim M Curtis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT97 BL, UK
| | - Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT97 BL, UK
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Wang M, Shah AM. Age-associated pro-inflammatory remodeling and functional phenotype in the heart and large arteries. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 83:101-11. [PMID: 25665458 PMCID: PMC4459900 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aging population is increasing dramatically. Aging–associated stress simultaneously drives proinflammatory remodeling, involving angiotensin II and other factors, in both the heart and large arteries. The structural remodeling and functional changes that occur with aging include cardiac and vascular wall stiffening, systolic hypertension and suboptimal ventricular-arterial coupling, features that are often clinically silent and thus termed a silent syndrome. These age-related effects are the result of responses initiated by cardiovascular proinflammatory cells. Local proinflammatory signals are coupled between the heart and arteries due to common mechanical and humoral messengers within a closed circulating system. Thus, targeting proinflammatory signaling molecules would be a promising approach to improve age-associated suboptimal ventricular-arterial coupling, a major predisposing factor for the pathogenesis of clinical cardiovascular events such as heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Ajay M Shah
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, UK.
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Warboys CM, de Luca A, Amini N, Luong L, Duckles H, Hsiao S, White A, Biswas S, Khamis R, Chong CK, Cheung WM, Sherwin SJ, Bennett MR, Gil J, Mason JC, Haskard DO, Evans PC. Disturbed flow promotes endothelial senescence via a p53-dependent pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:985-95. [PMID: 24651677 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although atherosclerosis is associated with systemic risk factors such as age, high cholesterol, and obesity, plaque formation occurs predominately at branches and bends that are exposed to disturbed patterns of blood flow. The molecular mechanisms that link disturbed flow-generated mechanical forces with arterial injury are uncertain. To illuminate them, we investigated the effects of flow on endothelial cell (EC) senescence. APPROACH AND RESULTS LDLR(-/-) (low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-)) mice were exposed to a high-fat diet for 2 to 12 weeks (or to a normal chow diet as a control) before the assessment of cellular senescence in aortic ECs. En face staining revealed that senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and p53 expression were elevated in ECs at sites of disturbed flow in response to a high-fat diet. By contrast, ECs exposed to undisturbed flow did not express senescence-associated β-galactosidase or p53. Studies of aortae from healthy pigs (aged 6 months) also revealed enhanced senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining at sites of disturbed flow. These data suggest that senescent ECs accumulate at disturbed flow sites during atherogenesis. We used in vitro flow systems to examine whether a causal relationship exists between flow and EC senescence. Exposure of cultured ECs to flow (using either an orbital shaker or a syringe-pump flow bioreactor) revealed that disturbed flow promoted EC senescence compared with static conditions, whereas undisturbed flow reduced senescence. Gene silencing studies demonstrated that disturbed flow induced EC senescence via a p53-p21 signaling pathway. Disturbed flow-induced senescent ECs exhibited reduced migration compared with nonsenescent ECs in a scratch wound closure assay, and thus may be defective for arterial repair. However, pharmacological activation of sirtuin 1 (using resveratrol or SRT1720) protected ECs from disturbed flow-induced senescence. CONCLUSIONS Disturbed flow promotes endothelial senescence via a p53-p21-dependent pathway which can be inhibited by activation of sirtuin 1. These observations support the principle that pharmacological activation of sirtuin 1 may promote cardiovascular health by suppressing EC senescence at atheroprone sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Warboys
- From the British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Science Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute (C.M.W., A.d.L., NA., R.K., W.-M.C., J.C.M., D.O.H.), Department of Aeronautics (S.J.S.), and MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (J.G.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Departments of Cardiovascular Science (L.L., H.D., S.H., S.B., P.C.E.) and Materials Science and Engineering (A.W., C.K.C.) and Insigneo Institute of In Silico Medicine (P.C.E.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.R.B.)
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Borradaile NM, Pickering JG. Polyploidy impairs human aortic endothelial cell function and is prevented by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 298:C66-74. [PMID: 19846757 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00357.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyploid endothelial cells are found in aged and atherosclerotic arteries. However, whether increased chromosome content has an impact on endothelial cell function is unknown. We show here that human aortic endothelial cells become tetraploid as they approach replicative senescence. Furthermore, accumulation of tetraploid endothelial cells was accelerated during growth in high glucose. Interestingly, induction of polyploidy was completely prevented by modest overexpression of the NAD+ regenerating enzyme, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt). To determine the impact of polyploidy on endothelial cell function, independent of replicative senescence, we induced tetraploidy using the spindle poison, nocodazole. Global gene expression analyses of tetraploid endothelial cells revealed a dysfunctional phenotype characterized by a cell cycle arrest profile (decreased CCNE2/A2, RBL1, BUB1B; increased CDKN1A) and increased expression of genes involved in inflammation (IL32, TNFRSF21/10C, PTGS1) and extracellular matrix remodeling (COL5A1, FN1, MMP10/14). The protection from polyploidy conferred by Nampt was not associated with enhanced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 or sirtuin (SIRT) 2 activity, but with increased SIRT1 activity, which reduced cellular reactive oxygen species and the associated oxidative stress stimulus for the induction of polyploidy. We conclude that human aortic endothelial cells are prone to chromosome duplication that, in and of itself, can induce characteristics of endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, the emergence of polyploid endothelial cells during replicative aging and glucose overload can be prevented by optimizing the Nampt-SIRT1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nica M Borradaile
- London Health Sciences Centre, 339 Windermere Rd., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5A5
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Schofield PN, Garcia-Bernardo J. Radiation, Oxidative Stress and Senescence; The Vascular Endothelial Cell as a Common Target. MULTIPLE STRESSORS: A CHALLENGE FOR THE FUTURE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6335-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Merkle CJ, Torres BJ, Baruch JM, Stevens K, Munoz C, Schaeffer RC, Montgomery DW. In vitro age-related responses of endothelial cells to breast cancer cell addition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 29:518-27. [PMID: 16289385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to determine if the in vitro age of endothelial cells alters endothelial response(s) to breast cancer cells. METHOD After characterizing lower passage ("young"; passages 10-16) and higher passage ("old"; passages 30-36) bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAECs), fluorescently labeled MCF-7 breast cancer cells were added to confluent monolayers of young and old BPAECs. RESULTS Transient gaps that peaked in size by 12 h and closed by 48h occurred between the young BPAECs, while large persistent gaps formed between the old BPAECs. Gap formation did not occur when 184A1 cells, a non-malignant mammary epithelial cell line, were added in place of MCF-7 cells, suggesting that the age-related responses of the endothelial cells to MCF-7 cell addition were specific to the tumor cell addition. Additionally, more MCF-7 cells migrated through old BPAEC monolayers, than young BPAEC monolayers, grown on Matrigel-coated filters. Finally, DNA fragmentation and fluorescent annexin-V binding assays suggested increased MCF-7 cell-induced apoptosis in older BPAECs, though results from a caspase-3 activation assay were equivocal. CONCLUSIONS In sum, our findings support the notion that aged endothelial cells are more susceptible to breast cancer-induced injury, perhaps due to increased apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Merkle
- College of Nursing, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Wang XL, Wang J. Smoking-gene interaction and disease development: relevance to pancreatic cancer and atherosclerosis. World J Surg 2005; 29:344-53. [PMID: 15696395 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-004-7819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is little doubt that cigarette smoking remains a major environmental health risk that humans are facing in the twenty-first century. Cigarette smokers are more likely to develop many forms of diseases than nonsmokers, including cancers and vascular diseases. With the availability of the human genome sequence, we become more aware of the genetic contributions to these common diseases, especially the interactive relations between environmental factors (e.g., smoking) and genes on disease susceptibility, development, and prognosis. Although smoking is responsible for up to 30% of pancreatic cancers and about 10% of cases are ascribed to genetic reasons, some genetic variants do not predispose carriers to disease development unless they are exposed to a specific adverse environment such as smoking. This smoke-gene interaction could potentially be responsible for most of the cases. Certain polymorphisms in genes such as CYP1A1 have been shown particularly sensitive to smoking-induced pathogenesis, including pancreatic cancer and atherosclerosis. We found that individuals with CYP1A1 CC genotype had a more than three fold increase in risk for severe coronary atherosclerosis when they smoked. Patients with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) intron 4 27 repeat homozygotes were more likely to develop severe coronary stenosis when they smoked. On the other hand, DNA variants at the eNOS gene also dictate how smoking affects the expression of eNOS. We showed that GSTM1 deficiency was not involved in smoking-induced vascular diseases, but p53 polymorphisms tended to modify the disease severity in smokers. We are still at an early stage of defining the pairs and mechanisms of smoke-gene interaction, and this etiologic mechanism may hold great potential for risk assessment, treatment strategy, and prognostic predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li Wang
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, MS NAB 2010, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Abstract
As human somatic cells age, they stop replicating and enter an irreversible state of growth arrest known as replicative senescence. Senescent cells are viable, metabolically active, and display altered gene and protein expression compared to proliferating cells. Endothelial cells, both in vitro and in vivo, are known to undergo senescence. As endothelial cells are a critical component of the vasculature, senescence of these cells can have a significant impact of vascular integrity, function, and overall homeostasis. This review will summarize recent work to understand the molecular mechanisms of endothelial cell senescence and the resulting alterations in gene/protein expression in these cells. Endothelial cell senescence will then be discussed in the context of disease development with a focus on atherosclerosis, an important age-associated disease of the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly E Foreman
- Department of Pathology, Skin Cancer Research Laboratories, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center-Room 302, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153-5385, USA.
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Tokunaga O, Satoh T, Yu S. Multinucleated variant endothelial cells (MVECs) have a greater capacity for LDL cholesterol uptake than typical mononuclear endothelial cells (TECs). J Atheroscler Thromb 2003; 9:35-41. [PMID: 12238636 DOI: 10.5551/jat.9.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of large endothelial cells in the human aorta, especially on atherosclerotic lesions has been reported. They have multiple nuclei and are called "multinucleated variant endothelial cells (MVECs)". In the present study caveolin expression was demonstrated in both MVECs and small typical endothelial cells (TECs). Caveolin was expressed diffusely as fine particles, and caveoles were expressed as prominent accumulations of caveolin in the cytoplasm. LDL was bound to the endothelial surface. With double immunostaining for caveolin and LDL, the location of LDL corresponded to the immunoreactive caveoles. Over time, large dots of LDL appeared in MVECs, whereas a few fine particles remained in TECs. An electron microscopic chase study of LDL-gold uptake identified many LDL-gold particles in plasmalemmal vesicles and in endosomes or lysosomes of MVECs, but only a few particles were found in TECs. Gold containing vesicles often were located near the abluminal surface. The number of LDL-gold particles was 4.5 times greater per unit area in MVECs than in TECs. Some of the gold particles were located in the subendothelial collagen matrix. These findings indicate that MVECs have a greater capacity of LDL cholesterol uptake followed by transport to the subendothelial matrices than TECs, and that MVECs contribute to the development and advancement of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Tokunaga
- Department of Pathology, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima, Japan.
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Abstract
Cigarette smoking as an addictive habit has accompanied human beings for more than 4 centuries. It is also one of the most potent and prevalent environmental health risks human beings are exposed to, and it is responsible for more than 1000 deaths each day in the United States. With recent research progress, it becomes clear that cigarette smoking can cause almost all major diseases prevalent today, such as cancer or heart disease. These detrimental effects are not only present in active smokers who choose the risk, but also to innocent bystanders, as passive smokers, who are exposed to cigarettes not-by-choice. While the cigarette-induced harm to human health is indiscriminate and severe, the degree of damage also varies from individual to individual. This intersubject variability in cigarette-induced pathologies is partly mediated by genetic variants of genes that may participate in detoxification process, eg, cytochrome P450 (CYP), cellular susceptibility to toxins, such as p53, or disease development. Through population studies, we have learned that certain CYP1A1 variants, such as Mspl polymorphism, may render the carriers more susceptible to cigarette-induced lung cancer or severe coronary atherosclerosis. The endothelial nitric oxide synthase intron 4 rare allele homozygotes are more likely to have myocardial infarction if they also smoke. In vitro experimental approach has further demonstrated that cigarettes may specifically regulate these genes in genotype-dependent fashion. While we still know little about genetic basis and molecular pathways for cigarette-induced pathological changes, understanding these mechanisms will be of great value in designing strategies to further reduce smoking in targeted populations, and to implement more effective measures in prevention and treatment of cigarette-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li Wang
- Vascular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
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Bacáková L, Mares V, Lisá V, Svorcík V. Molecular mechanisms of improved adhesion and growth of an endothelial cell line cultured on polystyrene implanted with fluorine ions. Biomaterials 2000; 21:1173-9. [PMID: 10817270 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells derived from the bovine pulmonary artery (line CPAE, CCL 209, American Tissue Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, USA) were cultured on pristine or fluorine ion-irradiated polystyrene (5 x 10(12) or 5 x 10(14) F ions/cm2, 150 keV). At 24-h post-seeding interval, the number of cells which adhered to the ion-modified polystyrene was significantly higher than on the unmodified material (+20 and +58% in cultures with the polystyrene irradiated by lower and higher ion doses, respectively). On day 7, the populations cultured on the irradiated substrates grew to higher densities, exceeding the controls at the lower and higher ion doses by 69 and 180%, respectively. The cells on ion-implanted samples were also larger (+70-95% and +90-99% at the lower and higher ion doses, respectively) and contained more protein (+16% at both ion doses). As was shown by ELISA, the polystyrene irradiated by the higher ion dose enhanced the expression of a cytoskeletal protein, vimentin (+65%) and protein of focal adhesion plaques, talin (+15%). The content of integrin alpha5beta1 (VLA-5), receptor for fibronectin, was increased at both lower and higher ion doses (+22 and +57%). In contrast to this, the content of ICAM-1 and vinculin was similar in cells grown on both pristine and ion-irradiated growth substrates. Moreover, the expression of VCAM-1 and ELAM-1 was lower by 11-14% in both ion dose groups. The present study has shown that ion implantation of polymers improves the adhesion and growth of endothelial cells without elevating the expression of immunoglobulin and selectin types of adhesion molecules. This surface modification should promote colonization of an artificial vascular prosthesis by endothelial cells and make it less vulnerable by immune system cells of the recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bacáková
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague.
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