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Yang Q, Xia Y, Chen K, Wang Y, Song D, Zhu J, Tong J, Shen Y. Blue light induced ferroptosis via STAT3/GPX4/SLC7A11/FTH1 in conjunctiva epithelium in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 255:112908. [PMID: 38663336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has exposed us to an excessive amount of blue light (BL) which causes various ophthalmic diseases. Previous studies have shown that conjunctiva is vulnerable to BL. In this study, we aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of BL-induced injury in conjunctiva. We placed C57BL/6 mice and human conjunctival epithelial cell lines (HCECs) under BL (440 nm ± 15 nm, 0.2 mW/cm2) to establish a BL injury model in vivo and in vitro. Immunohistochemistry and MDA assay were used to identify lipid peroxidation (LPO) in vivo. HE staining was applied to detect morphological damage of conjunctival epithelium. DCFH-DA, C11-BODIPY 581/591, Calcein-AM, and FeRhoNox™-1 probes were performed to identify ferroptosis levels in vitro. Real-time qPCR and Western blotting techniques were employed to uncover signaling pathways of blue light-induced ferroptosis. Our findings demonstrated that BL affected tear film instability and induced conjunctival epithelium injury in vivo. Ferrostatin-1 significantly alleviated blue light-induced ferroptosis in vivo and in vitro. BL downregulates the levels of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), Ferritin heavy chain (FTH1), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX4) by inhibiting the activation and translocation of the Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) from inducing Fe2+ burst, ROS and LPO accumulation, ultimately resulting in ferroptosis. This study will offer new insight into BL-induced conjunctival injury and LED-induced dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjie Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yutong Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kuangqi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yinhao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dongjie Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiru Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Sturm S, Niegisch G, Windolf J, Suschek CV. Exposure of Bladder Cancer Cells to Blue Light (λ = 453 nm) in the Presence of Riboflavin Synergistically Enhances the Cytotoxic Efficiency of Gemcitabine. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4868. [PMID: 38732087 PMCID: PMC11084806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is a common tumour in men and women. In case of resistance to the standard therapeutic agents, gemcitabine can be used as off-label instillation therapy into the bladder. To reduce potential side effects, continuous efforts are made to optimise the therapeutic potential of drugs, thereby reducing the effective dose and consequently the pharmacological burden of the medication. We recently demonstrated that it is possible to significantly increase the therapeutic efficacy of mitomycin C against a bladder carcinoma cell line by exposure to non-toxic doses of blue light (453 nm). In the present study, we investigated whether the therapeutically supportive effect of blue light can be further enhanced by the additional use of the wavelength-specific photosensitiser riboflavin. We found that the gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity of bladder cancer cell lines (BFTC-905, SW-1710, RT-112) was significantly enhanced by non-toxic doses of blue light in the presence of riboflavin. Enhanced cytotoxicity correlated with decreased levels of mitochondrial ATP synthesis and increased lipid peroxidation was most likely the result of increased oxidative stress. Due to these properties, blue light in combination with riboflavin could represent an effective therapy option with few side effects and increase the success of local treatment of bladder cancer, whereby the dose of the chemotherapeutic agent used and thus the chemical load could be significantly reduced with similar or improved therapeutic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sturm
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Windolf
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph V. Suschek
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Tsai PC, Cheng MH, Peng BH, Jou JH, Cheng YH, Ku YC, Chiu HY, Chou ML, Yeh PT. Permissible viewing times of educational projector and TV. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15522. [PMID: 37180913 PMCID: PMC10173401 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Projectors have become one major medium in modern teaching, with large area-size displays emerging as an alternative. What concerns the general public is whether such eLearning would impose threat on eyes, by noting blue enriched white light to be hazardous to retina and else. Especially, little was known about their permissible viewing time under a certain viewing clarity. We had hence carried out a quantitative study with the use of a blue-hazard quantification spectrometer to determine the permissible viewing time when using a projector and a large size TV screen for displaying. Surprisingly, the large TV screen could permit a much longer viewing time, meaning which is more eye-friendly. It is plausibly because its resolution is much higher than that of the projector. Two dilemmas were observed in such eLearning; those sitting in the front would suffer a much higher illuminance, leading to a much shorter viewing time, while those sitting in the back would need a far much larger font size to see clearly. To ensure both viewing clarity and a sufficiently long permissible viewing time, orange text on black background is suggested to replace the defaulted black text on white background. The permissible viewing time could hence drastically increase from 1.3 to 83 h at 2 m by viewing a 30 pt font for the TV and from 0.4 to 54 h for the projection. At 6 m, the permissible viewing time was increased from 12 to 236 h for the TV and from 3 to 160 h for the projection, based on a viewable 94 pt font. These results may help educators and other e-display users to wisely apply the display tools with safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chung Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hui Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Hsun Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Jwo-Huei Jou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Yi-Chen Ku
- Shu-Guang Girls' Senior High School, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ya Chiu
- Shu-Guang Girls' Senior High School, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Li Chou
- Shu-Guang Girls' Senior High School, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ting Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hao W, Zhao C, Li G, Wang H, Li T, Yan P, Wei S. Blue LED light induces cytotoxicity via ROS production and mitochondrial damage in bovine subcutaneous preadipocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121195. [PMID: 36736558 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of blue light irradiation on bovine subcutaneous preadipocytes. In this study, preadipocytes were divided into dark group (control) and blue light group. Results show that blue light exposure time-dependently reduced the viability of preadipocytes and induced mitochondrial damage, in accompaniment with the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Meanwhile, blue light caused oxidative stress, as evidenced by the increased MDA level, the reduced T-AOC contents, as well as the decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, blue light treatment induced apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest via Bcl-2/Bax/cleaved caspase-3 pathway and P53/GADD45 pathway, respectively. Protein expressions of LC3-II/LC3-I and P62 were up-regulated under blue light exposure, indicating blue light initiated autophagy but impeded autophagic degradation. Moreover, blue light caused an increase in the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent ROS scavenger, restored the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ) and reduced excess ROS. Additionally, the above negative effects of blue light on cells were alleviated after NAC administration. In conclusion, this study demonstrates blue light induces cellular ROS overproduction and Δψ depolarization, resulting in the decrease of cell viability and the activation of apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation, providing a reference for the application of blue light in the regulation of fat cells in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chongchong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guowen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongzhuang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peishi Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengjuan Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Bola S, Subramanian P, Calzia D, Dahl A, Panfoli I, Funk RHW, Roehlecke C. Analysis of Electric Field Stimulation in Blue Light Stressed 661W Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043433. [PMID: 36834840 PMCID: PMC9965974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Though electrical stimulation is used as a therapeutic approach to treat retinal and spinal injuries, many protective mechanisms at cellular level have not been elucidated. We performed a detailed analysis of cellular events in blue light (Li) stressed 661W cells, which were subjected to direct current electric field (EF) stimulation. Our findings revealed that EF stimulation induced protective effects in 661W cells from Li-induced stress by multiple defense mechanisms, such as increase in mitochondrial activity, gain in mitochondrial potential, increase in superoxide levels, and the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways, all leading to an enhanced cell viability and decreased DNA damage. Here, our genetic screen results revealed the UPR pathway to be a promising target to ameliorate Li-induced stress by EF stimulation. Thus, our study is important for a knowledgeable transfer of EF stimulation into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya Bola
- Institute of Anatomy, TU Dresden, D-01304 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pallavi Subramanian
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, TU Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniela Calzia
- Department of Pharmacy—DIFAR, Biochemistry and Physiology Lab., University of Genoa, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Deep Sequencing Group SFB 655, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy—DIFAR, Biochemistry and Physiology Lab., University of Genoa, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Richard H. W. Funk
- Institute of Anatomy, TU Dresden, D-01304 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Cora Roehlecke
- Institute of Anatomy, TU Dresden, D-01304 Dresden, Germany
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Zhang C, Xu L, Endo M, Kahyo T, Kikushima K, Horikawa M, Murakami M, Waliullah A, Hasan M, Sakamoto T, Takahashi Y, Aramaki S, Ozawa T, Setou M. Blue light alters cellular lipidome—Light-induced lipidomic changes can be modulated by optogenetically engineered cPLA2α. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2022.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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7
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Hegmann L, Sturm S, Niegisch G, Windolf J, Suschek CV. Enhancement of human bladder carcinoma cell chemosensitivity to Mitomycin C through quasi-monochromatic blue light (λ = 453 ± 10 nm). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 236:112582. [PMID: 36272336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human urothelial bladder carcinoma (uBC) is the second most tumor entity of the urogenital tract. As far as possible, therapy for non-muscle invasive uBC takes place as resection of the tumor tissue, followed by intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Because of the high recurrence rate of uBC, there is a need for improved efficiency in the treatment. In the present in vitro study we have evaluated a new approach to enhance the cytotoxic efficiency of Mitomycin C (MMC), which is commonly used for intravesical treatment of uBC on the relevant urothelial cancer cell line RT112. For that we used quasi-monochromatic blue light (453 ± 10 nm) at its non-toxic dose of 110 J/cm2 as an additive stimulus to enhance the therapeutic efficiency of MMC (10 μg/ml). We found, that blue light exposure of RT112 cells led to a very strong increase in intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of all function parameters of mitochondrial respiration, including basal activity and ATP production. Although not being toxic when used as a single impact, together with MMC blue light strongly enhanced the therapeutic efficiency of MMC in the form of significantly enhanced cytotoxicity via apoptosis and secondary necrosis. Our results clearly show that blue light, most likely due to its ability to increase intracellular ROS production and reduce mitochondrial respiration, increased the cytotoxic efficiency of MMC and therefore might represent an effective, low-side-effect, and success-enhancing therapy option in the local treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hegmann
- Department for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sofia Sturm
- Department for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Windolf
- Department for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph V Suschek
- Department for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany.
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8
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Antioxidant and Physical Properties of Dual-Networked Contact Lenses Containing Quercetin Using Chitosan and Alginate. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-022-0098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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9
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Nakayama E, Kushibiki T, Mayumi Y, Azuma R, Ishihara M, Kiyosawa T. Blue Laser Irradiation Decreases the ATP Level in Mouse Skin and Increases the Production of Superoxide Anion and Hypochlorous Acid in Mouse Fibroblasts. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020301. [PMID: 35205166 PMCID: PMC8869339 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Photobiomodulation studies have reported that blue light irradiation induces the production of reactive oxygen species. We examined the effect of blue laser (405 nm) irradiation on ATP level in the skin and measured the types of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. The decrease in the skin ATP level due to blue light irradiation may be caused by oxidative stress due to the generation of reactive oxygen species. These findings highlight the need to consider the effects on the skin when performing photobiomodulation treatment using blue light. Abstract Photobiomodulation studies have reported that blue light irradiation induces the production of reactive oxygen species. We investigated the effect of blue laser (405 nm) irradiation on the ATP levels in mouse skin and determined the types of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species using cultured mouse fibroblasts. Blue laser irradiation caused a decrease in the ATP level in the mouse skin and triggered the generation of superoxide anion and hypochlorous acid, whereas nitric oxide and peroxynitrite were not detected. Moreover, blue laser irradiation resulted in reduced cell viability. It is believed that the decrease in the skin ATP level due to blue light irradiation results from the increased levels of oxidative stress due to the generation of reactive oxygen species. This method of systematically measuring the levels of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species may be useful for understanding the effects of irradiation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Nakayama
- Department of Plastic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 3598513, Japan; (R.A.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-4-2995-1596
| | - Toshihiro Kushibiki
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 3598513, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Yoshine Mayumi
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 3598513, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Ryuichi Azuma
- Department of Plastic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 3598513, Japan; (R.A.); (T.K.)
| | - Miya Ishihara
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 3598513, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Tomoharu Kiyosawa
- Department of Plastic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 3598513, Japan; (R.A.); (T.K.)
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10
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Olchawa MM, Herrnreiter AM, Skumatz CMB, Krzysztynska-Kuleta OI, Mokrzynski KT, Burke JM, Sarna TJ. The Inhibitory Effect of Blue Light on Phagocytic Activity by ARPE-19 Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1110-1121. [PMID: 35067943 DOI: 10.1111/php.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure of the retina to short wavelength visible light is a risk factor in pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. The proper functioning and survival of photoreceptors depends on efficient phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (POS) by retinal pigment epithelium. The purpose of this study was to analyze the phagocytic activity of blue light-treated ARPE-19 cells, and to examine whether the observed effects could be related to altered levels of POS phagocytosis receptor proteins and/or to oxidation of cellular proteins and lipids. POS phagocytosis was measured by flow cytometry. Phagocytosis receptor proteins αv and β5 integrin subunits and Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) were quantified by western blotting. The intact functional heterodimer αvβ5 was quantified by immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblotting. Cellular protein and lipid hydroperoxides were analyzed by coumarin boronic acid probe and iodometric assay, respectively. Cell irradiation induced reversible inhibition of specific phagocytosis and transient reductions in phagocytosis receptor proteins. Full recovery of functional heterodimer was apparent. Significant photooxidation of cellular proteins and lipids was observed. The results indicate that transient inhibition of specific phagocytosis by blue light could be related to the reduction in phagocytosis receptor proteins. Such changes may arise from oxidative modifications of cell phagocytic machinery components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Olchawa
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Anja M Herrnreiter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Christine M B Skumatz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Olga I Krzysztynska-Kuleta
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krystian T Mokrzynski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Janice M Burke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Emeritus Professor of Ophthalmology
| | - Tadeusz J Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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11
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Walsh KD, Burkhart EM, Nagai A, Aizawa Y, Kato TA. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of blue LED light and protective effects of AA2G in mammalian cells and associated DNA repair deficient cell lines. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2021; 872:503416. [PMID: 34798940 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Light emitting diode (LED) devices emit narrow bands of the blue, green, and red light spectrum rather than the continuous spectrum emitted from sunlight and fluorescent light bulbs. LED devices have become considerably common in society, and the fluence of blue light from LED devices is more intense than other light sources. Previous studies presented that the blue light spectrum may harness potentially inimical genotoxicity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate this potential cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, as well as identify the mechanism of the cellular effects induced by blue LED light exposure in mammalian cell lines with their DNA repair deficient mutants. Our results demonstrated that blue LED light induced both oxidative stress to cells and cytotoxic and genotoxic effects including reduction of clonogenicity, cell cycle arrest, induction of sister chromatid exchanges, endoreduplicated chromosomes, and increased frequency of HPRT locus mutations. In DNA repair deficient cells, particularly those involving double strand break repair deficiency, cells presented hypersensitivity to blue LED light exposure. Blue LED light also induced chromosome aberrations more in DNA repair deficient cells than wild type cells. The cytotoxicity of blue LED light was reduced by an effective antioxidant, ascorbic acid 2-glucoside, which can suppress blue LED light induced oxidative stress. These results indicated that prolonged, high intensity exposure to blue LED light induces genotoxic stress to cells, and oxidative stress induced by blue LED light is targeting DNA to induce these biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kade D Walsh
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Erica M Burkhart
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- Research & Development Department, Carlit Holdings Co., Ltd., Gunma, 377-0004, Japan
| | - Yasushi Aizawa
- Research & Development Department, Carlit Holdings Co., Ltd., Gunma, 377-0004, Japan
| | - Takamitsu A Kato
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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12
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Chae SY, Shin MC, Jeon S, Kang MS, Han DW, Hong SW. A Simple Route to the Complexation of Lutein with Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocarriers and Antioxidant Protection Against Blue Light. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6843-6860. [PMID: 34675511 PMCID: PMC8505195 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s320790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The excellent physicochemical properties of graphene-based materials, including graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO), offer significant technological potential as multifunctional nanomaterials in biomedical fields. Lutein is a type of carotenoid that forms human macular pigments in the retina, where it inhibits harmful blue light and contributes to the strengthening of the antioxidant defense of retinal pigment epithelium cells. METHODS Synthesis of the Lutein-rGO (Lu-rGO) complex was carried out for the optimized concentration. Then characterization of material was analyzed through ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis spectra), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Antioxidant activity of Lu-rGO complex was measured by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), glutathione (GSH) oxidation assay. Then, oxidative stress induction by blue light and analyzed intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Based on the FT-IR measurement, the reduction efficiency defined by area was found to be 87.3%, the ID/IG ratio of 0.98 demonstrated by the Lu-rGO complex in the Raman spectrum was slightly higher than that of the original GO. The exhibited significant decrease in the peak intensities of the oxygen functional groups of the XPS spectra of the Lu-rGO complex was observed compared with the GO. In the TEM image for the Lu-rGO complex, folded and wrinkled nanostructures over the lutein-covered rGO surface were evidenced by tight molecular binding. The Lu-rGO complex provided superior DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity than GO and lutein alone, and the oxidation of GSH was suppressed. It was confirmed that the content of intracellular ROS and lysosomes, increased by blue light, was reduced after treatment with the Lu-rGO complex on ARPE-19 cells. In summary, graphene-based nanocarriers could function as preventative antioxidants during photochemical ROS generation based on the mechanism of antioxidant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Yeong Chae
- Research Center for Dielectric and Advanced Matter Physics, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Chan Shin
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangheon Jeon
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Suck Won Hong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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The Effect of A2E on the Uptake and Release of Calcium in the Lysosomes and Mitochondria of Human RPE Cells Exposed to Blue Light. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:5586659. [PMID: 34603771 PMCID: PMC8486552 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5586659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the effect of N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E) on the uptake and release of calcium in lysosomes and mitochondria by establishing a model of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell injury induced by exposure to blue light. Primary human RPE cells were cultured from passages 4 to 6 and exposed to blue light at an intensity of 2000 ± 500 lux for 6 hours. After blue light exposure, the culture was maintained for 24 hours. A2E at a final concentration of 25 μM was added to the culture 2 hours before light exposure, and nifedipine at a final concentration of 10−4 M was added 1 hour before light exposure. The levels of Ca2+ in the cytosol (CaTM/2AM), mitochondria (Rhod/2AM), and lysosomes (LysoTracker Red and Fluo-3/AM) were determined. In order to measure the calcium levels in the different organelles, RPE were imaged using a laser scanning confocal microscope. Moreover, changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by flow cytometry analysis of JC-1-stained cells. The obtained results revealed that blue light illumination increased the calcium fluorescence intensity in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and lysosomes of human RPE cells when compared with the control cells (P < 0.05). After A2E treatment, the fluorescence intensity of the calcium in the cytoplasm was further increased (P < 0.05), while that in the mitochondria and lysosomes decreased (P < 0.05). In addition, we observed that nifedipine reduced the fluorescence intensity of calcium in the RPE cells. Our results also showed that the mitochondrial membrane potential in the RPE treated with blue light and A2E was lower than that in the control, blue light, and A2E-treated cells (P < 0.05). Blue light increased calcium levels in the cytoplasm, lysosomes, and mitochondria of RPE cells. A2E damages the lysosomal and mitochondrial membranes, resulting in calcium release into the cytoplasm. Finally, our results demonstrated that both blue light and A2E treatments reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, increasing cytosolic Ca2+ levels, which can contribute to the activation of RPE death.
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Yang PM, Cheng KC, Huang JY, Wang SY, Lin YN, Tseng YT, Hsieh CW, Wung BS. Sulforaphane inhibits blue light-induced inflammation and apoptosis by upregulating the SIRT1/PGC-1α/Nrf2 pathway and autophagy in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 421:115545. [PMID: 33894213 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study elucidated mechanisms through which sulforaphane (SFN) protects retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from blue light-induced impairment. SFN could activate the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and increase the expression of the heme oxygenease-1 (HO-1) gene and production of glutathione. SFN reduced blue light-induced oxidative stress, and effectively activated cytoprotective components including Nrf-2, HO-1, thioredoxin-1, and glutathione. The protective effect of SFN on blue light-induced injury was blocked by the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385, suggesting that the SFN-induced Nrf2 pathway is involved in the cytoprotective effect of SFN. SFN inhibited intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression induced by TNF-α or blue light, suggesting the anti-inflammatory activity of SFN. The inhibitory effect of SFN was associated with the blocking of NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation in blue light-exposed RPE cells. SFN protected RPE cells from blue light-induced interruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential and reduction of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and cleaved caspase-3 and PARP-1 expression, suggesting the antiapoptotic activity of SFN. SFN alone or together with blue light exposure increased the expression of the autophagy-related proteins LC3BII and p62. An autophagy inhibitor, 3-MA, inhibited the protective effect of SFN on blue light-induced cell damage. SFN increased sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) expression; however, treatment with blue light induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) expression. Our study results demonstrated that SFN exerts its protective effect under blue light exposure by maintaining the Nrf2-related redox state and upregulating SIRT1 and PGC-1α expression and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Min Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chun Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-kang Hospital, Kaohsiung 81267, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, college of medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yao Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yun Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ni Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tzu Tseng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Being-Sun Wung
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan.
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15
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Wang J, Guo G, Li A, Cai WQ, Wang X. Challenges of phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:231. [PMID: 33613704 PMCID: PMC7859475 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototherapy is universally recognized as the first option for treating neonatal jaundice due to its unparalleled efficiency and safety in reducing the high serum free bilirubin levels and limiting its neurotoxic effects. However, several studies have suggested that phototherapy may elicit a series of short- and long-term adverse reactions associated with pediatric diseases, including hemolysis, allergic diseases, DNA damage or even cancer. The aim of the present review was to summarize the etiology, mechanism, associated risks and therapeutic strategies for reducing high neonatal serum bilirubin levels. In order to shed light on the negative effects of phototherapy and to encourage implementation of a reasonable and standardized phototherapy scheme in the clinic, the present review sought to highlight the current understanding of the adverse reactions of phototherapy, as it is necessary to further study the mechanism underlying the development of the adverse effects of phototherapy in infants in order to explore novel therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatrics, The Second School of Clinical Medicine and Jingzhou Central Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Genxin Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiantao First People's Hospital of Yangtze University, Xiantao, Hubei 433000, P.R. China
| | - Aimin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second School of Clinical Medicine and Jingzhou Central Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Qi Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Xianwang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
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16
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Baeza Moyano D, Baeza Moyano S, Gómez López M, Salcedo Aznal A, González Lezcano RA. Nominal risk analysis of the blue light from LED luminaires in indoor lighting design. OPTIK 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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17
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Blue-Light Levels Emitted from Portable Electronic Devices Compared to Sunlight. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13164276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years, a technological revolution has taken place in which conventional lighting has been replaced by light emitting diodes (LEDs). Some studies have shown the possibility that blue light from these artificial sources could have deleterious effects on the retina. Considering that people spend a non-negligible time in front of screens from computers and mobile phones, the eyes receive blue light of different intensities depending on the source. Nevertheless, any study about the visual and non-visual effects of blue light must consider precise measurements taken from actual artificial sources. For this reason, we have analyzed the spectral emission of 10 different electronic devices and weighted them according to the hazard caused by blue light to the eyes, comparing the results with solar radiation simulated with a radiative transfer model. The maximum spectral irradiance of the measured electronic devices at 10 cm from the detector was located between 440 nm and 460 nm. The irradiance for blue light hazard ranged from 0.008 to 0.230 Wm−2 depending on the particular characteristics of each electronic device. In contrast, the solar radiances in the same spectral range are larger both under clear and cloudy conditions.
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Yang PM, Cheng KC, Yuan SH, Wung BS. Carbon monoxide‑releasing molecules protect against blue light exposure and inflammation in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:1096-1106. [PMID: 32582966 PMCID: PMC7387094 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common cause of vision loss among the elderly is age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs), and their ability to activate the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-related genes in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, as well as the inhibition of endothelial cell migration. It was first determined that CORM2 and CORM3 suppressed blue light-induced cell damage. In addition, a decrease in the level of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 protein and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential were considered to reflect the anti-apoptotic activity of CORMs. Furthermore, CORM2 induced Nrf-2 activation and the expression of the Nrf2-related genes heme oxygenase-1 and glutamate-cysteine ligase. Pretreatment with CORM2 abolished the blue light-induced increase in oxidative stress, suggesting that CORM2-induced antioxidant activity was involved in the cytoprotection against blue light. It was also demonstrated that CORMs markedly suppressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. Moreover, it was further observed that CORMs exert their inhibitory effects through blocking nuclear factor-κB/p65 nuclear translocation and IκBα degradation in TNFα-treated RPE cells. It was observed that CORM2, but not CORM3, protected against oxidative stress-induced cell damage. CORMs abolished vascular endothelial growth factor-induced migration of endothelial cells. The findings of the present study demonstrated the cytoprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of CORMs on RPE cells and anti-angiogenic effects on endothelial cells, suggesting the potential clinical application of CORMs as anti-AMD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Min Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kai-Chun Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao‑kang Hospital, Kaohsiung 81267, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shao-Ho Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Being-Sun Wung
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Manipulation of living cells with 450 nm laser photobiomodulation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 209:111896. [PMID: 32498029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing studies demonstrated that photobiomodulation (PBM) influenced specific biological effects in cells, tissues and organs, and these effects rely on the production of light irradiation. In this study, we aimed to precisely manipulate the spatial arrangement of adhesion cells in a traditional culture condition with 450 nm low intensity laser. Through 450 nm laser PBM, the adhesion of the cultured cells was significantly improved and resisted the digestion of 0.1% trypsin. Combined with a computer aided design system (CAD) and computer numerical control (CNC) system, the designed laser irradiation pattern induced the specific cell micropattern in the culture dish. RNA sequencing and biochemical experiments confirmed that the 450 nm laser prompted low-density lipoprotein (LDL) bonding to the cell surface and induced lipid peroxidation, which crosslinked and modified the protein molecules on the irradiated cell surface. In this way, the peroxidation product-modified proteins resisted trypsin proteolysis, ultimately leading to a differential detachment between the irradiated and non-irradiated cells under trypsin treatment. This convenient method did not require special biomaterial processing, has no impact on cell viability and functions, and required no changes to the conventional cell culture conditions. The photo-induced cell capturing is a great complement to existing tools by providing spatial resolution.
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20
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Towards a Sustainable Indoor Lighting Design: Effects of Artificial Light on the Emotional State of Adolescents in the Classroom. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12104263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, articles have been published on the non-visual effects of light, specifically the light emitted by the new luminaires with light emitting diodes (LEDs) and by the screens of televisions, computer equipment, and mobile phones. Professionals from the world of optometry have raised the possibility that the blue part of the visible light from sources that emit artificial light could have pernicious effects on the retina. The aim of this work is to analyze the articles published on this subject, and to use existing information to elucidate the spectral composition and irradiance of new LED luminaires for use in the home and in public spaces such as educational centers, as well as considering the consequences of the light emitted by laptops for teenagers. The results of this research show that the amount of blue light emitted by electronic equipment is lower than that emitted by modern luminaires and thousands of times less than solar irradiance. On the other hand, the latest research warns that these small amounts of light received at night can have pernicious non-visual effects on adolescents. The creation of new LED luminaires for interior lighting, including in educational centers, where the intensity of blue light can be increased without any specific legislation for its control, makes regulatory developments imperative due to the possible repercussions on adolescents with unknown and unpredictable consequences.
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21
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Markitantova YV, Simirskii VN. Role of the Redox System in Initiation of a Regenerative Response of Neural Eye Tissues in Vertebrates. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s106236042001004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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McCullock TW, MacLean DM, Kammermeier PJ. Comparing the performance of mScarlet-I, mRuby3, and mCherry as FRET acceptors for mNeonGreen. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0219886. [PMID: 32023253 PMCID: PMC7001971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) has become an immensely powerful tool to profile intra- and inter-molecular interactions. Through fusion of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins (FPs) researchers have been able to detect protein oligomerization, receptor activation, and protein translocation among other biophysical phenomena. Recently, two bright monomeric red fluorescent proteins, mRuby3 and mScarlet-I, have been developed. These proteins offer much improved physical properties compared to previous generations of monomeric red FPs that should help facilitate more general adoption of Green/Red FRET. Here we assess the ability of these two proteins, along with mCherry, to act as a FRET acceptor for the bright, monomeric, green-yellow FP mNeonGreen using intensiometric FRET and 2-photon Fluorescent Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) FRET techniques. We first determined that mNeonGreen was a stable donor for 2-photon FLIM experiments under a variety of imaging conditions. We then tested the red FP's ability to act as FRET acceptors using mNeonGreen-Red FP tandem construct. With these constructs we found that mScarlet-I and mCherry are able to efficiently FRET with mNeonGreen in spectroscopic and FLIM FRET. In contrast, mNeonGreen and mRuby3 FRET with a much lower efficiency than predicted in these same assays. We explore possible explanations for this poor performance and determine mRuby3's protein maturation properties are a major contributor. Overall, we find that mNeonGreen is an excellent FRET donor, and both mCherry and mScarlet-I, but not mRuby3, act as practical FRET acceptors, with the brighter mScarlet-I out performing mCherry in intensiometric studies, but mCherry out performing mScarlet-I in instances where consistent efficiency in a population is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W. McCullock
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - David M. MacLean
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Kammermeier
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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23
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Neurite regrowth stimulation by a red-light spot focused on the neuronal cell soma following blue light-induced retraction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18210. [PMID: 31796850 PMCID: PMC6890775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54687-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of light with biological tissues has been considered for various therapeutic applications. Light-induced neurite growth has the potential to be a clinically useful technique for neuron repair. However, most previous studies used either a large illumination area to accelerate overall neurite growth or employed a light spot to guide a growing neurite. It is not clear if optical stimulation can induce the regrowth of a retracted neurite. In the present work, we used blue light (wavelength: 473 nm) to cause neurite retraction, and we proved that using a red-light (wavelength: 650 nm) spot to illuminate the soma near the junction of the retracted neurite could induce neurite regrowth. As a comparison, we found that green light (wavelength 550 nm) had a 62% probability of inducing neurite regrowth, while red light had a 75% probability of inducing neurite regrowth at the same power level. Furthermore, the neurite regrowth length induced by red light was increased by the pre-treatment with inhibitors of myosin functions. We also observed actin propagation from the soma to the tip of the re-growing neurite following red-light stimulation of the soma. The red light-induced extension and regrowth were abrogated in the calcium-free medium. These results suggest that illumination with a red-light spot on the soma may trigger the regrowth of a neurite after the retraction caused by blue-light illumination.
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24
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Wall AC, Gius JP, Buglewicz DJ, Banks AB, Kato TA. Oxidative stress and endoreduplication induced by blue light exposure to CHO cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 841:31-35. [PMID: 31138408 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Blue light is commonly used for the treatment of Neonatal Jaundice and as a photodynamic therapy for cancer. In comparison to ultraviolet light, blue light has a lower toxicity due to the differences in photon energies. However, blue light can still be mutagenic to cells. The proposed mechanism suggests blue light exposure induces reactive oxygen species inducing oxidative stress. In this study, we examined how blue light exposure caused genotoxic effects utilizing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and UV135 cells when exposed to fluorescent blue light. Cytotoxic effects of blue light exposure were quantified through cellular oxidative stress analysis, cell survival assay, and in cell cycle arrest experiments. Genotoxicity was studied in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) only, and endoreduplication formation. Following blue light exposure, an increase of cell cycle arrest, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity was observed. Blue light treatment also produced an increased amount of SCE, and more importantly, induced endoreduplicated chromosomes. In conclusion, exposure to blue light resulted in significant genotoxicity of the treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa C Wall
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Colorado 80523, USA.
| | - Jeffrey P Gius
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Colorado 80523, USA.
| | - Dylan J Buglewicz
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Colorado 80523, USA.
| | - Austin B Banks
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Colorado 80523, USA.
| | - Takamitsu A Kato
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Colorado 80523, USA.
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25
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Retinal Neuron Is More Sensitive to Blue Light-Induced Damage than Glia Cell Due to DNA Double-Strand Breaks. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010068. [PMID: 30669263 PMCID: PMC6356720 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue light is a major component of visible light and digital displays. Over-exposure to blue light could cause retinal damage. However, the mechanism of its damage is not well defined. Here, we demonstrate that blue light (900 lux) impairs cell viability and induces cell apoptosis in retinal neurocytes in vitro. A DNA electrophoresis assay shows severe DNA damage in retinal neurocytes at 2 h after blue light treatment. γ-H2AX foci, a specific marker of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), is mainly located in the Map2-posotive neuron other than the glia cell. After assaying the expression level of proteins related to DNA repair, Mre11, Ligase IV and Ku80, we find that Ku80 is up-regulated in retinal neurocytes after blue light treatment. Interestingly, Ku80 is mainly expressed in glia fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive glia cells. Moreover, following blue light exposure in vivo, DNA DSBs are shown in the ganglion cell layer and only observed in Map2-positive cells. Furthermore, long-term blue light exposure significantly thinned the retina in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that blue light induces DNA DSBs in retinal neurons, and the damage is more pronounced compared to glia cells. Thus, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms of the effect of blue light on the retina.
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26
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ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: Lipids. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:2324-2336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.06.946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Gea M, Schilirò T, Iacomussi P, Degan R, Bonetta S, Gilli G. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of light emitted by incandescent, halogen, and LED bulbs on ARPE-19 and BEAS-2B cell lines. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:998-1014. [PMID: 30325709 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1510350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
LED technology has the extraordinary ability to reduce energy consumption, constituting an economic and ecological advantage, so it is planned to replace incandescent, halogen and other inefficient bulbs for public and domestic lighting with LEDs. LEDs present specific spectral and energetic characteristics compared with those of other domestic light sources, so the potential risks for human health of these bulbs need to be explored. The aim of this study was to assess cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of light emitted by different commercial light bulbs: incandescent, halogen, and two LED bulbs with different correlated color temperatures. The evaluation was done on ARPE-19 as a specific cell model for eye toxicity and on BEAS-2B as a good cell model for toxicology tests. Light induced mainly cytotoxic effects on ARPE-19 and DNA damage on BEAS-2B, so different cell lines showed different biological responses. Moreover, our findings indicate that among the four bulbs, cold LED caused the highest cytotoxic effect on ARPE-19 and the highest genotoxic and oxidative effect on BEAS-2B. Cold LED is probably able to cause more cellular damage because it contains more high-energy radiations (blue). These results suggest that LED technology could be a safe alternative to older technologies, but the use of warm LED should be preferred to cold LED, which can potentially cause adverse effects on retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gea
- a Department of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- a Department of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Paola Iacomussi
- b Italian National Metrological Institute , INRIM , Torino , Italy
| | - Raffaella Degan
- a Department of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Sara Bonetta
- a Department of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Giorgio Gilli
- a Department of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
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28
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Light action spectrum on oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in A2E-loaded retinal pigment epithelium cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:287. [PMID: 29459695 PMCID: PMC5833722 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims Blue light is an identified risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We investigated oxidative stress markers and mitochondrial changes in A2E-loaded retinal pigment epithelium cells under the blue–green part of the solar spectrum that reaches the retina to better understand the mechanisms underlying light-elicited toxicity. Results Primary retinal pigment epithelium cells were loaded with a retinal photosensitizer, AE2, to mimic aging. Using a custom-made illumination device that delivers 10 nm-wide light bands, we demonstrated that A2E-loaded RPE cells generated high levels of both hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2•−) when exposed to blue–violet light. In addition, they exhibited perinuclear clustering of mitochondria with a decrease of both their mitochondrial membrane potential and their respiratory activities. The increase of oxidative stress resulted in increased levels of the oxidized form of glutathione and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities. Furthermore, mRNA expression levels of the main antioxidant enzymes (SOD2, catalase, and GPX1) also decreased. Conclusions Using an innovative illumination device, we measured the precise action spectrum of the oxidative stress mechanisms on A2E-loaded retinal pigment epithelium cells. We defined 415–455 nm blue–violet light, within the solar spectrum reaching the retina, to be the spectral band that generates the highest amount of reactive oxygen species and produces the highest level of mitochondrial dysfunction, explaining its toxic effect. This study further highlights the need to filter these wavelengths from the eyes of AMD patients.
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Chen XD, Su MY, Chen TT, Hong HY, Han AD, Li WS. Oxidative stress affects retinal pigment epithelial cell survival through epidermal growth factor receptor/AKT signaling pathway. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:507-514. [PMID: 28503420 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.04.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the cross-talk between oxidative stress and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/AKT signaling pathway in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. METHODS Human RPE cell lines (ARPE-19 cell) were treated with different doses of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cell viability was determined by a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Cell proliferation was examined by a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay. EGFR/AKT signaling was detected by Western blot. EGFR localization was also detected by immunofluorescence. In addition, EGFR/AKT signaling was intervened upon by EGFR inhibitor (erlotinib), PI3K inhibitor (A66) and AKT inhibitor (MK-2206), respectively. H2O2-induced oxidative stress was blocked by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). RESULTS EGF treatment increased ARPE-19 cell viability and proliferation through inducing phosphorylation of EGFR and AKT. H2O2 inhibited ARPE-19 cell viability and proliferation and also suppressed EGF-stimulated increase of RPE cell viability and proliferation by affecting the EGFR/AKT signaling pathway. EGFR inhibitor erlotinib blocked EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR and AKT, while A66 and MK-2206 only blocked EGF-induced phosphorylation of AKT. EGF-induced phosphorylation and endocytosis of EGFR were also affected by H2O2 treatment. In addition, antioxidant NAC attenuated H2O2-induced inhibition of ARPE-19 cell viability through alleviating reduction of EGFR, and phosphorylated and total AKT proteins. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress affects RPE cell viability and proliferation through interfering with the EGFR/AKT signaling pathway. The EGFR/AKT signaling pathway may be an important target in oxidative stress-induced RPE cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Chen
- Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, Fujian Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xi'an 710002, Shaanxi Province, China.,State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiang'an Campus, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ming-Yang Su
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiang'an Campus, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Tao-Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiang'an Campus, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiang'an Campus, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ai-Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiang'an Campus, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Li
- Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, Fujian Province, China
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Bystander effects elicited by single-cell photo-oxidative blue-light stimulation in retinal pigment epithelium cell networks. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:16071. [PMID: 28179989 PMCID: PMC5292780 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
‘Bystander effect’ refers to the induction of biological effects in cells not directly targeted. The retinal pigment epithelium consists of hexagonal cells, forming a monolayer interconnected by gap junctions (GJs). Oxidative stress initiated in an individual cell by photostimulation (488 nm) triggered changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+ and mitochondrial membrane potential (ψm). The Ca2+ signal was transmitted to neighboring cells slowly and non-uniformly; the ROS signal spread fast and radially. Increased Ca2+ levels were associated with a loss in ψm. GJ blockers prevented the spreading of the Ca2+, but not the ROS-related signal. The GJ-mediated Ca2+ wave was associated with cell death by 24 h, requiring endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondria Ca2+ transfer. Ensuing cell death was correlated with baseline Ca2+ levels, and baseline Ca2+ levels were correlated with pigmentation. Hence, local oxidative stress in a donor cell can trigger changes in certain connected recipient cells, a signal that required GJ communication and an ROS-Ca2+ dual-hit. Finally, damage apparently occurred in susceptible cells, which correlated with baseline Ca2+ levels.
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Natoli R, Rutar M, Lu YZ, Chu-Tan JA, Chen Y, Saxena K, Madigan M, Valter K, Provis JM. The Role of Pyruvate in Protecting 661W Photoreceptor-Like Cells Against Light-Induced Cell Death. Curr Eye Res 2016; 41:1473-1481. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2016.1139725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Natoli
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Matt Rutar
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Yen-Zhen Lu
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Joshua A. Chu-Tan
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Yuwei Chen
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kartik Saxena
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Michele Madigan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- The Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Krisztina Valter
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jan M. Provis
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Sun TL, Liu Z, Qi ZJ, Huang YP, Gao XQ, Zhang YY. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) attenuates arsenic-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 93:102-10. [PMID: 27170490 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic arsenic exposure in drinking water is associated with the abnormalities of cardiac tissue. Excessive generation of ROS induced by arsenic has a central role in arsenic-induced cardiotoxicity. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant polyphenol in green tea, possesses a potent antioxidant capacity and exhibits extensive pharmacological activities. This study was aim to evaluate the effect of EGCG on arsenic-induced cardiotoxicity in vivo and in vitro. Treatment with NaAsO2 seriously affected the morphology and ultrastructure of myocardium, and induced cardiac injuries, oxidative stress, intracellular calcium accumulation and apoptosis in rats. In consistent with in vivo study, the injuries, oxidative stress and apoptosis were also observed in NaAsO2-treated H9c2 cells. All of these effects induced by NaAsO2 were attenuated by EGCG. These results suggest EGCG could attenuate NaAsO2-induced cardiotoxicity, and the mechanism may involve its potent antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Li Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangnan College, Chenzhou, Hunan, 423000, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, China; Department of Urology Surgery and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, Guizhou, 556000, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Qi
- Department of Urology Surgery and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, Guizhou, 556000, China
| | - Yong-Pan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, China; Department of Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
| | - Xiao-Qin Gao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, China
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Zhang P, Huang C, Wang W, Wang M. Early changes in staurosporine-induced differentiated RGC-5 cells indicate cellular injury response to nonlethal blue light exposure. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 14:1093-9. [PMID: 25877548 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00456f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blue light has been previously demonstrated to induce injury of retinal cells. The cellular responses to nonlethal blue light exposure for each type of retinal cell are of particular interest but remain undetermined. Based on the doses of blue light reported in previous research to be nonlethal to retinal pigment epithelial cells, here we investigated whether and to what extent such doses of blue light are cytotoxic to staurosporine-differentiated RGC-5 cells. METHODS RGC-5 cells were differentiated for 24 hours using 200 nM staurosporine. The resulting cells were cultured and exposed to blue light at three different energy levels (1, 10, and 50 J cm(-2)). Cellular morphologies were investigated with an inverted microscope and cell viability was assessed with a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated by H2DCFDA. After loading of MitoTracker Green FM dye, the mitochondrial contents were analyzed using flow cytometry. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in the media were also measured. The level of lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA). RESULTS Treatment of the cells for 24 hours with 200 nM staurosporine successfully induced the differentiation of RGC-5 cells. No morphological changes were observed in the ssdRGC-5 cells exposed to blue light at 50 J cm(-2), which was the highest energy level tested. Exposure of the ssdRGC-5 cells to this energy level of blue light did, however, decrease their numbers by approximately 72.1% compared to the numbers of such cells found after being left in the dark. Remarkably, the levels of ROS generation and mitochondrial contents were, respectively, increased to 142% and 118% of those of the control by a 10 J cm(-2) exposure of blue light. The LDH activities and MDA levels exhibited no obvious changes in the blue light-exposed ssdRGC-5 cells compared to the control cells. CONCLUSIONS In vitro nonlethal blue light exposure led to cellular damage of staurosporine-differentiated RGC-5 cells. These increases in oxidative stress and mitochondrial content were the early steps of the cellular response to the exposure of relatively low doses (10 J cm(-2)) of blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
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Aredo B, Li T, Chen X, Zhang K, Wang CXZ, Gou D, Zhao B, He Y, Ufret-Vincenty RL. A chimeric Cfh transgene leads to increased retinal oxidative stress, inflammation, and accumulation of activated subretinal microglia in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:3427-40. [PMID: 26030099 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Variants of complement factor H (Cfh) affecting short consensus repeats (SCRs) 6 to 8 increase the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Our aim was to explore the effect of expressing a Cfh variant on the in vivo susceptibility of the retina and RPE to oxidative stress and inflammation, using chimeric Cfh transgenic mice (chCfhTg). METHODS The chCfhTg and age-matched C57BL/6J (B6) mice were subjected to oxidative stress by either normal aging, or by exposure to a combination of oral hydroquinone (0.8% HQ) and increased light. Eyes were collected for immunohistochemistry of RPE-choroid flat mounts and of retinal sections, ELISA, electron microscopy, and RPE/microglia gene expression analysis. RESULTS Aging mice to 2 years led to an increased accumulation of basal laminar deposits, subretinal microglia/macrophages (MG/MΦ) staining for CD16 and for malondialdehyde (MDA), and MDA-modified proteins in the retina in chCfhTg compared to B6 mice. The chCfhTg mice maintained on HQ diet and increased light showed greater deposition of basal laminar deposits, more accumulation of fundus spots suggestive of MG/MΦ, and increased deposition of C3d in the sub-RPE space, compared to controls. In addition, chCfhTg mice demonstrated upregulation of NLRP3, IP-10, CD68, and TREM-2 in the RNA isolates from RPE/MG/MΦ. CONCLUSIONS Expression of a Cfh transgene introducing a variant in SCRs 6 to 8 was sufficient to lead to increased retinal/RPE susceptibility to oxidative stress, a proinflammatory MG/MΦ phenotype, and a proinflammatory RPE/MG/MΦ gene expression profile in a transgenic mouse model. Our data suggest that altered interactions of Cfh with MDA-modified proteins may be relevant in explaining the effects of the Cfh variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogale Aredo
- Department of Ophthalmology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Kaiyan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Cynthia Xin-Zhao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Darlene Gou
- Department of Ophthalmology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Biren Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Yuguang He
- Department of Ophthalmology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
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Bonmati-Carrion MA, Arguelles-Prieto R, Martinez-Madrid MJ, Reiter R, Hardeland R, Rol MA, Madrid JA. Protecting the melatonin rhythm through circadian healthy light exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23448-500. [PMID: 25526564 PMCID: PMC4284776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, in developed countries, nights are excessively illuminated (light at night), whereas daytime is mainly spent indoors, and thus people are exposed to much lower light intensities than under natural conditions. In spite of the positive impact of artificial light, we pay a price for the easy access to light during the night: disorganization of our circadian system or chronodisruption (CD), including perturbations in melatonin rhythm. Epidemiological studies show that CD is associated with an increased incidence of diabetes, obesity, heart disease, cognitive and affective impairment, premature aging and some types of cancer. Knowledge of retinal photoreceptors and the discovery of melanopsin in some ganglion cells demonstrate that light intensity, timing and spectrum must be considered to keep the biological clock properly entrained. Importantly, not all wavelengths of light are equally chronodisrupting. Blue light, which is particularly beneficial during the daytime, seems to be more disruptive at night, and induces the strongest melatonin inhibition. Nocturnal blue light exposure is currently increasing, due to the proliferation of energy-efficient lighting (LEDs) and electronic devices. Thus, the development of lighting systems that preserve the melatonin rhythm could reduce the health risks induced by chronodisruption. This review addresses the state of the art regarding the crosstalk between light and the circadian system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Russel Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Ruediger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany.
| | - Maria Angeles Rol
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio Madrid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
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Xie C, Li X, Tong J, Gu Y, Shen Y. Effects of white light-emitting diode (LED) light exposure with different correlated color temperatures (CCTs) on human lens epithelial cells in culture. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:853-9. [PMID: 24483628 DOI: 10.1111/php.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cataract is the major cause for legal blindness in the world. Oxidative stress on the lens epithelial cells (hLECs) is the most important factor in cataract formation. Cumulative light-exposure from widely used light-emitting diodes (LEDs) may pose a potential oxidative threat to the lens epithelium, due to the high-energy blue light component in the white-light emission from diodes. In the interest of perfecting biosafety standards for LED domestic lighting, this study analyzed the photobiological effect of white LED light with different correlated color temperatures (CCTs) on cultured hLECs. The hLECs were cultured and cumulatively exposed to multichromatic white LED light with CCTs of 2954, 5624, and 7378 K. Cell viability of hLECs was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. DNA damage was determined by alkaline comet assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cell cycle, and apoptosis were quantified by flow cytometry. Compared with 2954 and 5624 K LED light, LED light having a CCT of 7378 K caused overproduction of intracellular ROS and severe DNA damage, which triggered G2 /M arrest and apoptosis. These results indicate that white LEDs with a high CCT could cause significant photobiological damage to hLECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xie
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliate Hospital, School Of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Magalhães Moraes MNDC, de Oliveira Poletini M, Ribeiro Ramos BC, de Lima LHRG, de Lauro Castrucci AM. Effect of light on expression of clock genes in Xenopus laevis melanophores. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:696-701. [PMID: 24438110 DOI: 10.1111/php.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Light-dark cycles are considered important cues to entrain biological clocks. A feedback loop of clock gene transcription and translation is the molecular basis underlying the mechanism of both central and peripheral clocks. Xenopus laevis embryonic melanophores respond to light with melanin granule dispersion, response possibly mediated by the photopigment melanopsin. To test whether light modulates clock gene expression in Xenopus melanophores, we used qPCR to evaluate the relative mRNA levels of Per1, Per2, Clock and Bmal1 in cultured melanophores exposed to light-dark (LD) cycle or constant darkness (DD). LD cycles elicited temporal changes in the expression of Per1, Per2 and Bmal1. A 10-min pulse of blue light was able to increases the expression of Per1 and Per2. Red light had no effect on the expression of these clock genes. These data suggest the participation of a blue-wavelength sensitive pigment in the light-dark cycle-mediated oscillation of the endogenous clock. Our results add an important contribution to the emerging field of peripheral clocks, which in nonmammalian vertebrates have been mostly studied in Drosophila and Danio rerio. Within this context, we show that X. laevis melanophores, which have already led to melanopsin discovery, represent an ideal model to understanding circadian rhythms.
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