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Fontanezi NM, Maximino P, Machado RHV, Ferrari G, Fisberg M. Association between parental feeding styles, body mass index, and consumption of fruits, vegetables and processed foods with mothers´ perceptions of feeding difficulties in children. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:167. [PMID: 38459452 PMCID: PMC10921686 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feeding difficulties (FDs) are complex phenomena influenced by parental factors, feeding behaviour, and cultural factors. However, studies of the influences of these factors on FDs incidence are scarce. Thus, this study aimed to identify the associations between mothers' perceptions of FDs in children and parental feeding styles, body mass index, and the consumption of fruits, vegetables and processed foods. METHOD Two hundred and fifty-seven mothers of children aged 1 to 6 years and 11 months participated in this cross-sectional study and self-completed electronic questionnaires on sociographic variables, parental feeding styles, the consumption of fruits, vegetables and processed foods and FDs. Nutritional status was classified by body mass index (kg/m2). RESULTS The prevalence of FDs in children was 48.2%, and the mean age was 43.8 (± 17.6) months. The indulgent parental feeding style was the most common (40.1%), followed by the authoritative (31.1%), authoritarian (23.7%), and uninvolved (5.1%) styles. An indulgent parental feeding style (OR: 4.66; 95% CI: 2.20-9.85), a high body mass index (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.09-1.68), and the consumption of processed foods (OR: 5.21; 95% CI: 2.85-9.53) were positively associated with increased odds of the absence of FDs in children. The associations of authoritarian and uninvolved parental feeding styles and the consumption of fruits and vegetables with FDs in children were not significant. CONCLUSION This study identified multiple factors that are possibly associated with feeding behaviours in young children. However, further studies need to be undertaken to evaluate how such behaviours affect FDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Moretti Fontanezi
- Sciences Applied to Pediatrics Postgraduate Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 598, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, 04023-062, SP, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Maximino
- Center for Excellence in Nutrition and Feeding Difficulties, PENSI Institute, Luis Egydio Setúbal Foundation, Sabará Children's Hospital, São Paulo. Av. Angelica 1968, conj 71a 74, São Paulo, 01239-040, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Gerson Ferrari
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), el Deporte y la Salud, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Providencia, Chile
| | - Mauro Fisberg
- Sciences Applied to Pediatrics Postgraduate Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 598, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, 04023-062, SP, Brazil
- Center for Excellence in Nutrition and Feeding Difficulties, PENSI Institute, Luis Egydio Setúbal Foundation, Sabará Children's Hospital, São Paulo. Av. Angelica 1968, conj 71a 74, São Paulo, 01239-040, SP, Brazil
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Kininmonth A, Smith A, Carnell S, Steinsbekk S, Fildes A, Llewellyn C. The association between childhood adiposity and appetite assessed using the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire and Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13169. [PMID: 33554425 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify associations between Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) and Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire (BEBQ) appetitive traits (food approach: Food Responsiveness [FR], Enjoyment of Food [EF], Emotional Overeating [EOE], and Desire to Drink [DD]; food avoidant: Satiety Responsiveness [SR], Slowness in Eating [SE], Emotional Undereating [EUE], Food Fussiness [FF]) and measures of child adiposity. Searches of six databases up to February 2019 identified 72 studies (CEBQ, n = 67; BEBQ, n = 5), and 27 met the meta-analysis criteria. For cross-sectional studies reporting unadjusted correlations with body mass index z-scores (BMIz) (n = 19), all traits were associated with BMIz in expected directions (positive: FR, EF, EOE, and DD; negative: SR, SE, EUE, and FF). Pooled estimates ranged from r = 0.22 (FR) to r = -0.21 (SR). For cross-sectional studies reporting regression coefficients (n = 10), three traits (FR, EF, and EOE) associated positively, and three traits (SR, SE, and EUE) negatively, with BMIz (β = -0.31 [SR] to β = 0.22 [FR]). Eleven studies reported prospective relationships from appetite to adiposity measures for six scales (positive: FR, EF, EOE, and DD; negative: SR and SE). Five studies reported relationships from adiposity measures to appetite for five traits (positive: FR, EF, and EOE; negative: SR). All BEBQ traits were consistently cross-sectionally associated with adiposity measures. Overall, CEBQ/BEBQ-assessed appetitive traits show consistent cross-sectional relationships with measures of child adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Kininmonth
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Andrea Smith
- Obesity Group, Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Carnell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Silje Steinsbekk
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alison Fildes
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Clare Llewellyn
- Obesity Group, Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
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Power TG, Fisher JO, O’Connor TM, Micheli N, Papaioannou MA, Hughes SO. General Parenting and Hispanic Mothers' Feeding Practices and Styles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E380. [PMID: 33419088 PMCID: PMC7825413 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that general parenting styles, general parenting dimensions, maternal feeding styles, and maternal feeding practices all show specific relationships with the weight status of young children. This study examined the relationships between general parenting and maternal feeding styles/practices in a sample of 187 Hispanic mothers with low incomes. As part of a larger study, mothers of preschool children were recruited through Head Start programs and completed validated questionnaires assessing their general parenting, feeding styles, and feeding practices. Results identified numerous associations between general parenting dimensions and specific feeding practices: i.e., maternal nurturance was positively associated with healthy eating guidance and feeding responsiveness; inconsistency was positively associated with restriction for weight and promotion of overconsumption; follow through on discipline was positively associated with monitoring, healthy eating guidance, and feeding responsiveness; and family organization was positively associated with monitoring and healthy eating guidance. General parenting styles were associated with feeding practices as well, with authoritative mothers showing the highest levels of healthy eating guidance and authoritarian mothers showing the lowest levels of monitoring. There were no significant associations between mothers' general parenting styles and mothers' feeding styles. Implications of these findings for the prevention of childhood obesity are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Power
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Jennifer O. Fisher
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
| | - Teresia M. O’Connor
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.M.O.); (N.M.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Nilda Micheli
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.M.O.); (N.M.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Maria A. Papaioannou
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.M.O.); (N.M.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Sheryl O. Hughes
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.M.O.); (N.M.); (M.A.P.)
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Estimating and differentiating maternal feeding practices in a country ranked first in childhood obesity. Public Health Nutr 2019; 23:620-630. [PMID: 31747985 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019003173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mexico ranks first in childhood obesity worldwide. However, little is known about the factors influencing maternal feeding practices. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of feeding practices and explore associations between weight concern, weight perception, sociodemographic characteristics and those feeding practices. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING North-eastern Mexico. PARTICIPANTS Mothers aged ≥18 years who were in charge of feeding a singleton child aged 2-6 years with no endocrine disease or visible genetic malformations (n 507). Information on six maternal feeding practices, concern and perception of the child's weight and demographics were collected by interview. The mother's and child's height and weight were measured. The feeding practices questionnaire was subject to content, construct and convergent validity analysis. Then, mean feeding scores were obtained and prevalence and 95 % CI were determined for scores ≥3; multivariate logistic regression was performed. RESULTS Not modelling (63·5 %; 95 % CI 59·2, 67·8 %) and pressuring to eat (55·6 %; 95 % CI 51·2, 60·0 %) were the most frequent feeding practices, followed by easy access to unhealthy foods (45·4 %; 95 % CI 40·9, 49·8 %) and child control (43·2 %; 95 % CI 38·8, 47·6 %). They prevailed despite concern about the child's excess weight or a perception of the child as overweight/obese. Education was associated with the highest number of practices (educated mothers used more pressuring to eat, less regulation and less easy access; or monitoring was less absent). CONCLUSIONS The frequency of certain feeding practices needs to be improved. Emphasis on the child's weight concern, obesity perception and maternal education is essential for optimizing intervention planning.
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Toddlers' impulsivity, inhibitory control, and maternal eating-related supervision in relation to toddler body mass index: Direct and interactive effects. Appetite 2019; 142:104343. [PMID: 31276711 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have noted that child temperament characteristics, such as aspects of self-regulation, as well as parental feeding practices contribute to children's body mass index (BMI), and have implications for identifying children who may be at risk of being overweight or obese. While studies have considered children's temperament or maternal feeding practices separately, few have considered these correlates of children's BMI jointly or in interaction in relation to children's BMI. The current study included 179 mother-child dyads participating in a longitudinal study. Information on children's impulsivity and inhibitory control was collected when children were 24 months of age. Children's tendency to emotionally overeat, maternal supervision of children's eating, and toddler and maternal BMI were assessed when children reached 30 months of age. Higher toddler impulsivity and emotional overeating, as well as maternal BMI were positively associated with toddler BMI. Inhibitory control and maternal supervision of toddler eating were not directly associated with toddler BMI. However, the main effect of toddler impulsivity was qualified by a significant interaction with maternal supervision of toddler eating. For children high in impulsivity, there was a significant negative association between maternal eating supervision and toddler BMI. For children low in impulsivity, there was a trend level (p = .059) positive relation between maternal eating supervision and toddler BMI. These findings suggest that increased maternal supervision of children's eating may be beneficial for helping children maintain a healthy BMI when they exhibit high impulsivity.
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Boswell N, Byrne R, Davies PSW. Family food environment factors associated with obesity outcomes in early childhood. BMC OBESITY 2019; 6:17. [PMID: 31171974 PMCID: PMC6545727 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-019-0241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background In attempting to gain understanding of the family food environment (FFE), as a central context for the development of obesity and obesogenic eating behaviours during early childhood, attention has largely focused on the relationships of individual variables. This fails to capture the complex combinations of variables children are exposed to. To more authentically reflect the impact of the FFE on the development of obesity and obesogenic eating behaviours during early childhood, this study aims to derive composites of FFE variables using factor analysis. Methods FFE and eating behaviour data were available from 757 Australian children (2.0–5.0 years) via a parent-completed online survey. Children were categorised as normal weight, overweight or obese, based on parent-reported anthropometry (underweight children were excluded). Results Eight FFE factors were derived. Scores for factors ‘Negative Feeding Strategies’ and ‘Negative Nutrition Related Beliefs’ increased with child BMI category, while ‘Use of TV and devices’ and ‘Parent’s Nutrition Knowledge’ decreased. The FFE factor ‘Negative Feeding Strategies’ was positively associated with food fussiness, food responsiveness and slowness in eating, and negatively associated with parent body mass index (BMI) score. The FFE factor ‘Negative Nutrition Related Beliefs’ was positively associated with food responsiveness, as well as positively with parent BMI, male children, breastfeeding less than 6 months, and low-income status. The FFE factor ‘Television (TV) and devices’ was only positively associated with residing in a capital city. The FFE factor ‘Parent’s Nutrition Knowledge’ was negatively associated with slowness in eating, breastfeeding less than 6 months and low-income status, and positively with parent stress and residing in a capital city. Conclusion Consideration of the composite effect of FFE on child’s eating behaviours and obesity outcomes is important in guiding future research and obesity prevention initiatives by providing a more authentic picture of the FFE children are exposed to. Examining factors of FFE variables in conjunction with psycho-social variables, further articulates the reciprocal influence of these variables on environmental constructs thus assisting in understanding of inequitable distribution of obesity risk. *keywords childhood obesity, eating behaviours, early childhood, Family Food Environment, Factor Analysis,
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Boswell
- 1The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rebecca Byrne
- 2Queensland University of Technology, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
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de Souza Rezende P, Bellotto de Moraes DE, Mais LA, Warkentin S, Augusto de Aguiar Carrazedo Taddei J. Maternal pressure to eat: Associations with maternal and child characteristics among 2-to 8-year-olds in Brazil. Appetite 2019; 133:40-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Moderation of associations between maternal parenting styles and Australian pre-school children’s dietary intake by family structure and mother’s employment status. Public Health Nutr 2019; 22:997-1009. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018003671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo examine associations between maternal parenting style and pre-school children’s dietary intake and to test whether perceived maternal time pressures, parenting arrangements and employment status influence these relationships.DesignThis cross-sectional study examined mothers’ reports of their child’s frequency of consumption of eight food and drink groups, including sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), unhealthy snacks, takeaway foods, fruit and vegetables. Parenting styles were classified as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive or disengaged using two parenting dimensions (warmth and control). The moderating roles of parenting arrangements, indexed by number of parents in the home and maternal employment status, were assessed. Associations were examined using multinomial regression.SettingData were from the infant and child cohorts in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children.ParticipantsChildren aged 4–5 years from both cohorts (infant:n3607; child:n4661) were included.ResultsCompared with children of disengaged mothers, children of authoritative mothers consumed most unhealthy foods less frequently, and fruit and vegetables more frequently. Results suggested parenting arrangements and mothers’ working status may moderate associations between parenting styles and SSB, takeaway foods, takeaway snacks and fruit consumption.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that authoritative parenting style is associated with a higher consumption of fruit and vegetables and a lower consumption of unhealthy foods among children. However, parenting arrangements and the mothers’ working status may influence these relationships. Further research is required to examine the influence of other potential moderators of parenting style/food consumption relationships such as household time and resource limitations.
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Rohit A, Tonkin E, Maple-Brown L, Golley R, McCarthy L, Brimblecombe J. Parent Feeding Practices in the Australian Indigenous Population within the Context of non-Indigenous Australians and Indigenous Populations in Other High-Income Countries-A Scoping Review. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:89-103. [PMID: 30668618 PMCID: PMC6370272 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although extensive literature on parent feeding practices among the general Australian population exists, Australian Indigenous populations are generally overlooked. A systematic scoping review was carried out to map any source of literature showing Indigenous parent feeding practices in Australia in the context of what is known about parent feeding practices among broader Australian populations and Indigenous populations in other high-income countries.A search of 8 electronic health databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria were children aged <12 y and reporting ≥1 child outcome related to childhood overweight and/or obesity, body mass index, dietary intake, or eating behavior in the context of parent feeding practices. Studies were grouped according to Indigenous status of the population for data extraction and synthesis.A total of 79 studies were identified; 80% (n = 65) were conducted among the general Australian population and <20% (n = 14) focused on Indigenous populations. Although a wide range of feeding practices were identified among the general Australian population, Indigenous practices most closely aligned with highly responsive and permissive parenting dimensions. The highly valued child autonomy in Indigenous parenting is sometimes criticized by researchers when viewed through a Western lens because the child has agency in deciding what and when to eat.Evidence-based understanding and knowledge of Indigenous parent feeding practices in Australia are limited. Indigenous worldviews are expressed distinctly differently than the general Western worldview in parent feeding practices. How worldviews are represented in parent-child relationships is important to consider for the way in which research with Indigenous populations is conducted and the evidence it generates to inform policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athira Rohit
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emma Tonkin
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Louise Maple-Brown
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rebecca Golley
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences (Nutrition), Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Leisa McCarthy
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julie Brimblecombe
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Hope S, Micali N, Deighton J, Law C. Maternal mental health at 5 years and childhood overweight or obesity at 11 years: evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:43-52. [PMID: 30464232 PMCID: PMC6331386 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Maternal psychological distress is associated with a range of adverse child outcomes. We sought to determine whether children's exposure to medium or severe distress at 5 years was associated with increased risks of overweight and obesity when they were aged 11 years. We also investigated whether any association was attenuated after accounting for potential confounding and mediating factors. SUBJECTS/METHODS We analysed data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative sample with data collected throughout childhood, imputing missing covariates (analytic sample: n = 9206). Multinomial regression was used to examine whether maternal psychological distress (Kessler-6 scale, using medium and severe score thresholds) at 5 years of age predicted children's objectively measured overweight and obesity at 11 years, adjusting for sex and ethnicity. We then carried out a series of models incorporating potential confounders (early life and socio-demographic, recorded at 9 months) and mediators (physical activity and dietary factors, at 7 years) in turn, and then simultaneously. RESULTS A third of mothers reported distress when their child was aged 5 years (29% medium; 4% severe distress), and over a quarter of children were overweight at 11 years (22% overweight; 6% obese). Risks of obesity at 11 years increased with severity of maternal distress at 5 years (medium distress: relative risk ratio (RRR) = 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-1.75; severe RRR = 2.27, CI 1.42-3.63). Adjusting for each set of explanatory factors in turn (particularly early years and socio-demographic confounding factors) reduced but did not eliminate these elevated risks. However, risks were attenuated in the fully adjusted model (medium: RRR = 1.14, CI 0.92-1.41; severe: RRR = 1.26, CI 0.75-2.11). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that maternal psychological distress, particularly if severe, at 5 years was associated with risk of obesity (but not overweight) at 11 years. Accounting for potential explanatory factors attenuated this association to non-significance, suggesting a range of mechanisms may be implicated. Future research should seek to disentangle the potentially complex pathways linking explanatory factors, maternal distress and child obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hope
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N IEH, UK.
| | - Nadia Micali
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N IEH, UK
| | - Jessica Deighton
- UCL and Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, 12 Maresfield Gardens, London, NW3 5SU, UK
| | - Catherine Law
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N IEH, UK
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Roberts LT, Goodman LC, Musher-Eizenman DR. Parental correlates of food parenting practices: socioeconomic status, weight, and dieting status. Ecol Food Nutr 2018; 57:330-345. [PMID: 29963919 DOI: 10.1080/03670244.2018.1492381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Little research has considered how parents' socioeconomic indicators, body mass index (BMI), and dieting status relate to their food parenting. The current study used self-report data from parents of young children to examine group differences on three types of food parenting practices (Structure, Coercive Control, and Autonomy Promotion). Few group differences were found for socioeconomic indicators. However, parent dieting status moderated effects of parent BMI on structure and autonomy promotion. Obese, non-dieting parents reported lower scores on both variables. More research is needed to better understand how parents' dieting status moderates the effects of parent's weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey T Roberts
- a Department of Psychology , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio , USA
| | - Lynnel C Goodman
- a Department of Psychology , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio , USA
| | - Dara R Musher-Eizenman
- a Department of Psychology , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio , USA
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Collings R, Hill B, Skouteris H. The influence of psychological factors on postpartum weight retention 12 months post-birth. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2018. [PMID: 29517343 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2018.1424323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background During the first postpartum year 20% of women retain excessive weight from pregnancy (postpartum weight retention; PPWR), which predicts long-term overweight/obesity. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the associations between psychological factors (depression, anxiety and stress symptoms and body attitudes) in late gestation and at 12-months postpartum with PPWR one-year post-birth. Methods Pregnant women (N = 176) completed questionnaires in early-mid pregnancy (Time 1; mean (SD) = 16.97 (1.35) weeks), late pregnancy (Time 2; mean (SD) = 33.33 (2.05) weeks), and one year postpartum (Time 3; mean (SD) = 53.12 (3.34) weeks). Women provided demographic characteristics, height and pre-pregnancy weight at Time 1. At Times 2 and 3, weight, depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms and body attitudes (salience of weight and shape, attractiveness, feeling fat, and strength and fitness) were assessed in addition to physiological, socio-contextual and lifestyle factors. Gestational weight gain and PPWR were calculated. Hierarchical linear regression models were conducted to explore variance in 12-month PPWR. Results Overall, models explained 26-39% variance in PPWR. Gestational weight gain in late pregnancy and low attractiveness at 12 months postpartum were the only variables associated significantly with 12-month PPWR. Conclusion While psychological factors did not appear to be important direct contributors to PPWR at 12 months, the overall contribution of all variables suggests that such factors may be implicated in a small and incremental way. Exploration of the interactions between variables will help unpack potential mechanisms of the development of PPWR at 12 months post-birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian Collings
- a School of Psychology , Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
| | - Briony Hill
- a School of Psychology , Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
| | - Helen Skouteris
- a School of Psychology , Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
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Direct and indirect effects of parent stress on child obesity risk and added sugar intake in a sample of Southern California adolescents. Public Health Nutr 2017; 20:3285-3294. [PMID: 28980520 DOI: 10.1017/s136898001700252x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research indicates that children are at higher risk for obesity if their parents have been exposed to a larger number of stressors, yet little is known about effects of parents' subjective, perceived experience of stress on children's eating behaviours and adiposity and whether weight-related parenting practices (i.e. parent rules and positive family meal practices) mediate this relationship. The present study evaluated the direct and mediated relationship between parent perceived stress and child waist circumference and parent stress and child consumption of added sugars one year later. DESIGN Longitudinal panel data. SETTING Eleven communities in Southern California, USA. SUBJECTS Data were collected over two waves from parent-child dyads (n 599). Most parents were female (81 %) and Hispanic (51 %); children were 11 years old on average (sd 1·53; range 7-15 years) and 31 % received free school lunch. RESULTS Perceived parent stress was not significantly associated with child waist circumference or consumption of added sugars one year later, and mediating pathways through parenting practices were not significant. However, parent rules were significantly associated with lower child consumption of added sugars (β=-0·14, P<0·001). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that parent rules about the types of foods children can eat, clearly explained to children, may decrease child consumption of added sugars but not necessarily lead to changes in obesity risk. Parent- and family-based interventions that support development of healthy rules about child eating have the potential to improve child dietary nutrient intake.
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Child Feeding and Parenting Style Outcomes and Composite Score Measurement in the 'Feeding Healthy Food to Kids Randomised Controlled Trial'. CHILDREN-BASEL 2016; 3:children3040028. [PMID: 27834906 PMCID: PMC5184803 DOI: 10.3390/children3040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Child feeding practices and parenting style each have an impact on child dietary intake, but it is unclear whether they influence each other or are amenable to change. The aims of this study were to measure child feeding and parenting styles in the Feeding Healthy Food to Kids (FHFK) Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) and test a composite child feeding score and a composite parenting style score. Child feeding and parenting style data from 146 parent-child dyads (76 boys, aged 2.0–5.9 years) in the FHFK study were collected over a 12-month intervention. Parenting style was measured using parenting questions from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children and the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) was used to measure child feeding practices. Data for both measures were collected at baseline, 3 and 12 months and then modelled to develop a composite child feeding score and a parenting score. Multivariate mixed effects linear regression was used to measure associations between variables over time. All child feeding domains from the CFQ were consistent between baseline and 12 months (p < 0.001), except for monitoring (0.12, p = 0.44). All parenting style domain scores were consistent over 12 months (p < 0.001), except for overprotection (0.22, p = 0.16). A significant correlation (r = 0.42, p < 0.0001) existed between child feeding score and parenting style score within the FHFK RCT. In conclusion, composite scores have potential applications in the analysis of relationships between child feeding and dietary or anthropometric data in intervention studies aimed at improving child feeding or parenting style. These applications have the potential to make a substantial contribution to the understanding of child feeding practices and parenting style, in relation to each other and to dietary intake and health outcomes amongst pre-school aged children.
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Bergmeier H, Aksan N, McPhie S, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Baur L, Milgrom J, Campbell K, Demir D, Skouteris H. Mutually Responsive Orientation: A novel observational assessment of mother-child mealtime interactions. Appetite 2016; 105:400-9. [PMID: 27317618 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mother-child mealtime interactions during preschool years is an important but overlooked factor when evaluating the influence of parent-child relationships on child eating and weight. This paper describes the validation of the Mutually Responsive Orientation (MRO) coding system adapted for assessing parent-child interactions during food preparation and consumption situations. Home-based mealtimes of 94 mothers and their children (3.03 ± 0.75 years) were filmed at two time points, 12-months apart. Filmed dimensions of mutual mother-child responsiveness, shared positive affect, maternal control relating to food and child compliance were assessed. Objective BMI and maternal reports of parenting, feeding, child eating, diet and child temperament were also collected. Correlations, repeated measures ANOVAs and regressions were performed to examine the validity of MRO variables and their stability across both time points. Validation analysis showed the MRO coding system performed as expected: dyads with higher MRO scores expressed lower control/power assertion, lower child non-compliance, and greater committed compliance. The measure demonstrated sensitivity to specific contexts: maternal responsiveness, mother and child positive affect were higher during food consumption compared to food preparation. Coded dimensions were stable across time points, with the exception of decreases in maternal responsiveness in food consumption and child non-compliance in food preparation. MRO and maternal dimensions were correlated with maternally reported parenting and feeding measures. Maternal responsiveness (inversely) and child responsiveness (positively) were concurrently associated with child fussy eating, and child refusal was prospectively and inversely associated with child fussy eating. Findings suggest the adapted MRO coding system is a useful measure for examining observed parent-child mealtime interactions potentially implicated in preschoolers' eating and weight development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazan Aksan
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Skye McPhie
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Louise Baur
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health and Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeannette Milgrom
- School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia; Parent-Infant Research Institute, Department of Clinical and Health, Psychology, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, Heidelberg West, Australia
| | - Karen Campbell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Defne Demir
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Helen Skouteris
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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Maternal and infant correlates of maternal feeding beliefs and practices in a multi-ethnic Asian population: the GUSTO (Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes) study. Public Health Nutr 2016; 19:2789-98. [PMID: 27121890 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980016000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the influences of maternal and infant correlates on maternal feeding beliefs and practices in the first 2 years of life, despite its important role in early obesogenic eating behaviours and weight gain. DESIGN Cross-sectional study using demographic data of mothers and infants obtained at 26-28 weeks of gestation, and postnatally from birth to 15 months, respectively. The Infant Feeding Questionnaire was administered at 15 months postpartum. The associations between maternal and infant characteristics with seven maternal feeding beliefs and practices subscales were evaluated using multivariate linear regression analysis. SETTING Data obtained from the Singapore GUSTO (Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes) mother-offspring birth cohort. SUBJECTS Mothers and infants (n 1237). RESULTS Among other maternal correlates such as age, education, BMI, income and milk feeding practices, ethnicity was a consistent factor associated with six subscales, including concern about infant overeating/undereating and weight status, concern and awareness about infants' hunger and satiety cues, social interaction during feeding and feeding an infant on schedule. Similarly, among infant correlates such as gender and birth order, infant body size gain (reflected by BMI Z-score change from 0 to 15 months) was significantly associated with all subscales except feeding an infant on schedule. Overall, maternal correlates had greater influence on all subscales compared with infant correlates except for the maternal concern about infant undereating or becoming underweight subscale. CONCLUSIONS The present study highlights that maternal feeding beliefs and practices can be influenced by both maternal correlates and infant correlates at 15 months of age.
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Hill B, McPhie S, Skouteris H. The Role of Parity in Gestational Weight Gain and Postpartum Weight Retention. Womens Health Issues 2016; 26:123-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sharma SV, Rashid T, Ranjit N, Byrd-Williams C, Chuang RJ, Roberts-Gray C, Briley M, Sweitzer S, Hoelscher DM. Effectiveness of the Lunch is in the Bag program on communication between the parent, child and child-care provider around fruits, vegetables and whole grain foods: A group-randomized controlled trial. Prev Med 2015; 81:1-8. [PMID: 26190371 PMCID: PMC4996076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of the parent- and early care education (ECE) center-based Lunch is in the Bag program on communication between parent, child, and their ECE center providers around fruits, vegetables and whole grain foods (FVWG). METHOD A total of n=30 ECE center; 577 parent-child dyads participated in this group-randomized controlled trial conducted from 2011 to 2013 in Texas (n=15 ECE center, 327 dyads intervention group; n=15 ECE center, 250 dyads comparison group). Parent-child and parent-ECE center provider communication was measured using a parent-reported survey administered at baseline and end of the five-week intervention period. Multilevel linear regression analysis was used to compare the pre-to-post intervention changes in the parent-child and parent-ECE center provider communication scales. Significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS At baseline, parent-child and parent-ECE center provider communication scores were low. There was a significant increase post-intervention in the parent-ECE center provider communication around vegetables (Adjusted β=0.78, 95%CI: 0.13, 1.43, p=0.002), and around fruit (Adjusted β=0.62, 95%CI: 0.04, 0.20, p=0.04) among the parents in the intervention group as compared to those in the comparison group. There were no significant intervention effects on parent-child communication. CONCLUSION Lunch is in the Bag had significant positive effects on improving communication between the parents and ECE center providers around FVWG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreela V Sharma
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, The University of Texas School of Public Health, 1200 Hermann Pressler, RAS E603, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Tasnuva Rashid
- The University of Texas School of Public Health, 1200 Hermann Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Nalini Ranjit
- Health Promotion/Behavioral Sciences, Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Austin Regional Campus, 1616 Guadalupe Street, Suite 6.300, Austin, TX 78701, United States.
| | - Courtney Byrd-Williams
- Health Promotion/Behavioral Sciences, Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Austin Regional Campus, 1616 Guadalupe Street, Suite 6.300, Austin, TX 78701, United States.
| | - Ru-Jye Chuang
- UT School of Public Health, Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, The University of Texas School of Public Health, 1200 Hermann Pressler, RAS E611, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | | | - Margaret Briley
- Nutritional Sciences, School of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78746, United States.
| | - Sara Sweitzer
- Nutritional Sciences, School of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A2700, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - Deanna M Hoelscher
- Department of Health Promotion/Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Austin Regional Campus, 1616 Guadalupe Street, 6.300, Austin, TX 78701, United States.
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Bergmeier HJ, Skouteris H, Haycraft E, Haines J, Hooley M. Reported and observed controlling feeding practices predict child eating behavior after 12 months. J Nutr 2015; 145:1311-6. [PMID: 25878204 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.206268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controlling feeding practices are linked to children's self-regulatory eating practices and weight status. Maternal reports of controlling feeding practices are not always significantly related to independently rated mealtime observations. However, prior studies only assessed 1 mealtime observation, which may not be representative of typical mealtime settings or routines. OBJECTIVES The first aim was to examine associations between reported and observed maternal pressure to eat and restriction feeding practices at baseline (T1) and after ∼ 12 mo (T2). The second aim was to evaluate relations between maternal and child factors [e.g., concern about child weight, child temperament, child body mass index (BMI)-for-age z scores (BMIz)] at T1 and reported and observed maternal pressure to eat and restriction feeding practices (T1 and T2). The third aim was to assess prospective associations between maternal feeding practices (T1) and child eating behaviors (T2) and child BMIz (T2). METHODS A sample of 79 mother-child dyads in Victoria, Australia, participated in 2 lunchtime home observations (T1 and T2). BMI measures were collected during the visits. Child temperament, child eating behaviors, maternal parenting styles, and maternal feeding practices were evaluated at T1 and T2 via questionnaires. Associations were assessed with Pearson's correlation coefficients, paired t tests, and hierarchical regressions. RESULTS Reported restriction (T1) was inversely associated with observed restriction at T1 (r = -0.24, P < 0.05). Reported pressure to eat (T2) was associated with observed pressure to eat (T2) (r = 0.48, P < 0.01) but only for mothers of girls. Maternal weight concern was associated with reported restriction at T1 (r = 0.29, P < 0.01) and T2 (r = 0.36, P < 0.01), whereas observed restriction (T1) was prospectively associated child BMI at T2 (β = -0.18, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Maternal reports may not always reflect feeding practices performed during mealtimes; it is possible some mothers may not be aware of their practices or observations may not capture covert controlling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Skouteris
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia;
| | - Emma Haycraft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jess Haines
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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Tate EB, Wood W, Liao Y, Dunton GF. Do stressed mothers have heavier children? A meta-analysis on the relationship between maternal stress and child body mass index. Obes Rev 2015; 16:351-61. [PMID: 25879393 PMCID: PMC4447110 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Child obesity continues to be a prevalent public health issue. This meta-analysis synthesized 17 studies investigating the association between levels of psychological stress experienced by mothers and the body mass index of their children. The overall standardized mean difference effect size was positive and significantly different from zero in cross-sectional d = 0.20 (k = 14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.06, 0.34) and longitudinal studies d = 0.18 (k = 5, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.351) and had significant heterogeneity in both (cross-sectional, Q[13] = 193.00, P < 0.001; longitudinal, Q[4] = 29.46, P < 0.001). In longitudinal studies, effect sizes were larger when children also would have experienced the stressor, Q(6) = 4.68, P < 0.05, for toddlers than infants, Q(4) = 5.04, P < 0.05, and in higher quality studies, Q(4) = 14.58, P < 0.05. Results highlight the potential benefits of including a parent stress management component in childhood obesity prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Tate
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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22
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Jani R, Mallan KM, Daniels L. Association between Australian-Indian mothers' controlling feeding practices and children's appetite traits. Appetite 2015; 84:188-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bergmeier H, Skouteris H, Hetherington M. Systematic research review of observational approaches used to evaluate mother-child mealtime interactions during preschool years. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:7-15. [PMID: 25527745 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.092114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The family meal and social interactions during the meal are important events in a child's life. Specifically, mealtime interactions have been linked to child weight status, the development of children's eating patterns, and socialization. Mealtime interactions may be observed and evaluated to provide insights into this important event beyond self-reported measurements. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify, review, and examine studies in which mother-child mealtime behaviors were measured through observation. DESIGN MEDLINE Complete, PsycINFO, and PsycARTICLES were systematically searched by using sensitive search strategies. We included observational studies of mother-child eating and mealtimes and associations between mother-child interactions and preschool child eating or weight status published to March 2014. RESULTS Thirteen articles were included in our review. All studies but one were cross-sectional, and none of the studies evaluated how mutual dimensions (e.g., parent responsiveness to the child and child responsiveness to the parent) of dyadic interactions between mothers and children influence maternal feeding practices, children's eating, and weight. The parenting style was associated with maternal feeding practices but not directly with children's eating. Parental discouragements to eat and negative statements about food were associated with higher child weight status. Parental encouragement to eat was associated with higher child weight status as well as maternal body mass index. No associations were shown between maternal reports of feeding practices and observed maternal feeding practices. CONCLUSIONS Parents' overarching attitudes and approaches to parenting appear to be associated with their feeding practices or styles. Future studies should implement longitudinal observational methods with the capacity to measure levels of dimensions within bidirectional parent-child interactions and the extent to which these factors influence maternal practices, children's eating, and weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Bergmeier
- From the School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia (HB and HS), and the Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (MH)
| | - Helen Skouteris
- From the School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia (HB and HS), and the Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (MH)
| | - Marion Hetherington
- From the School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia (HB and HS), and the Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (MH)
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24
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Johnson SL, Goodell LS, Williams K, Power TG, Hughes SO. Getting my child to eat the right amount. Mothers' considerations when deciding how much food to offer their child at a meal. Appetite 2014; 88:24-32. [PMID: 25510530 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Feeding young children successfully requires parenting skills, trust that children will eat, and nutrition and child development knowledge to ensure that foods and the amounts offered are developmentally appropriate. Mothers are often responsible for determining how much food is offered to their children; however, the influences on mothers' decisions regarding how much to offer their children--their motivations, goals for feeding and child consumption--have not been investigated. Study aims included gathering qualitative data regarding mothers' decisional processes related to preparing a dinner meal plate for her preschooler. Low income mothers (n = 15 African American and n = 15 Latina mothers) were recruited from preschools in the Denver, CO metropolitan area to participate in semi-structured interviews. Mothers prepared a plate for their preschooler and were asked about influences on their decisions about portion sizes and their expectations for children's eating. Data were coded by 2 independent coders using a consensus coding process and analyzed by investigators. Three themes emerged: (1) portion sizes differ for children who are "good" eaters and "picky" eaters; (2) mothers know the "right amounts" to serve their child; and (3) mothers have emotional investments in their children's eating. Some influencing factors were child-centered (e.g. child's likes and dislikes, "picky" and "good" eaters, and foods previously eaten in the day) and some related to adult expectations and concerns (nutrient content and waste). Interventions focusing on portion size may be more effective if tailored to the mothers' perceptions regarding her child's eating characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, The University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - L Suzanne Goodell
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kimberly Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, The University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Thomas G Power
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Sheryl O Hughes
- Baylor College of Medicine, The Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Towner EK, Reiter-Purtill J, Boles RE, Zeller MH. Predictors of caregiver feeding practices differentiating persistently obese from persistently non-overweight adolescents. Appetite 2014; 84:120-7. [PMID: 25246031 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the contribution of caregiver feeding practices to adolescent diet and weight is important to refining caregiver roles within the context of adolescent obesity prevention and treatment. This secondary data analysis examined whether feeding practices of female caregivers differentiated persistently non-overweight (n = 29) from persistently obese (n = 47) adolescents. Families who previously participated in a cross-sectional study on correlates of obesity were recruited for this follow-up study. At the time of the follow-up study, anthropometric measures were taken for all female caregivers and adolescents, and caregivers completed the Child Feeding Questionnaire-Adolescent version. Socioeconomic, demographic, female caregiver anthropometric, and psychological (caregiver perceived self-weight and concern for adolescent overweight) variables were examined as predictors of feeding practices found to differentiate the two groups. Female caregivers of persistently obese adolescents reported significantly greater use of restriction and monitoring compared to female caregivers of persistently non-overweight adolescents. Restriction was predicted by female caregiver age and concern for adolescent overweight whereas monitoring was predicted by concern for adolescent overweight only. Caregiver feeding strategies may be an important target for adolescent obesity prevention and intervention efforts particularly among those with heightened concern about their teen's weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Towner
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, 3335 Burnet Ave., MLC 3015, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
| | - Jennifer Reiter-Purtill
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, 3335 Burnet Ave., MLC 3015, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Richard E Boles
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, 3335 Burnet Ave., MLC 3015, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Meg H Zeller
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, 3335 Burnet Ave., MLC 3015, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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Loprinzi PD, Cardinal BJ, Kane C, Lee H, Beets MW. Association of Active Play-Related Parenting Behaviors, Orientations, and Practices With Preschool Sedentary Behavior. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2014.916636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dev DA, McBride BA, Speirs KE, Donovan SM, Cho HK. Predictors of head start and child-care providers' healthful and controlling feeding practices with children aged 2 to 5 years. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114:1396-403. [PMID: 24618036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Few child-care providers meet the national recommendations for healthful feeding practices. Effective strategies are needed to address this disparity, but research examining influences on child-care providers' feeding practices is limited. The purpose of this study was to identify determinants of child-care providers' healthful and controlling feeding practices for children aged 2 to 5 years. In this cross-sectional study, child-care providers (n=118) from 24 center-based programs (six Head Start [HS], 11 Child and Adult Care Food Program [CACFP] funded, and seven non-CACFP) completed self-administered surveys during 2011-2012. Multilevel multivariate linear regression models were used to predict seven feeding practices. Working in an HS center predicted teaching children about nutrition and modeling healthy eating; that may be attributed to the HS performance standards that require HS providers to practice healthful feeding. Providers who reported being concerned about children's weight, being responsible for feeding children, and had an authoritarian feeding style were more likely to pressure children to eat, restrict intake, and control food intake to decrease or maintain children's weight. Providers with nonwhite race, who were trying to lose weight, who perceived nutrition as important in their own diet, and who had a greater number of nutrition training opportunities were more likely to use restrictive feeding practices. These findings suggest that individual- and child-care-level factors, particularly provider race, education, training, feeding attitudes and styles, and the child-care context may influence providers' feeding practices with young children. Considering these factors when developing interventions for providers to meet feeding practice recommendations may add to the efficacy of childhood obesity prevention programs.
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Abstract
Explorou-se a influência das relações familiares no comportamento alimentar das crianças e no desenvolvimento do excesso de peso. Participaram 147 crianças de todas as classes de peso, com idades compreendidas entre os 8 e os 12 anos e respetivas famílias. Às crianças foi aplicada a escala das Relações Familiares do Family Environmemt Scale (FES) e ao principal cuidador o Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ). Os resultados indicam que o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) dos pais é, por si só, um fraco preditor do estatuto de peso dos filhos. Em famílias mais disfuncionais, os filhos têm comportamentos alimentares mais orientados para a atração pela comida, independentemente da classe de peso dos pais
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29
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Child temperament and maternal predictors of preschool children’s eating and body mass index. A prospective study. Appetite 2014; 74:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Collins C, Duncanson K, Burrows T. A systematic review investigating associations between parenting style and child feeding behaviours. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 27:557-68. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Collins
- Nutrition and Dietetics; School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health; The University of Newcastle; University Drive; Callaghan NSW Australia
- Priotity Research Center in Physical Activity and Nutrition; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - K. Duncanson
- Nutrition and Dietetics; School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health; The University of Newcastle; University Drive; Callaghan NSW Australia
- Priotity Research Center in Physical Activity and Nutrition; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
- Hunter New England Local Health District; Forster NSW Australia
| | - T. Burrows
- Nutrition and Dietetics; School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health; The University of Newcastle; University Drive; Callaghan NSW Australia
- Hunter New England Local Health District; Forster NSW Australia
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Bergmeier H, Skouteris H, Horwood S, Hooley M, Richardson B. Associations between child temperament, maternal feeding practices and child body mass index during the preschool years: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev 2014; 15:9-18. [PMID: 23957249 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is a research priority to identify modifiable risk factors to improve the effectiveness of childhood obesity prevention strategies. Research, however, has largely overlooked the role of child temperament and personality implicated in obesogenic risk factors such as maternal feeding and body mass index (BMI) of preschoolers. A systematic review of relevant literature was conducted to investigate the associations between child temperament, child personality, maternal feeding and BMI and/or weight gain in infants and preschoolers; 18 papers were included in the review. The findings revealed an association between the temperament traits of poor self-regulation, distress to limitations, low and high soothability, low negative affectivity and higher BMI in infants and preschool-aged children. Temperament traits difficult, distress to limitations, surgency/extraversion and emotionality were significantly associated with weight gain rates in infants. The results also suggested that child temperament was associated with maternal feeding behaviours that have been shown to influence childhood overweight and obesity, such as using restrictive feeding practices with children perceived as having poor self-regulation and feeding potentially obesogenic food and drinks to infants who are more externalizing. Interestingly, no studies to date have evaluated the association between child personality and BMI/weight gain in infants and preschoolers. There is a clear need for further research into the association of child temperament and obesogenic risk factors in preschool-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bergmeier
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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Rodgers RF, Paxton SJ, McLean SA, Campbell KJ, Wertheim EH, Skouteris H, Gibbons K. Do maternal body dissatisfaction and dietary restraint predict weight gain in young pre-school children? A 1-year follow-up study. Appetite 2013; 67:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hodges EA, Johnson SL, Hughes SO, Hopkinson JM, Butte NF, Fisher JO. Development of the responsiveness to child feeding cues scale. Appetite 2013; 65:210-9. [PMID: 23419965 PMCID: PMC3995412 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Parent-child feeding interactions during the first 2 years of life are thought to shape child appetite and obesity risk, but remain poorly studied. This research was designed to develop and assess the Responsiveness to Child Feeding Cues Scale (RCFCS), an observational measure of caregiver responsiveness to child feeding cues relevant to obesity. General responsiveness during feeding as well as maternal responsiveness to child hunger and fullness were rated during mid-morning feeding occasions by three trained coders using digital-recordings. Initial inter-rater reliability and criterion validity were evaluated in a sample of 144 ethnically-diverse mothers of healthy 7- to 24-month-old children. Maternal self-report of demographics and measurements of maternal/child anthropometrics were obtained. Inter-rater agreement for most variables was excellent (ICC>0.80). Mothers tended to be more responsive to child hunger than fullness cues (p<0.001). Feeding responsiveness dimensions were associated with demographics, including maternal education, maternal body mass index, child age, and aspects of child feeding, including breastfeeding duration, and self-feeding. The RCFCS is a reliable observational measure of responsive feeding for children <2 years of age that is relevant to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Hodges
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Rodgers RF, Paxton SJ, Massey R, Campbell KJ, Wertheim EH, Skouteris H, Gibbons K. Maternal feeding practices predict weight gain and obesogenic eating behaviors in young children: a prospective study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10:24. [PMID: 23414332 PMCID: PMC3582584 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal feeding practices have been proposed to play an important role in early child weight gain and obesogenic eating behaviors. However, to date longitudinal investigations in young children exploring these relationships have been lacking. The aim of the present study was to explore prospective relationships between maternal feeding practices, child weight gain and obesogenic eating behaviors in 2-year-old children. The competing hypothesis that child eating behaviors predict changes in maternal feeding practices was also examined. Methods A sample of 323 mother (mean age = 35 years, ± 0.37) and child dyads (mean age = 2.03 years, ± 0.37 at recruitment) were participants. Mothers completed a questionnaire assessing parental feeding practices and child eating behaviors at baseline and again one year later. Child BMI (predominantly objectively measured) was obtained at both time points. Results Increases in child BMI z-scores over the follow-up period were predicted by maternal instrumental feeding practices. Furthermore, restriction, emotional feeding, encouragement to eat, weight-based restriction and fat restriction were associated prospectively with the development of obesogenic eating behaviors in children including emotional eating, tendency to overeat and food approach behaviors (such as enjoyment of food and good appetite). Maternal monitoring, however, predicted decreases in food approach eating behaviors. Partial support was also observed for child eating behaviors predicting maternal feeding practices. Conclusions Maternal feeding practices play an important role in the development of weight gain and obesogenic eating behaviors in young children and are potential targets for effective prevention interventions aiming to decrease child obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Counseling and Applied Educational Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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McPhie S, Skouteris H, Daniels L, Jansen E. Maternal correlates of maternal child feeding practices: a systematic review. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2012; 10:18-43. [PMID: 22973806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Establishing healthy eating habits early in life is one important strategy to combat childhood obesity. Given that early maternal child feeding practices have been linked to child food intake and weight, identifying the maternal correlates of maternal child feeding practices is important in order to understand the determinants of childhood obesity; this was the overall aim of the current review. Academic databases were searched for studies examining the relationship between maternal child feeding practices and parenting, personal characteristics and psychopathology of mothers with preschoolers. Papers were limited to those published in English, between January 2000 and June 2012. Only studies with mothers of normally developing children between the ages of 2 and 6 years were included. There were no restrictions regarding the inclusion of maternal nationality or socioeconomic status (SES). Seventeen eligible studies were sourced. Information on the aim, sample, measures and findings of these was summarised into tables. The findings of this review support a relationship between maternal controlling parenting, general and eating psychopathology, and SES and maternal child feeding practices. The main methodological issues of the studies reviewed included inconsistency in measures of maternal variables across studies and cross-sectional designs. We conclude that the maternal correlates associated with maternal child feeding practices are complex, and the pathways by which maternal correlates impact these feeding practices require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye McPhie
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Carnell S, Kim Y, Pryor K. Fat brains, greedy genes, and parent power: a biobehavioural risk model of child and adult obesity. Int Rev Psychiatry 2012; 24:189-99. [PMID: 22724640 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2012.676988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We live in a world replete with opportunities to overeat highly calorific, palatable foods - yet not everyone becomes obese. Why? We propose that individuals show differences in appetitive traits (e.g. food cue responsiveness, satiety sensitivity) that manifest early in life and predict their eating behaviours and weight trajectories. What determines these traits? Parental feeding restriction is associated with higher child adiposity, pressure to eat with lower adiposity, and both strategies with less healthy eating behaviours, while authoritative feeding styles coincide with more positive outcomes. But, on the whole, twin and family studies argue that nature has a greater influence than nurture on adiposity and eating behaviour, and behavioural investigations of genetic variants that are robustly associated with obesity (e.g. FTO) confirm that genes influence appetite. Meanwhile, a growing body of neuroimaging studies in adults, children and high risk populations suggests that structural and functional variation in brain networks associated with reward, emotion and control might also predict appetite and obesity, and show genetic influence. Together these different strands of evidence support a biobehavioural risk model of obesity development. Parental feeding recommendations should therefore acknowledge the powerful - but modifiable - contribution of genetic and neurological influences to children's eating behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Carnell
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, Department of Medicine, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, NY 10025, USA.
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