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Liu X, Yuan Z, Sha Q, Lou S, Wang H, Li X, Zheng J, Yuan B, Shao M. Direct identification of total and missing OH reactivities from light-duty gasoline vehicle exhaust in China based on LP-LIF measurement. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 133:107-117. [PMID: 37451781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Considerable efforts have been devoted to characterising the chemical components of vehicle exhaust. However, these components may not accurately reflect the contribution of vehicle exhaust to atmospheric reactivity because of the presence of species not accounted for ("missing species") given the limitations of analytical instruments. In this study, we improved the laser photolysis-laser-induced fluorescence (LP-LIF) technique and applied it to directly measure the total OH reactivity (TOR) in exhaust gas from light-duty gasoline vehicles in China. The TOR for China I to VI-a vehicles was 15.6, 16.3, 8.4, 2.6, 1.5, and 1.6 × 104 sec-1, respectively, reflecting a notable drop as emission standards were upgraded. The TOR was comparable between cold and warm starts. The missing OH reactivity (MOR) values for China I to IV vehicles were close to zero with a cold start but were much higher with a warm start. The variations in oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) under different emission standards and for the two start conditions were similar to those of the MOR, indicating that OVOCs and the missing species may have similar production processes. Online measurement revealed that the duration of the stable driving stage was the primary factor leading to the production of OVOCs and missing species. Our findings underscore the importance of direct measurement of TOR from vehicle exhaust and highlight the necessity of adding OVOCs and other organic reactive gases in future upgrades of emission standards, such that the vehicular contribution to atmospheric reactivity can be more effectively controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zibing Yuan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Qing'e Sha
- Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Min Shao
- Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Zhang Q, Fan J, Yang W, Chen B, Zhang L, Liu J, Wang J, Zhou C, Chen X. The effects of deterioration and technological levels on pollutant emission factors for gasoline light-duty trucks. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2017; 67:814-823. [PMID: 28287915 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1301275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vehicle deterioration and technological change influence emission factors (EFs). In this study, the impacts of vehicle deterioration and emission standards on EFs of regulated pollutants (carbon monoxide [CO], hydrocarbon [HC], and nitrogen oxides [NOx]) for gasoline light-duty trucks (LDTs) were investigated according to the inspection and maintenance (I/M) data using a chassis dynamometer method. Pollutant EFs for LDTs markedly varied with accumulated mileages and emission standards, and the trends of EFs are associated with accumulated mileages. In addition, the study also found that in most cases, the median EFs of CO, HC, and NOx are higher than those of basic EFs in the International Vehicle Emissions (IVE) model; therefore, the present study provides correction factors for the IVE model relative to the corresponding emission standards and mileages. IMPLICATIONS Currently, vehicle emissions are great contributors to air pollution in cities, especially in developing countries. Emission factors play a key role in creating emission inventory and estimating emissions. Deterioration represented by vehicle age and accumulated mileage and changes of emission standards markedly influence emission factors. In addition, the results provide collection factors for implication in the IVE model in the region levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Zhang
- a College of Environmental and Resources Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Juwang Fan
- a College of Environmental and Resources Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Yang
- a College of Environmental and Resources Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Bixin Chen
- a College of Environmental and Resources Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- a College of Environmental and Resources Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaoyu Liu
- a College of Environmental and Resources Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingling Wang
- a College of Environmental and Resources Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xuan Chen
- b Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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Habib G, Kumar A, Sharma A, Haider M. On-road emissions of CO, CO 2 and NO X from four wheeler and emission estimates for Delhi. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 53:39-47. [PMID: 28372759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the emission factor of gaseous pollutants (CO, CO2, and NOX) from on-road tailpipe measurement of 14 passenger cars of different types of fuel and vintage. The trolley equipped with stainless steel duct, vane probe velocity meter, flue gas analyzer, Nondispersive infra red (NDIR) CO2 analyzer, temperature, and relative humidity (RH) sensors was connected to the vehicle using a towing system. Lower CO and higher NOX emissions were observed from new diesel cars (post 2010) compared to old cars (post 2005), which implied that new technological advancement in diesel fueled passenger cars to reduce CO emission is a successful venture, however, the use of turbo charger in diesel cars to achieve high temperature combustion might have resulted in increased NOX emissions. Based on the measured emission factors (g/kg), and fuel consumption (kg), the average and 95% confidence interval (CI) bound estimates of CO, CO2, and NOX from four wheeler (4W) in Delhi for the year 2012 were 15.7 (1.4-37.1) , 6234 (386-12,252) , and 30.4 (0.0-103) Gg/year, respectively. The contribution of diesel, gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG) to total CO, CO2 and NOX emissions were 7:84:9, 50:48:2 and 58:41:1 respectively. The present work indicated that the age and the maintenance of vehicle both are important factors in emission assessment therefore, more systematic repetitive measurements covering wide range of vehicles of different age groups, engine capacity, and maintenance level is needed for refining the emission factors with CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazala Habib
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Akash Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Minza Haider
- IEC College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, U.P., India
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Chikhi S, Boughedaoui M, Kerbachi R, Joumard R. On-board measurement of emissions from liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline and diesel powered passenger cars in Algeria. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:1651-1659. [PMID: 25108721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
On-board measurements of unit emissions of CO, HC, NOx and CO₂ were conducted on 17 private cars powered by different types of fuels including gasoline, dual gasoline-liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, and diesel. The tests performed revealed the effect of LPG injection technology on unit emissions and made it possible to compare the measured emissions to the European Artemis emission model. A sequential multipoint injection LPG kit with no catalyst installed was found to be the most efficient pollutant reduction device for all of the pollutants, with the exception of the NOx. Specific test results for a sub-group of LPG vehicles revealed that LPG-fueled engines with no catalyst cannot compete with catalyzed gasoline and diesel engines. Vehicle age does not appear to be a determining parameter with regard to vehicle pollutant emissions. A fuel switch to LPG offers many advantages as far as pollutant emissions are concerned, due to LPG's intrinsic characteristics. However, these advantages are being rapidly offset by the strong development of both gasoline and diesel engine technologies and catalyst converters. The LPG's performance on a chassis dynamometer under real driving conditions was better than expected. The enforcement of pollutant emission standards in developing countries is an important step towards introducing clean technology and reducing vehicle emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saâdane Chikhi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Blida 1, Route de Soumaa, Blida 09000, Algeria; Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, National Polytechnic School of Algiers, Algiers 16200, Algeria
| | - Ménouèr Boughedaoui
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Blida 1, Route de Soumaa, Blida 09000, Algeria; Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, National Polytechnic School of Algiers, Algiers 16200, Algeria.
| | - Rabah Kerbachi
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, National Polytechnic School of Algiers, Algiers 16200, Algeria
| | - Robert Joumard
- Transport and Environment Laboratory, Ifsttar, Bron, France
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Meyer PE, Green EH, Corbett JJ, Mas C, Winebrake JJ. Total fuel-cycle analysis of heavy-duty vehicles using biofuels and natural gas-based alternative fuels. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2011; 61:285-294. [PMID: 21416755 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.61.3.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) present a growing energy and environmental concern worldwide. These vehicles rely almost entirely on diesel fuel for propulsion and create problems associated with local pollution, climate change, and energy security. Given these problems and the expected global expansion of HDVs in transportation sectors, industry and governments are pursuing biofuels and natural gas as potential alternative fuels for HDVs. Using recent lifecycle datasets, this paper evaluates the energy and emissions impacts of these fuels in the HDV sector by conducting a total fuel-cycle (TFC) analysis for Class 8 HDVs for six fuel pathways: (1) petroleum to ultra low sulfur diesel; (2) petroleum and soyoil to biodiesel (methyl soy ester); (3) petroleum, ethanol, and oxygenate to e-diesel; (4) petroleum and natural gas to Fischer-Tropsch diesel; (5) natural gas to compressed natural gas; and (6) natural gas to liquefied natural gas. TFC emissions are evaluated for three greenhouse gases (GHGs) (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane) and five other pollutants (volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and sulfur oxides), along with estimates of total energy and petroleum consumption associated with each of the six fuel pathways. Results show definite advantages with biodiesel and compressed natural gas for most pollutants, negligible benefits for e-diesel, and increased GHG emissions for liquefied natural gas and Fischer-Tropsch diesel (from natural gas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Meyer
- Meyer Energy Research Consulting, Washington, DC 20002, USA.
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