In Vivo Anti Cancer Potential of Pyrogallol in Murine Model of Colon Cancer

Potent anticancer activity of (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside in pancreatic cancer cells

This current study reports, for the first time, on the potent cytotoxicity of (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, as well as its cellular and molecular apoptotic mechanisms against Panc1 cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of three compounds, namely (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), gallic acid (2), and pyrogallol (3), which were isolated from C. rotang leaf, was investigated against certain cancer and normal cells using the MTT assay. The cellular apoptotic activity and Panc1 cell cycle impact of compound (1) were examined through flow cytometry analysis and Annexin V-FITC cellular apoptotic assays. Additionally, RT-PCR was employed to evaluate the effect of compound (1) on the Panc1 apoptotic genes Casp3 and Bax, as well as the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2. (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside demonstrated the highest cytotoxic activity against Panc1 cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 7.6 µM. In comparison, gallic acid exhibited an IC50 value of 21.8 µM, and pyrogallol showed an IC50 value of 198.2 µM. However, (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside displayed minimal or no significant cytotoxic activity against HepG2 and MCF7 cancer cells as well as WI-38 normal cells, with IC50 values of 45.8 µM, 108.7 µM, and 194. µM, respectively. (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (10 µM) was demonstrated to induce cellular apoptosis and cell growth arrest at the S phase of the cell cycle in Panc1 cells. These findings were supported by RT-PCR analysis, which revealed the upregulation of apoptotic genes (Casp3 and Bax) and the downregulation of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2. This study emphasizes the significant cellular potency of (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside in specifically inducing cytotoxicity in Panc1 cells.

Pyrogallol impairs staphylococcal biofilm formation via induction of bacterial oxidative stress

AIMS

To examine the effect of the phenolic compound pyrogallol on staphylococcal biofilm formation.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In crystal violet biofilm assays, pyrogallol-reduced biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984, Staph. epidermidis NRRL-B41021, Staphylococcus aureus USA300, and Staph. aureus Newman, without significantly impairing bacterial viability. Pyrogallol-mediated impairment of biofilm formation was likely due to induction of bacterial oxidative stress, as its effect was greater in catalase-deficient versus WT Staph. aureus, and biofilm production was rescued by exogenous catalase. The effect of pyrogallol on staphylococcal biofilm formation mirrored that of the known oxidant hydrogen peroxide, which also reduced biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONS

Pyrogallol reduces biofilm formation in S. aureus and Staph. epidermidis in a mechanism involving induction of bacterial oxidative stress.

Radiosensitizing effects of pyrogallol-loaded mesoporous or-ganosilica nanoparticles on gastric cancer by amplified ferroptosis

Radiotherapy (RT) incorporated multidisciplinary treatment is producing excellent clinical results, but its efficacy in treating late-stage gastric cancer is constrained by radioresistance and RT-related toxicity. Especially, since reactive oxygen species are the pivotal effectual molecules of ionizing radiation, improving ROS production by nanoparticles and other pharmacological modulation to amplify oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and subsequent ferroptotic cell death is shown to enhance cancer cell radioresponse. Herein, we constructed a nanosystem by loading Pyrogallol (PG), a polyphenol compound and ROS generator, into mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles named as MON@pG. The nanoparticles exhibit proper size distribution with amplified ROS production and substantial glutathione depletion under X-ray radiation in gastric cancer cell line. Meanwhile, MON@PG enhanced radiosensitivity of gastric cancer in xenograft tumor model by ROS-mediated accumulation of DNA damage and apoptosis. Furthermore, this augmented oxidative process induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis. In summary, MON@PG nanoparticles show the capacity to improve RT potency in gastric cancer by disrupting redox balance and augmenting ferroptosis.

How Should the Worldwide Knowledge of Traditional Cancer Healing Be Integrated with Herbs and Mushrooms into Modern Molecular Pharmacology?

Traditional herbal medicine (THM) is a “core” from which modern medicine has evolved over time. Besides this, one third of people worldwide have no access to modern medicine and rely only on traditional medicine. To date, drugs of plant origin, or their derivates (paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, etoposide, camptothecin, topotecan, irinotecan, and omacetaxine), are very important in the therapy of malignancies and they are included in most chemotherapeutic regimes. To date, 391,000 plant and 14,000 mushroom species exist. Their medical and biochemical capabilities have not been studied in detail. In this review, we systematized the information about plants and mushrooms, as well as their active compounds with antitumor properties. Plants and mushrooms are divided based on the regions where they are used in ethnomedicine to treat malignancies. The majority of their active compounds with antineoplastic properties and mechanisms of action are described. Furthermore, on the basis of the available information, we divided them into two priority groups for research and for their potential of use in antitumor therapy. As there are many prerequisites and some examples how THM helps and strengthens modern medicine, finally, we discuss the positive points of THM and the management required to transform and integrate THM into the modern medicine practice.

Mangifera indica (Mango): A Promising Medicinal Plant for Breast Cancer Therapy and Understanding Its Potential Mechanisms of Action

Globally, breast cancer is the most common cancer type and is one of the most significant causes of deaths in women. To date, multiple clinical interventions have been applied, including surgical resection, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy, targeted therapy and chemotherapy. However, 1) the lack of therapeutic options for metastatic breast cancer, 2) resistance to drug therapy and 3) the lack of more selective therapy for triple-negative breast cancer are some of the major challenges in tackling breast cancer. Given the safe nature of natural products, numerous studies have focused on their anti-cancer potentials. Mangifera indica, commonly known as mango, represents one of the most extensively investigated natural sources. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of M. indica extracts (bark, kernel, leaves, peel and pulp) and phytochemicals (mangiferin, norathyriol, gallotannins, gallic acid, pyrogallol, methyl gallate and quercetin) reported for in vitro and in vivo anti-breast cancer activities and their underlying mechanisms based on relevant literature from several scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar till date. Overall, the in vitro findings suggest that M. indica extracts and/or phytochemicals inhibit breast cancer cell growth, proliferation, migration and invasion as well as trigger apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In vivo results demonstrated that there was a reduction in breast tumor xenograft growth. Several potential mechanisms underlying the anti-breast cancer activities have been reported, which include modulation of oxidative status, receptors, signalling pathways, miRNA expression, enzymes and cell cycle regulators. To further explore this medicinal plant against breast cancer, future research directions are addressed. The outcomes of the review revealed that M. indica extracts and their phytochemicals may have potential benefits in the management of breast cancer in women. However, to validate its utility in the creation of innovative and potent therapeutic agents to treat breast cancer, more dedicated research, especially clinical studies are needed to explore the anti-breast cancer potentials of M. indica extracts and their phytochemicals.

The subgroup of 2'-hydroxy-flavonoids: Molecular diversity, mechanism of action, and anticancer properties

Flavonoids are abundant in nature, structurally very diversified and largely investigated. However, the subgroup of 2'-hydroxyflavonoids is much less known and not frequently studied. The present review identifies the major naturally-occurring and synthetic 2'-hydroxyflavonoid derivatives and discusses their structural characteristics and biological properties, with a focus on anticancer activities. The pharmacological properties of 2'-hydroxyflavone (2'-HF) and 2'-hydroxyflavanone (2'-HFa) are detailed. Upon binding to the Ral-interacting protein Rlip implicated in the transport of glutathione conjugates, 2'-HFa inhibits tumor cell proliferation and restrict tumor growth, in particular in breast cancer models. Among the synthetic derivatives, the characteristics of the anticancer product 2D08 (2',3',4'-trihydroxy flavone) are detailed to shed light on the molecular mechanism of action of this compound, as a regulator of protein SUMOylation. Inhibition of protein SUMOylation by 2D08 blocks cancer cell migration and invasion, and the compound greatly enhances the anticancer effects of conventional cytotoxic drugs like etoposide. The structural role of the 2'-hydroxyl group on the phenyl C-ring of the flavonoid is discussed, notably the capacity to engage intramolecular H-bonding interactions with the O1 atom on the B-ring of the chromone unit (or the oxygen of a 3-OH group when it is presents). The 2'-hydroxyl group of flavonoid appears as a regulator of the conformational freedom between the bicyclic A-B unit and the appended phenyl C-ring, favoring the planarity of the molecule. It is an essential group accounting for the biological properties of 2'-HF, 2'-HFa and structurally related compounds. This review shed light on 2'-hydroxyflavonoids to encourage their use and chemical development.