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Giunta F, Hernout BV, Langen TA, Twiss MR. A systematic review of trace elements in the tissues of bats (Chiroptera). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124349. [PMID: 38866315 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Bats constitute about 22% of known mammal species; they have various ecological roles and provide many ecosystem services. Bats suffer from several threats caused by anthropization, including exposure to toxic metals and metalloids. We analyzed 75 papers in a systematic literature review to investigate how species, diet, and tissue type impact bioaccumulation. Most studies documented element accumulation in fur, liver, and kidney; at least 36 metals and metalloids have been measured in bat tissues, among the most studied were mercury and zinc. Comparisons with known toxicological thresholds for other mammals showed concerning values for mercury and zinc in bat hair, lead and some essential metals in liver, and iron and calcium in kidneys. Moreover, accumulation patterns in tissues differed depending on bat diet: insectivorous bats showed higher metal concentrations in fur than in liver and kidney while frugivorous species showed higher values in liver and kidney than in fur. Finally, among the bat species that have been studied in more than two papers, the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) show values of mercury in hair and copper in liver that exceed the known thresholds; as does copper in the liver of the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus). Most studies have been conducted in temperate North America and Eurasia, areas with the lowest bat species diversity; there is a paucity of data on tropical bat species. This review points out several information gaps in the understanding of metal contamination in bats, including a lack of measured toxicity thresholds specific for bat tissues. Data on trace element bioaccumulation and its associated health effects on bats is important for conservation of bat species, many of which are threatened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Giunta
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, 13699, otsdam, NY, USA
| | - Beatrice V Hernout
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, 13699, otsdam, NY, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, 13699, Potsdam, NY, USA; Exponent Inc, 1075 Worcester St, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Tom A Langen
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, 13699, otsdam, NY, USA
| | - Michael R Twiss
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, 13699, otsdam, NY, USA; Faculty of Science, Algoma University, 1520 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2G4, Canada.
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2
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Meng X, Liu X, Chen Z, Wu J, Chen G. Wing kinematics measurement and aerodynamics of hovering droneflies with wing damage. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:026013. [PMID: 36745924 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acb97c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we performed successive unilateral and bilateral wing shearing to simulate wing damage in droneflies (Eristalis tenax) and measured the wing kinematics using high-speed photography technology. Two different shearing types were considered in the artificial wing damage. The aerodynamic force and power consumption were obtained by numerical method. Our major findings are the following. Different shearing methods have little influence on the kinematics, forces and energy consumption of insects. Following wing damage, among the potential strategies to adjust the three Euler angles of the wing, adjusting stroke angle (φ) in isolation, or combing the adjustment of stroke angle (φ) with pitch angle (ψ), contributed most to the change in vertical force. The balance of horizontal thrust can be restored by the adjustment of deviation angle (θ) under the condition of unilateral wing damage. Considering zero elastic energy storage, the mass-specific power (P1) increases significantly following wing damage. However, the increase in mass-specific power with 100% elastic energy storage (P2) is very small. The extra cost of the unilateral wing damage is that the energy consumption of the damaged wing and intact wing is highly asymmetrical when zero elastic energy storage is considered. The insects may alleviate the problems of increasing power consumption and asymmetric power distribution by storage and reuse of the negative inertial work of the wing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueguang Meng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Control for Flight Vehicle, State key laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Control for Flight Vehicle, State key laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengshuang Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Control for Flight Vehicle, State key laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghao Wu
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Control for Flight Vehicle, State key laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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Lyu YZ, Zhu HJ, Sun M. Wing kinematic and aerodynamic compensations for unilateral wing damage in a small phorid fly. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:012412. [PMID: 32069680 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.012412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the way in which very small insects compensate for unilateral wing damage, we measured the wing kinematics of a very small insect, a phorid fly (Megaselia scalaris), with 16.7% wing area loss in the outer part of the left wing and a normal counterpart, and we computed the aerodynamic forces and power expenditures of the phorid flies. Our major findings are the following. The phorid fly compensates for unilateral wing damage by increasing the stroke amplitude and the deviation angle of the damaged wing (the large deviation angle gives the wing a deep U-shaped wing path), unlike the medium and large insects studied previously, which compensate for the unilateral wing damage mainly by increasing the stroke amplitude of the damaged wing. The increased stroke amplitude and the deep U-shaped wing path give the damaged wing a larger wing velocity during its flapping motion and a rapid downward acceleration in the beginning of the upstroke, which enable the damaged wing to generate the required vertical force for weight support. However, the larger wing velocity of the damaged wing also generates larger horizontal and side forces, increasing the resultant aerodynamic force of the damaged wing. Due to the larger aerodynamic force and the smaller wing area, the wing loading of the damaged wing is 25% larger than that of the wings of the normal phorid fly; this may greatly shorten the life of the damaged wing. Furthermore, because the damaged wing has much larger angular velocity and produces larger aerodynamic moment compared with the intact wing of the damaged phorid fly, the aerodynamic power consumed by the damaged wing is 38% larger than that by the intact wing, i.e., the energy distribution between the damaged and intact wings is highly asymmetrical; this may greatly increase the muscle wastage of the damaged side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu Lyu
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics, Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hao Jie Zhu
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics, Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mao Sun
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics, Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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Wright PGR, Newton J, Agnelli P, Budinski I, Di Salvo I, Flaquer C, Fulco A, Georgiakakis P, Martinoli A, Mas M, Mazija M, Mucedda M, Papadatou E, Petrov B, Rodrigues L, Mathews F, Russo D. Hydrogen isotopes reveal evidence of migration of Miniopterus schreibersii in Europe. BMC Ecol 2020; 20:52. [PMID: 32993600 PMCID: PMC7526252 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Schreiber’s bat, Miniopterus schreibersii, is adapted to long-distance flight, yet long distance movements have only been recorded sporadically using capture-mark-recapture. In this study, we used the hydrogen isotopic composition of 208 wing and 335 fur specimens from across the species' European range to test the hypothesis that the species migrates over long distances. Results After obtaining the hydrogen isotopic composition (δ2H) of each sample, we performed geographic assignment tests by comparing the δ2H of samples with the δ2H of sampling sites. We found that 95 bats out of 325 showed evidence of long-distance movement, based on the analysis of either fur or wing samples. The eastern European part of the species range (Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia) had the highest numbers of bats that had moved. The assignment tests also helped identify possible migratory routes, such as movement between the Alps and the Balkans. Conclusions This is the first continental-scale study to provide evidence of migratory behaviour of M. schreibersii throughout its European range. The work highlights the need for further investigation of this behaviour to provide appropriate conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Newton
- National Environmental Isotope Facility, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paolo Agnelli
- Sistema Museale dell'Università di Firenze, Museo di Storia Naturale, Sede di Zoologia "La Specola", via Romana 17, 50125, Firenze, Italy
| | - Ivana Budinski
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Carles Flaquer
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de Granollers, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Fulco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Laboratorio di Zoologia applicata, Università degli Studi di Palermo, via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Adriano Martinoli
- Unità di Analisi e Gestione delle Risorse Ambientali, Guido Tosi Research Group, Dipartimento di Scienze Teoriche e Applicate, Universita' degli Studi dell'Insubria,, via J. H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Maria Mas
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de Granollers, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mirna Mazija
- Samostalna djelatnost / Freelance Consultant, Koledinečka 3, 10 040, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | - Luisa Rodrigues
- Divisão de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas, Lisbon, PT, Portugal
| | | | - Danilo Russo
- Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055, Portici (Napoli), Italy
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Ineson KM, O’Shea TJ, Kilpatrick CW, Parise KL, Foster JT. Ambiguities in using telomere length for age determination in two North American bat species. J Mammal 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe age of an animal, determined by time (chronological age) as well as genetic and environmental factors (biological age), influences the likelihood of mortality and reproduction and thus the animal’s contribution to population growth. For many long-lived species, such as bats, a lack of external and morphological indicators has made determining age a challenge, leading researchers to examine genetic markers of age for application to demographic studies. One widely studied biomarker of age is telomere length, which has been related both to chronological and biological age across taxa, but only recently has begun to be studied in bats. We assessed telomere length from the DNA of known-age and minimum known-age individuals of two bat species using a quantitative PCR assay. We determined that telomere length was quadratically related to chronological age in big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), although it had little predictive power for accurate age determination of unknown-age individuals. The relationship was different in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), where telomere length instead was correlated with biological age, apparently due to infection and wing damage associated with white-nose syndrome. Furthermore, we showed that wing biopsies currently are a better tissue source for studying telomere length in bats than guano and buccal swabs; the results from the latter group were more variable and potentially influenced by storage time. Refinement of collection and assessment methods for different non-lethally collected tissues will be important for longitudinal sampling to better understand telomere dynamics in these long-lived species. Although further work is needed to develop a biomarker capable of determining chronological age in bats, our results suggest that biological age, as reflected in telomere length, may be influenced by extrinsic stressors such as disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Ineson
- Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Thomas J O’Shea
- United States Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Katy L Parise
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Foster
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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Fuller NW, McGuire LP, Pannkuk EL, Blute T, Haase CG, Mayberry HW, Risch TS, Willis CKR. Disease recovery in bats affected by white-nose syndrome. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb211912. [PMID: 32054681 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.211912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Processes associated with recovery of survivors are understudied components of wildlife infectious diseases. White-nose syndrome (WNS) in bats provides an opportunity to study recovery of disease survivors, understand implications of recovery for individual energetics, and assess the role of survivors in pathogen transmission. We documented temporal patterns of recovery from WNS in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) following hibernation to test the hypotheses that: (1) recovery of wing structure from WNS matches a rapid time scale (i.e. approximately 30 days) suggested by data from free-ranging bats; (2) torpor expression plays a role in recovery; (3) wing physiological function returns to normal alongside structural recovery; and (4) pathogen loads decline quickly during recovery. We collected naturally infected bats at the end of hibernation, brought them into captivity, and quantified recovery over 40 days by monitoring body mass, wing damage, thermoregulation, histopathology of wing biopsies, skin surface lipids and fungal load. Most metrics returned to normal within 30 days, although wing damage was still detectable at the end of the study. Torpor expression declined overall throughout the study, but bats expressed relatively shallow torpor bouts - with a plateau in minimum skin temperature - during intensive healing between approximately days 8 and 15. Pathogen loads were nearly undetectable after the first week of the study, but some bats were still detectably infected at day 40. Our results suggest that healing bats face a severe energetic imbalance during early recovery from direct costs of healing and reduced foraging efficiency. Management of WNS should not rely solely on actions during winter, but should also aim to support energy balance of recovering bats during spring and summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Fuller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main Street, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Liam P McGuire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main Street, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Evan L Pannkuk
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Todd Blute
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Catherine G Haase
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Heather W Mayberry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Thomas S Risch
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, P.O. Box 847, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
| | - Craig K R Willis
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Inter-Disciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 2E9
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Mina R, Alves J, Alves da Silva A, Natal-da-Luz T, Cabral JA, Barros P, Topping CJ, Sousa JP. Wing membrane and fur samples as reliable biological matrices to measure bioaccumulation of metals and metalloids in bats. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:199-206. [PMID: 31310870 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing conservation concern about the possible consequences of environmental contamination in the health of bat communities. Most studies on the effects of contaminants in bats have been focused on organic contaminants, and the consequences of bat exposure to metals and metalloids remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of external biological matrices (fur and wing membrane) for the assessment of exposure and bioaccumulation of metals in bats. The concentration of arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, selenium and zinc was measured in internal organs (liver, heart, brain), internal (bone) and external tissues (wing membrane, fur) collected from bat carcasses of four species (Hypsugo savii, Nyctalus leisleri, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Pipistrellus pygmaeus) obtained in windfarm mortality searches. With the exception of zinc (P = 0.223), the results showed significant differences between the concentrations of metals in the analyzed tissues for all metals (P < 0.05). Significant differences were also found between organs/tissues (P < 0.001), metals (P < 0.001) and a significant interaction between organs/tissues and metals was found (P < 0.001). Despite these results, the patterns in terms of metal accumulation were similar for all samples. Depending on the metal, the organ/tissue that showed the highest concentrations varied, but fur and wing had the highest concentrations for most metals. The variability obtained in terms of metal concentrations in different tissues highlights the need to define standardized methods capable of being applied in monitoring bat populations worldwide. The results indicate that wing membrane and fur, biological matrices that may be collected from living bats, yield reliable results and may be useful for studies on bats ecotoxicology, coupled to a standardized protocol for large-scale investigation of metal accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rúben Mina
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Alves
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - António Alves da Silva
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Natal-da-Luz
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João A Cabral
- CITAB - Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paulo Barros
- CITAB - Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Christopher J Topping
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Rønde, Denmark
| | - José Paulo Sousa
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Khayat ROS, Shaw KJ, Dougill G, Melling LM, Ferris GR, Cooper G, Grant RA. Characterizing wing tears in common pipistrelles ( Pipistrellus pipistrellus): investigating tear distribution, wing strength, and possible causes. J Mammal 2019; 100:1282-1294. [PMID: 31379390 PMCID: PMC6660809 DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats have large, thin wings that are particularly susceptible to tearing. Anatomical specializations, such as fiber reinforcement, strengthen the wing and increase its resistance to puncture, and an extensive vasculature system across the wing also promotes healing. We investigated whether tear positioning is associated with anatomy in common pipistrelles (Pipistrellus pipistrellus). Wing anatomy was described using histological techniques, imaging, and material testing. Tear information, including type, position, time in rehabilitation, and possible causes, was collected from rehabilitators of injured bats across the United Kingdom. Results suggest that the position of the plagiopatagium (the most proximal wing section to the body), rather than its anatomy, influenced the number, location, and orientation of wing tears. While material testing did not identify the plagiopatagium as being significantly weaker than the chiropatagium (the more distal sections of the wing), the plagiopatagium tended to have the most tears. The position of the tears, close to the body and toward the trailing edge, suggests that they are caused by predator attacks, such as from a cat (Felis catus), rather than collisions. Consistent with this, 38% of P. pipistrellus individuals had confirmed wing tears caused by cats, with an additional 38% identified by rehabilitators as due to suspected cat attacks. The plagiopatagium had the lowest number of blood vessels and highest amounts of elastin fibers, suggesting that healing may take longer in this section. Further investigations into the causes of tears, and their effect on flight capabilities, will help to improve bat rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Osama S Khayat
- School of Science and the Environment, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty J Shaw
- School of Science and the Environment, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Dougill
- School of Science and the Environment, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Louise M Melling
- School of Science and the Environment, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Glenn R Ferris
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Glen Cooper
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Robyn A Grant
- School of Science and the Environment, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Cichocki J, Warchałowski M, Ważna A, Gottfried I, Bator–Kocoł A, Gottfried T, Kościelska A, Bojarski J, Pietraszko–Warchałowska M, Gabryś G. Frequent or scarce? Damage to flight-enabling body parts in bats (Chiroptera). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219783. [PMID: 31329631 PMCID: PMC6645484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bat wings are characterized by high endurance, and these mammals have developed a number of adaptations that protect them from falling into obstacles and potential injuries. However, in bat populations, there are individuals with visible fresh or healed injuries to the flight-enabling body parts. The aim of this research was to determine the differences in the occurrence of wing membrane damages among species of bats that differ in ecology and behavior. The study was conducted in southern and western Poland in the years 2000-2016 and included 3,525 individuals of six species: lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolopus hipposideros, Daubenton's bat Myotis daubentonii, Natterer's bat Myotis nattereri, greater mouse-eared bat Myotis myotis, western barbastelle Barbastella barbastellus, and brown long-eared bat Plecotus auritus. In all, 2.9% of the bats studied showed damage to the flight-enabling body parts. Natterer's bat was the species with the highest number of injured individuals (21.74%). The lowest number of injured individuals (0.3%) was found in the brown long-eared bat. The most frequently observed type of damage was loss of an edge of the wing membrane (29.3%). The bat species studied differed significantly in the occurrence and location of flight enabling body parts damages. Certain behavioral and ecological factors like foraging mode, foraging habitats and habitat types of bat species determine the number of wing and tail membrane damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Cichocki
- Department of Zoology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Ważna
- Department of Zoology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Iwona Gottfried
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Bator–Kocoł
- Department of Zoology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gottfried
- Polish Society of Wildlife Friends “pro Natura”, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Bojarski
- Center for Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Econometrics, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Gabryś
- Department of Zoology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
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10
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Taniguchi H, Matsumoto-Oda A. Wound healing in wild male baboons: Estimating healing time from wound size. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205017. [PMID: 30300389 PMCID: PMC6177146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing in animals is important to minimize the fitness costs of infection. Logically, a longer healing time is associated with higher risk of infection and higher energy loss. In wild mammals, wounds caused by aggressive intraspecific interactions can potentially have lethal repercussions. Clarifying wounding rate and healing time is therefore important for measuring the severity of the attacks. In addition, impact of secondary damage of wounds (e.g., accidental peeling off of scabs) on heeling time is unknown despite the risk of infection in wild mammals. In baboons, most male injuries have been reported to result from male to male fights. Here, we investigated the relationship between wound size and healing time in wild anubis baboons to clarify the healing cost of physical attacks including secondary damage of wounds. Observations were conducted daily between August 2016 and July 2017 in Kenya for seven adult male anubis baboons. The individual wound rate was one per month on average. In 16 cases, we were able to assess the number of days required for wound healing, and the median healing time was 13 d. Wound healing time was longer for larger wounds. When the scab was peeled off accidentally because of external factors, healing time became longer. One of the causes of scabs’ peeling off was baboons’ scab-picking behavior, and the behaviour was considered self-injurious behavior. However, its predicted healing cost might not be high. We concluded that wounds less than 800 mm2 (the largest observed in this study) in baboon males have little effect on survival. Our results suggest that lethal wounds by physical attacks rarely occur in male baboons, and that healing time and delay caused by secondary damages can be estimated by measuring wound area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Taniguchi
- Faculty of Global and Regional Studies, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Akiko Matsumoto-Oda
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
- Graduate school of Tourism Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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11
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Reher S, Ehlers J, Rabarison H, Dausmann KH. Short and hyperthermic torpor responses in the Malagasy bat Macronycteris commersoni reveal a broader hypometabolic scope in heterotherms. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:1015-1027. [PMID: 30121696 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The energy budgets of animal species are closely linked to their ecology, and balancing energy expenditure with energy acquisition is key for survival. Changes in animals' environments can be challenging, particularly for bats, which are small endotherms with large uninsulated flight membranes. Heterothermy is a powerful response used to cope with changing environmental conditions. Recent research has revealed that many tropical and subtropical species are heterothermic and display torpor with patterns unlike those of "classical" heterotherms from temperate and arctic regions. However, only a handful of studies investigating torpor in bats in their natural environment exist. Therefore, we investigated whether the Malagasy bat Macronycteris commersoni enters torpor in the driest and least predictable region in Madagascar. We examined the energy balance and thermal biology of M. commersoni in the field by relating metabolic rate (MR) and skin temperature (Tskin) measurements to local environmental characteristics in the dry and rainy seasons. Macronycteris commersoni entered torpor and showed extreme variability in torpor patterns, including surprisingly short torpor bouts, lasting on average 20 min, interrupted by MR peaks. Torpid MR was remarkably low (0.13 ml O2 h-1 g-1), even when Tskin exceeded that of normothermia (41 °C). Macronycteris commersoni is thus physiologically capable of (1) entering torpor at high ambient temperature and Tskin and (2) rapidly alternating between torpid and normothermic MR resulting in very short bouts. This suggests that the scope of hypometabolism amongst heterothermic animals is broader than previously assumed and underlines the importance of further investigation into the torpor continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Reher
- Functional Ecology, Institute for Zoology, University Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Julian Ehlers
- Animal Ecology and Conservation, Institute for Zoology, University Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hajatiana Rabarison
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Kathrin H Dausmann
- Functional Ecology, Institute for Zoology, University Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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Greville LJ, Ceballos-Vasquez A, Valdizón-Rodríguez R, Caldwell JR, Faure PA. Wound healing in wing membranes of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus). J Mammal 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Greville
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - John R Caldwell
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paul A Faure
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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BATS RECOVERING FROM WHITE-NOSE SYNDROME ELEVATE METABOLIC RATE DURING WING HEALING IN SPRING. J Wildl Dis 2018; 54:480-490. [PMID: 29617187 DOI: 10.7589/2017-08-195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Host responses to infection with novel pathogens are costly and require trade-offs among physiologic systems. One such pathogen is the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd) that causes white-nose syndrome (WNS) and has led to mass mortality of hibernating bats in eastern North America. Although infection with Pd does not always result in death, we hypothesized that bats that survive infection suffer significant consequences that negatively impact the ability of females to reproduce. To understand the physiologic consequences of surviving infection with Pd, we assessed differences in wing damage, mass-specific resting metabolic rate, and reproductive rate between little brown myotis ( Myotis lucifugus) that survived a winter in captivity after inoculation with Pd (WNS survivors) and comparable, uninfected bats. Survivors of WNS had significantly more damaged wing tissue and displayed elevated mass-specific metabolic rates compared with Pd-uninfected bats after emergence from hibernation. The WNS survivors and Pd-uninfected bats did not significantly differ in their reproductive capacity, at least in captivity. However, our metabolic data demonstrated greater energetic costs during spring in WNS survivors compared with uninfected bats, which may have led to other consequences for postpartum fitness. We suggest that, after surviving the energetic constraints of winter, temperate hibernating bats infected with Pd faced a second energetic bottleneck after emerging from hibernation.
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Player D, Lausen C, Zaitlin B, Harrison J, Paetkau D, Harmston E. An alternative minimally invasive technique for genetic sampling of bats: Wing swabs yield species identification. WILDLIFE SOC B 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Delanie Player
- Matrix Solutions Incorporated; Suite 600, 214 - 11th Avenue SW Calgary AB T2R 0K1 Canada
| | - Cori Lausen
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada; 344 Bloor Street West, Suite 204 Toronto ON M5S 3A7 Canada
| | - Beryl Zaitlin
- Zaitlin Geoconsulting Limited; 3236 Boulton Road NW Calgary AB T2L 1M3 Canada
| | - Jori Harrison
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive NW Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - David Paetkau
- Wildlife Genetics International; Suite 200, 182 Baker Street Nelson BC V1L 4H2 Canada
| | - Erin Harmston
- Wildlife Genetics International; Suite 200, 182 Baker Street Nelson BC V1L 4H2 Canada
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Muijres FT, Iwasaki NA, Elzinga MJ, Melis JM, Dickinson MH. Flies compensate for unilateral wing damage through modular adjustments of wing and body kinematics. Interface Focus 2017; 7:20160103. [PMID: 28163885 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2016.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using high-speed videography, we investigated how fruit flies compensate for unilateral wing damage, in which loss of area on one wing compromises both weight support and roll torque equilibrium. Our results show that flies control for unilateral damage by rolling their body towards the damaged wing and by adjusting the kinematics of both the intact and damaged wings. To compensate for the reduction in vertical lift force due to damage, flies elevate wingbeat frequency. Because this rise in frequency increases the flapping velocity of both wings, it has the undesired consequence of further increasing roll torque. To compensate for this effect, flies increase the stroke amplitude and advance the timing of pronation and supination of the damaged wing, while making the opposite adjustments on the intact wing. The resulting increase in force on the damaged wing and decrease in force on the intact wing function to maintain zero net roll torque. However, the bilaterally asymmetrical pattern of wing motion generates a finite lateral force, which flies balance by maintaining a constant body roll angle. Based on these results and additional experiments using a dynamically scaled robotic fly, we propose a simple bioinspired control algorithm for asymmetric wing damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian T Muijres
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole A Iwasaki
- Department of Biology, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
| | | | - Johan M Melis
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Michael H Dickinson
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Pollock T, Moreno CR, Sánchez L, Ceballos-Vasquez A, Faure PA, Mora EC. Wound healing in the flight membranes of wild big brown bats. J Wildl Manage 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Pollock
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton ON L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - Christian R. Moreno
- Department of Animal and Human Biology; Havana University; 455-25 Street Havana 10400 Cuba
| | - Lida Sánchez
- Department of Animal and Human Biology; Havana University; 455-25 Street Havana 10400 Cuba
| | - Alejandra Ceballos-Vasquez
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton ON L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - Paul A. Faure
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton ON L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - Emanuel C. Mora
- Department of Animal and Human Biology; Havana University; 455-25 Street Havana 10400 Cuba
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Ceballos-Vasquez A, Caldwell JR, Faure PA. Seasonal and reproductive effects on wound healing in the flight membranes of captive big brown bats. Biol Open 2014; 4:95-103. [PMID: 25527646 PMCID: PMC4295170 DOI: 10.1242/bio.201410264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The flight membranes of bats serve a number of physiological functions important for survival. Although flight membrane injuries are commonly observed in wild-caught bats, in most cases the damage heals completely. Previous studies examining wound healing in the flight membranes of bats have not taken into consideration energy constraints that could influence healing times. Wound healing results in increased energy demands, therefore we hypothesized that wound healing times would be slower during periods of energy conservation and/or energy output. In this study we used an 8 mm diameter circular punch tool to biopsy the wing membranes of healthy adult female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) from a captive research colony to test the hypothesis that healing times will vary with seasonal temperature changes between the summer and winter seasons, and with reproductive condition between lactating and non-reproductive females. As expected, membrane biopsies took significantly longer to heal during the winter when bats were hibernating compared to the summer when bats were active. Surprisingly, no difference in healing time was observed between lactating and non-reproductive females. The wings of most bats fully healed, although some individuals showed wound expansion demonstrating that impaired healing is occasionally observed in otherwise healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Caldwell
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Paul A Faure
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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18
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Karouna-Renier NK, White C, Perkins CR, Schmerfeld JJ, Yates D. Assessment of mitochondrial DNA damage in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) collected near a mercury-contaminated river. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:1419-1429. [PMID: 25048962 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Historical discharges of Hg into the South River near the town of Waynesboro, VA, USA, have resulted in persistently elevated Hg concentrations in sediment, surface water, ground water, soil, and wildlife downstream of the discharge site. In the present study, we examined mercury (Hg) levels in in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) from this location and assessed the utility of a non-destructively collected tissue sample (wing punch) for determining mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage in Hg exposed bats. Bats captured 1 and 3 km from the South River, exhibited significantly higher levels of total Hg (THg) in blood and fur than those from the reference location. We compared levels of mtDNA damage using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of two distinct regions of mtDNA. Genotoxicity is among the many known toxic effects of Hg, resulting from direct interactions with DNA or from oxidative damage. Because it lacks many of the protective protein structures and repair mechanisms associated with nuclear DNA, mtDNA is more sensitive to the effects of genotoxic chemicals and therefore may be a useful biomarker in chronically exposed organisms. Significantly higher levels of damage were observed in both regions of mtDNA in bats captured 3 km from the river than in controls. However, levels of mtDNA damage exhibited weak correlations with fur and blood THg levels, suggesting that other factors may play a role in the site-specific differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K Karouna-Renier
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, BARC East Bldg 308 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA,
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Chow BA, Donahue SW, Vaughan MR, McConkey B, Vijayan MM. Serum immune-related proteins are differentially expressed during hibernation in the American black bear. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66119. [PMID: 23825529 PMCID: PMC3692520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernation is an adaptation to conserve energy in the face of extreme environmental conditions and low food availability that has risen in several animal phyla. This phenomenon is characterized by reduced metabolic rate (∼25% of the active basal metabolic rate in hibernating bears) and energy demand, while other physiological adjustments are far from clear. The profiling of the serum proteome of the American black bear (Ursus americanus) may reveal specific proteins that are differentially modulated by hibernation, and provide insight into the remarkable physiological adaptations that characterize ursid hibernation. In this study, we used differential gel electrophoresis (DIGE) analysis, liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, and subsequent MASCOT analysis of the mass spectra to identify candidate proteins that are differentially expressed during hibernation in captive black bears. Seventy serum proteins were identified as changing by ±1.5 fold or more, out of which 34 proteins increased expression during hibernation. The majority of identified proteins are involved in immune system processes. These included α2-macroglobulin, complement components C1s and C4, immunoglobulin μ and J chains, clusterin, haptoglobin, C4b binding protein, kininogen 1, α2-HS-glycoprotein, and apoplipoproteins A-I and A-IV. Differential expression of a subset of these proteins identified by proteomic analysis was also confirmed by immunodetection. We propose that the observed serum protein changes contribute to the maintenance of the hibernation phenotype and health, including increased capacities for bone maintenance and wound healing during hibernation in bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Chow
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seth W. Donahue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Vaughan
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brendan McConkey
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Voigt CC. Bat flight with bad wings: is flight metabolism affected by damaged wing membranes? J Exp Biol 2013; 216:1516-21. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.079509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Infection of North American bats with the keratin-digesting fungus Geomyces destructans often result in holes and ruptures of wing membranes, yet it is unknown if flight performance and metabolism of bats are altered by such injuries. I conducted flight experiments in a circular flight arena in Myotis albescens and M. nigricans where I observed individuals with intact or ruptured trailing edge of one of the plagiopatagial membranes. In both species, individuals with damaged wings were lighter, had a higher aspect ratio (squared wing span divided by wing area) and an increased wing loading (weight divided by wing area) than conspecifics with intact wings. Bats with an asymmetric reduction of the wing area flew at similar speeds but performed less flight manoeuvres than conspecifics with intact wings. Individuals with damaged wings showed lower metabolic rates during flight than conspecifics with intact wings, even when controlling for body mass differences; the difference in mass-specific metabolic rates may be attributable to the lower number of flight manoeuvres (U-turns) by bats with damaged wings compared to conspecifics with intact wings. Possibly, bats compensated an asymmetric reduction in wing area by lowering their body mass and avoiding flight manoeuvres. In conclusion, bats may not suffer directly from moderate wing damages by experiencing increased metabolic rates but indirectly by a reduced manoeuvrability and foraging success. This could impede a bat's ability to gain sufficient body mass before hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C. Voigt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research; Freie Universität, Germany
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21
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Dixon MD. Post-Pleistocene range expansion of the recently imperiled eastern little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus lucifugus) from a single southern refugium. Ecol Evol 2012; 1:191-200. [PMID: 22393495 PMCID: PMC3287298 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotis lucifugus, once among the most widespread and common bats in North America, has been forecast to be extirpated east of the Rockies in as few as 16 years by the spread of white-nose syndrome. Recent genetic research has demonstrated that this species is paraphyletic and part of a broader species complex; however, only one lineage (Myotis lucifugus lucifugus [M. l. lucifugus]) is present in eastern North America. I used molecular tools and niche modeling to validate this and investigate the role that historical biogeography has played in the phylogenetic and population genetic structure of this species to determine if the eastern subspecies represents an evolutionarily distinct population. To establish the genetic structure within M. l. lucifugus, I densely sampled maternity colonies in Minnesota and sequenced 182 individuals for a portion of cytochrome b. Phylogenetic reconstruction and a haplotype network were used to infer the relationships among mitochondrial haplotypes. Population growth statistics were calculated to determine if there was evidence of significant expansion, and an environmental niche model (ENM) was constructed based on conditions during the last glacial maximum (LGM) to illustrate potential glacial refugia. All individuals derived from a single mitochondrial lineage. Genetic evidence points to population growth starting approximately 18 kya. ENM results show that there was likely a single large southern refugium extending across the southeastern United States and possibly several isolated refugia in western North America. Myotis lucifugus lucifugus likely maintained both a large range and a large population during the peaks of the glacial cycles, and its population appears to have expanded following the retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet. This imperiled lineage likely diverged in isolation from other members of the M. lucifugus/western long-eared Myotis during the Pleistocene.
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Bogdanowicz W, Piksa K, Tereba A. Genetic structure in three species of whiskered bats (genusMyotis) during swarming. J Mammal 2012. [DOI: 10.1644/11-mamm-a-180.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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23
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Dixon MD. Population genetic structure and natal philopatry in the widespread North American batMyotis lucifugus. J Mammal 2011. [DOI: 10.1644/10-mamm-a-426.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Furman A, Bachanek J, Postawa T, Çoraman E. Morphometric Variation and Genetic Diversity of the Lesser and Greater Mouse-Eared Bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Thrace and Anatolia. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2011. [DOI: 10.3161/150811011x624776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jung TS, Slough BG. Body Condition of a Free-Ranging Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus) with a Broken Humerus. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2011. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-166.1.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fuller NW, Reichard JD, Nabhan ML, Fellows SR, Pepin LC, Kunz TH. Free-ranging little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) heal from wing damage associated with white-nose syndrome. ECOHEALTH 2011; 8:154-62. [PMID: 21922344 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-011-0705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
White-nose syndrome (WNS) is having an unprecedented impact on hibernating bat populations in the eastern United States. While most studies have focused on widespread mortality observed at winter hibernacula, few have examined the consequences of wing damage that has been observed among those bats that survive hibernation. Given that WNS-related wing damage may lead to life-threatening changes in wing function, we tested the hypothesis that reduced abundance of free-ranging little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) with severe wing damage as the summer progresses is due to healing of wing tissue. Photographs of captured and recaptured adult females were examined for wing damage and healing rates were calculated for each category of wing damage index (WDI = 0-3). We found that free-ranging bats with severe wing damage were able to heal to a lower WDI score within 2 weeks. Bats with the most severe wing damage had faster healing rates than did individuals with less damage. We also found a significant relationship between body condition and WDI for adult females captured in the early weeks of the active season. Our results support the hypothesis that some bats can heal from severe wing damage during the active season, and thus may not experience increased mortality associated with reduced functions of wings. We urge researchers and wildlife managers to use caution when interpreting data on WDI to assess the impact of WNS on bat populations, especially during the later months of the active season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Fuller
- Center for Ecology and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Str, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Dzal Y, Hooton LA, Clare EL, Fenton MB. Bat Activity and Genetic Diversity at Long Point, Ontario, an Important Bird Stopover Site. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2009. [DOI: 10.3161/150811009x485549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Bogdanowicz W, Van Den Bussche RA, Gajewska M, Postawa T, Harutyunyan M. Ancient and Contemporary DNA Sheds Light on the History of Mouse-Eared Bats in Europe and the Caucasus. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2009. [DOI: 10.3161/150811009x485530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Phylogeography of Musonycteris harrisoni Along the Pacific Coast of Mexico. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2009. [DOI: 10.3161/150811009x485503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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