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Reyer H, Mielenz M, Daş G, Metges CC, Wimmers K. Microbial profiling of black soldier fly larvae reared on substrates supplemented with different mineral sources originating from phosphorus recycling technologies. Anim Microbiome 2025; 7:14. [PMID: 39930540 PMCID: PMC11812260 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-025-00380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2025] [Indexed: 02/13/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innovations to establish agricultural value chains utilising side streams and their reintegration into the feed and food supply are of great importance. Recyclates derived from biomass and waste are therefore becoming increasingly important as sources of nutrients. The larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) demonstrate considerable potential as livestock feed due to their ability to utilise a wide range of organic substrates. In this study, BSF larvae (BSFL) were reared on four different substrates: chicken feed diet (CD), high-fibre Gainesville fly diet (FD), or FD supplemented either with biochar (FD + BCH) or single superphosphate (FD + SSP) recyclates from sewage sludge processing. To validate the hypothesis that endogenous and substrate-associated microbiota significantly contribute to substrate conversion, the microbiota profiles of BSFL gut and frass were analysed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Results were associated to the different substrates as well as body composition, growth performance data, and mineral concentration of the larvae. RESULTS The CD substrate was superior in terms of larval growth, although it caused a lower microbial alpha diversity in the larval intestine and frass compared to FD, with a dominance of Morganellaceae and families of Lactobacillales. The addition of the two sewage sludge derived products to the FD substrate significantly increased the calcium content of BSFL, while the phosphorus content was only increased by the addition of SSP. The shifts in the microbiota profiles of BSFL gut and frass indicated that BCH contributed to the regulation of the microbial milieu with suppressing the growth of potentially pathogenic microbes. The addition of SSP resulted in an enrichment of microorganisms with attributed phosphate-solubilising properties such as Pseudomonas and fungal species, likely being responsible for improving the bioavailability of phosphorus from the substrate. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the high adaptability of the BSFL and its ability to change the substrate through specific microbiota in such a way that conditions are created for an optimal nutrient supply and thus growth of the larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Reyer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Manfred Mielenz
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Gürbüz Daş
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia C Metges
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Professorship of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Rostock, Justus-Von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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Namazi F, Razavi SM. Herbal-based compounds: A review on treatments of cryptosporidiosis. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 24:100521. [PMID: 38246099 PMCID: PMC10831817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium, a monoxenous apicomplexan coccidia, is a prevalent diarrhetic and an opportunistic agent, mainly in immunocompromised individuals. As there are few chemotherapeutic compounds that have limited efficacy, we need to identify new compounds or specific parasite targets for designing more potent drugs to treat cryptosporidiosis. Herbal products with low toxicity, environmental compatibility, wide therapeutic potential, and abundant resources can be considered alternatives for treatment. The current review tried to summarize the studies on plants or herbal bioactive constituents with anti-cryptosporidial activities. Based on constituents, plants act via different mechanisms, and further investigations are needed to clarify the exact mechanisms by which they act on the developmental stages of the parasite or host-parasite relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Namazi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mostafa Razavi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Gama GSP, Pimenta AS, Feijó FMC, de Azevedo TKB, de Melo RR, de Andrade GS. The Potential of Wood Vinegar to Replace Antimicrobials Used in Animal Husbandry-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:381. [PMID: 38338024 PMCID: PMC10854697 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry can result in various types of environmental contamination. Part of the dose of these products is excreted, still active, in the animals' feces and urine. These excreta are widely used as organic fertilizers, which results in contamination with antimicrobial molecules. The impacts can occur in several compartments, such as soil, groundwater, and surface watercourses. Also, contamination by antimicrobials fed or administrated to pigs, chickens, and cattle can reach the meat, milk, and other animal products, which calls into question the sustainability of using these products as part of eco-friendly practices. Therefore, a search for alternative natural products is required to replace the conventional antimicrobials currently used in animal husbandry, aiming to mitigate environmental contamination. We thus carried out a review addressing this issue, highlighting wood vinegar (WV), also known as pyroligneous acid, as an alternative antimicrobial with good potential to replace conventional products. In this regard, many studies have demonstrated that WV is a promising product. WV is a nontoxic additive widely employed in the food industry to impart a smoked flavor to foods. Studies have shown that, depending on the WV concentration, good results can be achieved using it as an antimicrobial against pathogenic bacteria and fungi and a valuable growth promoter for poultry and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Sander Próspero Gama
- Graduate Program in Forest Sciences, Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rodovia RN 160, km 03 s/n, Distrito de Jundiaí, Macaíba CEP 59.280-000, Brazil; (G.S.P.G.); (A.S.P.); (T.K.B.d.A.); (G.S.d.A.)
| | - Alexandre Santos Pimenta
- Graduate Program in Forest Sciences, Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rodovia RN 160, km 03 s/n, Distrito de Jundiaí, Macaíba CEP 59.280-000, Brazil; (G.S.P.G.); (A.S.P.); (T.K.B.d.A.); (G.S.d.A.)
| | - Francisco Marlon Carneiro Feijó
- Graduate Program in Environment, Technology, and Society—PPGATS, Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Laboratory of Wood Technology, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido—UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572—Bairro Costa e Silva, Mossoró CEP 59.625-900, Brazil;
| | - Tatiane Kelly Barbosa de Azevedo
- Graduate Program in Forest Sciences, Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rodovia RN 160, km 03 s/n, Distrito de Jundiaí, Macaíba CEP 59.280-000, Brazil; (G.S.P.G.); (A.S.P.); (T.K.B.d.A.); (G.S.d.A.)
| | - Rafael Rodolfo de Melo
- Graduate Program in Environment, Technology, and Society—PPGATS, Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Laboratory of Wood Technology, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido—UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572—Bairro Costa e Silva, Mossoró CEP 59.625-900, Brazil;
| | - Gabriel Siqueira de Andrade
- Graduate Program in Forest Sciences, Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rodovia RN 160, km 03 s/n, Distrito de Jundiaí, Macaíba CEP 59.280-000, Brazil; (G.S.P.G.); (A.S.P.); (T.K.B.d.A.); (G.S.d.A.)
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Heimesaat MM, Schabbel N, Langfeld LQ, Shayya NW, Mousavi S, Bereswill S. Prophylactic Oral Application of Activated Charcoal Mitigates Acute Campylobacteriosis in Human Gut Microbiota-Associated IL-10 -/- Mice. Biomolecules 2024; 14:141. [PMID: 38397378 PMCID: PMC10886519 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of human Campylobacter jejuni infections is increasing worldwide. It is highly desirable to prevent campylobacteriosis in individuals at risk for severe disease with antibiotics-independent non-toxic compounds. Activated charcoal (AC) has long been used as an anti-diarrheal remedy. Here, we tested the disease-mitigating effects of oral AC versus placebo in human gut microbiota-associated (hma) IL-10-/- mice starting a week prior to C. jejuni infection. On day 6 post-infection, the gastrointestinal C. jejuni loads were comparable in both infected cohorts, whereas campylobacteriosis symptoms such as wasting and bloody diarrhea were mitigated upon AC prophylaxis. Furthermore, AC application resulted in less pronounced C. jejuni-induced colonic epithelial cell apoptosis and in dampened innate and adaptive immune cell responses in the colon that were accompanied by basal concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators including IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and nitric oxide measured in colonic explants from AC treated mice on day 6 post-infection. Furthermore, C. jejuni infection resulted in distinct fecal microbiota shift towards higher enterobacterial numbers and lower loads of obligate anaerobic species in hma mice that were AC-independent. In conclusion, our pre-clinical placebo-controlled intervention study provides evidence that prophylactic oral AC application mitigates acute murine campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M. Heimesaat
- Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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Zhang Y, Fu X, Wang L, Guo X, Dong B. Sorption of phenols and flavonoids on activated charcoal improves protein metabolism, antioxidant status, immunity, and intestinal morphology in broilers. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1327455. [PMID: 38274659 PMCID: PMC10808307 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1327455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that activated charcoal sorption of Chinese herbal extracts is more effective than activated charcoal. The present study was designed to investigate whether phenols and flavonoids have an effect on nutrient metabolism, antioxidant activity, immunity, and intestinal morphology in broilers. Seven diets [basal diet (CON); CON supplemented with 450 mg/kg of activated charcoal (AC); CON supplemented with 250, 500, 750, 1,000, or 7,500 mg/kg of phenolic acids and flavonoids (PF) to AC (PFAC)]. PFAC was the complex of AC sorption of PF in the ratio of 9:1. These dietary treatments for broilers lasted for 42 days. Results showed that at d 21, all doses of PFAC altered serum levels of total protein, albumin, and creatinine compared to AC (p < 0.05). Both PFAC and AC altered HDL-, LDL-, and VLDL-cholesterol levels compared to CON (p < 0.05). PFAC at 500 mg/kg (450 mg/kg AC+ 50 mg/kg phenolic acids and flavonoids) increased serum IgA and IgM (p < 0.05), but AC at 450 mg/kg did not, compared to CON. At d 42, breast and thigh muscles of PFAC-treated broilers had higher free radical scavenging activities compared to CON (p < 0.05), but AC had no such effect. PFAC at 500 mg/kg increased villus height in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum compared to CON (p < 0.05), but AC had no such response. PFAC at 500 mg/kg effectively improved protein and lipid metabolism, antioxidant status, and intestinal morphology, but AC had no such effect at a similar dose. Excessive PFAC (7,500 mg/kg) showed no significant side effects on broiler growth, liver damage, or hematology. These results suggest that phenols and flavonoids, in cooperation with activated charcoal, provide the majority of the functions of the herbal extract from multiple Chinese medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Hepatology National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoqi Fu
- Institute for Hepatology National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Plateau Animal Nutrition and Feed Laboratory, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, China
| | - Lixue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Khan SM, Witola WH. Past, current, and potential treatments for cryptosporidiosis in humans and farm animals: A comprehensive review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1115522. [PMID: 36761902 PMCID: PMC9902888 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1115522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Cryptosporidium is among the leading causes of waterborne diarrheal disease outbreaks throughout the world. The parasite is transmitted by ingestion of infective oocysts that are highly stable in the environment and resistant to almost all conventional disinfection methods and water treatments. Control of the parasite infection is exceedingly difficult due to the excretion of large numbers of oocysts in the feces of infected individuals that contaminate the environment and serve as a source of infection for susceptible hosts including humans and animals. Drug development against the parasite is challenging owing to its limited genetic tractability, absence of conventional drug targets, unique intracellular location within the host, and the paucity of robust cell culture platforms for continuous parasite propagation. Despite the high prevalence of the parasite, the only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment of Cryptosporidium infections is nitazoxanide, which has shown moderate efficacy in immunocompetent patients. More importantly, no effective therapeutic drugs are available for treating severe, potentially life-threatening cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient patients, young children, and neonatal livestock. Thus, safe, inexpensive, and efficacious drugs are urgently required to reduce the ever-increasing global cryptosporidiosis burden especially in low-resource countries. Several compounds have been tested for both in vitro and in vivo efficacy against the disease. However, to date, only a few experimental compounds have been subjected to clinical trials in natural hosts, and among those none have proven efficacious. This review provides an overview of the past and present anti-Cryptosporidium pharmacotherapy in humans and agricultural animals. Herein, we also highlight the progress made in the field over the last few years and discuss the different strategies employed for discovery and development of effective prospective treatments for cryptosporidiosis.
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Tamayao P, Ribeiro GO, McAllister TA, Ominski KH, Okine EK, McGeough EJ. Effects of biochar source, level of inclusion, and particle size on in vitro dry matter disappearance, total gas, and methane production and ruminal fermentation parameters in a barley silage-based diet. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2021-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of biochar differing in source, inclusion level, and particle size on dry matter disappearance (DMD), total gas and methane (CH4) production, and ruminal fermentation in a barley silage-based diet. The seven biochar products used were coconut (CP001 and CP014) or pine (CP002, CP015, CP016, CP023, CP024)-based. Experiment 1 (Exp. 1) evaluated these biochars at 4.5%, 13.5%, and 22.5% level of diet inclusion, whereas Experiment 2 (Exp. 2) evaluated CP002, CP016, and CP023 at 2.25% and 4.50% of the diet at <0.5, 0.5–2.0, >2.0 mm particle size. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS as a randomized complete block design, with biochar source, inclusion level, and particle size (Exp. 2 only) as fixed effects with run and replicate as random effects. Increasing level of biochar inclusion linearly (P < 0.01) decreased DMD in Exp. 1 and did not influence DMD (P > 0.05) in Exp. 2. Total gas, CH4 (mL·g−1 DMD), and ruminal fermentation parameters were not affected by product, inclusion level, or particle size (P > 0.05). In conclusion, biochar of varying source and particle size did not mitigate CH4 production, but reduced DMD at higher inclusion levels in the barley silage-based diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Tamayao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
- National Centre for Livestock and the Environment, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Gabriel O. Ribeiro
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5A8
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Avenue South Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, T1J 4B1
| | - Kim H. Ominski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
- National Centre for Livestock and the Environment, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Erasmus K. Okine
- Provost and Vice President Academic, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, T1K 3M4
| | - Emma J. McGeough
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
- National Centre for Livestock and the Environment, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
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Ross J, Schatz C, Beaugrand K, Zuidhof S, Ralston B, Allan N, Olson M. Evaluation of Activated Charcoal as an Alternative to Antimicrobials for the Treatment of Neonatal Calf Diarrhea. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2021; 12:359-369. [PMID: 34993127 PMCID: PMC8714008 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s337698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) is a major cause of death and economic loss in the cattle industry. Although NCD is caused by a variety of nutritional factors and non-bacterial pathogens, treatment typically includes systemic antimicrobial therapy, even for non-severe cases that are more likely to have non-bacterial causes. Novel, non-antimicrobial therapies are needed to reduce antimicrobial use and optimize production efficiency. METHODS This production-level study compared the efficacy of activated charcoal to that of an antimicrobial regimen for treating mild-to-moderate cases of NCD, and identified the most common etiological agents. Calves diagnosed with non-severe diarrhea were randomly allocated into 3 treatment groups (n = 86 per group): group A received a standard antimicrobial regimen, B received both antimicrobials and activated charcoal, and C received activated charcoal only. Animals were monitored over the course of 7 days for mortality and recovery from diarrhea. Fecal samples were collected upon enrollment (day 0) and on day 7 to assess the presence of major NCD-causing pathogens. RESULTS Mortality was higher for groups B and C relative to A, although this difference was only statistically significant for group B vs A. No significant difference in the number of recovered animals was observed among the treatment groups, although group C was significantly slower to recover than A or B. The vast majority of day 0 samples were positive for non-bacterial organisms (mainly rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum), which decreased significantly by day 7 regardless of treatment group. CONCLUSION Antimicrobials only moderately improved outcomes for non-severe diarrhea cases relative to activated charcoal. Thus, systemic antimicrobial treatment is likely unnecessary for the majority of NCD cases and should be limited to severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ross
- Chinook Contract Research Inc., Airdrie, AB, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Nick Allan
- Chinook Contract Research Inc., Airdrie, AB, Canada
| | - Merle Olson
- Alberta Veterinary Laboratories Ltd., Calgary, AB, Canada
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Ho CL, Lin CS, Li LH, Hua KF, Ju TC. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator expression in macrophages using wood vinegar from griffith's ash. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2021; 64:232-243. [PMID: 34708715 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_54_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for host defense as they control foreign pathogens and induce acquired immune responses. Activated macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory reactive substances causing local cell and tissue inflammatory response, which helps an organism resist the invasion of foreign pathogens. Excessive or chronic inflammation can cause several diseases. Previous studies have reported that vinegar treatment decreases the levels of several inflammatory cytokines and biomarkers, including mitogen-activated protein kinases, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nitric oxide (NO). However, the benefits of wood vinegar produced from Griffith's ash (Fraxinus formosana Hayata) in reducing inflammation have not been investigated yet. Thus, assuming that wood vinegar exerts anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages, in this study, we investigated the potential anti-inflammatory effects of the wood vinegar from Griffith's ash using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response model in RAW264.7 macrophages. We showed that the wood vinegar inhibited the production of iNOS, NO, and interleukin 6. In addition, we found that the wood vinegar reduced the phosphorylation levels of p38 and protein kinase C-α/δ in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Based on these results, we suggest that the produced wood vinegar can reduce inflammation in LPS-activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Lung Ho
- Division of Wood Cellulose, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Shun Lin
- Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Hui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen, Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital; Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tz-Chuen Ju
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
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O'Reilly GC, Huo Y, Meale SJ, Chaves AV. Dose response of biochar and wood vinegar on in vitro batch culture ruminal fermentation using contrasting feed substrates. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab107. [PMID: 34430799 PMCID: PMC8379518 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Within Australia, approximately 6.4% of total greenhouse gas emissions are from animal methane (CH4) derived from enteric fermentation. Mitigation of ruminant CH4 is a key concept in support of sustainable agriculture production; dietary manipulations a viable strategy to lower CH4 release during enteric fermentation. In order to determine the effects of dose response of biochar and wood vinegar supplementation on fermentation parameters and CH4 production, this study utilized in vitro batch culture incubations. It is hypothesized that the addition of either biochar or wood vinegar will successfully reduce enteric CH4 emissions without negative modification of other fermentation parameters. Three feed substrates (vegetable mixed ration, maize silage, and winter pasture) were separated into treatments containing either biochar at 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% DM replacing substrate (w/w basis), or wood vinegar at 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% into incubation media volume (v/v). At 6, 12, and 24 hours after inoculation, total gas volume, and methane (CH4 %) were measured. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, media pH, and in vitro dry matter digestibility were measured at 24 hours. Biochar at various dosages had no effect (P > 0.05) on fermentation characteristics other than decreased in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD; P = 0.01) at 2% and 4% (DM basis) inclusion. Similar to biochar, dose response of wood vinegar had no effect on in vitro fermentation characteristics. However, feed substrate had major effects on all fermentation parameters (P = 0.01) where winter pasture > vegetable mixed ration > maize silage for all recorded fermentation characteristics. Biochar and wood vinegar supplementation were ineffectual in mitigating CH4 production or modifying fermentation characteristics, thus rejecting the initial hypothesis. These results suggest the use of biochar is not an effective tool for methane mitigation in ruminant livestock and infers that studies previously reporting success must better define the systemic mechanisms responsible for the reduction in CH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Celia O'Reilly
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yuxin Huo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sarah Jade Meale
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Alex V Chaves
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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AKINCI İY, ALBAY MK. Etiological Treatment of Protozoer Diarrhea in Neonatal Ruminants. MEHMET AKIF ERSOY ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2020. [DOI: 10.24880/maeuvfd.681052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Terry SA, Ribeiro GO, Gruninger RJ, Chaves AV, Beauchemin KA, Okine E, McAllister TA. A Pine Enhanced Biochar Does Not Decrease Enteric CH 4 Emissions, but Alters the Rumen Microbiota. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:308. [PMID: 31608292 PMCID: PMC6757094 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of a pine enhanced biochar (EB) on rumen fermentation, apparent total tract digestibility, methane (CH4) emissions, and the rumen and fecal microbiome of Angus × Hereford heifers fed a barley silage-based diet. The experiment was a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square using 8 ruminally cannulated heifers (565 ± 35 kg initial BW). The basal diet contained 60% barley silage, 35% barley grain and 5% mineral supplement with EB added at 0% (control), 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0% (DM basis). Each period lasted 28 days, consisting of 14 days adaptation and 14 days of measurements. Samples for profiling of the microbiome in rumen liquid, solids and feces were collected on d 15 before feeding. Rumen samples for fermentation characterization were taken at 0, 3, 6, and 12 h post feeding. Total collection of urine and feces was conducted from days 18 to 22. Heifers were housed in open-circuit respiratory chambers on days 26-28 to estimate CH4 emissions. Ruminal pH was recorded at 1-min intervals during CH4 measurements using indwelling pH loggers. Data were analyzed with the fixed effects of dietary treatment and random effects of square, heifer within square and period. Dry matter intake was similar across treatments (P = 0.21). Ammonia N concentration and protozoa counts responded quadratically (P = 0.01) to EB in which both were decreased by EB included at 0.5 and 1.0%, compared to the control and 2.0% EB. Minimum pH was increased (P = 0.04), and variation of pH was decreased (P = 0.03) by 2.0% EB. Total tract digestibility, N balance and CH4 production were not affected (P ≥ 0.17) by EB. Enhanced biochar decreased the relative abundance of Fibrobacter (P = 0.05) and Tenericutes (P = 0.01), and increased the relative abundance of Spirochaetaes (P = 0.01), Verrucomicrobia (P = 0.02), and Elusimicrobia (P = 0.02). Results suggest that at the examined concentrations, EB was ineffective at decreasing enteric CH4 emissions, but did alter specific rumen microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Terry
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabriel O. Ribeiro
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Robert J. Gruninger
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Alex V. Chaves
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen A. Beauchemin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Erasmus Okine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Hinz K, Stracke J, Schättler JK, Kemper N, Spindler B. Effects of Enriched Charcoal as Permanent 0.2% Feed-Additive in Standard and Low-Protein Diets of Male Fattening Turkeys: An On-Farm Study. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E541. [PMID: 31398925 PMCID: PMC6721224 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wet litter is the most important cause of footpad dermatitis in poultry, this in turn being a highly relevant animal-related welfare indicator. This field study was subdivided into two experiments. In Experiment 1, the standard diet was supplemented by 0.2% enriched charcoal, being a non-specific absorber and therefore might be promising in reducing faecal moisture. In Experiment 2, the experimental group received a reduced crude protein diet during weeks 6-13, combined with a 0.2% enriched charcoal supplementation. The trials were each conducted with two batches on three farms under on-farm conditions. The animals were observed at 6, 10, 14 and 18 weeks of age to collect data on body weight and different health parameters. The mortality and litter samples were analysed after slaughtering. In Experiment 1, performance and health were not affected despite higher dry matter content of the litter. In Experiment 2, the weight of birds receiving the protein-reduced diet was decreased significantly throughout the experiment. However, the slaughter weight did not differ. The mortality was reduced by 0.5% in the experimental group. Therefore, it was concluded that 0.2% of enriched charcoal is not a valuable feed-additive regarding animal health, while temporary protein reduction might have positive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hinz
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15 (Building 116), D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jenny Stracke
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15 (Building 116), D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jule Katrin Schättler
- Chamber of Agriculture Lower Saxony, Division Agriculture, Mars-la-Tour-Str. 6, D-26121 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15 (Building 116), D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Birgit Spindler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15 (Building 116), D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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Schmidt HP, Hagemann N, Draper K, Kammann C. The use of biochar in animal feeding. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7373. [PMID: 31396445 PMCID: PMC6679646 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochar, that is, carbonized biomass similar to charcoal, has been used in acute medical treatment of animals for many centuries. Since 2010, livestock farmers increasingly use biochar as a regular feed supplement to improve animal health, increase nutrient intake efficiency and thus productivity. As biochar gets enriched with nitrogen-rich organic compounds during the digestion process, the excreted biochar-manure becomes a more valuable organic fertilizer causing lower nutrient losses and greenhouse gas emissions during storage and soil application. Scientists only recently started to investigate the mechanisms of biochar in the different stages of animal digestion and thus most published results on biochar feeding are based so far on empirical studies. This review summarizes the state of knowledge up to the year 2019 by evaluating 112 relevant scientific publications on the topic to derive initial insights, discuss potential mechanisms behind observations and identify important knowledge gaps and future research needs. The literature analysis shows that in most studies and for all investigated farm animal species, positive effects on different parameters such as toxin adsorption, digestion, blood values, feed efficiency, meat quality and/or greenhouse gas emissions could be found when biochar was added to feed. A considerable number of studies provided statistically non-significant results, though tendencies were mostly positive. Rare negative effects were identified in regard to the immobilization of liposoluble feed ingredients (e.g., vitamin E or Carotenoids) which may limit long-term biochar feeding. We found that most of the studies did not systematically investigate biochar properties (which may vastly differ) and dosage, which is a major drawback for generalizing results. Our review demonstrates that the use of biochar as a feed additive has the potential to improve animal health, feed efficiency and livestock housing climate, to reduce nutrient losses and greenhouse gas emissions, and to increase the soil organic matter content and thus soil fertility when eventually applied to soil. In combination with other good practices, co-feeding of biochar may thus have the potential to improve the sustainability of animal husbandry. However, more systematic multi-disciplinary research is definitely needed to arrive at generalizable recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolas Hagemann
- Ithaka Institute for Carbon Strategies, Arbaz, Valais, Switzerland
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Claudia Kammann
- Department of Applied Ecology, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
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Hosnedlova B, Kepinska M, Fernandez C, Peng Q, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Milnerowicz H, Kizek R. Carbon Nanomaterials for Targeted Cancer Therapy Drugs: A Critical Review. CHEM REC 2018; 19:502-522. [PMID: 30156367 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer represents one of the main causes of human death in developed countries. Most current therapies, unfortunately, carry a number of side effects, such as toxicity and damage to healthy cells, as well as the risk of resistance and recurrence. Therefore, cancer research is trying to develop therapeutic procedures with minimal negative consequences. The use of nanomaterial-based systems appears to be one of them. In recent years, great progress has been made in the field using nanomaterials with high potential in biomedical applications. Carbon nanomaterials, thanks to their unique physicochemical properties, are gaining more and more popularity in cancer therapy. They are valued especially for their ability to deliver drugs or small therapeutic molecules to these cells. Through surface functionalization, they can specifically target tumor tissues, increasing the therapeutic potential and significantly reducing the adverse effects of therapy. Their potential future use could, therefore, be as vehicles for drug delivery. This review presents the latest findings of research studies using carbon nanomaterials in the treatment of various types of cancer. To carry out this study, different databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar were employed. The findings of research studies chosen from more than 2000 viewed scientific publications from the last 15 years were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Hosnedlova
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kepinska
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Carlos Fernandez
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, AB107GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Qiuming Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Halina Milnerowicz
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
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Souza JLSD, Guimarães VBDS, Campos AD, Lund RG. Antimicrobial potential of pyroligneous extracts - a systematic review and technological prospecting. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49 Suppl 1:128-139. [PMID: 30150086 PMCID: PMC6328853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroligneous extract is applied in diverse areas as an antioxidant, an antimicrobial, and an anti-inflammatory agent. The discovery of new cost-effective antimicrobial agents of natural origin remains a challenge for the scientific community. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and a technological forecasting of the existent evidence regarding the use of pyroligneous extract as a potential antimicrobial agent. Studies were identified through an investigation of various electronic databases: PubMed, SciFinder, Web of Science, Scopus, Scielo, Google scholar, and ProQuest. Patents were searched through INPI, Google patents, Espacenet, Patents online, USPTO, and WIPO. The literature on antimicrobial activity of pyroligneous extract are limited given the short duration of studies and variability in study design, use of pyroligneous preparations, and reports on results. However, evidence suggests the potential of pyroligneous extract as a natural antimicrobial agent. The most studied activity was the role of PE as a food preservative. However, pyroligneous extracts are also effective against pathogenic bacteria in the oral microflora and treatment of candidal infections. Further research is needed using standardized preparations of pyroligneous extracts to determine their long-term effectiveness and ability as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Burmann da Silva Guimarães
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Pelotas, Laboratório de Microbiologia Oral, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Diniz Campos
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Clima Temperado (CPACT), Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, , Monte Bonito, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Guerra Lund
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Pelotas, Laboratório de Microbiologia Oral, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Symptomatic therapy is an intervention centered entirely on symptom management and pain relief. The utilization of charcoal in diarrhea management is a pertinent example of this type of medical care. Diarrhea is an ailment defined as an escalation in the frequency of bowel movements, unformed stool, abdominal discomfort, and pain. These symptoms can be extremely debilitating for patients, and effectuate frustration as well as severely dampening mood and overall well-being. This narrative review aims to explore the use of charcoal in diarrhea management and its possible benefits in alleviating discomfort associated with these symptoms. METHODS The authors used PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar searches on recent literature available on the role of activated charcoal in diarrhea management. RESULTS It was found that the main precursors of diarrhea include drugs and bacterial infection. Activated charcoal has a firm history in its ability to attract and expel ingested toxins from the gastrointestinal tract. It acts to prevent system absorption of these adverse entities, adsorbing them on the surface of its particles, making it a suitable diarrheal treatment. CONCLUSIONS Diarrhea can present itself alongside a multitude of treatments and conditions, such as chemotherapy, primary malignancy, intestinal, colorectal and pancreatic cancer, bacterial infection, and irritable bowel syndrome, making activated charcoal a potential therapy in these conditions. In comparison, with other common anti-diarrheal treatments, activated charcoal has exceptionally few side-effects. Overall, further research is necessary in order to wholly determine the effectiveness of charcoal in the management of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Senderovich
- a Baycrest Health Sciences, Department of Family and Community Medicine , Toronto , ON , Canada
- b Assistant Professor of the University of Toronto
- c Department of Family and Community Medicine
- d Division of Palliative Care , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Megan J Vierhout
- a Baycrest Health Sciences, Department of Family and Community Medicine , Toronto , ON , Canada
- e McMaster University, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences , Hamilton , ON , Canada
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Joachim A, Altreuther G, Bangoura B, Charles S, Daugschies A, Hinney B, Lindsay DS, Mundt HC, Ocak M, Sotiraki S. W A A V P guideline for evaluating the efficacy of anticoccidials in mammals (pigs, dogs, cattle, sheep). Vet Parasitol 2018; 253:102-119. [PMID: 29604993 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This guideline is intended as an aid in the design, implementation and interpretation of studies for the assessment of drug efficacy against Eimeria in cattle and sheep, Cystoisospora in pigs and dogs, and Cryptosporidium in cattle. It deals with the most important aspects of how to conduct both experimental and field studies for dose determination, dose confirmation and assessment of field effectiveness. Also, guidance on the selection of animals, diagnostic techniques, statistical evaluation and methods for the preparation, maintenance and use of parasites is provided. The specific management conditions that may influence the course of natural infections and consequently determine treatment schemes are mentioned and suggestions for best practice in sampling and evaluation of data prior to conducting of efficacy studies are given. The guideline is also intended to assist investigators in carrying out specific studies, provide relevant information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, assist in the approval of anticoccidial drugs in the target species, and facilitate the world-wide adoption of standard procedures. Although currently not implemented, issues of drug resistance testing and alternative methods for drug testing are also discussed as future issues in drug testing against mammalian coccidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Berit Bangoura
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY 82070, USA.
| | - Sam Charles
- Bayer HealthCare, Animal Health, Shawnee, KS 66216, USA.
| | - Arwid Daugschies
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Barbara Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - David S Lindsay
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 1410 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | | | - Marion Ocak
- MD Research, An der Isar 10a, 82049 Pullach i. Isartal, Germany.
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, NAGREF Campus, PO Box 60272, 57001 Thermi, Greece.
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de Souza Araújo E, Pimenta AS, Feijó FMC, Castro RVO, Fasciotti M, Monteiro TVC, de Lima KMG. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of pyroligneous acid from wood of Eucalyptus urograndis and Mimosa tenuiflora. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:85-96. [PMID: 29095556 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This work aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of two types of pyroligneous acid (PA) obtained from slow pyrolysis of wood of Mimosa tenuiflora and of a hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis. METHODS AND RESULTS Wood wedges were carbonized on a heating rate of 1·25°C min-1 until 450°C. Pyrolysis smoke was trapped and condensed to yield liquid products. Crude pyrolysis liquids were bidistilled under 5 mmHg vacuum yielding purified PA. Multi-antibiotic-resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) had their sensitivity to PA evaluated using agar diffusion test. Two yeasts were evaluated as well, Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Cryptococcus neoformans. GC-MS analysis of both PAs was carried out to obtain their chemical composition. Regression analysis was performed, and models were adjusted, with diameter of inhibition halos and PA concentration (100, 50 and 20%) as parameters. Identity of regression models and equality of parameters in polynomial orthogonal equations were verified. Inhibition halos were observed in the range 15-25 mm of diameter. CONCLUSIONS All micro-organisms were inhibited by both types of PA even in the lowest concentration of 20%. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The feasibility of the usage of PAs produced with wood species planted in large scale in Brazil was evident and the real potential as a basis to produce natural antibacterial and antifungal agents, with real possibility to be used in veterinary and zootechnical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E de Souza Araújo
- Agricultural Sciences Academic Unit, Forest Sciences Graduate Program - PPGCFL, Forest, Bioenergy and Environment Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Natal, Brazil
| | - A S Pimenta
- Agricultural Sciences Academic Unit, Forest Sciences Graduate Program - PPGCFL, Forest, Bioenergy and Environment Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Natal, Brazil
| | - F M C Feijó
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of Semiarid - UFERSA, Natal, Brazil
| | - R V O Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Sete Lagoas Campus, Federal University of São João del Rei - UFSJ, Sete Lagoas, Brazil
| | - M Fasciotti
- Division of Chemical Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T V C Monteiro
- Division of Chemical Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - K M G de Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemistry Graduate Program, Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Moore
- Nimrod Veterinary Products, 25a High Street, Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire GL56 0AF
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22
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Calvelo Pereira R, Muetzel S, Camps Arbestain M, Bishop P, Hina K, Hedley M. Assessment of the influence of biochar on rumen and silage fermentation: A laboratory-scale experiment. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Tu X, Ma Y, Cao Y, Huang J, Zhang M, Zhang Z. PEGylated carbon nanoparticles for efficient in vitro photothermal cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:2184-2192. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21750g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PEGylated carbon nanoparticles possess strong heat-producing ability and exhibit great potential in photothermal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Tu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanobiomedicine
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yufei Ma
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanobiomedicine
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yuhua Cao
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanobiomedicine
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jie Huang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanobiomedicine
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Mengxin Zhang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanobiomedicine
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanobiomedicine
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Al-Mathal EM, Alsalem AA. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel is effective in a murine model of experimental Cryptosporidium parvum ultrastructural studies of the ileum. Exp Parasitol 2013; 134:482-94. [PMID: 23684569 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The current treatments for cryptosporidiosis are ineffective, and there is an urgent need to search for more effective and safer alternatives. One such alternative may be treatments derived from natural resources. The pomegranate peel has been used effectively in traditional medicine to cure diarrhea and dysentery. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel suspension as a treatment for Cryptosporidium parvum infection. In this study, the effects of this treatment on the ultrastructure of both the intestinal epithelial layer of infected nursling mice and the parasite were observed with a transmission electron microscope. The histological study focused on the examination of the microvilli, columnar epithelium, goblet cells, lamina propria, and crypts of Lieberkuhn. Examination of the ileums of infected mice that received the pomegranate peel suspension demonstrated that the general structure of the ileal tissue of these mice was similar to that of the control group. In the infected mice treated with the suspension, but not the infected/untreated mice, there was an improvement in all ultrastructure aspects at 28days post-inoculation. The study of the ultrastructure of the parasite (C. parvum) in mice treated with the suspension showed that there was decomposition in the parasite to the extent that in some cases we were unable to identify the stage of the parasite due to the severe degeneration. Significant decomposition of the nutrition organ was also observed. Additionally, microgamonte and macrogamonte were not observed in the suspension-treated group, explaining the disappearance of the sexual phases of the parasite in the lumens of this group. In all, this examination demonstrated the restoration of the normal structures of villi and the disappearance of acute symptoms in the suspension-treated mice and showed that the suspension directly affected the parasite at various stages of its development and led to its decomposition and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtisam M Al-Mathal
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Dammam, Dammam 31311, Saudi Arabia.
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Chu M, Peng J, Zhao J, Liang S, Shao Y, Wu Q. Laser light triggered-activated carbon nanosystem for cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2013; 34:1820-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Shahiduzzaman M, Daugschies A. Therapy and prevention of cryptosporidiosis in animals. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:203-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Chu GM, Jung CK, Kim HY, Ha JH, Kim JH, Jung MS, Lee SJ, Song Y, Ibrahim RIH, Cho JH, Lee SS, Song YM. Effects of bamboo charcoal and bamboo vinegar as antibiotic alternatives on growth performance, immune responses and fecal microflora population in fattening pigs. Anim Sci J 2012; 84:113-20. [PMID: 23384352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2012.01045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of bamboo charcoal and bamboo vinegar as alternatives of antibiotics in the diet of fattening pigs and their influence on growth performance, immune responses and fecal microflora populations. Crossed pigs (n = 144, 79 kg body weight) were divided into 12 heads per pen, four diets and three replications. The basal diet (negative control: NC) was supplemented with 0.3% antibiotics (positive control: PC), 0.3% bamboo charcoal (BC) and 0.3% bamboo vinegar (BV). Average daily weight gain and feed efficiency were higher (P < 0.05) in PC, BC and BV. The concentration of lactate dehydrogenase and cortisol were lower (P < 0.05), but the concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA were higher (P < 0.05) in PC, BC and BV. Counts of coliform bacteria and Salmonella spp. were lower (P < 0.05), while the counts of fecal anaerobic total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were higher (P < 0.05) in PC, BC and BV. A reasonable inclusion of bamboo charcoal or bamboo vinegar as antibiotics in the diet of fattening pigs leads to a better growth performance, immune responses and fecal microflora populations. The results of the present study suggest that bamboo charcoal or bamboo vinegar could be a potential additives in animal production as an alternative to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyo Moon Chu
- Swine Science & Technology Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Korea
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Al-Mathal EM, Alsalem AM. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel is effective in a murine model of experimental Cryptosporidium parvum. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:350-7. [PMID: 22580265 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis, a major health issue for neonatal calves, is caused by the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum, which is highly resistant to drug treatments. To date, many anti-parasitic drugs have been tested, but only a few have been shown to be partially effective in treating cryptosporidiosis. Previous studies have indicated that pomegranate (Punica granatum) possesses anti-plasmodium, anti-cestode, and anti-nematode activities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of P. granatum peel on suckling mice infected with experimental C. parvum. At 4days of age, 72 neonatal albino mice were randomly divided into five groups: G1: healthy controls, G2: infected/untreated controls, G3: uninfected/distilled water-treated, G4: uninfected/P. granatum peel-treated, and G5: infected/P. granatum peel-treated. Mice were experimentally-infected by oral administration of 1×10(3)C. parvum oocysts per animal. On day 7 post-inoculation (pi), treated mice received an aqueous suspension of P. granatum peel orally (3g/kg body weight). The presence of diarrhea, oocyst shedding, and weight gain/loss, and the histopathology of ileal sections were examined. Infected mice treated with the P. granatum peel suspension showed improvement in all parameters examined. Additionally, these mice did not exhibit any clinical symptoms and no deaths occurred. Oocyst shedding was very significantly reduced in the P. granatum-treated mice by day 14 pi (P<.05), and was completely eliminated by day 28 pi. The mean weight gain of the P. granatum-treated mice was significantly higher than that of the infected/untreated controls throughout the study (P<.01). Histopathological analysis of ileal sections further supported the clinical and parasitological findings. The histological architecture of villi from the P. granatum-treated mice on day 14 pi showed visible improvement in comparison with the infected/untreated controls, including renewed brush borders, reduced numbers of C. parvum trophozoites, and reduced lymphatic infiltration. On day 28 pi, tissues of the P. granatum-treated mice were very similar to those of healthy control mice. These results suggest that P. granatum peel is a promising anti-coccidial therapeutic treatment that lacks negative side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtisam M Al-Mathal
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
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Effect of bamboo vinegar as an antibiotic alternative on growth performance and fecal bacterial communities of weaned piglets. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is an infection caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Cryptosporidium which is responsible for a potentially severe disease in new-born ruminants. This infection is highly prevalent in small ruminants throughout the world, especially in pre-weaned animals. The clinical expression is different between goat kids and lambs, the infection being generally more severe in the former. Molecular data demonstrate geographical variations in the species of Cryptosporidium infecting small ruminants. They also support the possibility of transmission of zoonotic species from these hosts to humans. Studies are still needed on molecular epidemiology, especially in goats, and on ways to control infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Paraud
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Niort, 60 rue de Pied de Fond, 79012 Niort, France
| | - C Chartier
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Niort, 60 rue de Pied de Fond, 79012 Niort, France
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31
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Control of cryptosporidiosis in neonatal goat kids: Efficacy of a product containing activated charcoal and wood vinegar liquid (Obionekk®) in field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2011; 180:354-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Paraud C, Pors I, Chartier C. Evaluation of oral tilmicosin efficacy against severe cryptosporidiosis in neonatal kids under field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2010; 170:149-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Infectious diarrhea in calves is most commonly associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, rotavirus, coronavirus, or some combination of these pathogens. Each of these agents leads to diarrhea through either secretion or malabsorption/maldigestion, though the specific mechanisms and pathways may differ. Specific pharmacologic control and treatment are dependent on gaining a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Foster
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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