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Corea E, Castro-Montoya J, Mendoza M, López F, Martinez A, Alvarado M, Moreno C, Broderick G, Dickhoefer U. Effect of forage source and dietary rumen-undegradable protein on nutrient use and growth in dairy heifers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Erickson PS, Anderson JL, Kalscheur KF, Lascano GJ, Akins MS, Heinrichs AJ. Symposium review: Strategies to improve the efficiency and profitability of heifer raising. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5700-5708. [PMID: 32147255 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Regional Research Project NC-2042 has a main objective to study calf and heifer nutrition. Within this objective, feeding the postweaned heifer is considered a major priority to improve the profitability and sustainability of US dairy farms. Through optimizing nutrient utilization by precision feeding, using alternative feeds, high-fiber diets, and feed additives, this research group has worked to enhance dairy heifer nutrition. Research has focused on precision feeding heifers and incorporating high- and low-fiber diets into this system of feeding. This is accomplished by meeting the nutrient needs of the heifer for a desired rate of growth while enhancing total-tract nutrient digestibility, reducing waste and improving profitability. High-fiber forages have been studied as a means of controlling ad libitum dry matter intakes and thus weight gain in heifers. These results provide producers with a means of feeding heifers while reducing costs. Similarly, utilizing alternative feedstuffs in heifer diets has also been a major research area for this group including comprehensive research on distillers co-products, and new protein sources such as camelina and carinata meals. Results indicated that these products can be satisfactorily incorporated into heifer diets. Studying feed additives has also been a function of the research group. Research with Ascophyllum nodosum and cinnamaldehyde indicated that calves find these additives unpalatable and that supplementing cinnamaldehyde to postweaned heifers showed no benefit. However, sodium butyrate and yeast supplementation proved to be beneficial in the growth and feed efficiency of heifers. Research from this group has an effect on heifer feeding, resulting in new information that can aid in the sustainability of dairy farms. This review will focus on the area of postweaned heifer nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Erickson
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824.
| | - J L Anderson
- Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
| | - K F Kalscheur
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI 53706
| | - G J Lascano
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - M S Akins
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Marshfield 54449
| | - A J Heinrichs
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Ribeiro Júnior CS, Messana JD, Granja-Salcedo YT, Canesin RC, Fiorentini G, San Vito E, Furlan LR, Reis RA, Berchielli TT. Parameters of fermentation and rumen microbiota of Nellore steers fed with different proportions of concentrate in fresh sugarcane containing diets. Arch Anim Nutr 2016; 70:402-15. [PMID: 27415825 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2016.1206737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a fresh sugarcane-based diet and different roughage-to-concentrate ratios (70:30, 60:40, 40:60 and 20:80) on the rumen microbiota associated with rumen fermentation parameters and the intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients in Nellore steers. Eight rumen-cannulated Nellore steers (331 ± 8 kg BW) were distributed in a double 4 × 4 Latin square design balanced for the control of the residual effect. The ruminal pH decreased (p < 0.01) and the concentrations of N-NH3, isovaleric and valeric acids increased linearly (p < 0.05) with an increase dietary concentrate level. Furthermore, an increased concentrate proportion reduced the population of Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococus flavefaciens (p < 0.01) and increased the population of Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii (p < 0.01). The protozoa count revealed a predominance of the genus Entodinium. The synthesis of microbial N [g/d] and the efficiency of microbial synthesis [g of microbial N/kg of organic matter apparently digested in the rumen] increased as the proportion of concentrate was increased (p < 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that an increasing proportion of concentrate in sugarcane-containing diets enhances the synthesis of microbial protein and does not alter the fibre digestibility, although the population of fibre fermenting bacteria was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Ribeiro Júnior
- a Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia , Universidad Estadual Paulista , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Juliana D Messana
- a Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia , Universidad Estadual Paulista , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Yury T Granja-Salcedo
- a Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia , Universidad Estadual Paulista , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Roberta C Canesin
- b Centro de Pesquisas em Pecuária de Corte , Instituto de Zootecnia , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Giovani Fiorentini
- a Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia , Universidad Estadual Paulista , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Elias San Vito
- a Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia , Universidad Estadual Paulista , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Luiz R Furlan
- a Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia , Universidad Estadual Paulista , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Reis
- a Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia , Universidad Estadual Paulista , São Paulo , Brazil.,c Departamento de Zootecnia , Membro INCT/CA - UFV , Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Telma T Berchielli
- a Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia , Universidad Estadual Paulista , São Paulo , Brazil.,c Departamento de Zootecnia , Membro INCT/CA - UFV , Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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Pfeffer E, Schuba J, Südekum KH. Nitrogen supply in cattle coupled with appropriate supply of utilisable crude protein at the duodenum, a precursor to metabolisable protein. Arch Anim Nutr 2016; 70:293-306. [PMID: 27216556 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2016.1182304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The overall objective of this study was to calculate the amount of nitrogen (N) that cattle feed must contain in order to utilise the potential supply of utilisable crude protein at the duodenum provided by their energy intake without incurring a negative N balance, that is, without having to break down body protein. For this purpose, the literature was screened for measurements of net degradation and renal excretion of urea as well as N balances (N intake, faecal N and urinary N) in ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) fed diets with varying N concentrations. Irreversible loss of N from the body urea pool increased with increasing N intake, but net degradation of urea as a proportion of irreversible loss decreased concurrently. Faecal N appeared not to be influenced by N intake and exceeded 11 g/kg dry matter intake (DMI) only in 7% of the data sets available. Urinary non-urea-N rarely exceeded 4 g/kg DMI and appeared independent of N intake. Urinary urea-N showed a clear dependence of N intake, and it is concluded that 1 g N/kg DMI is sufficient for compensating inevitable N losses in the form of urinary urea. In conclusion, ruminant rations should contain the following N concentrations (per kg DM) to account for obligatory losses: 11 g for compensating losses as faecal N, 4 g for compensating losses as urinary non-urea-N and 1 g for compensating inevitable losses as urinary urea-N. The derived recommendations should be helpful for limiting N excretion where this is desirable for ecological reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Pfeffer
- a Institute of Animal Science , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Jan Schuba
- b Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Science , University of Halle , Halle , Germany
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Estrada-Angulo A, López-Soto MA, Rivera-Méndez CR, Castro BI, Ríos FG, Dávila-Ramos H, Barreras A, Urías-Estrada JD, Zinn RA, Plascencia A. Effects of Combining Feed Grade Urea and a Slow-release Urea Product on Performance, Dietary Energetics and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Lambs Fed Finishing Diets with Different Starch to Acid Detergent Fiber Ratios. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:1725-1733. [PMID: 27221248 PMCID: PMC5088420 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings have shown that microbial nitrogen flow and digestible energy of diets are increased when urea is combined with a slow-release urea (SRU) in diets with a starch to acid detergent fibre ratio (S:F) 4:1. This affect is attributable to enhanced synchrony between ruminal N availability for microbial growth and carbohydrate degradation. To verify the magnitude of this effects on lamb performance, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of combining urea and a SRU in diets containing S:F ratios of 3:1, 4:1, or 5:1 on performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs. For that, 40 Pelibuey×Katahdin lambs (36.65±3 kg) were assigned to one of five weight groupings in 20 pens (5 repetition/treatments). The S:F ratio in the diet was manipulated by partially replacing the corn grain and dried distiller’s grain with solubles by forage (wheat straw) and soybean meal to reach S:F ratios of 3:1, 4:1 or 5:1. An additional treatment of 4:1 S:F ratio with 0.8% urea as the sole source of non-protein nitrogen was used as a reference for comparing the effect of urea combination vs. conventional urea at the same S:F ratio. There were no treatment effects on dry matter intake (DMI). Compared the urea combination vs urea at the same S:F ratio, urea combination increased (p<0.01) average daily gain (ADG, 18.3%), gain for feed (G:F, 9.5%), and apparent energy retention per unit DMI (8.2%). Irrespective of the S:F ratio, the urea combination improved the observed-to-expected dietary ratio and apparent retention per unit DMI was maximal (quadratic effect, p≤0.03) at an S:F ratio of 4:1, while the conventional urea treatment did not modify the observed-to-expected net energy ratio nor the apparent retention per unit DMI at 4:1 S:F ratio. Urea combination group tended (3.8%, p = 0.08) to have heavier carcasses with no effects on the rest of carcass characteristics. As S:F ratio increased, ADG, G:F, dietary net energy, carcass weight, dressing percentage and longissimus thoracis (LM) area increased linearly (p≤0.02). Combining urea and a slow-release urea product results in positive effects on growth performance and dietary energetics, but the best responses are apparently observed when there is a certain proportion (S:F ratio = 4:1) of starch to acid detergent fibre in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Estrada-Angulo
- Veterinary and Animal Science School, University Autonomous of Sinaloa, Culiacán 1084, Sinaloa, México
| | - M A López-Soto
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| | - C R Rivera-Méndez
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| | - B I Castro
- Veterinary and Animal Science School, University Autonomous of Sinaloa, Culiacán 1084, Sinaloa, México
| | - F G Ríos
- Veterinary and Animal Science School, University Autonomous of Sinaloa, Culiacán 1084, Sinaloa, México
| | - H Dávila-Ramos
- Veterinary and Animal Science School, University Autonomous of Sinaloa, Culiacán 1084, Sinaloa, México
| | - A Barreras
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| | - J D Urías-Estrada
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| | - R A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - A Plascencia
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
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Lascano G, Heinrichs A, Tricarico J. Substitution of starch by soluble fiber and Saccharomyces cerevisiae dose response on nutrient digestion and blood metabolites for precision-fed dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3298-309. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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