ADSA Foundation Scholar Award: Influencing hepatic metabolism: Can nutrient partitioning be modulated to optimize metabolic health in the transition dairy cow?

Temporal patterns of liver and adipose lipase abundance across the periparturient period in multiparous Holstein dairy cows

Lipases such as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) exist in multiple tissue types. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, PNPLA3 was not altered during the periparturient period. Conversely, strong associations between liver PNPLA3 and liver triglyceride content peripartum were identified and confirmed to be causative using knockdown approaches in a primary bovine hepatocyte model. The objective of this research was to characterize adipose and hepatic lipase abundance, as well as abundance of hepatic transcription factors (TF) involved in adipose and liver tissue lipolysis to determine potential impact on bovine fatty liver development and recovery. Adipose and liver tissue biopsy samples were collected from -28 to +56 d relative to calving (DRTC) from multiparous Holstein dairy cows randomly assigned to either a control (CTL) or ketosis induction protocol (KIP) diet. Clinical ketosis (blood BHB ≥ 3.0 mM) was used as a cowside indicator of successful induction and was achieved in CTL (n = 2) and KIP (n = 12) cows. Both adipose and liver abhydrolase domain-containing protein 5 and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) differed across DRTC, as did liver perilipin 1. Hepatic mature and immature carbohydrate response element binding protein, and sterol regulatory binding protein 1c, varied or tended to vary across DRTC × treatment. Neither adipose nor liver hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) were responsive to treatment or varied across DRTC, but adipose HSL was positively associated with nonesterified fatty acids at +1 DRTC. Adipose and liver ATGL was associated with liver triglycerides across all DRTC. Patterns of adipose HSL and ATGL abundance did not explain the increase in nonesterified fatty acids observed at +1 DRTC in this study. Future investigation of lipase abundance in other adipose tissue depots is still needed to better explain regulation during this time. Bovine fatty liver development and recovery appears to be contingent upon liver PNPLA3 abundance, rather than liver ATGL.

Hepatic Transcriptome Reveals Potential Key Genes Contributing to Differential Milk Production

BACKGROUND

Despite the widespread adoption of TMR or PMR and the formulas designed to sufficiently cover the cows' requirements, individual dairy cows' milk production varies significantly. The liver is one of the most important organs in cow lactation metabolism and plays an essential role in the initiation of lactation.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the potential key genes in the liver contributing to the different milk production.

METHODS

We enrolled 64 cows and assigned them to high or low milk yield (MY) groups according to their first 3 weeks of milk production. We performed RNAseq for 35 liver samples with 18 from prepartum and 17 from postpartum cows.

RESULTS

The continuous milk yield observation showed a persistently higher milk yield in high MY cows than low MY cows in the first 3 weeks. High MY cows showed better feed conversion efficiency. We identified 795 differentially expressed genes (DGEs) in the liver of high MY cows compared with low MY cows, with up-regulated genes linked to morphogenesis and development pathways. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed four gene modules positively correlating with milk yield, and protein and lactose yield (p < 0.05). Using the intersected genes between the four gene modules and DEGs, we constructed the linear mixed-effects models and identified six hub genes positively associated and two hub genes negatively associated with milk yield (Coefficients > 0.25, p < 0.05). Random forest machine learning model training based on these eight hub genes could efficiently predict the milk yield (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.946). Interestingly, the expression patterns of these eight hub genes remained remarkably similar before and after parturition.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study indicated the critical role of liver in milk production. Activated processes involved in morphogenesis and development in liver may contribute to the higher milk production. Eight hub genes identified in this study may provide genetic research materials for dairy cow breeding.

Index Development to Comprehensive Assess Liver Function during the Dairy Cows' Transition Period in Low-Tropic Conditions

The aim of this work was to develop a liver tissue function index during the transition period of dairy cows managed in low-tropic conditions. In two farms, twenty crossbred and synthetic native cows during the peripartum period were selected, and blood samples were taken on days -30 and -15 prepartum, the calving day, and 7, 20, 35, 50, 65, 80 and 105 days postpartum for serum metabolic tests. On each measurement day, body condition scores (BCS) and parameters on nitrogen metabolism (total protein-TP, albumin-ALB, globulin-GLOB, urea), adipose tissue metabolism (cholesterol-COL, non-esterified fatty acids-NEFA) and two transaminases (alanine aminotransferase-ALT and aspartate aminotransferase-AST) were evaluated. Data analysis included the Spearman correlation, principal components, multiple linear regression and cluster analysis. Results showed that regarding the days after calving and BCS, a liver tissue function index can be constructed using the TP, urea, COL, ALT and NEFA. The estimated index generated three groupings, both by days after calving and BCS. In the former, the index discriminated the metabolic behavior in the prepartum, parturition and postpartum periods, while in the latter, the index discriminated between extreme (2.25, 2.50 and 4.25), slightly low (2.75 and 3.0) and slightly high (3.25 to 4) conditions. The results allow us to conclude that it is feasible to construct mathematical function indexes for liver function to monitor metabolic changes during highly demanding productive phases in dairy cows under tropical conditions.

Validation of an on-farm portable blood analyzer for quantifying blood analytes in dairy cows

The periparturient period for dairy cows is a metabolically dynamic time period where the cow is adjusting from gestation to the onset of lactation. Metabolic disorders such as ketosis, hypocalcemia, and fatty liver occur during this time; however, tools to diagnose these diseases on-farm is limited. The need for compact metabolite quantification devices that can quantify metabolites on farm from whole blood samples is warranted. The purpose of this study was to validate a portable blood analyzer (PBA) by analyzing metabolites on privately owned dairy farms in southcentral Wisconsin. Additional tests were completed to determine if plasma metabolite quantification was similar to whole-blood quantification. Two phases were conducted on two separate farms to complete these analyses and data were analyzed by Bland-Altman plot and correlations. Metabolites quantified from whole blood samples included albumin, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, β-hydroxybutyrate, blood urea nitrogen, total calcium, cholesterol, creatinine kinase, γ-glutamyl transferase, glucose, magnesium, nonesterified fatty acids, phosphorous, and total protein and were analyzed in the lab after plasma separation to determine gold-standard laboratory concentrations. Across Phase 1 and 2, whole-blood PBA metabolite concentrations resulted in similar results compared to the laboratory assays. For plasma analyzed on the PBA, overall results were positively correlated, but robustness was dependent upon initial validation results indicating some metabolites are suitable for plasma quantification on the device. These results indicate that the PBA is a viable on-farm metabolite quantification tool that will be valuable for on-farm diagnosis of metabolic stress and dysfunction in transition dairy cows.

Severe body condition loss lowers hepatic output of IGF1 with adverse effects on the dominant follicle in dairy cows

The severe loss of body condition score (BCS) during the early lactation period has been associated with infertility in cows. However, the mechanisms are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of BCS loss on liver health, and ovarian functions in cows during early lactation. Retrospectively multiparous cows from two farms were categorized based on units of BCS (1-5 scale) loss as Moderate (MOD, <0.75 units; n = 11) or Severe (SEV, ≥0.75 units; n = 9) loss groups. From Weeks -3 to 7, relative to calving, MOD and SEV cows lost on average 0.4 and 1.0-unit BCS, respectively. All data except hepatic transcriptomes were analyzed with PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. The plasma concentration of non-esterified fatty acids at Week 0 and 1, ß-hydroxy butyrate at Week 1, and γ-glutamyl transferase at Weeks 1 and 7 relative to calving were higher in SEV cows. Hepatic transcriptome analysis showed that 1 186 genes were differentially expressed in SEV (n = 3) compared to MOD (n = 3) cows at Week 7 after calving. Pathway analysis revealed that significant DEGs in SEV cows enriched in lipid metabolisms including, lipid metabolic process, ether lipid metabolism, fatty acid beta-oxidation, fatty acid biosynthetic process, fatty acid metabolic process, fat digestion and absorption, linoleic acid metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism. The impaired liver function in SEV cows was associated with 1.5-fold reduction of hepatic IGF1 gene expression and lower serum IGF1 concentrations. At the ovarian level, SEV cows had lower IGF1 concentration in the follicular fluid of the dominant follicle of the synchronized follicular wave compared to that of MOD cows at 7 weeks after calving. Further, the follicular fluid concentration of estradiol-17β was lower in SEV cows along with lower transcript abundance of genes from granulosa cells associated with dominant follicle competence, including CYP19A1, NR5A2, IGF1, and LHCGR. These data show that SEV loss of BCS during early lactation leading up to the planned start of breeding is associated with liver dysfunction, including lower IGF1 secretion, and impaired function of the dominant follicle in the ovary.

Appearance of choline metabolites in plasma and milk when choline is infused into the abomasum with or without methionine

Four lactating, ruminally cannulated Jersey cows, (mean ± standard deviation) 264 ± 54.2 d in milk and 484 ± 24.1 kg of body weight, were arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to measure the effects of abomasal infusion of choline chloride with or without dl-Met on milk and plasma choline metabolites and plasma AA in cows fed a Met-deficient diet. Cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental treatments: (1) control; no supplemental Met or choline (CON), (2) 13 g/d of choline ion delivered via abomasal infusion (CHO), (3) 13 g/d of Met delivered via abomasal infusion (MET), and (4) 13 g/d of choline and 13 g/d of Met delivered via abomasal infusion (CHO + MET). Cows received the same basal diet throughout the experiment, which was formulated to be deficient in Met (-5.0 g of Met using the NASEM, 2021, model). Periods were 7 d in length with d 1 to 2 serving as a wash-out period and cows being infused on d 3 to 7. Milk samples were collected twice daily on d 5 to 7 and were analyzed for fat, true protein, lactose, and choline metabolites including betaine, phosphocholine, and free choline using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Blood samples were collected via venipuncture of the coccygeal vein at 1100, 1300, and 1500 h on d 7 of each period and were analyzed for free AA as well as choline metabolites. Plasma Met increased in response to Met infusion and an interaction with choline and Met infusion was observed in the plasma concentration of branched-chain AA. Cows receiving choline exhibited the greatest Cho yield in milk. Milk phosphocholine yield tended to be highest when both choline and Met were infused.

Rumen microbial-driven metabolite from grazing lambs potentially regulates body fatty acid metabolism by lipid-related genes in liver

BACKGROUND

Lipid metabolism differs significantly between grazing and stall-feeding lambs, affecting the quality of livestock products. As two critical organs of lipid metabolism, the differences between feeding patterns on rumen and liver metabolism remain unclear. In this study, 16S rRNA, metagenomics, transcriptomics, and untargeted metabolomics were utilized to investigate the key rumen microorganisms and metabolites, as well as liver genes and metabolites associated with fatty acid metabolism under indoor feeding (F) and grazing (G).

RESULTS

Compared with grazing, indoor feeding increased ruminal propionate content. Using metagenome sequencing in combination with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, the results showed that the abundance of propionate-producing Succiniclasticum and hydrogenating bacteria Tenericutes was enriched in the F group. For rumen metabolism, grazing caused up-regulation of EPA, DHA and oleic acid and down-regulation of decanoic acid, as well as, screening for 2-ketobutyric acid as a vital differential metabolite, which was enriched in the propionate metabolism pathway. In the liver, indoor feeding increased 3-hydroxypropanoate and citric acid content, causing changes in propionate metabolism and citrate cycle, while decreasing the ETA content. Then, the liver transcriptome revealed that 11 lipid-related genes were differentially expressed in the two feeding patterns. Correlation analysis showed that the expression of CYP4A6, FADS1, FADS2, ALDH6A1 and CYP2C23 was significantly associated with the propionate metabolism process, suggesting that propionate metabolism may be an important factor mediating the hepatic lipid metabolism. Besides, the unsaturated fatty acids in muscle, rumen and liver also had a close correlation.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, our data demonstrated that rumen microbial-driven metabolite from grazing lambs potentially regulates multiple hepatic lipid-related genes, ultimately affecting body fatty acid metabolism.

Medium chain fatty acid supplementation improves animal metabolic and immune status during the transition period: A study on dairy cattle

The transition period is the stage of the high incidence of metabolic and infectious diseases in dairy cows. Improving transition dairy cows' health is crucial for the industry. This study aimed to determine the effects of dietary supplementation medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) on immune function, metabolic status, performance of transition dairy cows. Twenty multiparous Holstein cows randomly assigned to two treatments at 35 d before calving. 1) CON (fed the basal 2) MCFA treatment (basal diet was supplemented at an additional 20 g MCFAs mixture every day) until 70 d after calving. The results showed that the serum amyloid A myeloperoxidase concentrations in the blood of cows in MCFA treatment significantly decreased during the early lactation (from 1 d to 28 d after calving) 0.03, 0.04, respectively) compared with the CON, while the tumor necrosis factor concentration was significantly decreased at 56 d after calving (P = 0.02). In addition, the concentration of insulin in the pre-calving (from 21 d before calving to calving) blood of cows in MCFA treatment was significantly decreased (P = 0.04), and concentration of triglyceride also showed a downward trend at 28 d after calving 0.07). Meanwhile, MCFAs supplementation significantly decreased the concentrations of lithocholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, and hyocholic acid in the blood at 1 d calving (P = 0.02, < 0.01, < 0.01, respectively), and the level of hyocholic acid taurocholic acid concentrations (P < 0.01, = 0.01, respectively) decreased dramatically at 14 d after calving. However, compared with the CON, the pre-calving dry matter intake and the early lactation milk yield in MCFA treatment were significantly decreased (P = 0.05, 0.02, respectively). In conclusion, MCFAs supplementation transition diet could improve the immune function and metabolic status of dairy cows, and the health of transition cows might be beneficial from the endocrine status.

Effects of supplementation of sodium acetate on rumen fermentation and microbiota in postpartum dairy cows

The primary product of rumen fermentation is acetic acid, and its sodium salt is an excellent energy source for post-partum cows to manage negative energy balance (NEB). However, it is unknown how adding sodium acetate (NAc) may affect the rumen bacterial population of post-partum cows. Using the identical nutritional total mixed ration (TMR), this research sought to characterize the impact of NAc supplementation on rumen fermentation and the composition of bacterial communities in post-partum cows. After calving, 24 cows were randomly assigned to two groups of 12 cows each: a control group (CON) and a NAc group (ACE). All cows were fed the same basal TMR with 468 g/d NaCl added to the TMR for the CON group and 656 g/d NAc added to the TMR for the ACE group for 21 days after calving. Ruminal fluid was collected before morning feeding on the last day of the feeding period and analyzed for rumen bacterial community composition by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Under the identical TMR diet conditions, NAc supplementation did not change rumen pH but increased ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) levels and microbial crude protein (MCP) concentrations. The administration of NAc to the feed upregulated rumen concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetic, propionic, isovaleric and isobutyric acids without affecting the molar ratio of VFAs. In the two experimental groups, the Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, Patescibacteria and Proteobacteria were the dominant rumen phylum, and Prevotella was the dominant rumen genus. The administration of NAc had no significant influence on the α-diversity of the rumen bacterial community but upregulated the relative abundance of Prevotella and downregulated the relative abundance of RF39 and Clostridia_UCG_014. In conclusion, the NAc supplementation in the post-peripartum period altered rumen flora structure and thus improved rumen fermentation in dairy cows. Our findings provide a reference for the addition of sodium acetate to alleviate NEB in cows during the late perinatal period.

Prediction of Liver Triglyceride Content in Early Lactation Multiparous Holstein Cows Using Blood Metabolite, Mineral, and Protein Biomarker Concentrations

Bovine fatty liver syndrome (bFLS) is difficult to diagnose because a liver tissue biopsy is required to assess liver triglyceride (TG) content. We hypothesized that a blood biomarker panel could be a convenient alternative method of liver TG content assessment and bFLS diagnosis. Our objectives were to predict liver TG using blood biomarker concentrations across days in milk (DIM; longitudinal, LT) or at a single timepoint (ST; 3, 7, or 14 DIM), as well as different biomarker combination based on their perceived accessibility. Data from two separate experiments (n = 65 cows) was used for model training and validation. Response variables were based on the maximum liver TG observed in 1 and 14 DIM liver biopsies: Max TG (continuous), Low TG (TG > 13.3% dry matter; DM), Median TG (TG > 17.1% DM), and High TG (TG > 22.0% DM). Model performance varied but High TG was well predicted by sparse partial least squares—discriminate analysis models using LT and ST data, achieving balanced error rates ≤ 15.4% for several model variations during cross-validation. In conclusion, blood biomarker panels using 7 DIM, 14 DIM, or LT data may be a useful diagnostic tool for bFLS in research and field settings.

Differential hepatic mitochondrial function and gluconeogenic gene expression in 2 Holstein strains in a pasture-based system

The objective of this study was to assess hepatic ATP synthesis in Holstein cows of North American and New Zealand origins and the gluconeogenic pathway, one of the pathways with the highest ATP demands in the ruminant liver. Autumn-calving Holstein cows of New Zealand and North American origins were managed in a pasture-based system with supplementation of concentrate that represented approximately 33% of the predicted dry matter intake during 2017, 2018, and 2019, and hepatic biopsies were taken during mid-lactation at 174 ± 23 days in milk. Cows of both strains produced similar levels of solids-corrected milk, and no differences in body condition score were found. Plasma glucose concentrations were higher for cows of New Zealand versus North American origin. Hepatic mitochondrial function evaluated measuring oxygen consumption rates showed that mitochondrial parameters related to ATP synthesis and maximum respiratory rate were increased for cows of New Zealand compared with North American origin. However, hepatic gene expression of pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase was increased in North American compared with New Zealand cows. These results altogether suggest an increased activity of the tricarboxylic cycle in New Zealand cows, leading to increased ATP synthesis, whereas North American cows pull tricarboxylic cycle intermediates toward gluconeogenesis. The fact that this occurs during mid-lactation could account for the increased persistency of North American cows, especially in a pasture-based system. In addition, we observed an augmented mitochondrial density in New Zealand cows, which could be related to feed efficiency mechanisms. In sum, our results contribute to the elucidation of hepatic molecular mechanisms in dairy cows in production systems with higher inclusion of pastures.

Metabolic Responses to Epinephrine by Periparturient Dairy Cows Fed Prepartum Diets Differing in Predicted Metabolizable Protein Supply

We determined the effects of prepartum dietary metabolizable protein (MP) supply on lipolytic and glucose response to epinephrine stimulus during the periparturient period. Twelve non-lactating cows in second or greater pregnancies were assigned to a low MP (LMP) diet formulated to provide ~900 g/day MP or a high MP (HMP) diet to provide ~1,100 g/day MP. Cows received prepartum diets from 28 days before expected parturition to day of parturition and then received a common lactation diet until 35 days postpartum. Blood was sampled weekly to day −7, daily to day 7, and weekly through day 35 relative to parturition for analysis of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), 3-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), urea N, and total protein concentrations. Epinephrine challenges were conducted on day −10 before expected parturition and days 7 and 14 postpartum. Epinephrine [1.4 μg/kg body weight (BW)] was administered via jugular vein and blood was collected from the opposite jugular vein from −45 min to +120 min relative to epinephrine administration. Plasma was analyzed for glucose and NEFA concentrations. Prepartum dry matter intake (DMI) (14.7 and 12.6 ± 1.5 kg/day for LMP and HMP, respectively), postpartum DMI (21.4 and 19.4 ± 1.3 kg/day for LMP and HMP, respectively), and 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) (37.0 and 36.8 ± 1.5 kg/day for LMP and HMP, respectively) did not differ significantly between diets. Cows fed HMP had higher plasma concentrations of urea N prepartum than cows fed LMP (14.0 vs. 7.9 ± 0.8 mg/dl). Cows fed HMP tended to have greater prepartum concentrations of total protein in plasma than those fed LMP (7.5 vs. 7.0 ± 0.2 g/dl). The area under the curve (AUC) for NEFA response to epinephrine did not differ between diets, but differed by day relative to parturition [8,284, 29,018, and 18,219 ± 2,302 min × (μeq/l) for days −10, 7, and 14, respectively]. Maximal response of NEFA concentration to epinephrine was greater for HMP than for LMP (744 vs. 438 ± 72 μeq/l). The glucose AUC did not differ between diets or among days. Lipolytic response, but not glucose response, to epinephrine was enhanced during the early postpartum period relative to the late dry period. However, those responses were not affected by prepartum MP supply.

Responsiveness of PNPLA3 and lipid-related transcription factors is dependent upon fatty acid profile in primary bovine hepatocytes

Knockdown of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) increased triglycerides (TG) in primary bovine hepatocytes, suggesting that PNPLA3 plays a causal role in hepatic TG clearing. In vivo, PNPLA3 abundance across the periparturient period is inversely related to hepatic TG accumulation and circulating fatty acid (FA) concentrations. The purpose of this research was to determine if PNPLA3, as well as other lipases, transcription factors, or FA-mediated genes, are regulated by FA mimicking liver lipid accumulation (ACCUM) and liver lipid clearing (RECOV) or singular FA physiologically found in dairy cows at 0.5 mM of circulating RECOV (iRECOV). Abundance of PNPLA3 tended to decrease with ACCUM and increased quadratically with RECOV (P ≤ 0.10), differing from PNPLA3 expression, but consistent with previous in vivo research. Adipose TG lipase abundance, but not other lipase abundances, was quadratically responsive to both ACCUM and RECOV (P ≤ 0.005). Abundance of PNPLA3 and SREBP1c and expression of LXRA responded similarly to iRECOV, with C18:0 tending to decrease abundance (P ≤ 0.07). Results indicate that bovine PNPLA3 is translationally regulated by FA and although a LXRA-SREBP1c pathway mediation is possible, the mechanism warrants further investigation.

Novel Facets of the Liver Transcriptome Are Associated with the Susceptibility and Resistance to Lipid-Related Metabolic Disorders in Periparturient Holstein Cows

Simple Summary

Energy and nutrient demands of the early lactation period can result in the development of metabolic disorders, such as ketosis and fatty liver, in dairy cows. Variability in the incidence of these disorders suggests that some cows have an ability to adapt. The objective of this study was to discover differences in liver gene expression that are associated with a cow’s susceptibility (disposition to disorder during typical conditions) or resistance (disposition to disorder onset and severity when presented a challenge) to metabolic disorders. Cows in a control treatment and a ketosis induction protocol treatment were retrospectively grouped into susceptibility and resistance groups, respectively, by a machine learning algorithm using lipid biomarker concentrations. Whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing was performed on liver samples from these cows. More susceptible cows had lower expression of glutathione metabolism genes, while less resistant cows had greater expression of eicosanoid-metabolism-related genes. Additionally, differentially expressed genes suggested a role for immune-response-related genes in conferring susceptibility and resistance to metabolic disorders. The overall inferred metabolism suggests that responses to oxidative stress may determine susceptibility and resistance to metabolic disorders, with novel implications for immunometabolism.

Abstract

Lipid-related metabolic disorders (LRMD) are prevalent in early lactation dairy cows, and have detrimental effects on productivity and health. Our objectives were to identify cows resistant or susceptible to LRMD using a ketosis induction protocol (KIP) to discover differentially expressed liver genes and metabolic pathways associated with disposition. Clustering cows based on postpartum lipid metabolite concentrations within dietary treatments identified cows more or less susceptible (MS vs. LS) to LRMD within the control treatment, and more or less resistant (MR vs. LR) within the KIP treatment. Whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing was performed on liver samples (−28, +1, and +14 days relative to calving) to assess differential gene and pathway expression (LS vs. MS; MR vs. LR; n = 3 cows per cluster). Cows within the MS and LR clusters had evidence of greater blood serum β-hydroxybutyrate concentration and liver triglyceride content than the LS and MR clusters, respectively. The inferred metabolism of differentially expressed genes suggested a role of immune response (i.e., interferon-inducible proteins and major histocompatibility complex molecules). Additionally, unique roles for glutathione metabolism and eicosanoid metabolism in modulating susceptibility and resistance, respectively, were implicated. Overall, this research provides novel insight into the role of immunometabolism in LRMD pathology, and suggests the potential for unique control points for LRMD progression and severity.

Assessment of the Relationship between Postpartum Health and Mid-Lactation Performance, Behavior, and Feed Efficiency in Holstein Dairy Cows

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between postpartum health disorders and mid-lactation performance, feed efficiency, and sensor-derived behavioral traits. Multiparous cows (n = 179) were monitored for health disorders for 21 days postpartum and enrolled in a 45-day trial between 50 to 200 days in milk, wherein feed intake, milk yield and components, body weight, body condition score, and activity, lying, and feeding behaviors were recorded. Feed efficiency was measured as residual feed intake and the ratio of fat- or energy-corrected milk to dry matter intake. Cows were classified as either having hyperketonemia (HYK; n = 72) or not (n = 107) and grouped by frequency of postpartum health disorders: none (HLT; n = 94), one (DIS; n = 63), or ≥2 (DIS+; n = 22). Cows that were diagnosed with HYK had higher mid-lactation yields of fat- and energy-corrected milk. No differences in feed efficiency were detected between HYK or health status groups. Highly active mid-lactation time was higher in healthy animals, and rumination time was lower in ≥4th lactation cows compared with HYK or DIS and DIS+ cows. Differences in mid-lactation behaviors between HYK and health status groups may reflect the long-term impacts of health disorders. The lack of a relationship between postpartum health and mid-lactation feed efficiency indicates that health disorders do not have long-lasting impacts on feed efficiency.

Hyperketonemia Predictions Provide an On-Farm Management Tool with Epidemiological Insights

Simple Summary

In dairy cows, the transition to lactation period is metabolically challenging. Elevated blood ketone bodies, known as hyperketonemia or ketosis, is a postpartum metabolic disorder that is associated with negative energy balance, greater comorbidity risk, and decreased milk production. Research to understand the etiology of hyperketonemia has highlighted risk factors and unfavorable outcomes; however, analysis of real-world data is valuable for determining the outcomes across a region. Dairy herd improvement data from herds with diverse size and production were analyzed to determine potential risk factors for and production outcomes of hyperketonemia in the Midwest region (US). Cows predicted to have hyperketonemia had greater previous lactation dry period length, somatic cell count, and dystocia, which may represent risk factors for ketosis. Cows with predicted hyperketonemia had lower milk yield and milk protein but greater milk fat and somatic cell count in the current lactation. Culling rate within 60d of calving, days open, and artificial inseminations were all greater in cows predicted to have hyperketonemia. Prevalence of hyperketonemia decreased linearly in herds with greater rolling herd average milk yield. This work demonstrates the impact of hyperketonemia on production variables which underscores the importance on continued work to reduce hyperketonemia prevalence.

Abstract

Prediction of hyperketonemia (HYK), a postpartum metabolic disorder in dairy cows, through use of cow and milk data has allowed for high-throughput detection and monitoring during monthly milk sampling. The objective of this study was to determine associations between predicted HYK (pHYK) and production parameters in a dataset generated from routine milk analysis samples. Data from 240,714 lactations across 335 farms were analyzed with multiple linear regression models to determine HYK status. Data on HYK or disease treatment was not solicited. Consistent with past research, pHYK cows had greater previous lactation dry period length, somatic cell count, and dystocia. Cows identified as pHYK had lower milk yield and protein percent but greater milk fat, specifically greater mixed and preformed fatty acids (FA), and greater somatic cell count (SCC). Differential somatic cell count was greater in second and fourth parity pHYK cows. Culling (60d), days open, and number of artificial inseminations were greater in pHYK cows. Hyperketonemia prevalence decreased linearly in herds with greater rolling herd average milk yield. This research confirms previously identified risk factors and negative outcomes associated with pHYK and highlights novel associations with differential SCC, mixed FA, and preformed FA across farm sizes and production levels.

Greater liver PNPLA3 protein abundance in vivo and in vitro supports lower triglyceride accumulation in dairy cows

Fatty liver syndrome is a prevalent metabolic disorder in peripartum dairy cows that unfavorably impacts lactation performance and health. Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) is a lipase that plays a central role in human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease etiology but has received limited attention in bovine fatty liver research. Thus, we investigated the relationship between tissue PNPLA3 expression and liver triglyceride accumulation in vivo via a ketosis induction protocol in multiparous dairy cows peripartum, as well as in vitro via small interfering RNA knockdown of PNPLA3 mRNA expression in bovine primary hepatocytes. Results demonstrated a negative association (P = 0.04) between liver PNPLA3 protein abundance and liver triglyceride content in peripartum dairy cows, while adipose PNPLA3 protein abundance was not associated with liver triglyceride content or blood fatty acid concentration. Knockdown of PNPLA3 mRNA resulted in reduced PNPLA3 protein abundance (P < 0.01) and greater liver triglyceride content (P < 0.01). Together, these results suggest greater liver PNPLA3 protein abundance may directly limit liver triglyceride accumulation peripartum, potentially preventing bovine fatty liver or accelerating recovery from fatty liver syndrome.

The effects of prepartum energy intake and peripartum rumen-protected choline supplementation on hepatic genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism

Nutritional interventions, either by controlling dietary energy (DE) or supplementing rumen-protected choline (RPC) or both, may mitigate negative postpartum metabolic health outcomes. A companion paper previously reported the effects of DE density and RPC supplementation on production and health outcomes. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of DE and RPC supplementation on the expression of hepatic oxidative, gluconeogenic, and lipid transport genes during the periparturient period. At 47 ± 6 d relative to calving (DRTC), 93 multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned in groups to dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial of (1) excess energy (EXE) without RPC supplementation (1.63 Mcal of NE_L/kg of dry matter; EXE-RPC); (2) maintenance energy (MNE) without RPC supplementation (1.40 Mcal of NE_L/kg dry matter; MNE-RPC); (3) EXE with RPC supplementation (EXE+RPC); and (4) MNE with RPC supplementation (MNE+RPC). To achieve the objective of this research, liver biopsy samples were collected at -14, +7, +14, and +21 DRTC and analyzed for mRNA expression (n = 16/treatment). The interaction of DE × RPC decreased glucose-6-phosphatase and increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in MNE+RPC cows. Expression of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was altered by the interaction of dietary treatments with reduced expression in EXE+RPC cows. A dietary treatment interaction was detected for expression of pyruvate carboxylase although means were not separated. Dietary treatment interactions did not alter expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A or microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. The 3-way interaction of DE × RPC × DRTC affected expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, glucose-6-phosphatase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and tended to affect cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Despite previously reported independent effects of DE and RPC on production variables, treatments interacted to influence hepatic metabolism through altered gene expression.