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Kendall SJ, Green SE, Edwards SM, Oetzel GR, White HM. Validation of an on-farm portable blood analyzer for quantifying blood analytes in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105228. [PMID: 38531237 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The periparturient period for dairy cows is a metabolically dynamic time period where the cow is adjusting from gestation to the onset of lactation. Metabolic disorders such as ketosis, hypocalcemia, and fatty liver occur during this time; however, tools to diagnose these diseases on-farm is limited. The need for compact metabolite quantification devices that can quantify metabolites on farm from whole blood samples is warranted. The purpose of this study was to validate a portable blood analyzer (PBA) by analyzing metabolites on privately owned dairy farms in southcentral Wisconsin. Additional tests were completed to determine if plasma metabolite quantification was similar to whole-blood quantification. Two phases were conducted on two separate farms to complete these analyses and data were analyzed by Bland-Altman plot and correlations. Metabolites quantified from whole blood samples included albumin, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, β-hydroxybutyrate, blood urea nitrogen, total calcium, cholesterol, creatinine kinase, γ-glutamyl transferase, glucose, magnesium, nonesterified fatty acids, phosphorous, and total protein and were analyzed in the lab after plasma separation to determine gold-standard laboratory concentrations. Across Phase 1 and 2, whole-blood PBA metabolite concentrations resulted in similar results compared to the laboratory assays. For plasma analyzed on the PBA, overall results were positively correlated, but robustness was dependent upon initial validation results indicating some metabolites are suitable for plasma quantification on the device. These results indicate that the PBA is a viable on-farm metabolite quantification tool that will be valuable for on-farm diagnosis of metabolic stress and dysfunction in transition dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia J Kendall
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sophia E Green
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sophia M Edwards
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Garrett R Oetzel
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universtiy of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Heather M White
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Abstract
A study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of two methods of physiotherapy treatment for hemiplegic shoulder pain. Sixty-five patients were randomly allocated to receive either cryotherapy or the Bobath approach. Patients were assessed before and after a four-week period of treatment. The differences between the scores of the two groups on exit were not found to reach statistically significant levels for severity of pain at rest, on movement, or for reported distress; however the proportion of patients who reported no pain after the four weeks' treatment was greater in those who received the Bobath approach. The differences in reported frequency of occurrence of pain reached a significant level (p < .05), those in the Bobath group reporting less frequent pain. It is suggested that reasons forthe lack of expected differences in outcome between the two groups may be in part due to the diversity of underlying pathology, and to further trauma which occurred in the study period. The difference between before and after ratings for all pain variables was significant; for reported severity and frequency p < .05, and for reported distress p < .001. These findings suggest that physiotherapy may have a role to play in the treatment and management of hemiplegic shoulder pain, but further investigations are needed. It may be appropriate to set up and monitor programmes of careful handling to see if shoulder pain can be avoided, and it is also suggested that those with severe pain at rest and on movement may be considered as a separate group for study.
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Affiliation(s)
- CJ Partridge
- Centre for Physiotherapy Research, King's College, London
| | - SM Edwards
- Centre for Physiotherapy Research, King's College, London
| | - R. Mee
- Centre for Physiotherapy Research, King's College, London
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Edwards SM, Evans DGR, Hope Q, Norman AR, Barbachano Y, Bullock S, Kote-Jarai Z, Meitz J, Falconer A, Osin P, Fisher C, Guy M, Jhavar SG, Hall AL, O'Brien LT, Gehr-Swain BN, Wilkinson RA, Forrest MS, Dearnaley DP, Ardern-Jones AT, Page EC, Easton DF, Eeles RA. Prostate cancer in BRCA2 germline mutation carriers is associated with poorer prognosis. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:918-24. [PMID: 20736950 PMCID: PMC2948551 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The germline BRCA2 mutation is associated with increased prostate cancer (PrCa) risk. We have assessed survival in young PrCa cases with a germline mutation in BRCA2 and investigated loss of heterozygosity at BRCA2 in their tumours. Methods: Two cohorts were compared: one was a group with young-onset PrCa, tested for germline BRCA2 mutations (6 of 263 cases had a germline BRAC2 mutation), and the second was a validation set consisting of a clinical set from Manchester of known BRCA2 mutuation carriers (15 cases) with PrCa. Survival data were compared with a control series of patients in a single clinic as determined by Kaplan–Meier estimates. Loss of heterozygosity was tested for in the DNA of tumour tissue of the young-onset group by typing four microsatellite markers that flanked the BRCA2 gene, followed by sequencing. Results: Median survival of all PrCa cases with a germline BRCA2 mutation was shorter at 4.8 years than was survival in controls at 8.5 years (P=0.002). Loss of heterozygosity was found in the majority of tumours of BRCA2 mutation carriers. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the poorer survival of PrCa in BRCA2 mutation carriers is associated with the germline BRCA2 mutation per se. Conclusion: BRCA2 germline mutation is an independent prognostic factor for survival in PrCa. Such patients should not be managed with active surveillance as they have more aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Edwards
- Oncogenetics team, Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
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Abstract
The radiation response of 15 mammalian cell lines comprising 11 human tumour, two human fibroblast and two murine lymphoma cell lines, has been analysed using the linear-quadratic equation. As well as using conventional analysis of acute dose-survival curves to derive values for alpha and beta (termed alpha ac and beta ac), low dose-rate and split-dose experiments have been used to derive independent values of alpha and beta (alpha 1dr and beta RR), respectively. alpha 1dr provides a measure of irrecoverable damage, the magnitude of which agreed well with the initial slope of the acute survival curve for most cell lines. beta RR derived from split-dose experiments represents a unique measure of recovery for each cell line. Large differences were found between individual values of beta ac and beta RR, especially in the radiosensitive cell lines. Since beta RR is a functional measure of recovery we suggest that this is the more relevant parameter in studies of dose sparing. The most striking result of this analysis was found in considering the alpha/beta ratios. No relationship was observed between alpha ac and beta ac resulting in values of alpha ac/beta ac ranging from 1 to 175. In contrast a positive correlation was observed between alpha 1dr beta RR in the 11 tumour cell lines, giving an alpha/beta ratio of 9.4 +/- 1.8 Gy. This observation of the relative constancy of the ratio for human tumour cells leads to an hypothesis about the role of initial damage as a determinant of radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Peacock
- Radiotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Bolton CE, Evans M, Ionescu AA, Edwards SM, Morris RHK, Dunseath G, Luzio SD, Owens DR, Shale DJ. Insulin resistance and inflammation - A further systemic complication of COPD. COPD 2007; 4:121-6. [PMID: 17530505 DOI: 10.1080/15412550701341053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a continuous systemic inflammatory response. Furthermore, COPD is associated with an excess risk for cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Systemic inflammation in other populations is a factor in atherogenesis and has been associated with insulin resistance. We assessed the association between systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in non-hypoxaemic patients with COPD. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin and inflammatory mediators were measured in 56 patients and 29 healthy subjects. Body mass index (BMI) and height squared fat- and fat-free-mass index were similar between subject groups. Using homeostatic modelling techniques, mean (SD) insulin resistance was greater in the patients, 1.68 (2.58) and 1.13 (2.02) in healthy subjects, p=0.032. Fasting plasma insulin was increased in patients while glucose was similar to that in healthy subjects. Patients had increased circulating inflammatory mediators. Insulin resistance was related to interleukin-6 (IL-6), r=0.276, p=0.039, and tumour necrosis factor alpha soluble receptor I, r=0.351, p=0.008. Both IL-6 and BMI were predictive variables of insulin resistance r(2)=0.288, p<0.05. We demonstrated greater insulin resistance in non-hypoxaemic patients with COPD compared with healthy subjects, which was related to systemic inflammation. This relationship may indicate a contributory factor in the excess risk of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Bolton
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Llandough Hospital, Vale of Glamorgan, UK.
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Jhavar SG, Fisher C, Jackson A, Reinsberg SA, Dennis N, Falconer A, Dearnaley D, Edwards SE, Edwards SM, Leach MO, Cummings C, Christmas T, Thompson A, Woodhouse C, Sandhu S, Cooper CS, Eeles RA. Processing of radical prostatectomy specimens for correlation of data from histopathological, molecular biological, and radiological studies: a new whole organ technique. J Clin Pathol 2005; 58:504-8. [PMID: 15858122 PMCID: PMC1770644 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.021808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a method of processing non-formalin fixed prostate specimens removed at radical prostatectomy to obtain fresh tissue for research and for correlating diagnostic and molecular results with preoperative imaging. METHODS/RESULTS The method involves a prostate slicing apparatus comprising a tissue slicer with a series of juxtaposed planar stainless steel blades linked to a support, and a cradle adapted to grip the tissue sample and receive the blades. The fresh prostate gland is held in the cradle and the blades are moved through the cradle slits to produce multiple 4 mm slices of the gland in a plane perpendicular to its posterior surface. One of the resulting slices is preserved in RNAlater. The areas comprising tumour and normal glands within this preserved slice can be identified by matching it to the haematoxylin and eosin stained sections of the adjacent slices that are formalin fixed and paraffin wax embedded. Intact RNA can be extracted from the identified tumour and normal glands within the RNAlater preserved slice. Preoperative imaging studies are acquired with the angulation of axial images chosen to be similar to the slicing axis, such that stained sections from the formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded slices match their counterparts on imaging. CONCLUSIONS A novel method of sampling fresh prostate removed at radical prostatectomy that allows tissue samples to be used both for diagnosis and molecular analysis is described. This method also allows the integration of preoperative imaging data with histopathological and molecular data obtained from the prostate tissue slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Jhavar
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is common. Diagnosis should include objective evidence of airways obstruction and spirometry is recommended in guidelines and the general medical services contract in the UK. We assessed the impact of spirometry in general practice. METHOD We determined by questionnaire the availability, staff training, use and the interpretation results of spirometry in 72% of general practices in Wales. We reviewed the diagnosis of COPD previously made in two general practices without spirometry. RESULTS Most practices had a spirometer (82.4%) and used it (85.6%). Confidence in use and interpretation of results varied widely: 58.1% were confident in use and 33.8% confident in interpretation. Spirometry was performed more often if confident in use and interpretation (both P<0.001) and was related to greater training periods (P<0.001). Spirometric confirmation of COPD varied widely (0-100%, median 37%). Of the 125 patients previously diagnosed with COPD 61 had spirometric confirmation, while 25 had reversible obstruction (range 210-800 mls), 34 had normal and 5 had restrictive spirometry. CONCLUSION Despite incentives to perform spirometry in general practice, lack of adequate training in use and interpretation suggests use is confounded and the diagnosis of COPD is likely to be made on imprecise clinical grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Bolton
- Section of Respiratory Medicine and Communicable Diseases, University of Wales College of Medicine, Academic Centre, Llandough Hospital, Penlan Road, Llandough CF64 2XX, Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales, UK
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Forrest MS, Edwards SM, Houlston R, Kote-Jarai Z, Key T, Allen N, Knowles MA, Turner F, Ardern-Jones A, Murkin A, Williams S, Oram R, Bishop DT, Eeles RA. Association between hormonal genetic polymorphisms and early-onset prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2005; 8:95-102. [PMID: 15711606 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the association between seven polymorphisms in four candidate genes involved in vitamin D and androgen metabolism with early-onset prostate cancer (CaP) risk. The polymorphisms were genotyped in 288 UK males who were diagnosed with CaP at the age of 55 y or younger and up to 700 population-based controls. An additional 50 cases (not selected for age) and 76 controls were also genotyped. Short (< or =22 repeats) AR (CAG)(n) repeats were associated with a significantly reduced risk of early onset CaP (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.50-0.91) compared with men with long (> 22) repeats. Men homozygous for the leucine variant of SRD5A2 p.89V > L were also found to be at a significantly increased risk of CaP compared with men who were homozygous for the valine allele (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.15-2.98). No associations were found with the AR (GGC)(n), CYP17 Msp A1 I, VDR Taq I, SRD5A2 (TA)(n) and p.49A >T polymorphisms and CaP risk. These findings suggest that common polymorphisms in the AR and SRD5A2 genes may be associated with early-onset CaP in British men.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Forrest
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Medicine Research Division, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Angèle S, Falconer A, Edwards SM, Dörk T, Bremer M, Moullan N, Chapot B, Muir K, Houlston R, Norman AR, Bullock S, Hope Q, Meitz J, Dearnaley D, Dowe A, Southgate C, Ardern-Jones A, Easton DF, Eeles RA, Hall J. ATM polymorphisms as risk factors for prostate cancer development. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:783-7. [PMID: 15280931 PMCID: PMC2364767 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of prostate cancer is known to be elevated in carriers of germline mutations in BRCA2, and possibly also in carriers of BRCA1 and CHEK2 mutations. These genes are components of the ATM-dependent DNA damage signalling pathways. To evaluate the hypothesis that variants in ATM itself might be associated with prostate cancer risk, we genotyped five ATM variants in DNA from 637 prostate cancer patients and 445 controls with no family history of cancer. No significant differences in the frequency of the variant alleles at 5557G>A (D1853N), 5558A>T (D1853V), ivs38-8t>c and ivs38-15g>c were found between the cases and controls. The 3161G (P1054R) variant allele was, however, significantly associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer (any G vs CC OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.17–3.87, P=0.016). A lymphoblastoid cell line carrying both the 3161G and the 2572C (858L) variant in the homozygote state shows a cell cycle progression profile after exposure to ionising radiation that is significantly different to that seen in cell lines carrying a wild-type ATM gene. These results provide evidence that the presence of common variants in the ATM gene, may confer an altered cellular phenotype, and that the ATM 3161C>G variant might be associated with prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Angèle
- DNA Repair Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69373 Lyon, France
| | - A Falconer
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - S M Edwards
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - T Dörk
- Clinics of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School Hannover, Podbielskistr. 380, D-30659 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Bremer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - N Moullan
- DNA Repair Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69373 Lyon, France
| | - B Chapot
- DNA Repair Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69373 Lyon, France
| | - K Muir
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - R Houlston
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - A R Norman
- Royal Marsden NHS Trust, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - S Bullock
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Q Hope
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - J Meitz
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - D Dearnaley
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Trust, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - A Dowe
- Royal Marsden NHS Trust, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - C Southgate
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - A Ardern-Jones
- Royal Marsden NHS Trust, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | | | - D F Easton
- Cancer Research UK, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - R A Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - J Hall
- DNA Repair Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69373 Lyon, France
- DNA Repair Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69373 Lyon, France. E-mail:
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Bevan S, Edwards SM, Ardern Jones A, Dowe A, Southgate C, Dearnaley D, Easton DF, Houlston RS, Eeles RA. Germline mutations in fumarate hydratase (FH) do not predispose to prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2003; 6:12-4. [PMID: 12664059 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2002] [Accepted: 06/13/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inherited susceptibility to prostate cancer has been linked to a number of chromosomal regions, however no genes have been unequivocally shown to underlie reported linkages. The putative gene localised to chromosome 1q42-q43, has been designated PCaP. We have recently shown that germline mutations in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene located on 1q43 cause smooth muscle tumours and renal cell carcinoma. It is conceivable that germline FH mutations might confer an increased risk of prostate cancer and underlie linkage of prostate cancer to PCaP. To examine this proposition we have analysed the entire coding region of FH in 160 prostate cancer cases in 77 multiple case families. No pathogenic mutations in FH were identified in any of the cases. This data makes it highly unlikely that mutations in FH confer susceptibility to prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bevan
- Molecular and Population Genetics Team, Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Kote-Jarai Z, Singh R, Durocher F, Easton D, Edwards SM, Ardern-Jones A, Dearnaley DP, Houlston R, Kirby R, Eeles R. Association between leptin receptor gene polymorphisms and early-onset prostate cancer. BJU Int 2003; 92:109-12. [PMID: 12823393 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2003.04272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a case-control study examining the relationship between polymorphisms in the leptin receptor (OBR) gene and the development of young-onset prostate cancer, because epidemiological studies report that prostate cancer risk is associated with animal fat intake, and thus we investigated if this association occurs via this genetic mechanism. PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODS The Lys109Arg (OBR1) and Gln223Arg (OBR2) polymorphisms in the coding region of OBR were studied in blood DNA from 271 patients with prostate cancer aged < 56 years at diagnosis and 277 geographically matched control subjects. Cases were collected through the Cancer Research UK/British Prostate Group Familial Prostate Cancer Study. Blood DNA was genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction and a restriction enzyme digest. RESULTS There was no statistically significant association between the OBR genotype and prostate cancer risk; men homozygous for 109Arg genotype had a slightly increased risk for prostate cancer, with a relative risk (95% confidence interval) of 1.36 (0.65-2.85), and those homozygous for the 223Arg allele had some reduction in prostate cancer risk, at 0.82 (0.58-1.26), but neither was statistically significant. CONCLUSION This case-control study showed no significant association between leptin receptor gene polymorphisms and the risk of young-onset prostate cancer, suggesting that genetic variations in OBR are unlikely to have a major role in the development of early-onset prostate cancer in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kote-Jarai
- Translational Cancer Genetics, and Molecular Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK.
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12
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Kote-Jarai Z, Durocher F, Edwards SM, Hamoudi R, Jackson RA, Ardern-Jones A, Murkin A, Dearnaley DP, Kirby R, Houlston R, Easton DF, Eeles R. Association between the GCG polymorphism of the selenium dependent GPX1 gene and the risk of young onset prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2003; 5:189-92. [PMID: 12496980 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2001] [Revised: 11/28/2001] [Accepted: 12/12/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested an association between low selenium levels and the development of prostate cancer. Human cellular glutathione peroxidase I (hGPX1) is a selenium-dependent enzyme that protects against oxidative damage and its peroxidase activity is a plausible mechanism for cancer prevention by selenium. The GPX1 gene has a GCG repeat polymorphism in exon 1, coding for a polyalanine tract of five to seven alanine residues. To test if the GPX1 GCG repeat polymorphism associates with the risk of young-onset prostate cancer we conducted a case-control study. The GPX1Ala genotypes were determined for 267 prostate cancer cases and 260 control individuals using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with fluorescently labelled primers and an ABI 377 automated genotyper. Associations between specific genotypes and the risk of prostate cancer were examined by logistic regression. We found no significant association between the GPX1 genotypes and prostate cancer. There was however an increased frequency of the GPX1Ala6/Ala6 genotype in the prostate cancer cases compared to controls (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 0.97-2.87). The result of this study suggests that the GPX1 genotype is unlikely to be associated with the risk of developing prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kote-Jarai
- Section of Cancer Genetics, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
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13
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Meitz JC, Edwards SM, Easton DF, Murkin A, Ardern-Jones A, Jackson RA, Williams S, Dearnaley DP, Stratton MR, Houlston RS, Eeles RA. HPC2/ELAC2 polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk: analysis by age of onset of disease. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:905-8. [PMID: 12373607 PMCID: PMC2376179 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2002] [Revised: 07/15/2002] [Accepted: 08/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The candidate prostate cancer susceptibility gene HPC2/ELAC2 has two common coding polymorphisms: (Ser-->Leu 217) and (Ala-->Thr 541). The Thr541 variant in the HPC2/ELAC2 gene has previously been reported to be at an increased frequency in prostate cancer cases. To evaluate this hypothesis we genotyped 432 prostate cancer patients (including 262 patients diagnosed <or=55 years) and 469 UK, population based control individuals with no family history of cancer. We found no significant difference in the frequencies of Thr541-containing genotypes between cases and controls (OR=1.41, 95% CI 0.79-2.50). The association remained non-significant when the analysis was restricted to cases divided by age of onset into those diagnosed <or=55 years (OR=1.50, 95% CI 0.79-2.85) or to patients diagnosed >55 years (OR=1.27, 95% CI 0.59-2.74). We conclude that any association between the Thr541 variant and prostate cancer is likely to be weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Meitz
- Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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Jefferies S, Edwards SM, Hamoudi RA, A'Hern R, Foulkes W, Goldgar D, Eeles R. No germline mutations in CDKN2A (p16) in patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and second primary tumours. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1383-6. [PMID: 11720478 PMCID: PMC2375247 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that predisposition to some cancers has a genetic component. There is a high incidence of loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 9, in the region of tumour suppressor gene, CDKN2A (also known as p16), in sporadic squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN). To investigate the possibility that CDKN2A may be involved in the inherited susceptibility to SCCHN, the 3 coding exons of CDKN2A were sequenced in 40 patients who had developed a second primary cancer after an index squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. No mutations were found and we conclude that CDKN2A mutations do not play a major role in cancer susceptibility in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jefferies
- Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Sutton, Surrey
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15
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Edwards SM, Williams JC. Tracheal cartilage fracture with the Blue Rhino Ciaglia percutaneous tracheostomy system. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2001; 18:487. [PMID: 11437881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Edwards SM, Searl CP. Intubating laryngeal mask airway and muscle relaxants: never together? Anesthesiology 2001; 94:1151-2. [PMID: 11465615 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200106000-00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kote-Jarai Z, Easton D, Edwards SM, Jefferies S, Durocher F, Jackson RA, Singh R, Ardern-Jones A, Murkin A, Dearnaley DP, Shearer R, Kirby R, Houlston R, Eeles R. Relationship between glutathione S-transferase M1, P1 and T1 polymorphisms and early onset prostate cancer. Pharmacogenetics 2001; 11:325-30. [PMID: 11434510 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200106000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence suggesting that polymorphic variations in the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are associated with cancer susceptibility. Inter-individual differences in cancer susceptibility may be mediated in part through polymorphic variability in the bioactivation and detoxification of carcinogens. The GSTs have been consistently implicated as cancer susceptibility genes in this context. The GST supergene family includes several loci with well characterized polymorphisms. Approximately 50% of the Caucasian population are homozygous for deletions in GSTM1 and approximately 20% are homozygous for deletions in GSTT1, resulting in conjugation deficiency of mutagenic electrophiles to glutathione. The GSTP1 gene has a polymorphism at codon 105 resulting in an Ile to Val substitution which consequently alters the enzymatic activity of the protein and this has been suggested as a putative high-risk genotype in various cancers. We investigated the relationship between GST polymorphisms and young onset prostate cancer in a case-control study. GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 genotypes were determined for 275 prostate cancer patients and for 280 geographically matched control subjects. We found no significant difference in the frequency of GSTM1 or GSTT1 null genotypes between cases and controls. GSTP1 genotype was, however, significantly associated with prostate cancer risk: the Ile/Ile homozygotes had the lowest risk and there was a trend in increasing the risk with the number of 105 Val alleles: Ile/Val odds ratio (OR)= 1.30 (95% FCI 0.99-1.69), Val/Val OR = 1.80 (95% FCI 1.11-2.91); Ptrend = 0.026. These results suggest that the GSTP1 polymorphism may be a risk factor for developing young onset prostate cancer. We also found that carrying more than one putative high-risk allele in the carcinogen metabolizing GST family was associated with an elevated risk for early onset prostate cancer (OR 2.48, 95% FCI 1.22-5.04, Ptrend = 0.017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kote-Jarai
- Section of Cancer Genetics, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
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Edwards SM, Kote-Jarai Z, Hamoudi R, Eeles RA. An improved high throughput heteroduplex mutation detection system for screening BRCA2 mutations-fluorescent mutation detection (F-MD). Hum Mutat 2001; 17:220-32. [PMID: 11241844 DOI: 10.1002/humu.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe an improved, fast, automated method for screening large genes such as BRCA2 for germline genomic mutations. The method is based on heteroduplex analysis, and has been adapted for a high throughput application by combining the fluorescent technology of automated sequencers and robotic sample handling. This novel approach allows the entire BRCA2 gene to be screened with appropriate overlaps in four lanes of an ABI 377 gel. The method will detect all types of mutations, especially point mutations, more reliably and robustly than other commonly used conformational sensitive methods (e.g. CSGE). In addition we show that this approach, which relies on band shift detection, is able to detect single base substitutions that have hitherto only been detectable by direct sequencing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Edwards
- Cancer Genetics Team, Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey. UK. @icr.ac.uk
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Edwards SM. Management of the acute abdomen. Hosp Med 2000; 61:808. [PMID: 11198757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Gayther SA, de Foy KA, Harrington P, Pharoah P, Dunsmuir WD, Edwards SM, Gillett C, Ardern-Jones A, Dearnaley DP, Easton DF, Ford D, Shearer RJ, Kirby RS, Dowe AL, Kelly J, Stratton MR, Ponder BA, Barnes D, Eeles RA. The frequency of germ-line mutations in the breast cancer predisposition genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 in familial prostate cancer. The Cancer Research Campaign/British Prostate Group United Kingdom Familial Prostate Cancer Study Collaborators. Cancer Res 2000; 60:4513-8. [PMID: 10969800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Predisposition to prostate cancer has a genetic component, and there are reports of familial clustering of breast and prostate cancer. Two highly penetrant genes that predispose individuals to breast cancer (BRCA1 and BRCA2) are known to confer an increased risk of prostate cancer of about 3-fold and 7-fold, respectively, in breast cancer families. Blood DNA from affected individuals in 38 prostate cancer clusters was analyzed for germ-line mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 to assess the contribution of each of these genes to familial prostate cancer. Seventeen DNA samples were each from an affected individual in families with three or more cases of prostate cancer at any age; 20 samples were from one of affected sibling pairs where one was < or = 67 years at diagnosis. No germ-line mutations were found in BRCA1. Two germ-line mutations in BRCA2 were found, and both were seen in individuals whose age at diagnosis was very young (< or = 56 years) and who were members of an affected sibling pair. One is a 4-bp deletion at base 6710 (exon 11) in a man who had prostate cancer at 54 years, and the other is a 2-bp deletion at base 5531 (exon 11) in a man who had prostate cancer at 56 years. In both cases, the wild-type allele was lost in the patient's prostate tumor at the BRCA2 locus. However, intriguingly, in neither case did the affected brother also carry the mutation. Germ-line mutations in BRCA2 may therefore account for about 5% of prostate cancer in familial clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Gayther
- Cancer Research Campaign Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Addenbrook's Hospital, United Kingdom
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Forrest MS, Edwards SM, Hamoudi RA, Dearnaley DP, Arden-Jones A, Dowe A, Murkin A, Kelly J, Teare MD, Easton DF, Knowles MA, Bishop DT, Eeles RA. No evidence of germline PTEN mutations in familial prostate cancer. J Med Genet 2000; 37:210-2. [PMID: 10777362 PMCID: PMC1734542 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.37.3.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Edwards SM, Badzioch MD, Minter R, Hamoudi R, Collins N, Ardern-Jones A, Dowe A, Osborne S, Kelly J, Shearer R, Easton DF, Saunders GF, Dearnaley DP, Eeles RA. Androgen receptor polymorphisms: association with prostate cancer risk, relapse and overall survival. Int J Cancer 1999; 84:458-65. [PMID: 10502720 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19991022)84:5<458::aid-ijc2>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Several reports have suggested that one or both of the trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms in the human androgen receptor (hAR) gene, (CAG)n coding for polyglutamine and (GGC)n coding for polyglycine, may be associated with prostate cancer risk; but no study has investigated their association with disease progression. We present here a study of both hAR trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms not only as they relate to the initial diagnosis but also as they are associated with disease progression after therapy. Lymphocyte DNA samples from 178 British Caucasian prostate cancer patients and 195 control individuals were genotyped by PCR for the (CAG)n and (GGC)n polymorphisms in hAR. Univariate Cox proportional hazard analysis indicated that stage, grade and GGC repeat length were individually significant factors associated with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The relative risk (RR) of relapse for men with more than 16 GGC repeats was 1.74 (95% CI 1. 08-2.79) and of dying from any cause, 1.98 (1.13-3.45). Adjusting for stage and grade, GGC effects remained but were not significant (RR(DFS)= 1.60, p = 0.052; RR(OS)= 1.65, p = 0.088). The greatest effects were in stage T1-T2 (RR(DFS)= 3.56, 95% CI 1.13-11.21) and grade 1 (RR(DFS)= 6.47, 95% CI 0.57-72.8) tumours. No differences between patient and control allele distributions were found by odds-ratio analysis, nor were trends with stage or grade evident in the proportion of short CAG alleles. Non-significant trends with stage and grade were found in the proportion of short GGC alleles. The (GGC)n polymorphism in this population is a significant predictor of disease outcome. Since the (GGC)(n) effect is strongest in early-stage tumours, this marker may help forecast aggressive behaviour and could be used to identify those patients meriting more radical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Edwards
- CRC Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Gill S, Broni J, Jefferies S, Osin P, Kovacs G, Maitland NJ, Eeles R, Edwards SM, Dyer MJ, Willis TG, Cooper CS. BCL10 is rarely mutated in human prostate carcinoma, small-cell lung cancer, head and neck tumours, renal carcinoma and sarcomas. MPT Collaborators, St George's Hospital Collaborators. Br J Cancer 1999; 80:1565-8. [PMID: 10408398 PMCID: PMC2363098 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis to screen for mutations in the BCL10 gene in 81 primary prostate carcinomas, 20 squamous cell cancers of the head and neck, 15 small-cell lung cancer cell lines, 24 renal carcinoma cell lines and 13 sarcoma cell lines. We failed to find evidence of somatically acquired mutations of the BCL10 gene suggesting that BCL10 does not play a major role in the development of these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gill
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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26
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Dunsmuir WD, Edwards SM, Lakhani SR, Young M, Corbishley C, Kirby RS, Dearnaley DP, Dowe A, Ardern-Jones A, Kelly J, Eeles RA. Allelic imbalance in familial and sporadic prostate cancer at the putative human prostate cancer susceptibility locus, HPC1. CRC/BPG UK Familial Prostate Cancer Study Collaborators. Cancer Research Campaign/British Prostate Group. Br J Cancer 1998; 78:1430-3. [PMID: 9836474 PMCID: PMC2063204 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent report has provided strong evidence for a major prostate cancer susceptibility locus (HPC1) on chromosome 1q24-25 (Smith et al, 1996). Most inherited cancer susceptibility genes function as tumour-suppressor genes (TSGs). Allelic loss or imbalance in tumour tissue is often the hallmark of a TSG. Studies of allelic loss have not previously implicated the chromosomal region 1q24-25 in prostate cancer. However, analysis of tumour DNA from cases in prostate cancer families has not been reported. In this study, we have evaluated DNA from tissue obtained from small families [3-5 affected members (n = 17)], sibling pairs (n = 15) and sporadic (n = 40) prostate tumours using the three markers from Smith et al (1996) that defined the maximum multipoint linkage lod score. Although widely spaced (12-50 cM), each marker showed evidence of allelic imbalance in only approximately 7.5% of informative tumours. There was no difference between the familial and sporadic cases. We conclude that the incidence of allelic imbalance at HPC1 is low in both sporadic tumours and small prostate cancer families. In this group of patients, HPC1 is unlikely to be acting as a TSG in the development of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Dunsmuir
- CRC Section of Cancer Genetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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27
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Edwards SM, Dunsmuir WD, Gillett CE, Lakhani SR, Corbishley C, Young M, Kirby RS, Dearnaley DP, Dowe A, Ardern-Jones A, Kelly J, Spurr N, Barnes DM, Eeles RA. Immunohistochemical expression of BRCA2 protein and allelic loss at the BRCA2 locus in prostate cancer. CRC/BPG UK Familial Prostate Cancer Study Collaborators. Int J Cancer 1998; 78:1-7. [PMID: 9724085 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980925)78:1<1::aid-ijc1>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have reported an association between breast and prostate cancer. BRCA2 functions as a tumour-suppressor gene in about 35% of large familial breast-cancer clusters; its role in the pathogenesis of sporadic breast cancer is less clear. We have evaluated immunohistochemical expression of BRCA2 protein and allelic loss of markers at the BRCA2 locus in tissue derived both from sporadic and from familial cases of prostate cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed in 167 paraffin-embedded archival specimens. Normal prostate and 75% (120/160) of prostate-cancer tissue did not express BRCA2 protein. However, 25% (40/160) of cancer cases did express patchy staining; of these, 17% (2711 60) expressed positive nuclear staining in normal glandular tissue adjacent to tumour (either in addition to, or, independent of tumour). Allelic loss is the hallmark of a tumour-suppressor gene. Markers flanking (D13S267, D13S260) and within (D13S171) the BRCA2 gene indicated allelic loss in at least one locus in 23% (17/73) of tumours analyzed. There was no difference in the rates of allelic loss between sporadic and familial tumours, nor was there any association between immunohistochemical staining and allelic loss. Although immunohistochemical staining provided no useful prognostic information, allelic loss at BRCA2 was shown in univariate analysis to be associated with poorer survival (log-rank test, p = 0.046).
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Edwards
- CRC Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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28
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Bartholomew JB, Edwards SM, Brewer BW, Van Raalte JL, Linder DE. The Sports Inventory for Pain: a confirmatory factor analysis. Res Q Exerc Sport 1998; 69:24-29. [PMID: 9532619 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.1998.10607663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was designed to assess the factorial validity of the Sports Inventory for Pain (SIP) which was completed by 182 undergraduate students. Responses were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis designed to test the hypothesized underlying factor structure. Of five proposed subscales, only the items for the Cognitive and Coping subscales reasonably fit the hypothesized structure. To improve the fit of the model, factors were allowed to correlate, and the worst fitting item from each of the subscales was removed. The modified model also failed to adequately fit the data. Lastly, the items corresponding to the worst fitting subscale were dropped from the analysis. Again, the modified model failed to fit the data. Discussion suggests a possible respecification of the SIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Bartholomew
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas-Austin, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the risks of height, weight and body fat distribution associated with colon cancer in subcategories of gender, age and site in the colon. Interaction with family history of colorectal cancer is also examined. DESIGN Case-control study of diet, anthropometry and colon cancer risk. SUBJECTS Nineteen hundred and eighty-three colon cancer cases (age 30-79 y) and 2400 age and gender matched population controls. MEASUREMENTS Height, weight and waist and hip circumferences were obtained by trained interviewers. Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) were calculated. RESULTS Of all anthropometric measurements examined, only BMI was consistently associated with an increased risk of colon cancer. The test for trend for BMI was significant for men and women overall and for the majority of subgroups examined. In younger persons those with a family history of colorectal cancer had a greater risk of colon cancer associated with BMI (Men odds ratio (OR) = 7.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.60, 23.1; Women OR = 4.85, 95% CI 2.33, 10.12) comparing the third tertile to the first, than those with no family history (Men OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.25, 2.32; Women OR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.22, 1.92). WHR, after controlling for BMI was not associated with colon cancer in men, and was associated with a slight increase in women (primarily in those with distal tumors). CONCLUSION This study contributes to mounting evidence that excess weight is associated with an increased risk of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Caan
- Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland 94611, USA
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Abstract
The onset of subtle diffuse ischemic neurological deficits often associated with cerebral vasospasm is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The exact etiology of cerebral vasospasm is unclear. Increasing intravascular volume, decreasing blood viscosity and inducing hypertension may help prevent or diminish neurological deficits from cerebral vasospasm by improving cerebral blood flow. An intensive multidisciplinary approach is necessary with the role of the neuroscience nurse being pivotal. An understanding of the subtle neurological changes suggestive of cerebral vasospasm and its effects leads to early recognition, and allows for rapid institution of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Campbell
- University of California, Davis Medical Center, Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, Sacramento 95817, USA
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Edwards SM, Kent CR, McMillan TJ, Steel GG. Hprt- mutation spectrum in a closely related pair of human bladder tumour cell lines after gamma-irradiation at different dose-rates. Int J Radiat Biol 1997; 71:177-84. [PMID: 9120353 DOI: 10.1080/095530097144292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The spectrum of deletion sizes in mutants of two human bladder carcinoma cell lines has been examined. The cell lines were MGH-U1 and a radiation-sensitive subline (U1-S40b) that has been developed in this laboratory. Three groups, each of 20-30 mutants at the hprt locus were investigated: arising spontaneously, or induced after exposure to 10 Gy gamma-radiation either at high dose-rate (2 Gy/min) or low dose-rate (0.01 Gy/min). Data on the mutation frequency of the two cell lines at low dose-rate were obtained to supplement previously published data at high dose-rate. The mutation frequency was lower in U1-S40b than in MGH-U1 both for high and low dose-rate irradiation. The presence of intact copies of each of the nine hprt exons was examined using multiplex PCR, supplemented by single-exon PCR. The incidence of small hprt mutations (i.e. leading to no change in the size of the PCR products) was the same for spontaneous mutations in the two cell lines; for radiation-induced mutants it was higher in U1-S40b. The incidence of total deletions (i.e. no positive exon amplification) was lower in U1-S40b both for high and low dose-rate irradiation. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that large deletions tend to lead to the loss of adjacent essential genes and thereby to the death of potential mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Edwards
- Radiotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
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Edwards SM, Dearnaley DP, Ardern-Jones A, Hamoudi RA, Easton DF, Ford D, Shearer R, Dowe A, Eeles RA. No germline mutations in the dimerization domain of MXI1 in prostate cancer clusters. The CRC/BPG UK Familial Prostate Cancer Study Collaborators. Cancer Research Campaign/British Prostate Group. Br J Cancer 1997; 76:992-1000. [PMID: 9376279 PMCID: PMC2228090 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1997.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that predisposition to cancer has a genetic component. Genetic models have suggested that there is at least one highly penetrant gene predisposing to this disease. The oncogene MXI1 on chromosome band 10q24-25 is mutated in a proportion of prostate tumours and loss of heterozygosity occurs at this site, suggesting the location of a tumour suppressor in this region. To investigate the possibility that MXI1 may be involved in inherited susceptibility to prostate cancer, we have sequenced the HLH and ZIP regions of the gene in 38 families with either three cases of prostate cancer or two affected siblings both diagnosed below the age of 67 years. These are the areas within which mutations have been described in some sporadic prostate cancers. No mutations were found in these two important coding regions and we therefore conclude that MXI1 does not make a major contribution to prostate cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey
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Musk SR, Astley SB, Edwards SM, Stephenson P, Hubert RB, Johnson IT. Cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of benzyl isothiocyanate towards cultured mammalian cells. Food Chem Toxicol 1995; 33:31-7. [PMID: 7821874 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(95)80245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a compound found in cruciferous vegetables present in the human diet, has previously been shown to induce chromosome aberrations in an Indian muntjac cell line. The results of this study show that it also induces both chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in the absence of an exogenous metabolic activation system and induces DNA strand breaks as measured by the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay. However, whereas it increased the number of aberrations four-fold, it was not able to raise SCE levels by more than 50% and there was a levelling-off in the dose-response curve. Whereas the survival curve of CHO cells exposed to BITC was linear in shape, that of the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line HT29 was found to fit the exponential model (with an alpha equivalent of 0.28 and a beta equivalent of 2.80, where the concentration of BITC is measured in micrograms/ml). This pattern of clastogenic and cytotoxic activities is reminiscent of that generated by ionizing radiation and certain radiomimetic chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Musk
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Colney, UK
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Edwards SM, Donnelly TA, Sayre RM, Rheins LA, Spielmann H, Liebsch M. Quantitative in vitro assessment of phototoxicity using a human skin model, Skin2. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1994; 10:111-7. [PMID: 7947190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The ability to accurately predict the phototoxic potential of personal and skin care products remains a key element in assessing the safety of premarketed products. To find a reliable in vitro alternative test for photoirritancy, the European Commission and the European Cosmetic Association are conducting a 3-year, European validation study. Based on the results of this study, an in vitro photoirritancy method will be selected for incorporation into new international guidelines for photoirritancy testing. As a part of this study, Skin2, a cultured human skin system, was used to evaluate the phototoxic potential of chemicals with known photoirritative properties. The Skin2 ZK1351, a 3-dimensional co-culture system, consists of dermal fibroblasts and a multilayered epidermis comprising differentiated keratinocytes. This product line has previously been used to evaluate the irritative potential of topically applied ingredients and products. In this study, various concentrations of the test chemicals were applied to the epidermal side of the Skin2 tissue for contact times of 1 h or 24 h and then the tissue was exposed to 2.9 J/cm2 of ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation. Treated but nonirradiated tissues were also assayed to predict the cytotoxic potential of the test chemicals, which could mask the phototoxic reaction. After exposure, the tissue substrates were rinsed free of test chemicals and allowed to recover for 24 h. Following this incubation, the MTT reduction assay was used to assess cytotoxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Edwards
- Advanced Tissue Sciences, Inc., La Jolla, California 92037-1005
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Abstract
Mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) locus has been studied in three human bladder tumour cell lines of varying radiosensitivity. U1-S40b, a radiosensitive mutant clone of MGH-U1, has been previously reported to show no difference in split-dose recovery or low dose-rate sparing, but to have an impaired repair fidelity when compared to its parent line. In this paper we have shown that U1-S40b is less mutable at the hprt locus at a similar level of survival. This may represent an increased incidence of severe or non-repairable lesions, making hprt- mutants poorly recoverable in U1-S40b when compared to MGH-U1. No difference was seen in mutation induction between MGH-U1 and RT112, another human bladder tumour cell line of similar radiosensitivity to MGH-U1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Kent
- Radiotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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37
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Abstract
DNA repair was measured in an ionising radiation-sensitive mutant of a human bladder carcinoma cell line. No difference in the rate or extent of double-strand break rejoining was found using the techniques of neutral filter elution and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In contrast, significant differences in repair fidelity, measured by plasmid reconstitution, were found. The parent line had a repair fidelity of 84.7% compared with 58.9% for S40b (P = 0.0003). It is suggested that repair fidelity can be an important determinant of radiosensitivity in human tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Powell
- Radiotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Larson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sinai Hospital of Detroit, MI 48235
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39
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Jones CJ, Edwards SM, Waters R. The repair of identified large DNA adducts induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in normal or xeroderma pigmentosum group A human fibroblasts, and the role of DNA polymerases alpha or delta. Carcinogenesis 1989; 10:1197-201. [PMID: 2500268 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/10.7.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) reacts with DNA primarily at the N2 and C8 of guanosine, with a small percent of reaction at the N6 of adenosine. In human cells it has been unclear whether or not all 4NQO-induced adducts are removed by a nucleotide excision repair mechanism. In this paper we demonstrate that the inhibitor of DNA polymerases alpha and delta, aphidicolin, blocks the repair of all 4NQO adducts. Hence excision repair must operate on all of these lesions. After 4NQO the residual excision repair seen in a xeroderma pigmentosum group A cell line virtually totally defective in UV repair was 40-60% of that in normal cells. Therefore there must be some differences between the excision repair operating on UV as opposed to 4NQO-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University College of Swansea, UK
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Kelland LR, Edwards SM, Steel GG. Induction and rejoining of DNA double-strand breaks in human cervix carcinoma cell lines of differing radiosensitivity. Radiat Res 1988; 116:526-38. [PMID: 3205912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Five recently established cell lines of human carcinoma of the cervix of varying radiosensitivity have been used to determine whether the induction or rejoining of DNA double-strand breaks (dsb) shows any correlation with radiosensitivity or radiation recovery capacity. Double-strand DNA breaks have been measured using neutral filter elution at pH 9.6. The number of breaks induced immediately after irradiation with doses of 10 to 40 Gy 60Co gamma rays appeared to show some correlation with radiosensitivity particularly after 10 Gy; the two more radiosensitive lines incurred more breaks than the more radioresistant lines. In addition, the shape of the induction curve with dose was linear for the two sensitive lines but curvilinear for the resistant lines. Despite the dose scales being different, this mirrored their respective cell survival curve shapes. After 30 or 50 Gy irradiation, rejoining of breaks appeared to be rapid and almost complete within 60 min at 37 degrees C for the three resistant lines. However, for the sensitive lines, one line (HX160c) in particular exhibited a reduced rate of dsb rejoining. In addition, a residual level of dsb was present in this line even after allowing rejoining for 3 h. While induction and rejoining of DNA dsb therefore appears to be a factor in determining radiosensitivity, at doses relevant to cellular survival (up to 10 Gy), the greater induction of DNA dsb in radiosensitive lines may play a significant role in determining the cellular response to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Kelland
- Radiotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Mackey JK, Alexieva-Jackson B, Fetters DV, Edwards SM, McBride JP, Cole RL, Trapp WG. Bone and gallium scan findings in malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Case report with radiographic and pathologic correlation. Clin Nucl Med 1987; 12:17-21. [PMID: 3028689 DOI: 10.1097/00003072-198701000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) is the most common soft tissue malignancy in adults. The Ga-67 citrate scan findings of an extremity-located MFH, the most common location of this neoplasm, have never been published in English language journals to the best of the authors' knowledge. Ga-67 citrate and Tc-99m MDP scans of the thigh mass accurately depicted the tumor's local extent, including the presence of central ischemic necrosis within the tumor, and the absence of adjacent osseous involvement and distant metastases, as correlated with computed tomography, angiography, and pathologic examinations.
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Abstract
The effectiveness of methylprednisolone for the reduction of postoperative facial edema was evaluated by the computed tomographic examination of 39 patients who underwent either a Lefort I osteotomy or a transoral vertical osteotomy. Results of the CT scans, which were performed preoperatively and at 24 and 72 hours postoperatively, showed that in the LeFort I osteotomy patients methylprednisolone reduced the degree of facial edema by 61% at 24 hours postoperatively and by 10% at 72 hours. In the transoral vertical osteotomy patients methylprednisolone reduced the degree of facial edema by 38% at 24 hours postoperatively and by 45% at 72 hours. It was concluded that methylprednisolone is effective for the control and management of postoperative facial edema following orthognathic surgery.
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Abstract
Forty-one infants with thoracoabdominal ectopia cordis have been reported to date; 9 of them survived. Among the patients with an omphalocele as the abdominal wall defect, however, only 2 survived. Death in this group of patients occurred almost exclusively as a consequence of either attempted coverage of the heart or secondary to the associated intracardiac lesion. We report here the case of a patient recently treated in whom coverage with a temporary Silastic prosthesis protected the exposed heart from infection and rupture of the sac, thus permitting full cardiac investigation before operation.
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