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Ortiz Gonzalez G, Perkins EG, Schmidt SJ, Drackley JK. Functional properties of cream and butter oil from milk of Holstein cows abomasally infused with increasing amounts of high-oleic sunflower fatty acids. J DAIRY RES 2024; 91:10-18. [PMID: 38361413 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029924000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
This research paper addresses the hypothesis that there is an optimal amount of intestinally available oleic acid (provided via abomasal infusion) to produce higher-oleic acid milk fat with satisfactory functional characteristics of cream and butter oil. A control and four increasing doses of free fatty acids from high oleic sunflower oil (HOSFA) were infused into the abomasum of four lactating dairy cows in a crossover experimental design with 7-d periods. Treatments were: (1) control (no HOSFA infused), (2) HOSFA (250 g/d), (3) HOSFA (500 g/d), (4) HOSFA (750 g/d), and (5) HOSFA (1000 g/d). All treatments included meat solubles and Tween 80 as emulsifiers. Viscosity, overrun and whipping time as well as foam firmness and stability were evaluated in whipping creams (33% fat). Solid fat content (from 0 to 40°C), melting point and firmness were determined in butter oil. Whipping time of cream increased linearly and viscosity decreased linearly as infusion of HOSFA increased. Overrun displayed a quadratic response, decreasing when 500 g/d or more was infused. Foam firmness and stability were not affected significantly by HOSFA. For butter oil, melting point, firmness, and solid fat content decreased as HOSFA infusion increased. Changes in 21 TG fractions were statistically correlated to functional properties, with 6-10 fractions showing the highest correlations consistently. Decisions on the optimal amount of HOSFA were dependent on the dairy product to which milk fat is applied. For products handled at commercial refrigeration temperatures, such as whipping cream and butter oil, the 250 g/d level was the limit to maintain satisfactory functional qualities. Palmitic acid needed to be present in at least 20% in milk fat to keep the functional properties for the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Ortiz Gonzalez
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
| | - Edward G Perkins
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
| | - Shelly J Schmidt
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
| | - James K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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Linseed oil supplementation and DGAT1 K232A polymorphism affect the triacylglycerol composition and crystallization of milk fat. Food Chem 2023; 407:135112. [PMID: 36493479 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of dietary linseed oil (LSO) supplementation and DGAT1 K232A (DGAT1) polymorphism on the triacylglycerol composition and crystallization of bovine milk fat. LSO supplementation increased unsaturated triacylglycerols, notably in the C52-C54 carbon range, while reducing the saturated C29-C49 triacylglycerols. These changes were associated with an increase in the low-melting fraction and the crystal lamellar thickness, as well as a reduction in the medium and high-melting fractions and the formation of the most abundant crystal type at 20 °C (β'-2 polymorph). Furthermore, DGAT1 KK was associated with higher levels of odd-chain saturated triacylglycerols than DGAT1 AA, and it was also associated with an increase in the high-melting fraction and the endset melting temperature. An interaction between diet and DGAT1 for the unsaturated C54 triacylglycerols accentuated the effects of LSO supplementation with DGAT1 AA. These findings show that genetic polymorphism and cows' diet can have considerable effects on milk fat properties.
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Ortiz Gonzalez G, Perkins EG, Drackley JK. Milk triglycerides from dairy cows abomasally infused with increasing amounts of high-oleic sunflower fatty acids. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2428-2437. [PMID: 36759277 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The triglyceride composition of milk fat largely determines the manufacturing characteristics of products containing milk fat. Increasing oleic acid content of milk fat might be desirable for human nutrition and also for butter and whipping cream, among other product applications. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of increasing intestinally available oleic acid (provided via abomasal infusion) on the profile of milk triglycerides. A control and 4 increasing doses of free fatty acids from high oleic sunflower oil (HOSFA) were infused into the abomasum of 4 lactating dairy cows in a changeover experimental design with periods of 7 d. Treatments were (1) control (no fatty acids infused), (2) HOSFA (250 g/d), (3) HOSFA (500 g/d), (4) HOSFA (750 g/d), and (5) HOSFA (1,000 g/d). All treatments included meat solubles and Tween 80 as emulsifiers. Infusion of HOSFA increased oleic acid and decreased short- and medium-chain fatty acids in milk fat. Statistical analysis of results showed linear changes in most of the milk triglycerides analyzed. The most significant changes as the result of increasing HOSFA infusion were a decrease in triglycerides with saturated fatty acids (butyrin-caprylin-palmitin, butyrin-laurin-olein, butyrin-myristin-palmitin, butyrin-palmitin-palmitin, caproin-myristin-palmitin, butyrin-palmitin-stearin, caproin-palmitin-palmitin) and an increase in dioleyl triglycerides (with butyric, lauric, myristic and palmitic acids) and triolein. The synthesis of triglyceride is position-specific and does not follow a random distribution model.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ortiz Gonzalez
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - E G Perkins
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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MISHRA GEETESH, GOSWAMI SC, SHARMA SANJITA, JHIRWAL AK, RAVTARAM. Seasonal and lactational variations in fatty acid profile of milk in indigenous cattle. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v92i11.125145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted on quality and bioactive components in milk of Kankrej and Sahiwal indigenous cattle breeds at Livestock Research Station, Kodemdesar and College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner situated in hot-arid region of Rajasthan. Representative milk samples were collected and brought to the laboratory. The variance analysis observed significant effect of season on SFA of Kankrej and Sahiwal, and revealed that the total MUFA in Kankrej differ significantly. Significant effect of season on PUFA in Sahiwal and Kankrej cattle was also observed. Significant effect of season on Omega fatty acids in Sahiwal and Kankrej cattle except Omega-9 fatty acid in Sahiwal cattle was seen. The analysis of variance found highly significant effect of season on SCFA whereas non-significant effect on LCFA in Kankrej and Sahiwal cattle. Effect of season on MCFA was found significant in Sahiwal whereas non-significant effect was found in Kankrej cattle. The analysis of variance observed significant effect of various lactation stage on MUFA, Omega-9 and MCFA fatty acids for Kankrej and Sahiwal cattle and on SCFA in Sahiwal, and non-significant effect in Kankrej whereas significant effect on LCFA in Kankrej and nonsignificant effect in Sahiwal cattle.
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Bovine milk fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition and structure differ between early and late lactation influencing milk fat solid fat content. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pacheco-Pappenheim S, Yener S, Nichols K, Dijkstra J, Hettinga K, van Valenberg HJF. Feeding hydrogenated palm fatty acids and rumen-protected protein to lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows modifies milk fat triacylglycerol composition and structure, and solid fat content. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2828-2839. [PMID: 35181128 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of fat and protein supplementation to dairy cattle rations on milk fat triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, fatty acid (FA) positional distribution in the TAG structure, and milk solid fat content (SFC). Fifty-six lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were blocked into 14 groups of 4 cows and randomly assigned 1 of 4 dietary treatments fed for 28 d: (1) low protein, low fat, (2) high protein, low fat, (3) low protein, high fat, and (4) high protein, high fat. The high protein and high fat diets were obtained by isoenergetically supplementing the basal ration (low protein, low fat) with rumen-protected soybean meal and rumen-protected rapeseed meal, and hydrogenated palm FA (mainly C16:0 and C18:0), respectively. Fat supplementation modified milk TAG composition more extensively compared with protein supplementation. Fat supplementation resulted in decreased concentrations of the low molecular weight TAG carbon number (CN) 26 to CN34 and medium molecular weight TAG CN40, CN44, and CN46, and increased concentrations of CN38 and the high molecular weight TAG CN50 and CN52. Increased contents of C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1cis-9 in TAG in response to fat supplementation were related to increases in the relative concentrations of C16:0 and C18:0 at the sn-2 position and C18:0 and C18:1cis-9 at the sn-1(3) positions of the TAG structure. Increased concentrations of high molecular weight TAG species CN50 and CN52 in response to fat supplementation was associated with increased milk SFC at 20, 25, and 30°C. Our study shows that important alterations in milk TAG composition and structure occur when feeding hydrogenated palm FA to lactating dairy cattle, and that these alterations result in an increased SFC of milk fat. These changes in milk SFC and TAG composition and structure may improve absorption of both fat and minerals in milk-based products for infants and may affect processing of milk fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pacheco-Pappenheim
- Dairy Science and Technology Group of Food Quality and Design (FQD), Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sine Yener
- Dairy Science and Technology Group of Food Quality and Design (FQD), Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kelly Nichols
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kasper Hettinga
- Dairy Science and Technology Group of Food Quality and Design (FQD), Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hein J F van Valenberg
- Dairy Science and Technology Group of Food Quality and Design (FQD), Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Yener S, Pacheco-Pappenheim S, Heck JML, van Valenberg HJF. Seasonal variation in the positional distribution of fatty acids in bovine milk fat. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12274-12285. [PMID: 34600707 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the seasonal variation in the positional distribution of fatty acids (FA) in bovine milk fat. Bovine milk samples were collected from May 2017 to April 2018 in the Netherlands, and the FA composition in the sn-2 position was determined by using sn-1(3)-selective transesterification of Candida antarctica lipase B. The majority of the FA showed significant variation at sn-2 and sn-1(3) positions between different seasons. The seasonal variation in sn-2 position was higher than the sn-1(3) positions. Parallel to the changes in the diet of the cows throughout a year, we observed an increase in blood-derived FA (i.e. C18:0, C18:1 cis-9) concentrations and a decrease in de novo-synthesized FA during summer. In winter, more saturated FA were esterified in sn-2 position of milk fat. Highest concentrations of palmitic acid, C16:0, was observed in sn-2 position in winter, whereas the amount of unsaturated FA at this position was highest in summer. These results showed that the FA compositions in different regiospecific positions changed due to season; however, the proportions of a specific FA within the 3 positions of the triacylglycerols in milk fat did not change upon seasonal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sine Yener
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sara Pacheco-Pappenheim
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen M L Heck
- FrieslandCampina, PO Box 1551, 3800 BN Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Hein J F van Valenberg
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Loffi C, Cavanna D, Sammarco G, Catellani D, Dall'Asta C, Suman M. Non-targeted high-resolution mass spectrometry study for evaluation of milk freshness. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12286-12294. [PMID: 34593223 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Milk freshness is an important parameter for both consumers' health and quality of milk-based products. Up to now there have been neither analytical methods nor specific parameters to uniquely define milk freshness from a complete and univocal chemical perspective. In this study, 8 molecules were selected and identified as responsible for milk aging, using a liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry approach followed by chemometric data elaboration. For model setup and marker selection, 30 high-quality pasteurized fresh milk samples were collected directly from the production site and analyzed immediately and after storage at 2 to 8°C for 7 d. The markers were then validated by challenging the model with a set of 10 milk samples, not previously analyzed. Our results demonstrated that the markers identified within this study can be successfully used for the correct classification of non-fresh milk samples, complementing and successfully enhancing parallel evaluations obtainable through sensory measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Loffi
- Advanced Research Laboratory, Barilla G. e R. Fratelli S.p.A., Via Mantova 166, 43122 Parma, Italy; Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 95/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Cavanna
- Advanced Research Laboratory, Barilla G. e R. Fratelli S.p.A., Via Mantova 166, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- Advanced Research Laboratory, Barilla G. e R. Fratelli S.p.A., Via Mantova 166, 43122 Parma, Italy; Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 95/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Dante Catellani
- Advanced Research Laboratory, Barilla G. e R. Fratelli S.p.A., Via Mantova 166, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 95/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Suman
- Advanced Research Laboratory, Barilla G. e R. Fratelli S.p.A., Via Mantova 166, 43122 Parma, Italy; Department for Sustainable Food Process, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 29121 Piacenza, Italy.
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Ali AH, Wei W, Khalifa SA, Zhang X, Wang X. Effect of pasteurisation, homogenisation and freeze‐drying on bovine and buffalo milk fat triacylglycerols profile. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmoneim H Ali
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
- Department of Food Science Faculty of Agriculture Zagazig University Zagazig 44511 Egypt
| | - Wei Wei
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Salah A Khalifa
- Department of Food Science Faculty of Agriculture Zagazig University Zagazig 44511 Egypt
| | - Xinghe Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
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Lage CFA, Räisänen SE, Stefenoni H, Melgar A, Chen X, Oh J, Fetter ME, Kniffen DM, Fabin RA, Hristov AN. Lactational performance, enteric gas emissions, and plasma amino acid profile of dairy cows fed diets with soybean or canola meals included on an equal protein basis. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:3052-3066. [PMID: 33455785 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of feeding solvent-extracted canola meal (CM), extruded soybean meal (ESBM), or solvent-extracted soybean meal (SSBM) on an equivalent crude protein basis on performance, plasma AA profiles, enteric gas emissions, milk fatty acids, and nutrient digestibility in lactating dairy cows. Fifteen Holstein cows (95 ± 20 d in milk) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment with 3 periods of 28 d each. Treatments were 3 diets containing 17.1% CM, 14.2% ESBM, or 13.6% SSBM (dry matter basis). Vegetable oil was added (canola oil for CM or soybean oil for SSBM) to equalize the ether extract concentration of the diets. Rumen-protected Met was supplemented targeting digestible Met supply of 2.2% of metabolizable protein in all diets. Canola meal increased dry matter intake (DMI) by 5.9 and 8.9% in comparison with ESBM and SSBM, respectively. Milk urea nitrogen was lowest in CM, followed by SSBM, and was highest for ESBM. No differences were observed in feed efficiency, energy-corrected milk yield, and milk composition or component yields among treatments. Cows fed CM emitted less enteric CH4 per kg of DMI compared with both ESBM and SSBM, but CH4 emission intensity (CH4 per kg of energy-corrected milk) was similar among treatments. In summary, replacement of ESBM or SSBM with CM, on an equal crude protein basis, in the diet of lactating dairy cows enhanced DMI, but yields of energy-corrected milk and milk components and feed efficiency were similar among treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F A Lage
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil 31270-901
| | - S E Räisänen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - H Stefenoni
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - A Melgar
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - X Chen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, United Kingdom BT26 6DR
| | - J Oh
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, Seongnam, South Korea 13630
| | - M E Fetter
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - D M Kniffen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - R A Fabin
- Fabin Bros. Farms, Indiana, PA 15701
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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Osthoff G, Hugo A, Madende M, Schmidt L, Kobeni S, Deacon F. Milk Composition of Free-Ranging Impala ( Aepyceros melampus) and Tsessebe ( Damaliscus lunatus lunatus), and Comparison with Other African Bovidae. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:516. [PMID: 33671145 PMCID: PMC7922303 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The major nutrient and fatty acid composition of the milk of impala and tsessebe is reported and compared with other Bovidae and species. The proximate composition of impala milk was 5.56 ± 1.96% fat, 6.60 ± 0.51% protein, and 4.36 ± 0.94% lactose, and that of tsessebe milk was 8.44 ± 3.19%, 5.15 ± 0.49%, and 6.10 ± 3.85%, respectively. The high protein content of impala milk accounted for 42% of gross energy, which is typical for African Bovids that use a "hider" postnatal care system, compared to the 25% of the tsessebe, a "follower". Electrophoresis showed that the molecular size and surface charge of the tsessebe caseins resembled that of other Alcelaphinae members, while that of the impala resembled that of Hippotraginae. The milk composition of these two species was compared by statistical methods with 13 other species representing eight suborders, families, or subfamilies of African Artiodactyla. This showed that the tsessebe milk resembled that of four other species of the Alcelaphinae sub-family and that the milk of this sub-family differs from other Artiodactyla by its specific margins of nutrient contents and milk fat with a high content of medium-length fatty acids (C8-C12) above 17% of the total fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Osthoff
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.H.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Arnold Hugo
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.H.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Moses Madende
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.H.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Lauren Schmidt
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.H.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Sibusiso Kobeni
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.H.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Francois Deacon
- Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa;
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Abstract
Total Joint Replacement (TJR) devices undergo standardized wear testing in mechanical simulators while submerged in a proteinaceous testing solution to mimic the environmental conditions of artificial joints in the human body. Typically, bovine calf serum is used to provide the required protein content. However, due to lot-to-lot variability, an undesirable variance in testing outcome is observed. Based on an earlier finding that yellowish-orange serum color saturation is associated with wear rate, we examined potential sources of this variability, by running a comparative wear test with bilirubin; hemin; and a fatty acid, oleic acid, in the lubricant. All these compounds readily bind to albumin, the most abundant protein in bovine serum. Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) pins were articulated against CoCrMo discs in a pin-on-disc tribometer, and the UHMWPE wear rates were compared between lubricants. We found that the addition of bilirubin increased wear by 121%, while hemin had a much weaker, insignificant effect. When added at the same molar ratio as bilirubin, the fatty acid tended to reduce wear. Additionally, there was a significant interaction with respect to bilirubin and hemin in that UHMWPE wear rate decreased with increasing fatty acid concentration. We believe the conformational change in albumin by binding bilirubin makes it more likely to form molecular bridges between UHMWPE and the metal counterface, thus increasing adhesive wear. However, fatty acids compete for binding sites on albumin, and can prevent this conformational change. Hence, the protein is stabilized, and the chance for albumin to form bridges is lowered. Ultimately, UHMWPE wear rate is driven by the competitive binding of bilirubin and fatty acid to albumin.
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13
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Fatty acid transport in plasma from cows treated with ruminal pulses of fish oil and partially hydrogenated vegetable oil. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hifzulrahman, Abdullah M, Akhtar MU, Pasha TN, Bhatti JA, Ali Z, Saadullah M, Haque MN. Comparison of oil and fat supplementation on lactation performance of Nili Ravi buffaloes. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3000-3009. [PMID: 30799102 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of feeding rumen-inert fat sources on production responses of lactating dairy cows have been well reported but less thoroughly described in lactating dairy buffalo. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of oil and 2 different rumen-inert fat sources on dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile in Nili Ravi buffalo. Twelve multiparous mid-lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes received 4 treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a period length of 21 d. The treatments were (1) the basal diet without supplementation of oil or fats (CTRL), (2) the basal diet supplemented with canola oil (CO), (3) the basal diet supplemented with calcium salts of palm FA (Ca-FA), and (4) the basal diet supplemented with high palmitic acid (PA). Dry matter intake was decreased by 4.4% in the CO compared with Ca-FA and PA. Milk yield and milk fat yield were increased by 7.8 and 14.3%, respectively, in CO, Ca-FA, and PA compared with the CTRL. Milk fat content increased by 7.5%, whereas milk fat yield tended to increase with the supplementation of Ca-FA and PA compared with CO. No effect on milk yield and milk composition was observed in Ca-FA versus PA treatments. The yield of medium-chain FA was increased by Ca-FA and PA versus CO. The CO treatment increased the yield of long-chain FA compared with Ca-FA and PA treatments. Plasma glucose level was higher in CO, Ca-FA, and PA compared with the CTRL. In conclusion, feeding rumen-inert fats in the lactating buffalo diet proved to be a useful strategy to increase the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield due to the higher milk fat content in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hifzulrahman
- Department of Livestock Production, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Outfall Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - M Abdullah
- Department of Livestock Production, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Outfall Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - M U Akhtar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Outfall Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - T N Pasha
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Outfall Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - J A Bhatti
- Department of Livestock Production, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Outfall Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Z Ali
- Applied Chemistry Research Center, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - M Saadullah
- Department of Livestock Production, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Outfall Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - M N Haque
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Outfall Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
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15
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Kliem KE, Humphries DJ, Grandison AS, Morgan R, Livingstone KM, Givens DI, Reynolds CK. Effect of a whey protein and rapeseed oil gel feed supplement on milk fatty acid composition of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:288-300. [PMID: 30447978 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Isoenergetic replacement of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) with cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Supplementing dairy cow diets with plant oils lowers milk fat SFA concentrations. However, this feeding strategy can also increase milk fat trans fatty acids (FA) and negatively affect rumen fermentation. Protection of oil supplements from the rumen environment is therefore needed. In the present study a whey protein gel (WPG) of rapeseed oil (RO) was produced for feeding to dairy cows, in 2 experiments. In experiment 1, four multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows in mid-lactation were used in a change-over experiment, with 8-d treatment periods separated by a 5-d washout period. Total mixed ration diets containing 420 g of RO or WPG providing 420 g of RO were fed and the effects on milk production, composition, and FA concentration were measured. Experiment 2 involved 4 multiparous mid-lactation Holstein-Friesian cows in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment, with 28-d periods, to investigate the effect of incremental dietary inclusion (0, 271, 617, and 814 g/d supplemental oil) of WPG on milk production, composition, and FA concentration in the last week of each period. Whey protein gel had minimal effects on milk FA profile in experiment 1, but trans-18:1 and total trans-MUFA were higher after 8 d of supplementation with RO than with WPG. Incremental diet inclusion of WPG in experiment 2 resulted in linear increases in milk yield, cis- and trans-MUFA and PUFA, and linear decreases in SFA (from 73 to 58 g/100 g of FA) and milk fat concentration. The WPG supplement was effective at decreasing milk SFA concentration by replacement with MUFA and PUFA in experiment 2, but the increase in trans FA suggested that protection was incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Kliem
- Centre for Dairy Research, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR; Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR.
| | - D J Humphries
- Centre for Dairy Research, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR
| | - A S Grandison
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AP
| | - R Morgan
- Centre for Dairy Research, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR
| | - K M Livingstone
- Centre for Dairy Research, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR; Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AP
| | - D I Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR
| | - C K Reynolds
- Centre for Dairy Research, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR; Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR
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16
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Rezaeenia A, Naserian AA, Valizadeh R, Tahmasbi AM, Mokhtarpour A. Effect of dietary inclusion of date seed (Phoenix dactylifera L.) on intake, digestibility, milk production, and milk fatty acid profile of Holstein dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1427-1433. [PMID: 29582341 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the influence of ground date seed (GDS) on intake, digestibility, and milk yield and milk fatty acid (FA) composition of lactating Holstein cows. The experimental design was a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square with eight lactating dairy cows with an average milk production of 35.5 ± 1.5 kg and 75 ± 5 days in milk (DIM). Dairy cows were fed one of the four treatments contained 0, 2, 4, and 6% of diet dry matter (DM) GDS in replacement of wheat bran. All diets contained the same amount of forages (alfalfa hay and corn silage). Dietary treatments had no effect on DM intake (DMI), total tract apparent digestibility, milk yield, and milk composition. Increasing GDS linearly decreased concentration of C13:0 and increased cis-9 C14:1 and trans-11 C18:1 (vaccenic acid) (P < 0.05). A linear tendency for more C16:1 content in milk fat was observed with increasing GDS (P = 0.06). Feeding GDS resulted in a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in saturated FA (SFA) but increased milk fat monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and trans FA (TFA) (P < 0.05). Therefore, low levels of GDS (up to 6%) in the diet of Holstein dairy cows can beneficially modify milk FA composition without any adverse effects on intake, digestibility, and milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rezaeenia
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A A Naserian
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - R Valizadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A M Tahmasbi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Mokhtarpour
- Research Center of Special Domestic Animals, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
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17
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Abstract
During recent decades, the UK dairy industry has had to adjust to the introduction of milk quotas in 1984, the deregulation of milk markets in 1994, and accommodate changes in the demand for dairy products. The combination of these factors, in addition to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Foot and Mouth disease, and a fall in milk price has inevitably resulted in a restructuring of the industry, but also reinforced the need for all sectors of the industry to respond to the prevailing economic climate and changes in consumer preferences.
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18
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Tzompa-Sosa DA, Meurs PP, van Valenberg HJF. Triacylglycerol Profile of Summer and Winter Bovine Milk Fat and the Feasibility of Triacylglycerol Fragmentation. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daylan A. Tzompa-Sosa
- Dairy Science and Technology Group; Food Quality and Design; Wageningen University; Wageningen 6708WG The Netherlands
| | - Pim P. Meurs
- Dairy Science and Technology Group; Food Quality and Design; Wageningen University; Wageningen 6708WG The Netherlands
| | - Hein J. F. van Valenberg
- Dairy Science and Technology Group; Food Quality and Design; Wageningen University; Wageningen 6708WG The Netherlands
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19
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Tascini AS, Noro MG, Chen R, Seddon JM, Bresme F. Understanding the interactions between sebum triglycerides and water: a molecular dynamics simulation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:1848-1860. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06889a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sebum triglycerides actively contribute to the water transport across the sebum layerviathe percolating network of triglyceride head groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rongjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Imperial College London
- UK
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20
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Brzozowska AM, Micek P, Kuczynska B, Lukaszewicz M, Oprzadek JM. The use of energy-protein supplement increases performance of high-yielding dairy cows and improves health-promoting properties of milk. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipid additives are of particular importance in the diet of high-yielding dairy cows. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a specially designed energy-protein supplement on dairy cows’ performance and milk composition. The experiment was conducted on 24 Polish Holstein-Friesian cows fed total mixed ration. Two kilograms of energy-protein supplement/cow.day were added to the ration for one group of cows whereas the other was fed solely the total mixed ration. The supplement consisted of whole flax seeds, wheat bran, flaxseed and fish oils, and rapeseed cake and its composition is protected by a patent. Feed intake and daily milk yield were recorded automatically for each cow. Gross milk composition and fatty acid profile of milk were determined. An ANOVA was performed to determine the influence of the supplement on performance traits and milk composition. Energy-protein supplement had a positive impact on dry matter intake and milk yield of cows. It had a little effect on the gross milk composition and somatic cell count. The effect of the additive on fatty acids in milk was beneficial, therefore its use in high-yielding dairy cows nutrition is recommended to improve health-promoting properties of milk.
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21
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Hernández-Galán L, Cattenoz T, Le Feunteun S, Canette A, Briandet R, Le-Guin S, Guedon E, Castellote J, Delettre J, Dugat Bony E, Bonnarme P, Spinnler HE, Martín del Campo ST, Picque D. Effect of dairy matrices on the survival of Streptococcus thermophilus , Brevibacterium aurantiacum and Hafnia alvei during digestion. Food Res Int 2017; 100:477-488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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SAROJ, MALLA BA, TRAN LV, SHARMA AN, KUMAR SACHIN, TYAGI AK. Seasonal variation in fatty acid profile in the milk of different species under popularly followed feeding system in India. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i4.69609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the seasonal variation in fatty acid profile in the milk of different species during summer and winter seasons. Samples were collected in months of summer and winter. Total saturated fatty acids (SFA) content (g/100g of fat) was 13-14% higher in summer than winter in all species. Total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentration (g/100g fat) were 10-12%, 3-4%, 30-40% respectively and, higher in winter than summer. MUFA, PUFA and CLA were considerably altered among seasons and species. It was concluded that PUFA and CLA in milk of different species increased during winter season than summer and this may be attributed to the seasonal availability of green fodder.
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23
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Osthoff G, Hugo A, Madende M, Deacon F, Nel P. Milk composition of free-ranging red hartebeest, giraffe, Southern reedbuck and warthog and a phylogenetic comparison of the milk of African Artiodactyla. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 204:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Lopes JC, Harper MT, Giallongo F, Oh J, Smith L, Ortega-Perez AM, Harper SA, Melgar A, Kniffen DM, Fabin RA, Hristov AN. Effect of high-oleic-acid soybeans on production performance, milk fatty acid composition, and enteric methane emission in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1122-1135. [PMID: 27988126 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 3 soybean sources differing in fatty acid profile and processing method on productivity, milk composition, digestibility, rumen fermentation, and enteric methane emission in lactating dairy cows. The soybean sources were conventional, high-linoleic-acid variety extruded soybean meal (ESBM; 8.7% ether extract with 15% oleic and 54% linoleic acids); extruded Plenish (DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA), high-oleic-acid variety soybean meal (EPSBM; 8.4% ether extract with 73% oleic and 8% linoleic acids); and whole, heated Plenish soybeans (WPSB; 20.2% ether extract). The study involved 15 Holstein cows in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment with three 28-d periods. The inclusion rate of the soybean sources in the diet was (dry matter basis) 17.1, 17.1, and 7.4% for ESBM, EPSBM, and WPSB, respectively, which resulted in ether extract concentration of the diets of 3.99, 3.94, and 4.18%, respectively. Compared with ESBM, the Plenish diets tended to increase dry matter intake and decreased feed efficiency (but had no effect on energy-corrected milk feed efficiency). The Plenish diets increased milk fat concentration on average by 5.6% and tended to increase milk fat yield, compared with ESBM. The WPSB diet tended to increased milk true protein compared with the extruded soybean meal diets. Treatments had no effect on rumen fermentation and enteric methane or carbon dioxide emissions, except pH was higher for WPSB versus EPSBM. The Plenish diets decreased the prevalence of Ruminococcus and increased that of Eubacterium and Treponema in whole ruminal contents. Total-tract apparent digestibility of organic matter and crude protein were decreased by WPSB compared with ESBM and EPSBM. Compared with the other treatments, urinary N excretion was increased by EPSBM and fecal N excretion was greater for WPSB. Treatments had marked effects on milk fatty acid profile. Generally, the Plenish diets increased mono-unsaturated (mostly cis-9 18:1) and decreased polyunsaturated, total trans-, and conjugated linoleic fatty acids concentrations in milk fat. In this study, compared with conventional, high-linoleic-acid variety extruded soybean meal, the Plenish soybean diets increased milk fat concentration and tended to increase fat yield, decreased feed efficiency, and modified milk fatty acid profile in a manner expected from the greater concentration of oleic acid in Plenish soybean oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lopes
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - M T Harper
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - F Giallongo
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - J Oh
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - L Smith
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - A M Ortega-Perez
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - S A Harper
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - A Melgar
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - D M Kniffen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - R A Fabin
- Fabin Bros. Farms, Indiana, PA 15701
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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25
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Dorea JRR, Armentano LE. Effects of common dietary fatty acids on milk yield and concentrations of fat and fatty acids in dairy cattle. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an17335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present article was to summarise the effects of five common dietary fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3) on the major milk fat groups (<C16, C16 and C18). Forty published papers were reviewed to evaluate the effect of adding free fat or oil supplements rich in C16 and C18 fatty acids on the response of milk fat secretion and composition. From those 40 studies, 21 were used to investigate the effect of total dietary concentration of C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 on milk secretion or concentrations of milk <C16, C16 and C18 fatty acid groups. The results indicated that C16 supplementation increased total milk fatty acids, mainly by increasing milk C16 yield, without affecting milk <C16 and C18 yield. Supplements rich in unsaturated fatty acid decreased total milk fatty acid by inhibiting secretion of milk fatty acids shorter than C18, with linoleic acid being the most inhibitory. Mixtures of feed fatty acid (C16:0 + C18:0 and C16:0 + C18:1) did not significantly affect total milk fatty acid yield. According to regression of milk C16 yield on dietary fatty acid, endogenous C16 contributes ~80% of total milk C16, but this proportion varies with the level and type of dietary fatty acid fed. Milk mid-infrared analysis can be used to routinely measure the presence of milk <C16 fatty acid, the concentration of which provides a good indicator of inhibition of milk fatty acid secretion. In contrast, measurement of total milk fat content is less effective as a diagnostic tool due to the masking effect of the exogenous supply of C16 and C18 dietary fatty acids.
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26
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Tzompa-Sosa D, van Valenberg H, van Aken G, Bovenhuis H. Milk fat triacylglycerols and their relations with milk fatty acid composition, DGAT1 K232A polymorphism, and milk production traits. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3624-3631. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Adeyemi KD, Sabow AB, Abubakar A, Samsudin AA, Sazili AQ. Effects of dietary oil blend on fatty acid composition, oxidative stability and physicochemical properties of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle in goats. Anim Sci J 2016; 87:1421-1432. [PMID: 26987458 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of dietary blend of 80% canola oil and 20% palm oil (BCPO) on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant status, oxidative stability and fatty acid composition of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle from goats during chill storage. Over a 14-week feeding trial, 24 Boer bucks were randomly assigned to and supplemented with diets containing 0, 4 or 8% BCPO on a dry matter basis, slaughtered and the LTL was subjected to a 7 day chill storage. Neither diet nor post mortem ageing influenced (P > 0.05) antioxidant enzyme activities, chemical composition and cholesterol. Diet had no effect on the carbonyl content, free thiol content, water-holding capacity, tenderness, pH and glycogen. Oil-supplemented goats had higher (P < 0.05) C18:1 trans-11, C18:3n-3 and C20:5n-3, carotenoid, tocopherol and redness, and lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values than the control goats. Post mortem ageing decreased (P < 0.05) shear force and oxidative stability of chevon. No significant (P > 0.05) changes were found in the proportion of individual fatty acids throughout storage. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased while total saturated fatty acids increased as storage progressed. Dietary BCPO enhanced n-3 PUFA without compromising the quality attributes of chevon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazeem Dauda Adeyemi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture.,Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Azad Behnan Sabow
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture.,Department of Animal Resource, University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | | | | | - Awis Qurni Sazili
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture. , .,Halal Products Research Institute, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia. , .,Laboratory of Animal Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. ,
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28
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Manipulation of milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows: Opportunities and challenges. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chamberlain M, DePeters E. Impacts of feeding lipid supplements high in palmitic acid or stearic acid on performance of lactating dairy cows. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1124327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.B. Chamberlain
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - E.J. DePeters
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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30
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Brunton NP, Mason C, Collins MJ. Rapid microwave assisted preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for the analysis of fatty acid profiles in foods. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Weinstein JA, Taylor SJ, Rosenberg M, DePeters EJ. Whey protein gel composites in the diet of goats increased the omega-3 and omega-6 content of milk fat. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:789-800. [PMID: 26249647 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, feeding whey protein gels containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) reduced their rumen biohydrogenation and increased their concentration in milk fat of Holstein cows. Our objective was to test the efficacy of whey protein isolate (WPI) gels produced in a steam tunnel as a method to alter the fatty acid (FA) composition of the milk lipids. Four primiparous Lamancha goats in midlactation were fed three diets in a 3 × 4 Latin square design. The WPI gels were added to a basal concentrate mix that contained one of three lipid sources: (i) 100% soya bean oil (S) to create (WPI/S), (ii) a 1:1 (wt/wt) mixture of S and linseed (L) oil to create (WPI/SL), or (iii) 100% L to create (WPI/L). Periods were 22 days with the first 10 days used as an adjustment phase followed by a 12-day experimental phase. During the adjustment phase, all goats received a rumen available source of lipid, yellow grease, to provide a baseline for milk FA composition. During the experimental phase, each goat received its assigned WPI. Milk FA concentration of C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 reached 9.3 and 1.64 g/100 g FA, respectively, when goats were fed WPI/S. Feeding WPI/SL increased the C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 concentration to 6.22 and 4.36 g/100 g FA, and WPI/L increased C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 to 3.96 and 6.13 g/100 g FA respectively. The adjusted transfer efficiency (%) of C18:3 n-3 to milk FA decreased significantly as dietary C18:3 n-3 intake increased. Adjusted transfer efficiency for C18:2 n-6 did not change with increasing intake of C18:2 n-6. The WPI gels were effective at reducing rumen biohydrogenation of PUFA; however, we observed a change in the proportion increase of C18:3 n-3 in milk FA suggesting possible regulation of n-3 FA to the lactating caprine mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Weinstein
- Department of Animal Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S J Taylor
- Department of Animal Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M Rosenberg
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - E J DePeters
- Department of Animal Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Furse
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Universiteit Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten R. Egmond
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Universiteit Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Antoinette Killian
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Universiteit Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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33
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Cassinerio C, Fadel J, Asmus J, Heguy J, Taylor S, DePeters E. Tomato seeds as a novel by-product feed for lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4811-28. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Determination of bioactive compounds in cream obtained as a by-product during cheese-making: Influence of cows' diet on lipid quality. Int Dairy J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Tolentino RG, León SVY, Pérez MN, Herrera MC, Ayala AR, González JJP, Bermúdez BS, Salinas RO, Francisca MV, Martínez JGR. Composition of Triacylglycerols in Fats of Cow and Goat Milk Produced in Four Zones of Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2015.66058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Stoffel CM, Crump PM, Armentano LE. Effect of dietary fatty acid supplements, varying in fatty acid composition, on milk fat secretion in dairy cattle fed diets supplemented to less than 3% total fatty acids. J Dairy Sci 2014; 98:431-42. [PMID: 25468700 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids can affect both milk fat yield and fatty acid (FA) composition. This relationship is well established when the dietary level of FA exceeds 3% of diet dry matter (DM). We could find no reports directly examining the effects of dietary FA profile on milk fat at levels below 3%. Twenty-four primiparous and 36 multiparous lactating cows were paired by production (1 high with 1 low, within parity) to form 30 experimental units. Pairs were fed 6 diets in five 6×6 balanced Latin squares with 21-d periods, and data were collected during the last 5d of each period. Two control diets were fed: a corn control diet (CC; 29% corn silage, 16% alfalfa silage, 19% corn grain, and 8% distillers grain on a DM basis) containing 1.8% FA; and a low-oil control diet (LOC; 9% corn silage, 35% alfalfa silage, 20% food-grade corn starch, and 8% corn gluten feed on a DM basis) containing 1.2% FA. A portion of the food-grade corn starch in LOC was replaced with 4 different FA supplements to create the 4 treatment diets. Treatments were 1.7% (DM basis) of a 50:50 blend of corn oil and high-linoleic safflower oil (LO), 1.7% high-oleic sunflower oil (OO), 1.7% palm oil (PO), or 1.8% calcium salts of palm fatty acids (PFA). The resultant diets were thus enriched in linoleic (LO), oleic (OO), or palmitic acid (PO and PFA). Dietary treatments did not affect dry matter intake. Addition of any of the fat sources to LOC resulted in increased milk yield, but milk fat yields and milk FA composition were variable for the different treatments. The LO treatment resulted in lower milk fat yield, fat concentration, and C16:0 yield but increased both trans-10 C18:1 and trans-10,cis-12 C18:2 yields compared with the other added FA treatments. Diets PO and PFA resulted in increased milk C16:0 yield and decreased total milk C18 yield compared with OO. Regression analysis revealed a negative coefficient for dietary linoleic acid content over basal (LOC) for both milk short-chain FA yield and C16:0 yield. Dietary linoleic acid content also had a positive coefficient for milk trans-10 C18:1 and trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid yield. These results demonstrate that even when total dietary FA are below 3%, free oils rich in linoleic acid can reduce milk fat yield by reducing secretion of milk FA with fewer than 18 carbons. Fatty acid composition of fat supplements is important even at this low level of total dietary fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Stoffel
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - P M Crump
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - L E Armentano
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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Hanuš O, Samková E, Špička J, Sojková K, Hanušová K, Kopec T, Vyletělová M, Jedelská R. Relationship between concentration of health important groups of fatty acids and components and technological properties in cow milk. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201058050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Vafa TS, Naserian AA, Heravi Moussavi AR, Valizadeh R, Mesgaran MD. Effect of supplementation of fish and canola oil in the diet on milk Fatty Acid composition in early lactating holstein cows. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 25:311-9. [PMID: 25049568 PMCID: PMC4092963 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2010.10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of supplementation of fish oil and canola oil in the diet on milk yield, milk components and fatty acid composition of Holstein dairy cows in early lactation. Eight multiparous early lactation Holstein cows (42±12 DIM, 40±6 kg daily milk yield) were fed a total mixed ration supplemented with either 0% oil (Control), 2% fish oil (FO), 1% canola oil +1% fish oil (FOCO), or 2% canola oil (CO) according to a double 4×4 Latin square design. Each period lasted 3 wk; experimental analyses were restricted to the last week of each period. Supplemental oils were added to a basal diet which was formulated according to NRC (2001) and consisted of 20% alfalfa, 20% corn silage and 60% concentrate. Milk yield was similar between diets (p>0.05), but dry matter intake (DMI) was lower (p<0.05) in cows fed FO diet compared to other diets. Milk fat percentage and daily yield decreased (p<0.01) with the supplementation of fish and canola oil. The daily yield and percentage of milk protein, lactose and solids-not-fat (SNF) were not affected by diets (p>0.05). The proportion (g/100 g fatty acids) of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) decreased and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased (p<0.05) in milk of all cows fed diets supplemented with oil. The proportions of 6:0, 8:0, 10:0 12:0 and 14:0 fatty acids in milk fat decreased (p<0.01) for all diets supplemented with oil, but the proportions of 14:1, 16:0 and 16:1 fatty acids were not affected by diets (p>0.05). The proportion of trans(t)-18:1 increased (p<0.01) in milk fat of cows fed FO and FOCO diets, but CO diet had the highest proportion of cis(c)-11 18:1 (p<0.01). The concentration of t-10, c-12 18:2, c-9 t-11 18:2, 18:3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) increased (p<0.05) in FO and FOCO diets in comparison with the other two diets. These data indicate that including fish oil in combination with canola oil significantly modifies the fatty acid composition of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toktam S Vafa
- Payame Noor University, EX phD student at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas A Naserian
- Excellence Center for Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P. O. Box 91775-1163. Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali R Heravi Moussavi
- Excellence Center for Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P. O. Box 91775-1163. Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Valizadeh
- Excellence Center for Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P. O. Box 91775-1163. Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Danesh Mesgaran
- Excellence Center for Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P. O. Box 91775-1163. Mashhad, Iran
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Guerra E, Gori A, Cevoli C, Losi G, Caboni MF. Lipid fraction of creams collected in the Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese production area in response to extruded linseed supplementation of dairy cows’ diets: GC-FID and FT-MIR evaluation. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Guerra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
| | - Chiara Cevoli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
| | - Giuseppe Losi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
| | - Maria Fiorenza Caboni
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
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40
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In vitro study of the bioavailability of fatty acids in cow milk containing conjugated linoleic acids produced in vivo or added in synthetic form. Int Dairy J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Chad E, DePeters E, Puschner B, Taylor S, Robison J. Preliminary investigation of the composition of alpaca (Vicugna pacos) milk in California. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Effect of fresh grass feeding, pasture grazing and organic/biodynamic farming on bovine milk triglyceride profile and implications for authentication. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-2137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Can fatty acid and mineral compositions of sturgeon eggs distinguish between farm-raised versus wild white (Acipenser transmontanus) sturgeon origins in California? Preliminary report. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 229:128-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Recent developments in altering the fatty acid composition of ruminant-derived foods. Animal 2013; 7 Suppl 1:132-62. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112001681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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45
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Osthoff G, Hugo A, Wit MDMD. Comparison of the Milk Composition of Free-Ranging Eland, Kudu, Gemsbok and Scimitar Oryx, with Observations on Lechwe, Okapi and Southern Pudu. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3957/056.042.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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46
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Juchem SO, Benes SE, Robinson PH, Grattan SR, Vasquez P, Chilibroste P, Brito M. Grazing as an alternative for utilization of saline-sodic soils in the San Joaquin Valley: selenium accretion and performance of beef heifers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 419:44-53. [PMID: 22285079 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate Se accumulation and health of non-pregnant, non-breeding beef cattle grazing on forages with a high Se content due to irrigation with saline drainage water. Heifers grazed experimental pastures of "Jose" tall wheatgrass (TWG; Thinopyrum ponticum var. "Jose") and creeping wildrye (CWR; Leymus triticoides var. "Rio") for 190 days in Experiment 1 (2007) and for 165 days in Experiment 2 (2008). In experiment 1, mean Se concentrations were similar in TWG and CWR herbage (4.0 versus 3.7 ± 0.26 mg/kg dry weight; p=0.34) as was crude protein (113 versus 114 ± 7.9 g/kg dry weight; p=0.94). Concentrations of Se in blood increased by 300% during the grazing period, and were similar for heifers grazing the TWG or CWR pastures (0.94 versus 0.87 ± 0.03 mg/kg; p=0.89). Heifers grazing on TWG gained more body weight than did heifers grazing on CWR (0.59 versus 0.27 ± 0.07 kg/days; p<0.01). In experiment 2, concentration of Se (4.0 versus 2.8 mg/kg ± 0.19 mg/kg dry weight; p<0.01) and crude protein (79 versus 90 ± 5.6 g/kg dry weight; p<0.01) differed, for TWG and CWR, respectively. Within 20 days, Se concentrations in blood had increased by 300% and by nearly 200% in heifers grazing on TWG or CWR. All data cited are least square means ± standard error of the mean. Data from our two grazing seasons are consistent in demonstrating the safety of grazing beef cattle for a period of up to 6 months on TWG and CWR forages having high levels of Se due to irrigation with saline drainage water. This suggests that forage production using saline drainage water is a viable alternative for saline soils with limited potential for producing high value, salt-sensitive, crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio O Juchem
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Hristov A, Domitrovich C, Wachter A, Cassidy T, Lee C, Shingfield K, Kairenius P, Davis J, Brown J. Effect of replacing solvent-extracted canola meal with high-oil traditional canola, high-oleic acid canola, or high-erucic acid rapeseed meals on rumen fermentation, digestibility, milk production, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:4057-74. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Productive responses of lactating dairy cattle to supplementing high levels of ruminally protected lysine using a rumen protection technology. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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He M, Armentano L. Effect of fatty acid profile in vegetable oils and antioxidant supplementation on dairy cattle performance and milk fat depression. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:2481-91. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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50
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Hedberg GE, Derocher AE, Andersen M, Rogers QR, DePeters EJ, Lönnerdal B, Mazzaro L, Chesney RW, Hollis B. Milk composition in free-ranging polar bears (Ursus maritimus) as a model for captive rearing milk formula. Zoo Biol 2011; 30:550-65. [PMID: 21246608 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The goals of this study were to have an improved understanding of milk composition and to help create a suitable milk formula for cubs raised in captivity. Milk samples were evaluated for fat, fatty acids, carbohydrate, vitamin D(3), 25(OH)D(3), vitamin A (retinol), vitamin E (α-tocopherol), protein, and amino acids. Total lipids in milk did not differ for cubs (mean ± SEM = 26.60 ± 1.88 g/100 ml vs. yearlings 27.80 ± 2.20 g/100 ml). Milk lipids were of 23.6% saturated fatty acid for cubs and 22.4% for yearlings. Milk consumed by cubs and yearlings contained 43.8 and 42.0% mono-unsaturated fatty acids and 23.4 and 21.9% polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Carbohydrate content was higher in milk for cubs (4.60 ± 0.64 g/100 ml) than for yearlings (2.60 ± 0.40 g/100 ml). Vitamin D(3) concentration of milk was 18.40 ± 5.00 ng/ml in early lactation compared with 7.60 ± 2.00 ng/ml for mid-lactation. 25(OH)D(3) was lower in milk consumed by cubs (162.00 ± 6.70 pg/ml) than in milk consumed by yearlings (205.00 ± 45.70 pg/ml). Vitamin A concentrations were 0.06 ± 0.01 and 0.03 ± 0.01 µg/ml for cubs and yearlings, respectively. Vitamin E was higher in milk consumed by cubs (20.16 ± 4.46 µg/ml) than by yearlings (7.30 ± 1.50 µg/ml). Protein content did not differ in milk available to cubs (11.40 ± 0.80 g/100 ml compared with milk for yearlings 11.80 ± 0.40 g/100 ml). Taurine was the most abundant free amino acid at 3,165.90 ± 192.90 nmol/ml (0.04% as fed basis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail E Hedberg
- Veterinary Department, San Francisco Zoological Gardens, One Zoo Road, San Francisco, California 94132, USA.
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