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Mannion DT, Furey A, Kilcawley KN. Free fatty acids quantification in dairy products. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown Cork Ireland
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2
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Xu W, Bai J, Peng J, Samanta A, Divyanshu D, Chang YT. Milk quality control: instant and quantitative milk fat determination with a BODIPY sensor-based fluorescence detector. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:10398-401. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04670f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first fluorescent sensor for milk fat was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xu
- Department of Chemistry & MedChem Program of Life Sciences Institute
- National University of Singapore
- , Singapore
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium
- Agency for Science
| | - Jiaojiao Bai
- Department of Chemistry & MedChem Program of Life Sciences Institute
- National University of Singapore
- , Singapore
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium
- Agency for Science
| | - Juanjuan Peng
- Department of Chemistry & MedChem Program of Life Sciences Institute
- National University of Singapore
- , Singapore
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium
- Agency for Science
| | - Animesh Samanta
- Department of Chemistry & MedChem Program of Life Sciences Institute
- National University of Singapore
- , Singapore
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium
- Agency for Science
| | | | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry & MedChem Program of Life Sciences Institute
- National University of Singapore
- , Singapore
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium
- Agency for Science
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3
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The performance of lambs reared by ewes given protected lipids during late pregnancy and early lactation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0003356100023205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT1. Two groups of ewes were given a dietary supplement containing 40 g of either ‘protected’ tallow (PT) with only 3% linoleic acid or ‘protected’ safflower oil (PP) with 57% linoleic acid for 28 days prepartum and 30 days post-partum.2. Although the birth weights of the lambs were unaffected by dietary treatment, the lambs in the PT group gained weight approximately 20% faster than those in the PP group.3. The gross compositions of the milks of both groups of ewes were similar but the milk fat obtained from the PP group contained about twice as much linoleic acid as was found in the PT group.4. Dietary treatments did not affect the haematocrits, red blood cell (RBC) or white blood cell numbers of the lambs. However, the haematocrits were higher at birth than at 10 days later and the RBCs were found to be less fragile at birth than at 10 days later.5. The ratio of trienoic/tetraenoic fatty acid in the plasma lipids of the lambs was positively correlated with live-weight gain. Male lambs grew faster than females and twins faster than triplets and the trienoic/tetraenoic ratio was higher in males than females and higher in twins than in triplets.6. These results showed that although it was possible to increase the linoleic acid content of the milk of ewes and of the blood lipids of their lambs by feeding protected safflower oil, no increase in lamb growth was obtained.
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Abstract
SummaryThe composition of ewe's milk during the first 4 days of lactation and on the 100th day of lactation was investigated. The total fat content was highest (17· 9%) on the day of parturition but decreased rapidly to reach a level on the 2nd day after parturition that was similar to that observed on the 100th day of lactation (9·9 %).The concentration of octadecenoic acid, which was the major fatty acid of ewe's milk, was very much higher in early lactation than in late lactation. As the concentration of octadecenoic acid decreased the concentration of the shorter chain fatty acids (6:0−14:0) increased. The major octadecenoic acid was thecis-9 isomer. However, the proportion of thetrans-11 isomer increased from 5·5 % of the total octadecenoic acid concentration in early lactation to 11·9 % in late lactation. Although linoleic acid remained a minor component of the fatty acids of the milk during lactation, its concentration increased from less than 1 % during early lactation to 1·4 % by the 100th day of lactation.
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6
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The major fatty acids in whole milk fat and in a fraction obtained by crystallization from acetone. J DAIRY RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900012668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummarySummer and winter milk-fat samples from 14 dairies in Sweden were fractionated by crystallization from acetone solution (1:8) at 15 °C. The composition of the major fatty acids of the parent milk fat and of the acetone insoluble fraction were examined by GLC, and the gross triglyceride pattern by TLC on plates of silicic acid treated with silver nitrate.The fatty acid composition of the milk fat was similar to that of milk fat from other countries and varied according to season and also, to a smaller extent, from region to region. Four fractions, representing 33–45, 41–34, 18–14 and 7–6 % of the fat and which contained progressively smaller proportions of saturated acids, were obtained by TLC.The acetone insoluble glyceride (AIG) fraction was characterized by a smaller content of short-chain fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids, and a larger content of saturated long-chain fatty acids, than the parent milk fat. AIGs from summer milk fat contained a larger proportion of C18acids and a smaller proportion of C6–C16acids than AIGs from winter milk fat.Four fractions representing 62–70, 15–8, 16–15 and 7 % of the AIG fraction were obtained by TLC. The distribution of the triglycerides in the AIG fraction differed from that in the parent milk fat, mostly in the relative amounts of glycerides in the 2 most saturated TLC fractions. The seasonal variation was largely confined to these 2 fractions.
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Abstract
SummaryFat analyses were carried out on fore-milk and residual milk samples to elucidate the significance of the changes in fatty-acid composition of milk fat during milking previously reported by other workers. The levels of phospholipid in fore-milk samples per unit weight of fat were considerably higher than those of residual milk samples. The fatty acid composition of the triglyceride in fore-milk and residual milk samples was similar. These results suggest that the differences in fatty acid composition of milk fat collected during milking can be attributed to decreases in the relative amount of phospholipid-rich globule membrane associated with increasing globule diameter.
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Section A. Physiology. Ruminant metabolism in relation to the synthesis and secretion of milk fat. J DAIRY RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900013169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Caster WO. A critical evaluation of the gas chromatographic technique for identification ad determination of fatty acid esters, with particular reference to the use of analog and digital computer methods. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 17:135-88. [PMID: 4893469 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110355.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Mottram HR, Evershed RP. Elucidation of the composition of bovine milk fat triacylglycerols using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 926:239-53. [PMID: 11556330 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine milk fat triacylglycerols (TAGs) have been characterised using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS) and high-temperature gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The complex nature of the fat meant that prefractionation was necessary to provide simpler fractions for more detailed molecular analyses. Silica thin-layer chromatography gave rise to two fractions, one of which contained predominantly butyric acid containing TAGs. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) gave rise to 16 fractions, which were subsequently analysed using HPLC-APCI-MS. Twelve of the GPC fractions were also analysed by high-temperature GC-MS using a capillary column coated with a polarisable stationary phase. TAGs present in the fractions were correlated with those in the chromatogram of the whole milk fat through retention time comparison and the use of mass chromatograms. In total, 120 TAGs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Mottram
- School of Chemistry. University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, UK
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12
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Precht D. Detection of foreign fat in milk fat I. Qualitative detection by triacylglycerol formulae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01191031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Geometrical isomers of linolenic acid in low-calorie spreads marketed in France. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02662159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fox JR, Duthie AH, Wulff S. Precision and sensitivity of a test for vegetable fat adulteration of milk fat. J Dairy Sci 1988; 71:574-81. [PMID: 3372811 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(88)79593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A test for routine screening of Mozzarella cheese and butter for vegetable fat adulteration is described. Fat is extracted and saponified. The potassium salts of the fatty acids are measured through direct gas chromatographic analysis. A ratio, calculated from the concentrations of butyric and oleic acids, is used to evaluate the purity of a sample. The test offers good precision and can detect less than 10% partially hydrogenated vegetable fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Fox
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405-0044
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Woo A, Lindsay R. Concentrations of Major Free Fatty Acids and Flavor Development in Italian Cheese Varieties. J Dairy Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(84)81394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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WOO AH, LINDSAY RC. Statistical Correlation of Quantitative Flavor Intensity Assessments and Individual Free Fatty Acid Measurements for Routine Detection and Prediction of Hydrolytic Rancidity Off-Flavors in Butter. J Food Sci 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb05079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Woo A, Lindsay R. Stepwise Discriminant Analysis of Free Fatty Acid Profiles for Identifying Sources of Lipolytic Enzymes in Rancid Butter. J Dairy Sci 1983. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(83)82052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Thomas LH, Winter JA, Scott RG. Concentration of 18:1 and 16:1 transunsaturated fatty acids in the adipose body tissue of decedents dying of ischaemic heart disease compared with controls: analysis by gas liquid chromatography. J Epidemiol Community Health 1983; 37:16-21. [PMID: 6875438 PMCID: PMC1052248 DOI: 10.1136/jech.37.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Proportions of "lower" 16:1 and 18:1 trans acids (TL) and "higher" C20 and C22 trans acids (TH) in samples of depot fat taken at postmortem examination from 136 people who had died of ischaemic heart disease (cases) and from those who had died of unrelated causes (controls) have been determined. Whereas mean percentages of TH are virtually identical for cases and controls, the mean value of TL was significantly higher for the case specimens. Although these lower trans acids are present in small amounts in ruminant-animal fat, they are more characteristic of commercially hydrogenated fats. We conclude, therefore, that the cases consumed on average a higher proportion of those hydrogenated fats rich in 16:1 trans and 18:1 trans acids and a lower proportion of ruminant fat than did the controls.
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Woo AH, Lindsay RC. Method for the routine quantitative gas chromatographic analysis of major free fatty acids in butter and cream. J Dairy Sci 1980; 63:1058-64. [PMID: 7419767 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(80)83047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A rapid quantiative method was developed for routine analysis of the major, even carbon-numbered free fatty acids in butter and cream. Free fatty acids were isolated directly from intact samples by a modified silicic acid-potassium hydroxide arrestant column and were separated by gas chromatography with a 1.8 m x 2 mm inner diameter glass column packed with 10% neopentyl glycol adipate on 80/100 Chromosorb W. Purified, formic acid-saturated carrier gas was required for minimal peak tailing and extended column life. The accuracy and reproducibility of the mmethod was established through quantitative recovery studies of free fatty acid mixtures, free fatty acids added to butter, and replicate analysis of butter and cream samples.
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Christie WW. The composition, structure and function of lipids in the tissues of ruminant animals. Prog Lipid Res 1978; 17:111-205. [PMID: 390540 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(78)90007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Schmitz B, Murawski U, Pflüger M, Egge H. Positional isomers of unsaturated fatty acids in rat liver lipids. Lipids 1977; 12:307-13. [PMID: 846319 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acids of liver lipids from rats raised on a fat free diet from the 30th to the 90th day after birth were analyzed with special regard to the detection of positional isomers of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraenoic fatty acids. The methyl esters obtained after transesterification of total lipids were separated by argentation chromatography into five fractions: I saturated, II monoenoic, III dienoic, IV dienoic nonmethylene interrupted, V tri- and tetraenoic fatty acid esters. After hydroxylation of the double bonds with osmium tetroxide, the analysis of the poly-O-trimethylsilyl derivatives by gas liquid chromatography on S.C.O.T. columns combined with mass spectrometry revealed the presence of 19 monoenoic, 15 dienoic, and 9 trienoic as well as 3 tetraenoic fatty acid isomers including the normally occurring representatives of the (n-3), (n-6), (n-7), and (n-9) fatty acid families. The majority of the identified isomers can be coordinated to one of these families like 7-16:1; 11-20:1; 6,9-18:2; 8,11-20:2; 5,11-20:2; 5,8,11-20:3; 7,10,13-22:3 to the (n-9) family, 11-18:1; 13-20:1; 5,11-18:2; 7,13-20:2; 6,11-18:2; 6,9-16:2; 8,11-18:2; 10,13-20:2; 5,8,11-18:3; 7,10,13-20:3; 4,7,10,13-20:4 to the (n-7) family and 11,14-20:2; 5,11,14-20:3; 6,9,12-18:3; 8,11,14-20:3; 5,8,11,14-20:4; 7,10,13,16-22:4 to the (n-6) family. All these naturally occuring isomers can be placed into a network of desaturation and chain elongation steps which allows certain conclusions about the substrate specificity of the delta6-, delta5- and delta4-desaturase systems. The great number of isomers found in the (n-7) family indicates that the members of this family are actively metabolized in partial essential fatty acid deficiency.
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Weihrauch JL, Posati LP, Anderson BA, Exler J. Lipid conversion factors for calculating fatty acid contents of foods. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1977; 54:36-40. [PMID: 830716 DOI: 10.1007/bf02671370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wide-bore glass capillary columns for gas chromatography. Their preparation and application. Chromatographia 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02267580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Patton S, Jensen RG. Lipid metabolism and membrane functions of the mammary gland. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF FATS AND OTHER LIPIDS 1975; 14:163-277. [PMID: 1091947 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(75)90004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ackman R, Hooper S. Isoprenoid Fatty Acids in the Human Diet: Distinctive Geographical Features in Butterfats and Importance in Margarines Based on Marine Oils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0315-5463(73)74006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Adel A, Shehata Y, deMan JM, Craig Alexander J. Triglyceride Composition of Milk Fat: II. Separation of Triglycerides by Argentation-TLC and GLC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0315-5463(72)74060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Egge H, Murawski U, Ryhage R, György P, Chatranon W, Zilliken F. Minor constituents of human milk. IV. Analysis of the branched chain fatty acids. Chem Phys Lipids 1972; 8:42-55. [PMID: 5059398 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(72)90042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hay JD, Morrison WR. Isomeric monoenoic fatty acids in bovine milk fat. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 202:237-43. [PMID: 5442756 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(70)90184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Morrison WR. Polar lipids in bovine milk. I. Long-chain bases in sphingomyelin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 176:537-46. [PMID: 5816447 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(69)90220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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40
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STEINHAUER JE, DAWSON LE. Quantitative Determination of Lactic and Succinic Acids in Frozen Whole Eggs by Gas-Liquid Chromatography. J Food Sci 1969. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1969.tb14357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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