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Lanctôt S, Blouin R, Thibault C, Lacasse P. Effect of milk stasis on mammary gland involution and the microRNA profile. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00819-1. [PMID: 38788842 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The presence of an autocrine factor in milk that can trigger mammary gland involution was proposed more than 50 years ago. To provide evidences that one or more autocrine factor(s) exists, 10 multiparous cows in late lactation were quarter-milked for 7 d. Following this baseline period, the right front quarter of each cow was left unmilked while the other quarters were milked for 7 d. Before the last milking of that period, milk (mammary secretions) was collected aseptically from both front quarters. After that milking, 250 mL of the collected samples was infused in the cows' respective rear quarters. No quarters were milked for the following 7 d (milk stasis period), and then quarter milking was resumed in all quarters for the last 7 d of the experiment (remilking period). Quarter milk samples were collected during the baseline period, before the milk stasis period, and during the remilking period. These samples were used for measuring milk components and the concentration of involution markers (SCC, BSA and lactoferrin). Samples of mammary secretions were collected manually from the quarters during the milk stasis period for involution marker determination. RNA was extracted from samples collected from front quarters before the last milking before the milk stasis period for microRNA (miRNA) determination. As anticipated, the longer milk stasis period implemented for the right front quarter resulted in a more advanced involution than in the left front quarter, based on the concentration of involution markers in the mammary secretions, lower milk production recovery and changes in milk composition during the remilking period. All 3 involution marker concentrations in the mammary secretions increased in both rear quarters, but were greater in the right quarter secretions than in the left quarter secretions. Resuming milking reinitiated milk production in all quarters, but milk production recovery in the right rear quarters was less robust than that in the left rear quarters (54.3 ± 1.4% vs 61.6 ± 1.4%, respectively). Milk from the quarters infused with mammary secretions (right rear) had a lower lactose content, but a higher milk protein content and higher SCC than the quarters infused with milk. We detected a total of 359 miRNAs, 76 of which were differentially expressed in milk and mammary secretions. Expression of bta-miR-221 and bta-miR-223 were upregulated in mammary secretions 34- and 40-fold, respectively. The results of the present experiment support the contention that milk stasis leads to the accumulation of one or more factors that trigger involution. The results also indicate that milk stasis leads to changes in the miRNA profile of the milk, but whether such changes are a cause or a consequence of the involution process remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lanctôt
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - R Blouin
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - C Thibault
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - P Lacasse
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8.
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Kalwar Q, Ma X, Xi B, Korejo RA, Bhuptani DK, Chu M, Yan P. Yak milk and its health benefits: a comprehensive review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1213039. [PMID: 37456962 PMCID: PMC10338857 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1213039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Yak milk has various potential health benefits due to its high nutritional content and unique composition. It is an excellent source of protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, which can promote overall health and wellbeing. Yak milk may have potential therapeutic benefits for hypertension, as it contains peptides that have been shown to have antihypertensive effects. Yak milk has also been shown to possess antioxidant properties, which can help protect against oxidative stress and related health problems. Moreover, its fat contains higher levels of beneficial fatty acids, such as conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids, which have been linked to various health benefits, including reducing inflammation, improving heart health, and supporting brain function. Moreover, further research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of yak milk, its unique composition and high nutritional content suggest that it may offer numerous health benefits and could be a valuable addition to a healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qudratullah Kalwar
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bin Xi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Rashid Ali Korejo
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Deepesh Kumar Bhuptani
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Min Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Cao M, Huang L, Jin S, Zhao M, Zheng Y. Comparative Proteomics Study of Yak Milk from Standard and Naturally Extended Lactation Using iTRAQ Technique. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030391. [PMID: 35158713 PMCID: PMC8833776 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended lactation is a common phenomenon in lactating yaks under grazing and natural reproduction conditions. To elucidate differences in milk protein compositions and mammary gland functions between yaks of standard lactation (TL yaks) and prolonged lactation (HL yaks), whole milk samples of TL yaks and HL yaks (n = 15 each) were collected from a yak pasture at the northwest highland of China. The iTRAQ technique was used to compare the skim milk proteins in the two yak groups. A total of 202 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were revealed, among which 109 proteins were up-regulated and 93 were down-regulated in the milk of HL yaks compared to TL yaks. Caseins including κ-casein, αs1-casein, αs2-casein, and β-casein were up-regulated in HL yak milk over 1.43-fold. The GO function annotation analysis showed that HL yaks produced milk with characteristics of milk at the degeneration stage, similar to that of dairy cows. KEGG enrichment showed that the metabolic pathways with the most differences are those that involve carbohydrate metabolism and the biosynthesis of amino acids. The present results highlight detailed differences in skim milk proteins produced by HL yaks and TL yaks and suggest that the mammary gland of HL yak is at the degeneration stage.
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Hughes K. Comparative mammary gland postnatal development and tumourigenesis in the sheep, cow, cat and rabbit: Exploring the menagerie. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:186-195. [PMID: 33082118 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sheep, cows, cats, and rabbits are kept by humans for agricultural purposes and as companion animals. Much of the mammary research in these species has focussed on mastitis in the case of ruminants and rabbits, and mammary tumourigenesis in cats and rabbits. However, similarities with the human breast suggest that these species may be currently underutilised as valuable comparative models of breast development and disease. The mammary gland undergoes cyclical postnatal development that will be considered here in the context of these non-traditional model species, with a focus on the mammary microenvironment at different postnatal developmental stages. The second part of this review will consider mammary tumour development. Ruminants are thought to be relatively 'resistant' to mammary tumourigenesis, likely due to multiple factors including functional properties of ruminant mammary stem/progenitor cells, diet, and/or the fact that production animals undergo a first parity soon after puberty. By contrast, unneutered female cats and rabbits have a propensity to develop mammary neoplasms, and subsets of these may constitute valuable comparative models of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.
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5
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Ayotte P, Le Corre M, Côté SD. Synergistic Population Density and Environmental Effects on Deer Body Condition. J Wildl Manage 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Ayotte
- Université Laval 1045 avenue de la Médecine Québec (QC) Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Mael Le Corre
- Université Laval 1045 avenue de la Médecine Québec (QC) Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Steeve D. Côté
- Université Laval 1045 avenue de la Médecine Québec (QC) Canada G1V 0A6
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Wang J, He Y, Pang K, Zeng Q, Zhang X, Ren F, Guo H. Changes in milk yield and composition of colostrum and regular milk from four buffalo breeds in China during lactation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:5799-5807. [PMID: 31177544 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese local buffalos are mainly used as draft animals because of their low productivity but their crossbreeding with Murrah and Nili-Ravi breeds can produce offspring with a greatly improved milk yield. However, no studies have reported the characteristics of milk produced during lactation by these crossbred buffalo. RESULTS This study investigated changes in yield, and the physicochemical composition of milk of Murrah, Nili-Ravi, Murrah×local, Murrah×Nili-Ravi×local buffalos with milk yields of 1022.49 ± 90.26 kg, 1193.02 ± 97.65 kg, 805.46 ± 76.57 kg and 1499.35 ± 105.32 kg respectively over a 210-day period. The protein, fat, ash and total solids contents of milk from the hybrids decreased, but the yield of these nutritional components increased because of the greater improvement in milk yield. As lactation progressed, lactose content increased, but this change was not significant after the 15th day postpartum; the protein content decreased whereas fat content increased significantly during the first three days; ash content changed significantly during the first 24 h postpartum but further changes were not significant. Gel electrophoresis was used to identify the protein profile with no difference found between the four breeds. CONCLUSION After crossbreeding, the milk production of triple-crossbred buffalo was higher than Murrah, Nili-Ravi and the local Chinese buffalo, making it a potential resource for the Chinese dairy market. The results of this experiment will provide basic data for making better use of buffalo milk, planning crossbreeding programs, and establishing standards for buffalo milk. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Pang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingkun Zeng
- Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Zhao X, Ponchon B, Lanctôt S, Lacasse P. Invited review: Accelerating mammary gland involution after drying-off in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6701-6717. [PMID: 31202662 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bovine mammary gland involution, as a part of the reproductive cycle in dairy cows, is a very important remodeling transformation of the mammary gland for the subsequent lactation. There is considerable incentive to accelerate mammary gland involution to improve udder health, shorten the dry period, and simplify the management process by reducing dietary changes. The complex process of mammary involution is characterized by morphological changes in the epithelial cells and mammary tissue, changes in the composition of mammary secretions, and changes in the integrity of tight junctions. Involution is facilitated by elements of the immune system and several types of proteases and is coordinated by various types of hormones. This review first describes the involution process and then argues for the need to accelerate it. Last, this review focuses on various intervention methods for accelerating involution. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of bovine mammary gland involution as well as potential techniques and new opinions for dry cow management.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9.
| | - B Ponchon
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - S Lanctôt
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - P Lacasse
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
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8
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Johnson BK, Jackson DH, Cook RC, Clark DA, Coe PK, Cook JG, Rearden SN, Findholt SL, Noyes JH. Roles of maternal condition and predation in survival of juvenile Elk in Oregon. WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wmon.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K. Johnson
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
| | - Dewaine H. Jackson
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 4192 N. Umpqua Highway Roseburg OR 97470 USA
| | - Rachel C. Cook
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
| | - Darren A. Clark
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
| | - Priscilla K. Coe
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
| | - John G. Cook
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
| | - Spencer N. Rearden
- Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Scott L. Findholt
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
| | - James H. Noyes
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
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9
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Reproductive plasticity of female white-tailed deer at high density and under harsh climatic conditions. Oecologia 2019; 189:661-673. [PMID: 30756224 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Life-history strategies of female ungulates usually depend on density-dependent and independent processes affecting body condition. Using a long-term data set on life-history traits of female white-tailed deer (2002-2014), we investigated the influence of population density and environmental factors on the reproductive effort of females. We also evaluated post-reproductive consequences on body condition using body mass, body fat, and body protein contents in the autumn following conception. We found that under high densities, females had a lower reproductive rate, which corresponds to a conservative reproduction strategy. However, females born at high density were more likely to reproduce and conceive larger litter size than females born at low density, a possible consequence of strong selective pressure in early life. Body condition was affected by reproduction; lactation had a large negative impact on body mass and body reserves, and conception, irrespectively of litter size, had a negative impact on body fat. Our long-term study demonstrates that plasticity in life-history strategies is a major determinant of reproductive potential for females living at high density and under harsh climates.
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Singh K, Vetharaniam I, Dobson J, Prewitz M, Oden K, Murney R, Swanson K, McDonald R, Henderson H, Stelwagen K. Cell survival signaling in the bovine mammary gland during the transition from lactation to involution. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7523-7543. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Jiang Q, He L, Hou Y, Chen J, Duan Y, Deng D, Wu G, Yin Y, Yao K. Alpha-ketoglutarate enhances milk protein synthesis by porcine mammary epithelial cells. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2179-88. [PMID: 27188418 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle, has been reported to promote protein synthesis through activating mechanistic targeting of rapamycin (mTOR) in enterocytes. The study tested the hypothesis that AKG may enhance growth and milk protein synthesis in porcine mammary epithelial cells (PMECs). PMECs were cultured for 96 h in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's-F12 Ham medium (DMEM-F12) containing prolactin (2 µg/ml) and AKG (0 or 1.5 mM). At the end of 96-h culture, the abundance of apoptosis-related proteins (caspase-3, caspase-9), milk-specific proteins (α-lactalbumin and β-casein), mTOR signaling proteins (mTOR, p-mTOR, PERK, p-PERK, eIF2a, P70S6K and p-P70S6K), and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-associated proteins (BiP and CHOP) in PMEC were determined. Addition of AKG dose-dependently enhanced cell viability in the absence or presence of prolactin, with optimal concentrations of AKG being at 1.0 and 1.5 mM, respectively. In the presence of prolactin, addition of 1.5 mM AKG: (1) decreased (P < 0.05) the abundance of caspase-3 and caspase-9 by 21 and 39 %; (2) enhanced (P < 0.05) the phosphorylation of p-mTOR and p-P70S6K by 39 and 89 %, respectively; (3) increased (P < 0.05) the production of β-casein and α-lactalbumin by 16 and 20 %, respectively; (4) attenuated (P < 0.05) the expression of CHOP by 34 % but promoted (P < 0.05) the expression of BiP by 46 %; (5) increased (P < 0.05) the secretion of lactose by 15 %, when compared to the 0 mM AKG group. Rapamycin (50 nM; an inhibitor of mTOR) attenuated (P < 0.05) the stimulatory effect of AKG on mTOR signaling and syntheses of milk protein and lactose, while relieving (P < 0.05) an inhibitory effect of AKG on expression of proteins related to ERS. Collectively, our results indicate that AKG enhances milk protein production by modulating mTOR and ERS signaling pathways in PMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 10008, China
| | - Liuqin He
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 10008, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Jiashun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 10008, China
| | - Dun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.,TRS Group, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China. .,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Singh K, Swanson K, Henderson H, Erdman R, Stelwagen K. The effect of milking reinitiation following extended nonmilking periods on lactation in primiparous dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7666-74. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Davis SR, South CR. Suspension of milking in dairy cows produces a transient increase in milk lactoferrin concentration and yield after resumption of milking. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7823-30. [PMID: 26319762 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a multifunctional glycoprotein with a range of antimicrobial and immune-related properties that is found at >10-fold higher concentration in human milk (~1.7 g/L) relative to bovine milk (~0.15 g/L). Consumer demand is increasing for bovine lactoferrin through a wide range of nutritional and cosmetic consumer products. Increasing lactoferrin yield and concentration in bovine milk could assist in satisfying this increasing demand and may also help in increasing resistance to bovine mammary infection. Two experiments with cows in mid and late lactation were carried out to examine milking strategies to increase milk lactoferrin concentration and yield. Milking was suspended in cows normally milked twice daily, for periods of 2, 4, or 7d (mid lactation) or 2 or 4d (late lactation) after which cows were milked out and twice-daily milking resumed for 4d. In all groups, lactoferrin concentration was significantly increased during the remilking period, approaching concentrations similar to those found in human milk (~1 g/L). Lactoferrin yields were significantly higher in all treatment groups, although increasing the nonmilking period beyond 2d offered no advantage. Milk yield was lower initially after resumption of milking but recovered to preexperimental values by the fourth day of remilking in all groups, except the 4-d nonmilking group in late lactation. Milk somatic cell count was significantly elevated in all groups at the start of remilking but had substantially reduced by d 4 and reached a preexperimental level in the 2-d nonmilking group of mid-lactation cows. In summary, extended milking intervals can be used as a tool to produce a short-term increase in the concentration and yield of lactoferrin from bovine milk during established lactation, without any apparent long-term effects on milk yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Davis
- Vialactia Biosciences Ltd., Newmarket, Auckland 1031, New Zealand.
| | - C R South
- Vialactia Biosciences Ltd., Newmarket, Auckland 1031, New Zealand
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14
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Domènech A, Parés S, Bach A, Arís A. Mammary serum amyloid A3 activates involution of the mammary gland in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7595-605. [PMID: 25306281 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The dry period is a nonlactating phase in which senescent mammary cells are regenerated, which is thought to optimize milk production in the subsequent lactation. In bovines, the dry period normally coexists with pregnancy and the lactogenic hormones delay mammary gland involution and impair the activation of immune system to fight the risk of intramammary infections. Conventionally, long dry periods of up to 60 d are required to allow sufficient mammary regeneration for full milk yield in the next lactation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of mammary serum amyloid A3 (M-SAA3) as an activator of the involution of the mammary gland. One milligram of recombinant M-SAA3 and the corresponding negative controls (saline solution and lipopolysaccharide) were infused into the mammary gland via the teat canal, and mammary secretion samples were taken during the first 3 d after drying off to analyze metalloproteinase activity, somatic cell count, protein, and fat contents. Primary mammary gland epithelial cell cultures and bovine dendritic cells, obtained from necropsy tissue and blood, respectively, were incubated with and without M-SAA3 and cytokine expression was quantified. Last, the protective role of the M-SAA3 against infections was evaluated after a Staphylococcus aureus challenge. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity, a key protein that directly participates in the onset of the involution process, was greater in quarters treated with the M-SAA3. Protein content was increased in mammary secretions compared with control quarters. M-SAA3 increased cytokines directly related to innate immunity in both epithelial and dendritic cells and reduced the infection by Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Domènech
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institute of Research in Agriculture and Technology. Torre Marimon, km 12,1 C-59, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Parés
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institute of Research in Agriculture and Technology. Torre Marimon, km 12,1 C-59, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Bach
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institute of Research in Agriculture and Technology. Torre Marimon, km 12,1 C-59, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08007, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institute of Research in Agriculture and Technology. Torre Marimon, km 12,1 C-59, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain.
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Hughes K, Watson CJ. The spectrum of STAT functions in mammary gland development. JAKSTAT 2014; 1:151-8. [PMID: 24058764 PMCID: PMC3670238 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.19691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of transcription factors have a spectrum of functions in mammary gland development. In some cases these roles parallel those of STATs in other organ systems, while in other instances the function of individual STATs in the mammary gland is specific to this tissue. In the immune system, STAT6 is associated with differentiation of T helper cells, while in the mammary gland, it has a fundamental role in the commitment of luminal epithelial cells to the alveolar lineage. STAT5A is required for the production of luminal progenitor cells from mammary stem cells and is essential for the differentiation of milk producing alveolar cells during pregnancy. By contrast, the initiation of regression following weaning heralds a dramatic and specific activation of STAT3, reflecting its pivotal role in the regulation of cell death and tissue remodeling during mammary involution. Although it has been demonstrated that STAT1 is regulated during a mammary developmental cycle, it is not yet determined whether it has a specific, non-redundant function. Thus, the mammary gland constitutes an unusual example of an adult organ in which different STATs are sequentially activated to orchestrate the processes of functional differentiation, cell death and tissue remodeling.
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16
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Gu YQ, Gong G, Xu ZL, Wang LY, Fang ML, Zhou H, Xing H, Wang KR, Sun L. miRNA profiling reveals a potential role of milk stasis in breast carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1243-9. [PMID: 24584717 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in breast carcinogenesis. Milk acts as an important microenvironment of breast cancer, but its role in breast carcinogenesis is largely unknown. Milk stasis may exist in the breast for a number of years after breastfeeding. In the present study, we reported the first microRNA (miRNA) profiling of milk from patients with milk stasis. We identified 266 known miRNAs and 271 novel miRNAs in 10 milk stasis only samples, 271 known miRNAs and 140 novel miRNAs in 10 milk stasis plus breast neoplasm samples by deep sequencing. miRNA profiles were different between the two groups. Furthermore, nine tumor suppressor miRNAs such as miR-29a, miR-146 and miR-223 were significantly downregulated, while seven oncogenic miRNAs such as miR-451, miR-486, miR-107, miR-92 and miR-10 were significantly upregulated in the milk of milk stasis plus neoplasm patients. Three of the identified miRNAs (miR-140, miR-21 and let-7a) were selected using real-time PCR, confirming that these miRNAs were highly expressed. The results also showed that the three miRNAs detected were more abundant in the milk than in the blood. In summary, the data suggested that miRNAs in milk from milk stasis patients may contribute to breast carcinogenesis and that they are more sensitive biomarkers for breast cancer than miRNAs in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Gu
- Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Gu Gong
- Spine Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Li Xu
- Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Li Fang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Hua Xing
- Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Ren Wang
- Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Liang Sun
- Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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Cook RC, Cook JG, Vales DJ, Johnson BK, Mccorquodale SM, Shipley LA, Riggs RA, Irwin LL, Murphie SL, Murphie BL, Schoenecker KA, Geyer F, Hall PB, Spencer RD, Immell DA, Jackson DH, Tiller BL, Miller PJ, Schmitz L. Regional and seasonal patterns of nutritional condition and reproduction in elk. WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/wmon.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Cook
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
| | - John G. Cook
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
| | - David J. Vales
- Muckleshoot Indian Tribe; 39015 172nd Avenue SE Auburn WA 98092 USA
| | - Bruce K. Johnson
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
| | - Scott M. Mccorquodale
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; 1701 South 24th Avenue Yakima WA 98902 USA
| | - Lisa A. Shipley
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman WA 99164-6410 USA
| | | | - Larry L. Irwin
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement; P.O. Box 68 Stevensville MT 59870 USA
| | - Shannon L. Murphie
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; 48 Devonshire Road Montesano WA 98563 USA
| | - Bryan L. Murphie
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; 48 Devonshire Road Montesano WA 98563 USA
| | - Kathryn A. Schoenecker
- U.S. Geological Survey; Fort Collins Science Center; 2150 Centre Avenue, Building C Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
| | - Frank Geyer
- Quileute Indian Tribe; 401 Main Street LaPush WA 98350 USA
| | - P. Briggs Hall
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; 3017 Lake Langlois Road NE Carnation WA 98014 USA
| | - Rocky D. Spencer
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; 42404 North Bend Way SE North Bend WA 98045 USA
| | - Dave A. Immell
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 4192 North Umpqua Highway Roseburg OR 97470 USA
| | - Dewaine H. Jackson
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 4192 North Umpqua Highway Roseburg OR 97470 USA
| | - Brett L. Tiller
- Environmental Assessment Services, LLC; 350 Hills Street, Suite 112 Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Patrick J. Miller
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; 2108 Grand Boulevard Vancouver WA 98661 USA
| | - Lowell Schmitz
- Wildlife Division; South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks; 3305 West South Street Rapid City SD 57702 USA
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Millier MJ, Singh K, Poole CA. Characterization of Primary Cilia Distribution and Morphology During Lactation, Stasis, and Involution in the Bovine Mammary Gland. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1943-53. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Millier
- Department of Medicine; Dunedin School of Medicine; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Kuljeet Singh
- AgResearch Ltd.; Ruakura Research Centre; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - C. Anthony Poole
- Department of Medicine; Dunedin School of Medicine; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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Stelwagen K, Phyn CVC, Davis SR, Guinard-Flament J, Pomiès D, Roche JR, Kay JK. Invited review: reduced milking frequency: milk production and management implications. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:3401-13. [PMID: 23548302 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most dairy cows throughout the world are milked twice daily. In intensive dairying systems, however, it is not uncommon to increase milking frequency to between 3 and 6 times daily to increase milk production. Reducing milking frequency is much less common; however, once-daily milking of dairy cows, practiced either strategically during certain parts of the lactation or for the entire lactation, is not uncommon in key dairying countries where less emphasis is placed on milk production per cow. The practice fits well with more extensive dairy production systems, particularly those based on grazed pasture. A feature of once-daily milking is that it reduces milk yield by approximately 22%, depending on stage of lactation, breed, and parity, and it may adversely affect lactation length and persistency. However, it can offer several positive farm management options, especially related to labor requirements and farm working expenses. In addition, it may provide a tool to better manage the metabolism and energy balance of cows during early lactation or during periods of pasture deficit, and it may help to improve reproductive performance and animal health and welfare. Once-daily milking, representing one extreme of the mammary function spectrum, has attracted considerable research interest over the years. Consequently, substantial scientific information is available on its effects on mammary function, at both the physiological and molecular levels. This review focuses instead on the management of the cow milked once daily, covering the production response in relation to breed, stage of lactation, and parity, and its effect on energy status, reproduction, health and welfare, as well as on milk composition and processability.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stelwagen
- SciLactis Ltd., Waikato Innovation Park, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
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20
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Epigenetics: a possible role in acute and transgenerational regulation of dairy cow milk production. Animal 2012; 6:375-81. [PMID: 22436216 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111002564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential role for epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of mammary function in the dairy cow is emerging. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in genome function that occur because of chemical changes rather than DNA sequence changes. DNA methylation is an epigenetic event that results in the silencing of gene expression and may be passed on to the next generation. However, recent studies investigating different physiological states and changes in milk protein gene expression suggest that DNA methylation may also play an acute, regulatory, role in gene transcription. This overview will highlight the role of DNA methylation in the silencing of milk protein gene expression during mastitis and mammary involution. Moreover, environmental factors such as nutrition may induce epigenetic modifications of gene expression. The current research investigating the possibility of in utero, hence cross-generational, epigenetic modifications in dairy cows will also be discussed. Understanding how the mammary gland responds to environmental cues provides a potential to enhance milk production not only of the dairy cow but also of her daughter.
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21
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Johnson BK, Coe PK, Green RL. Abiotic, bottom-up, and top-down influences on recruitment of Rocky Mountain elk in Oregon: A retrospective analysis. J Wildl Manage 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Watson CJ, Oliver CH, Khaled WT. Cytokine signalling in mammary gland development. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 88:124-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Piantoni P, Wang P, Drackley JK, Hurley WL, Loor JJ. Expression of metabolic, tissue remodeling, oxidative stress, and inflammatory pathways in mammary tissue during involution in lactating dairy cows. Bioinform Biol Insights 2010; 4:85-97. [PMID: 20981268 PMCID: PMC2964046 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s5850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological and functional changes associated with involution in the mammary gland are partly regulated by changes in gene expression. At 42 d postpartum, Holstein cows underwent a period of 5 d during which they were milked 1X daily until complete cessation of milking. Percutaneous mammary biopsies (n = 5/time point) were obtained on d 1, 5, 14, and 21 relative to the start of 1X milking for transcript profiling via qPCR of 57 genes associated with metabolism, apoptosis/proliferation, immune response/inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue remodeling. Not surprisingly, there was clear downregulation of genes associated with milk fat synthesis (FASN, ACACA, CD36, FABP3, SCD) and lipid-related transcription regulation (SREBF1, SREBF2). Similar to milk fat synthesis-related genes, those encoding proteins required for glucose uptake (SLC2A1), casein synthesis (CSN2, CSN3), and lactose synthesis (LALBA) decreased during involution. Unlike metabolic genes, those associated with immune response and inflammation (C3, LTF, SAA3), oxidative stress (GPX1, SOD2), and pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling (SPP1, TNF) increased to peak levels by d 14 from the start of 1X milking. These adaptations appeared to be related with tissue remodeling as indicated by upregulation of proteins encoding matrix proteinases (MMP2), IGFBP3, and transcriptional regulation of apoptosis/cell proliferation (MYC). In contrast, the concerted upregulation of STAT3, TGFB1, and TGFB1R during the first 14 d was suggestive of an activation of these signaling pathways probably as an acute response to regulate differentiation and/or mammary cell survival upon the onset of a marked pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress response induced by the gradual reduction in milk removal. Results suggest a central role of STAT3, MYC, PPARG, SREBF1, and SREBF2 in regulating concerted alterations in metabolic and cell survival mechanisms, which were induced partly via oxidative stressed-triggered inflammation and the decline in metabolic activity.
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Pezeshki A, Capuco AV, De Spiegeleer B, Peelman L, Stevens M, Collier RJ, Burvenich C. REVIEW ARTICLE: An integrated view on how the management of the dry period length of lactating cows could affect mammary biology and defence. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 94:e7-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.00991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Watson CJ, Kreuzaler PA. The role of cathepsins in involution and breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2009; 14:171-9. [PMID: 19437107 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-009-9126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are proteolytic enzymes that reside in endolysosomal vesicles. Some are expressed constitutively while others are transcriptionally regulated. However, the expression and subcellular localization of cathepsins changes during cancer progression and cathepsins have been shown to be causally involved in various aspects of tumorigenesis including metastasis. The use of mouse models of breast cancer genetically ablated for cathepsin B has shown that both the growth of the primary tumor and the extend of lung metastasis is reduced by the loss of cathepsin B. The role of cathepsins in involution of the mammary gland has received little attention although it is clear that cathepsins are involved in tissue remodeling in the second phase of involution. We discuss here the roles of cathepsins and their endogenous inhibitors in breast tumorigenesis and post-lactational involution.
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Pensa S, Watson CJ, Poli V. Stat3 and the inflammation/acute phase response in involution and breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2009; 14:121-9. [PMID: 19424782 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-009-9124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Stat3 is essential for timely initiation of post-lactational regression and orchestrates the processes of cell death and tissue remodelling that occur during the first 6 days of involution in the mouse. Paradoxically, STAT3 is also frequently found to be constitutively active in breast cancer and tumors can become addicted to STAT3. This raises two interesting questions: 1) do the high levels of active Stat3 present in the mammary epithelium during involution promote tumor spread and 2) how do tumor cells escape the pro-apoptotic effects of Stat3? In order to address these questions, it is essential to understand the role of Stat3 in involution and the mechanisms by which Stat3 regulates both cell death and tissue remodelling. A number of studies have been undertaken using genetically modified mice and microarray analyses and two significant findings arose from these investigations. Firstly, post-lactational regression is associated with an acute phase and inflammatory response in addition to cell death and secondly, Stat3 alone is insufficient to induce involution in the absence of the NF-kappaB regulatory kinase IKKbeta. Both Stat3 and NF-kappaB have been shown to regulate the expression of genes involved in inflammatory signalling and the acute phase response. These findings suggest a role for the innate immune response in mammary epithelial cell fate during involution and highlight potential roles for this response in tissue remodelling-associated breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pensa
- Department of Genetics, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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27
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Abstract
Dramatic changes in cell composition and function occur in the mammary gland during a pregnancy-lactation-involution cycle. We investigated the transcriptional changes associated with these biological events by using microarray analysis and identified the critical genes involved by using genetically modified mice. Two surprising findings arose from these studies. First, the microarray data showed that postlactational regression was associated with an acute phase inflammatory response, in addition to cell death. Conditional deletion of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)3 or the nuclear factor-kappaB regulatory kinase inhibitor of kappa B kinase beta resulted in a failure of cell death induction during involution, an indication that these signaling pathways are essential mediators of the involution process. Both Stat3 and nuclear factor-kappaB have been shown to regulate acute phase gene expression in addition to apoptosis regulators. Four distinct transcriptional profiles are present in the first 4 d of involution, whereas there are 3 in lactation. At the peak of lactation (i.e., d 10 in mouse), more than 400 genes reach their maximum expression before declining dramatically in the first 12 h of involution. A reciprocal pattern was observed for more than 500 genes that were specifically upregulated within the first 12 h of forced involution. We are now investigating the role of a subset of these genes in involution. We also uncovered a role for genes normally associated with immune cell signaling in the differentiation of luminal mammary epithelial cells during pregnancy. Genetic deletion of the transcription factor Stat6 resulted in delayed development during pregnancy, and this phenotype was recapitulated in mammary tissue from IL-4 and IL-13 doubly deficient mice. Furthermore, we showed that mammary epithelial cells secrete T-cell regulatory cytokines. T-helper type 1 cytokines, such as interferon-gamma and IL-12a, are secreted by undifferentiated mammary epithelial cells, whereas T-helper type 2 cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-13, are secreted by differentiated cells. This unexpected finding demonstrates a role for immune cell signaling in mammary epithelial cell fate and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom.
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28
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Singh K, Davis S, Dobson J, Molenaar A, Wheeler T, Prosser C, Farr V, Oden K, Swanson K, Phyn C, Hyndman D, Wilson T, Henderson H, Stelwagen K. cDNA Microarray Analysis Reveals that Antioxidant and Immune Genes Are Upregulated During Involution of the Bovine Mammary Gland. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:2236-46. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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29
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Silanikove N, Merin U, Leitner G. Physiological role of indigenous milk enzymes: An overview of an evolving picture. Int Dairy J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Shamay A, Shapiro F, Leitner G, Silanikove N. Infusions of casein hydrolyzates into the mammary gland disrupt tight junction integrity and induce involution in cows. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:1250-8. [PMID: 12741550 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Milk stasis triggers local stimuli, which make the tight junctions leak and trigger involution. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that casein hydrolyzates compromise tight junction integrity and dry-off milk secretion in dairy cows. Six repeated doses of casein hydrolyzates after each milking during 3 d caused drastic changes in mammary secretion and composition, which were associated with irreversible cessation of milk secretion. No such changes were recorded in the control glands that had been treated with nonhydrolyzed casein. Treatment with casein hydrolyzates disturbed tight junction integrity within 8 h (as indicated by changes in Na+ and K+ concentrations), reduced the concentrations of lactose precipitously, activated the plasmin activator-plasminogen-plasmin system, and induced the secretion of immunoglobulin type G and lactoferrin. At the end of the 3-d treatments, we stopped milking the experimental and control glands. Milk composition 19 d later was similar in the experimental and control glands and was consistent with the composition expected in fully involuted glands. We conclude that casein hydrolyzates are among the milk-borne factors that cause the disruption of tight junction integrity and induce involution in cows. The process induced by casein hydrolyzate was more rapid and synchronized than the involution induced at drying-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shamay
- Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Institute of Animal Science, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250 Israel
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Shamay A, Shapiro F, Mabjeesh SJ, Silanikove N. Casein-derived phosphopeptides disrupt tight junction integrity, and precipitously dry up milk secretion in goats. Life Sci 2002; 70:2707-19. [PMID: 12269377 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammary involution is triggered by local stimuli, but the precise mechanism has not been defined. Milk stasis accumulate local signals, which makes the tight junctions (TJ) leaky. The aim of the study was to check the hypothesis that casein hydrolyzates (CNH) compromise TJ integrity and dry up milk secretion. A single dose of CNH transiently (12 to 24 h) compromised TJ integrity in the treatedudder. This was associated by a transient (12 to 96 h) decline in milk secretion. No such changes were recorded in the contralateral gland that served as a control. Four repeated doses of CNH after each milking caused drastic changes in mammary secretion and composition, which were associated with irreversible cessation of milk secretion within 96 h. No such changes were recorded in goats treated with de-phosphorylated casein (control). We conclude that CNH are the milk-borne factors that cause the disruption of TJ integrity and induction of involution, and that the serine-Ps in the CNHs are essential for the excretion of biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Shamay
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Institute of Animal Science, Bet Dagan, Israel
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BENDER LOUISC, CARLSON ELAINE, SCHMITT STEPHENM, HAUFLER JONATHANB. Production and Survival of Elk (Cervus elaphus) Calves in Michigan. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2002. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031(2002)148[0163:pasoec]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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