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De Souza Ferreira L, Ruegg PL. Graduate Student Literature Review: Hemotropic mycoplasmas in cattle. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3185-3196. [PMID: 38101735 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this narrative literature review is to better understand bovine hemoplasmosis, an emerging disease that threatens dairy animal health. Several species of hemotropic mycoplasma are known to infect both animals and humans, and Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos are the species that infect red blood cells of cattle. These microorganisms are associated with clinical signs in dairy cattle, but the effects of infection on health and productivity of dairy cows are poorly understood. In this paper, we review information about the epidemiology of bovine hemoplasmosis in different countries, including clinical signs associated with hemoplasmosis in cattle, methods of diagnosis, treatment, possible routes of transmission, risk factors for infection, and disease progression. Although hemoplasmas have been reported to infect cattle in many countries, and methods used to detect these organisms have improved, numerous gaps in knowledge were identified. The pathogenesis of the disease and potential effect on animal health and productivity remain unclear. With this review, we seek to contribute to the understanding of hemoplasmosis in cattle and provide insights for further research to improve disease management strategies and overall animal health in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L De Souza Ferreira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.
| | - P L Ruegg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Kim Y, Kim H, Choi JH, Cho HC, Ji MJ, Park YJ, Park J, Choi KS. Preliminary report of Mycoplasma Wenoynii and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos infection in Korean native cattle. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:121. [PMID: 38532391 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemotropic mycoplasmas or hemoplasmas are bacteria that attach to the erythrocyte surface and cause bovine hemoplasmosis. Two species, Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos, have been identified and shown to be distributed worldwide. However, there is currently no information available on hemoplasmas in cattle in the Republic of Korea. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of hemoplasmas in Korean native cattle and to evaluate the association between hemoplasma infection and anemia. METHODS One farm was selected, at which blood samples were collected from 104 Korean native cattle [grazing cattle (n = 89) and housed cattle (n = 15)]. Hemoplasmas were detected via polymerase chain reaction analysis and complete blood counts were also performed. RESULTS The overall prevalence of hemoplasmas was 34% (35/104); 20.2% (21/104) for M. wenyonii, 3.8% (4/104) for C. M. haemobos, and 9.6% (10/104) for co-infection. Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos was detected only in grazing cattle. Of red blood cell (RBC) parameters, C. M. haemobos-infected cattle had lower RBC and hematocrit, and higher mean cell volume than hemoplasma-negative cattle, although none of these differences were statistically significant. This is the first study to report the occurrence of M. wenyonii and C. M. haemobos. Mycoplasma wenyonii is more prevalent than C. M. haemobos in Korean native cattle. The results did not show an association between hemoplasma infection and anemia. CONCLUSIONS Considering the infection rate of hemoplasmas shown in this study, further studies, such as on the pathogenicity and clinical significance of hemoplasmas are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjun Kim
- Department of Animal Hospital, Genetic Improvement Center, National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Hanwoo, Seosan, 31948, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Hannah Kim
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jae-Hyeon Choi
- Department of Horse/Companion and Wild Animals, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Chul Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Ji
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Park
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Horse/Companion and Wild Animals, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea.
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de Souza Ferreira L, Bolin S, Abuelo A, Norby B, Ruegg PL. Apparent prevalence of hemotropic mycoplasma in dairy calves and replacement heifers on Michigan farms. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00504-6. [PMID: 38395406 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The bovine hemoplasmas include Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus Mycoplasma hemobos which are increasingly recognized as infecting cattle throughout the world. Infection with hemotropic mycoplasma has been reported to be widespread in mature dairy cows, but little is known about prevalence in calves and heifers. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and dynamics of infection with M. wenyonii and C.M. hemobos infections in calves and replacement heifers on Michigan dairy farms and assess potential associations between infection status and hematological values. The study was designed as a prospective cross-sectional study with a longitudinal component. A convenience sample of 11 farms agreed to participate and were visited twice between March and September 2022. During the first farm visit, researchers collected blood samples from up to 94 animals per farm distributed among newborn and pre-weaned calves (n ≤ 31), weaned calves (n = 21), pre-breeding heifers (n = 21), and pregnant heifers (n = 21). During the first visit, blood samples (n = 174) were also collected from a convenience sample of mature cows to confirm the herd infection status. The same calves and heifers were sampled again about 95 d (±3.0) later. During the first visit, blood samples were collected from 797 calves and replacement heifers, while 675 samples were collected during the second visit due to inability to locate some animals. Detection of M. wenyonii and C. M. hemobos were based on results of real time PCR. The hematocrit was determined using microcentrifugation and the concentration of leukocytes using an automated cell counter. In all herds, most mature cows that were sampled tested positive for infection. The within herd apparent prevalence of hemoplasma in calves and replacement heifers was 100% for both M. wenyonii and C. M. hemobos. The apparent prevalence of hemoplasma in youngstock was associated with age. In calves that were 1 to 6 mo old, the prevalence of infection was 6-8% but sharply increased to 31% by 8 mo of age. In older animals, the prevalence remained high, and was almost 100% in animals greater than 17 mo of age. Based on calves and heifers sampled twice, the cumulative incidence varied widely among herds ranging from 3.7% to 96.0% and increased with age of animals. There was no difference in hematocrit or number of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, or total leukocytes based on infection status. The number of eosinophils was greater in infected animals. This is the first study to report the prevalence of hemoplasmas in calves and replacement heifers in the US It indicates that young calves can be infected with hemoplasmas, but the rate of infection is low. The likelihood of infection increases as animals age, with a notable rise in the proportion of infected heifers occurring by 8 mo old and the prevalence eventually reaching nearly 100% of infection in older animals. Once infected, heifers appear to remain chronic carriers. Hemoplasma infection alone does not usually lead to the development of clinical signs and most of the animals remain apparently healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L de Souza Ferreira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, 48824
| | - S Bolin
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing 48910
| | - A Abuelo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, 48824
| | - B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, 48824
| | - P L Ruegg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, 48824.
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Neumann GB, Korkuć P, Reißmann M, Wolf MJ, May K, König S, Brockmann GA. Unmapped short reads from whole-genome sequencing indicate potential infectious pathogens in german black Pied cattle. Vet Res 2023; 54:95. [PMID: 37853447 PMCID: PMC10585868 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
When resequencing animal genomes, some short reads cannot be mapped to the reference genome and are usually discarded. In this study, unmapped reads from 302 German Black Pied cattle were analyzed to identify potential pathogenic DNA. These unmapped reads were assembled and blasted against NCBI's database to identify bacterial and viral sequences. The results provided evidence for the presence of pathogens. We found sequences of Bovine parvovirus 3 and Mycoplasma species. These findings emphasize the information content of unmapped reads for gaining insight into bacterial and viral infections, which is important for veterinarians and epidemiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme B Neumann
- Animal Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute for Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paula Korkuć
- Animal Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute for Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Reißmann
- Animal Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute for Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel J Wolf
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina May
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gudrun A Brockmann
- Animal Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute for Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Kamani J, Shand M, Shekaro A, Laminu B, Toyin O, Abasiama MS, Schaer J, Harrus S. Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus Mycoplasma Haemobos in Pastoralists Cattle in Nigeria. Acta Parasitol 2023:10.1007/s11686-023-00683-0. [PMID: 37170044 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The extensive migration practiced by pastoralists cattle exposes them to a variety of pathogens and vectors which may sometimes lead to severe disease outcomes. Moreover, the synergistic effect of multiple parasitism on the productivity of livestock has been well recognized. This is particularly true where the livestock production system predisposes the animals to constant and heavy infestation with arthropod vectors. METHODS The presences, prevalence and risk factors for hemotropic Mycoplasma (hemoplasma) infection in cattle in Nigeria was investigated using a PCR and sequencing approach. DNA, extracted from 566 cattle blood samples, collected from 10 states from the three agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Nigeria, from April 2021 to March 2022, were screened for the presences of hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. DNA. RESULTS The DNA of hemoplasmas was detected in 48 out of the 566 (8.5%) samples, 12 (25%) of them were identified as Mycoplasma wenyonii and 19 (38.6%) as 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos'. Coinfection with both species was detected in 17 (35.4%) of the samples. High prevalence and risk of hemoplasmas infection was associated with sex of the cattle (bulls were more affected; p = 0.005) and the packed cell volume (p = 0.009), but not with the age (p = 0.08), breed (p = 0.22), body condition (p = 0.052), source of the samples (p = 0.45) or the AEZs (0.59). This is the first nationwide survey of hemotropic mycoplasmas in cattle in Nigeria using this molecular approach. CONCLUSION Further studies to determine the veterinary and public health significance of these pathogens, which were previously associated with varying degrees of clinical signs and production losses, are recommended in Nigerian cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kamani
- Parasitology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), PMB 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Mike Shand
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Audu Shekaro
- Parasitology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), PMB 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Bukar Laminu
- Parasitology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), PMB 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Olubade Toyin
- Parasitology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), PMB 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Moses Samuel Abasiama
- Parasitology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), PMB 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Juliane Schaer
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shimon Harrus
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Persson Waller K, Dahlgren K, Grandi G, Holding ML, Näslund K, Omazic A, Sprong H, Ullman K, Leijon M. A Disease Outbreak in Beef Cattle Associated with Anaplasma and Mycoplasma Infections. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020286. [PMID: 36670826 PMCID: PMC9854672 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of disease in a Swedish beef cattle herd initiated an in-depth study to investigate the presence of bacteria and viruses in the blood of clinically healthy (n = 10) and clinically diseased cattle (n = 20) using whole-genome shotgun sequencing (WGSS). The occurrence of infectious agents was also investigated in ticks found attached to healthy cattle (n = 61) and wild deer (n = 23), and in spleen samples from wild deer (n = 30) and wild boars (n = 10). Moreover, blood samples from 84 clinically healthy young stock were analysed for antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia divergens. The WGSS revealed the presence of at least three distinct Mycoplasma variants that were most closely related to Mycoplasma wenyonii. Two of these were very similar to a divergent M. wenyonii variant previously only detected in Mexico. These variants tended to be more common in the diseased cattle than in the healthy cattle but were not detected in the ticks or wild animals. The DNA of A. phagocytophilum was detected in similar proportions in diseased (33%) and healthy (40%) cattle, while 70% of the deer, 8% of ticks collected from the cattle and 19% of the ticks collected from deer were positive. Almost all the isolates from the cattle, deer and ticks belonged to Ecotype 1. Based on sequencing of the groEL-gene, most isolates of A. phagocytophilum from cattle were similar and belonged to a different cluster than the isolates from wild deer. Antibodies against A. phagocytophilum were detected in all the analysed samples. In conclusion, uncommon variants of Mycoplasma were detected, probably associated with the disease outbreak in combination with immune suppression due to granulocytic anaplasmosis. Moreover, A. phagocytophilum was found to be circulating within this cattle population, while circulation between cattle and deer occurred infrequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Persson Waller
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Giulio Grandi
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maya Louise Holding
- Virology and Pathogenesis Group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 OJG, UK
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute for Health Research, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | - Katarina Näslund
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Omazic
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75198 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hein Sprong
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Ullman
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Leijon
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
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Flores-García DL, Aguilar-Díaz H, Amaro-Estrada I, Martínez-Ocampo F, Quiroz-Castañeda RE. An Update of Bovine Hemoplasmas Based on Phylogenetic and Genomics Analysis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101916. [PMID: 36296192 PMCID: PMC9607299 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma wenyonii and ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos’ are bacteria that have been described as significant hemoplasmas that infect cattle worldwide. Currently, three bovine hemoplasma genomes are known. This work aimed to describe the main genomic characteristics and the evolutionary relationships between hemoplasmas, and provide a list of epitopes predicted by immunoinformatics as diagnostic candidates for bovine hemoplasmosis. Thus far, there is no vaccine to prevent this disease that economically impacts cattle production worldwide. Additionally, there is a lack of vaccines against bovine hemoplasmosis. In this work, we performed a genomic characterization of hemoplasmas, including two Mexican strains reported in bovines in the last few years. The generated information is a new scenario about the phylogeny of hemoplasmas. Also, we show genomic features among hemoplasmas that strengthen their characteristic genome plasticity of intracellular lifestyles. Finally, the elucidation of antigenic proteins in Mexican strains represents an opportunity to develop molecular detection methods and diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Laura Flores-García
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, Paseo Cuauhnahuac 566, Lomas del Texcal, C.P., Jiutepec 62574, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Hugo Aguilar-Díaz
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Itzel Amaro-Estrada
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Fernando Martínez-Ocampo
- Laboratorio de Estudios Ecogenómicos, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Rosa Estela Quiroz-Castañeda
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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