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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Su Q, Liu Y, Li Z, Yong VW, Xue M. Ion Channel Dysregulation Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:401-414. [PMID: 37755675 PMCID: PMC10912428 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to the brain after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) results from numerous complex cellular mechanisms. At present, effective therapy for ICH is limited and a better understanding of the mechanisms of brain injury is necessary to improve prognosis. There is increasing evidence that ion channel dysregulation occurs at multiple stages in primary and secondary brain injury following ICH. Ion channels such as TWIK-related K+ channel 1, sulfonylurea 1 transient receptor potential melastatin 4 and glutamate-gated channels affect ion homeostasis in ICH. They in turn participate in the formation of brain edema, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and the generation of neurotoxicity. In this review, we summarize the interaction between ions and ion channels, the effects of ion channel dysregulation, and we discuss some therapeutics based on ion-channel modulation following ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Qiuyang Su
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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Passarelli JP, Nimjee SM, Townsend KL. Stroke and Neurogenesis: Bridging Clinical Observations to New Mechanistic Insights from Animal Models. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:53-68. [PMID: 36462099 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Stroke was the 2nd leading cause of death and a major cause of morbidity. Unfortunately, there are limited means to promote neurological recovery post-stroke, but research has unearthed potential targets for therapies to encourage post-stroke neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. The occurrence of neurogenesis in adult mammalian brains, including humans, was not widely accepted until the 1990s. Now, adult neurogenesis has been extensively studied in human and mouse neurogenic brain niches, of which the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus are best studied. Numerous other niches are under investigation for neurogenic potential. This review offers a basic overview to stroke in the clinical setting, a focused summary of recent and foundational research literature on cortical neurogenesis and post-stroke brain plasticity, and insights regarding how the meninges and choroid plexus have emerged as key players in neurogenesis and neuroplasticity in the context of focal cerebral ischemia disrupting the anterior circulation. The choroid plexus and meninges are vital as they are integral sites for neuroimmune interactions, glymphatic perfusion, and niche signaling pertinent to neural stem cells and neurogenesis. Modulating neuroimmune interactions with a focus on astrocyte activity, potentially through manipulation of the choroid plexus and meningeal niches, may reduce the exacerbation of stroke by inflammatory mediators and create an environment conducive to neurorecovery. Furthermore, addressing impaired glymphatic perfusion after ischemic stroke likely supports a neurogenic environment by clearing out inflammatory mediators, neurotoxic metabolites, and other accumulated waste. The meninges and choroid plexus also contribute more directly to promoting neurogenesis: the meninges are thought to harbor neural stem cells and are a niche amenable to neural stem/progenitor cell migration. Additionally, the choroid plexus has secretory functions that directly influences stem cells through signaling mechanisms and growth factor actions. More research to better understand the functions of the meninges and choroid plexus may lead to novel approaches for stimulating neuronal recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahid M Nimjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kristy L Townsend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Rao GN, Jupudi S, Justin A. A Review on Neuroinflammatory Pathway Mediating Through Ang-II/AT1 Receptors and a Novel Approach for the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia in Combination with ARB's and Ceftriaxone. Ann Neurosci 2024; 31:53-62. [PMID: 38584983 PMCID: PMC10996871 DOI: 10.1177/09727531231182554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke is one of the prevalent neurodegenerative disorders; it is generally characterized by sudden abruption of blood flow due to thromboembolism and vascular abnormalities, eventually impairing the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the brain for its metabolic needs. Oxygen-glucose deprived conditions provoke the release of excessive glutamate, which causes excitotoxicity. Summary Recent studies suggest that circulatory angiotensin-II (Ang-II) has an imperative role in initiating detrimental events through binding central angiotensin 1 (AT1) receptors. Insufficient energy metabolites and essential ions often lead to oxidative stress during ischemic reperfusion, which leads to the release of proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and cytokines like interleukin-18 (IL-18) and interleukin- 1beta (IL-1β). The transmembrane glutamate transporters, excitatory amino acid transporter-2 (EAAT-2), which express in astroglial cells, have a crucial role in the clearance of glutamate from its releasing site and convert glutamate into glutamine in normal circumstances of brain physiology. Key Message During cerebral ischemia, an impairment or dysfunction of EAAT-2 attributes the risk of delayed neuronal cell death. Earlier studies evidencing that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) attenuate neuroinflammation by inhibiting the Ang-II/AT1 receptor-mediated inflammatory pathway and that ceftriaxone ameliorates the excitotoxicity-induced neuronal deterioration by enhancing the transcription and expression of EAAT-2 via the nuclear transcriptional factor kappa-B (NF-kB) signaling pathway. The present review will briefly discuss the mechanisms involved in Ang-II/AT1-mediated neuroinflammation, ceftriaxone-induced EAAT-2 expression, and the repurposing hypothesis of the novel combination of ARBs and ceftriaxone for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaddam Narasimha Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srikanth Jupudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Antony Justin
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
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Einenkel AM, Salameh A. Selective vulnerability of hippocampal CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells: What are possible pathomechanisms and should more attention be paid to the CA3 region in future studies? J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25276. [PMID: 38284845 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Transient ischemia and reperfusion selectively damage neurons in brain, with hippocampal pyramidal cells being particularly vulnerable. Even within hippocampus, heterogeneous susceptibility is evident, with higher vulnerability of CA1 versus CA3 neurons described for several decades. Therefore, numerous studies have focused exclusively on CA1. Pediatric cardiac surgery is increasingly focusing on studies of hippocampal structures, and a negative impact of cardiopulmonary bypass on the hippocampus cannot be denied. Recent studies show a shift in selective vulnerability from neurons of CA1 to CA3. This review shows that cell damage is increased in CA3, sometimes stronger than in CA1, depending on several factors (method, species, age, observation period). Despite a highly variable pattern, several markers illustrate greater damage to CA3 neurons than previously assumed. Nevertheless, the underlying cellular mechanisms have not been fully deciphered to date. The complexity is reflected in possible pathomechanisms discussed here, with numerous factors (NMDA, kainate and AMPA receptors, intrinsic oxidative stress potential and various radicals, AKT isoforms, differences in vascular architecture, ratio of pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 factors, vulnerability of interneurons, mitochondrial dysregulation) contributing to either enhanced CA1 or CA3 vulnerability. Furthermore, differences in expressed genome, proteome, metabolome, and transcriptome in CA1 and CA3 appear to influence differential behavior after damaging stimuli, thus metabolomics-, transcriptomics-, and proteomics-based analyses represent a viable option to identify pathways of selective vulnerability in hippocampal neurons. These results emphasize that future studies should focus on the CA3 field in addition to CA1, especially with regard to improving therapeutic strategies after ischemic/hypoxic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Einenkel
- Clinic for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig, Heart Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aida Salameh
- Clinic for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig, Heart Centre, Leipzig, Germany
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Cao B, Jin J, Tang Z, Luo Q, An J, Pang W. Exploring Mechanisms of Houshiheisan in Treating Ischemic Stroke with Network Pharmacology and Independent Cascade Model. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:959-968. [PMID: 37565556 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230810094557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Houshiheisan (HSHS) has been effective in the treatment of ischemic stroke (IS) for centuries. However, its mechanisms are still underexplored. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to identify the active ingredients and mechanisms of HSHS in treating IS. METHODS We searched the main active compounds in HSHS and their potential targets, and key targets related to IS. Based on the common targets of HSHS and IS, we further expanded genes by KEGG database to obtain target genes and related genes, as well as gene interactions in the form of A→B, and then constructed a directed network including traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), active compounds and genes. Finally, based on enrichment analysis, independent cascade (IC) model, and molecular docking, we explored the mechanisms of HSHS in treating IS. RESULTS A directed network with 6,348 nodes and 64,996 edges was constructed. The enrichment analysis suggested that the AGE pathway, glucose metabolic pathway, lipid metabolic pathway, and inflammation pathway played critical roles in the treatment of IS by HSHS. Furthermore, the gene ontologies (GOs) of three monarch drugs in HSHS mainly involved cellular response to chemical stress, blood coagulation, hemostasis, positive regulation of MAPK cascade, and regulation of inflammatory response. Several candidate drug molecules were identified by molecular docking. CONCLUSION This study advocated potential drug development with targets in the AGE signaling pathway, with emphasis on neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic functions. The molecular docking simulation indicated that the ligand-target combination selection method based on the IC model was effective and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- Department of Health Informatics and Management, School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiao Jin
- School of Statistics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhiyu Tang
- Department of Health Informatics and Management, School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jinbing An
- Department of Health Informatics and Management, School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wei Pang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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Heo HY, Tee YK, Harston G, Leigh R, Chappell M. Amide proton transfer imaging in stroke. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4734. [PMID: 35322482 PMCID: PMC9761584 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Amide proton transfer (APT) imaging, a variant of chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI, has shown promise in detecting ischemic tissue acidosis following impaired aerobic metabolism in animal models and in human stroke patients due to the sensitivity of the amide proton exchange rate to changes in pH within the physiological range. Recent studies have demonstrated the possibility of using APT-MRI to detect acidosis of the ischemic penumbra, enabling the assessment of stroke severity and risk of progression, monitoring of treatment progress, and prognostication of clinical outcome. This paper reviews current APT imaging methods actively used in ischemic stroke research and explores the clinical aspects of ischemic stroke and future applications for these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Heo
- Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yee Kai Tee
- Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
| | - George Harston
- Acute Stroke Programme, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Leigh
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Chappell
- Radiological Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, UK
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Pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke: Noncoding RNA Role in Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5815843. [PMID: 36132228 PMCID: PMC9484962 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5815843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a neurological disease that causes significant disability and death worldwide. Ischemic stroke accounts for 75% of all strokes. The pathophysiological processes underlying ischemic stroke include oxidative stress, the toxicity of excitatory amino acids, ion disorder, enhanced apoptosis, and inflammation. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) may have a vital role in regulating the pathophysiological processes of ischemic stroke, as confirmed by the altered expression of ncRNAs in blood samples from acute ischemic stroke patients, animal models, and oxygen-glucose-deprived (OGD) cell models. Due to specific changes in expression, ncRNAs can potentially be biomarkers for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of ischemic stroke. As an important brain cell component, glial cells mediate the occurrence and progression of oxidative stress after ischemic stroke, and ncRNAs are an irreplaceable part of this mechanism. This review highlights the impact of ncRNAs in the oxidative stress process of ischemic stroke. It focuses on specific ncRNAs that underlie the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and have potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Nordström CH, Forsse A, Jakobsen RP, Mölström S, Nielsen TH, Toft P, Ungerstedt U. Bedside interpretation of cerebral energy metabolism utilizing microdialysis in neurosurgical and general intensive care. Front Neurol 2022; 13:968288. [PMID: 36034291 PMCID: PMC9399721 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.968288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The microdialysis technique was initially developed for monitoring neurotransmitters in animals. In 1995 the technique was adopted to clinical use and bedside enzymatic analysis of glucose, pyruvate, lactate, glutamate and glycerol. Under clinical conditions microdialysis has also been used for studying cytokines, protein biomarkers, multiplex proteomic and metabolomic analyses as well as for pharmacokinetic studies and evaluation of blood-brain barrier function. This review focuses on the variables directly related to cerebral energy metabolism and the possibilities and limitations of microdialysis during routine neurosurgical and general intensive care. Our knowledge of cerebral energy metabolism is to a large extent based on animal experiments performed more than 40 years ago. However, the different biochemical information obtained from various techniques should be recognized. The basic animal studies analyzed brain tissue homogenates while the microdialysis technique reflects the variables in a narrow zone of interstitial fluid surrounding the probe. Besides the difference of the volume investigated, the levels of the biochemical variables differ in different compartments. During bedside microdialysis cerebral energy metabolism is primarily reflected in measured levels of glucose, lactate and pyruvate and the lactate to pyruvate (LP) ratio. The LP ratio reflects cytoplasmatic redox-state which increases instantaneously during insufficient aerobic energy metabolism. Cerebral ischemia is characterized by a marked increase in intracerebral LP ratio at simultaneous decreases in intracerebral levels of pyruvate and glucose. Mitochondrial dysfunction is characterized by a moderate increase in LP ratio at a very marked increase in cerebral lactate and normal or elevated levels of pyruvate and glucose. The patterns are of importance in particular for interpretations in transient cerebral ischemia. A new technique for evaluating global cerebral energy metabolism by microdialysis of the draining cerebral venous blood is discussed. In experimental studies it has been shown that pronounced global cerebral ischemia is reflected in venous cerebral blood. Jugular bulb microdialysis has been investigated in patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage, during cardiopulmonary bypass and resuscitation after out of hospital cardiac arrest. Preliminary results indicate that the new technique may give valuable information of cerebral energy metabolism in clinical conditions when insertion of an intracerebral catheter is contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Nordström
- Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Carl-Henrik Nordström
| | - Axel Forsse
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Peter Jakobsen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Simon Mölström
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Palle Toft
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Urban Ungerstedt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lee EC, Ha TW, Lee DH, Hong DY, Park SW, Lee JY, Lee MR, Oh JS. Utility of Exosomes in Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158367. [PMID: 35955498 PMCID: PMC9368737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of death and neurological disorders worldwide. However, diagnostic techniques and treatments for stroke patients are still limited for certain types of stroke. Intensive research has been conducted so far to find suitable diagnostic techniques and treatments, but so far there has been no success. In recent years, various studies have drawn much attention to the clinical value of utilizing the mechanism of exosomes, low toxicity, biodegradability, and the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Recent studies have been reported on the use of biomarkers and protective and recovery effects of exosomes derived from stem cells or various cells in the diagnostic stage after stroke. This review focuses on publications describing changes in diagnostic biomarkers of exosomes following various strokes and processes for various potential applications as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chae Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (E.C.L.); (D.-H.L.); (D.-Y.H.); (S.-W.P.); (J.Y.L.)
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soon Chun Hyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea;
| | - Tae Won Ha
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soon Chun Hyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea;
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (E.C.L.); (D.-H.L.); (D.-Y.H.); (S.-W.P.); (J.Y.L.)
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soon Chun Hyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea;
| | - Dong-Yong Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (E.C.L.); (D.-H.L.); (D.-Y.H.); (S.-W.P.); (J.Y.L.)
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soon Chun Hyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea;
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (E.C.L.); (D.-H.L.); (D.-Y.H.); (S.-W.P.); (J.Y.L.)
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soon Chun Hyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea;
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (E.C.L.); (D.-H.L.); (D.-Y.H.); (S.-W.P.); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Man Ryul Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soon Chun Hyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.R.L.); (J.S.O.)
| | - Jae Sang Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (E.C.L.); (D.-H.L.); (D.-Y.H.); (S.-W.P.); (J.Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.L.); (J.S.O.)
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p38 MAPK Endogenous Inhibition Improves Neurological Deficits in Global Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Mice. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:3300327. [PMID: 35811833 PMCID: PMC9259354 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3300327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a complex pathophysiological process that can lead to neurological function damage and the formation of cerebral infarction. The p38 MAPK pathway has attracted considerable attention in cerebral I/R injury (IRI), but little research has been carried out on its direct role in vivo. In this study, to observe the effects of p38 MAPK endogenous inhibition on cerebral IRI, p38 heterozygous knockdown (p38KI/+) mice were used. We hypothesized that p38 signaling might be involved in I/R injury and neurological damage reduction and that neurological behavioral deficits improve when p38 MAPK is inhibited. First, we examined the neurological damage and neurological behavioral deficit effects of I/R injury in WT mice. Cerebral I/R injury was induced by the bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) method. The cerebral infarction area and volume were assessed and analyzed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. p38 MAPK and caspase-3 were detected by western blotting. Neuronal apoptosis was measured using TUNEL staining. Neurological deficits were detected by behavioral testing. Furthermore, to assess whether these neuroprotective effects occurred when p38 MAPK was inhibited, p38 heterozygous knockdown (p38KI/+) mice were used. We found that p38 MAPK endogenous inhibition rescued hippocampal cell apoptosis, reduced ischemic penumbra, and improved neurological behavioral deficits. These findings showed that p38 MAPK endogenous inhibition had a neuroprotective effect on IRI and that p38 MAPK may be a potential therapeutic target for cerebral IRI.
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11
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Fang XL, Ding SY, Du XZ, Wang JH, Li XL. Ferroptosis—A Novel Mechanism With Multifaceted Actions on Stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 13:881809. [PMID: 35481263 PMCID: PMC9035991 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.881809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a neurological disease with high morbidity, disability, and mortality, the pathological mechanism underlying stroke involves complex processes such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and excitotoxicity; but the related research on these molecular mechanisms has not been effectively applied in clinical practice. As a form of iron-dependent regulated cell death, ferroptosis was first discovered in the pathological process of cancer, but recent studies have shown that ferroptosis is closely related to the onset and development of stroke. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the relationship between ferroptosis and stroke may lead to more effective treatment strategies. Herein, we reviewed the mechanism(s) underlying the onset of ferroptosis in stroke, the potential role of ferroptosis in stroke, and the crosstalk between ferroptosis and other pathological mechanisms. This will further deepen our understanding of ferroptosis and provide new approaches to the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Fang
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shao-Yun Ding
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Zheng Du
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Zheng Du
| | - Jin-Hai Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Jin-Hai Wang
| | - Xing-Lan Li
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
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Advanced drug delivery system against ischemic stroke. J Control Release 2022; 344:173-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Justin A, Thomas P, Narasimha Rao G, Jeyabalan JB, Narendar C, Ponnusankar S, Selvaraj J, R H. Chandamarutha Chenduram, an Indian traditional Siddha preparation attenuated the neuronal degeneration in ischemic mice through ameliorating cytokines and oxy-radicals mediated EAAT-2 dysfunction. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 284:114827. [PMID: 34774684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chandamarutha Chenduram (CC), an Indian traditional Siddha preparation officially recorded in the Siddha formulary of India and its composition are widely used in the Siddha practice of neurological disorders like stroke/paralysis in India. However, the scientific validation and mechanistic evidence is lacking and yet to be elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY To establish the scientific evidences and to explore the possible neuroprotective mechanism of CC in cerebral ischemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical standardization of the CC was performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy and gravimetric analysis. Acute toxicity study for CC in mice was performed in accordance with OECD 423 guidelines. CC (5 mg/kg) and CC (10 mg/kg) were investigated in bilateral common carotid occlusion (BCCAo) model in mice. After, behavioral assessments, the brain samples were collected and the hippocampus region was micro-dissected for neurotransmitter, neurobiochemicals and inflammatory cytokines estimation. The excitatory amino acid transporter-2 (EAAT-2) expressions was analyzed by RT-PCR to understand the possible molecular mechanism. In addition, hematoxylin and eosin staining of CA1 hippocampal brain region was performed to support the neuroprotective effect of CC in ischemic condition. RESULTS Chemical standardization analysis showed that CC has acceptable range of mercury (0.82 ppm) and elemental sulphur (11% w/w). Also, other heavy metal limits were found to be less or not detectable. Toxicity study also evidenced the safety profile of CC. CC has significantly reversed the behavioral dysfunctions (p < 0.001) in global ischemic mice. Treatment with CC has attenuated the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, lipid peroxide, nitric oxide, cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) (p < 0.001) and increased the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH) and EAAT-2 expression level (p < 0.001) in ischemic brain. The hematoxylin and eosin staining in CA1 region of hippocampus also evidence the neuroprotective effect exhibited by CC. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with CC has exhibited dose dependent effect and CC10 has shown significant protective effect in comparison to CC5 in most of the parameters studied. CC prevented further degeneration of neurons in cerebral ischemic mice through ameliorating inflammatory cytokines and oxy-radicals mediated EAAT-2 dysfunction and subsequent excitotoxicity in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Justin
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Peet Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Gaddam Narasimha Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jeyaram Bharathi Jeyabalan
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Chintha Narendar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sivasankaran Ponnusankar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jubie Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Hariprasad R
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
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14
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Zhu X, Guo D, Chen M, An X, Wang B, Yu W. Application value and challenge of traditional Chinese medicine carried by ZIF-8 in the therapy of ischemic stroke. IBRAIN 2021; 7:337-350. [PMID: 37786560 PMCID: PMC10529174 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a group of major diseases that cause death or disability in adults, with high incidence and lack of available therapeutic strategies. Although traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has continuously achieved good effects in the therapy of stroke while there is still not convincing due to the limitation of blood-brain permeability, as well as the individual differences in usage and dosage. With the improvement of nanotechnology, TCM nanopreparation has gradually become a research hotspot in various fields due to its advantages in permeating the blood-brain barrier, targeting delivery, enhancing sustained-release drug delivery, changing the distribution in the body, and improving bioavailability. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) is an ideal nano-drug delivery system for adsorption, catalysis, and drug loading, which is a biocompatible metal-organic framework framed by 2-methylimidazole and zinc ions. At present, ZIF-8 was wildly used in the treatment of ischemic stroke. However, challenges remain persists for its clinical application, such as preparation technology, detection technology in vivo, targeting specificity, safety and stability, and so forth. Therefore, more efforts need to overcome the above problems to develop the application of TCM nanopreparations in the therapy of ischemia/reperfusion in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Xi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Dong‐Fen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Qiong An
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Bi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Wen‐Feng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangGuizhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Minority Diseases, Education MinistryGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangGuizhouChina
- School of Basic Medical ScienceGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangGuizhouChina
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15
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Wang Q, Liu N, Ni YS, Yang JM, Ma L, Lan XB, Wu J, Niu JG, Yu JQ. TRPM2 in ischemic stroke: Structure, molecular mechanisms, and drug intervention. Channels (Austin) 2021; 15:136-154. [PMID: 33455532 PMCID: PMC7833771 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2020.1870088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke has a high lethality rate worldwide, and novel treatments are limited. Calcium overload is considered to be one of the mechanisms of cerebral ischemia. Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive calcium channel. Cerebral ischemia-induced TRPM2 activation triggers abnormal intracellular Ca2+ accumulation and cell death, which in turn causes irreversible brain damage. Thus, TRPM2 has emerged as a new therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. This review provides data on the expression, structure, and function of TRPM2 and illustrates its cellular and molecular mechanisms in ischemic stroke. Natural and synthetic TRPM2 inhibitors (both specific and nonspecific) are also summarized. The three-dimensional protein structure of TRPM2 has been identified, and we speculate that molecular simulation techniques will be essential for developing new drugs that block TRPM2 channels. These insights about TRPM2 may be the key to find potent therapeutic approaches for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuan-Shu Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jia-Mei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lan
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jian-Guo Niu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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16
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Cheung J, Doerr M, Hu R, Sun PZ. Refined Ischemic Penumbra Imaging with Tissue pH and Diffusion Kurtosis Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:742-753. [PMID: 33159656 PMCID: PMC8102648 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Imaging has played a vital role in our mechanistic understanding of acute ischemia and the management of acute stroke patients. The most recent DAWN and DEFUSE-3 trials showed that endovascular therapy could be extended to a selected group of late-presenting stroke patients with the aid of imaging. Although perfusion and diffusion MRI have been commonly used in stroke imaging, the approximation of their mismatch as the penumbra is oversimplified, particularly in the era of endovascular therapy. Briefly, the hypoperfusion lesion includes the benign oligemia that does not proceed to infarction. Also, with prompt and effective reperfusion therapy, a portion of the diffusion lesion is potentially reversible. Therefore, advanced imaging that provides improved ischemic tissue characterization may enable new experimental stroke therapeutics and eventually further individualize stroke treatment upon translation to the clinical setting. Specifically, pH imaging captures tissue of altered metabolic state that demarcates the hypoperfused lesion into ischemic penumbra and benign oligemia, which remains promising to define the ischemic penumbra's outer boundary. On the other hand, diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) differentiates the most severely damaged and irreversibly injured diffusion lesion from the portion of diffusion lesion that is potentially reversible, refining the inner boundary of the penumbra. Altogether, the development of advanced imaging has the potential to not only transform the experimental stroke research but also aid clinical translation and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Cheung
- Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Yerkes Imaging Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Madeline Doerr
- Yerkes Imaging Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Ranliang Hu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton RD NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Phillip Zhe Sun
- Yerkes Imaging Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton RD NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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17
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Chlorogenic acid alleviates neurobehavioral disorders and brain damage in focal ischemia animal models. Neurosci Lett 2021; 760:136085. [PMID: 34174343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia leads to neuronal cell death, causes neurological disorder and permanent disability. Chlorogenic acid has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of chlorogenic acid against cerebral ischemia. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in male adult rats via middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Chlorogenic acid (30 mg/kg) or vehicle was injected in the intraperitoneal cavity 2 h after MCAO operation. Neurological behavior tests were performed 24 h after MCAO, brain edema and infarction were measured. Oxidative stress was assessed by investigating the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels. MCAO damage leaded to severe neurobehavioral deficits, increased ROS and LPO levels, and induced brain edema and infarction. MCAO damage caused histopathological damages and increased the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in the cerebral cortex. However, chlorogenic acid treatment improved neurological behavioral deficits caused by MCAO and attenuated the increase in ROS and LPO levels. It also alleviated MCAO-induced brain edema, infarction, and histopathological lesion. Chlorogenic acid treatment attenuated the increase in the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the cerebral cortex of MCAO animals. We also investigated caspase proteins expression to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanism of chlorogenic acid. Caspase-3, caspase-7, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase expression levels were increased in the MCAO damaged cortex, while chlorogenic acid mitigated these increases. These results showed that MCAO injury leads to severe neurological damages and chlorogenic acid exerts neuroprotective effects by regulating oxidative stress and caspase proteins expressions. Thus, our findings suggest that chlorogenic acid acts as a potent neuroprotective agent by modulating the apoptotic-related proteins.
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18
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Wang T, He M, Zha XM. Time-dependent progression of hemorrhagic transformation after transient ischemia and its association with GPR68-dependent protection. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2020; 1:185-191. [PMID: 33575546 DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) following ischemia is one complication which worsens stroke outcome. During and after ischemia-reperfusion, persistent reduction of brain pH occurs. In a recent study, we found that GPR68 functions as a neuronal proton receptor and mediates a protective pathway in brain ischemia. Here, we asked whether GPR68 contributes HT after ischemia. At 24 hr after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), 58% of the wild-type (WT) mice exhibited some degrees of mild HT. At 72 hr, 95% of the WT showed HT with 42% exhibited large "parenchymal" type hemorrhage. In the GPR68-/- mice, there was a trend of increase in both the incidence and severity of HT at both time points. Mice with severe hemorrhage exhibited significantly larger infarct than those with no to mild hemorrhage. Next, we compared % infarct of GPR68-/- vs WT based on their HT categories. GPR68 deletion increased % infarct when the HT severity is mild. In contrast, for mice exhibiting large area HT, the two genotypes had no difference in % infarct. These data showed that GPR68-dependent signaling leads to protection when HT is mild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Mindi He
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Xiang-Ming Zha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
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19
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Kim HK, Lee JJ, Choi G, Sung B, Kim YH, Baek AR, Kim S, Song H, Kim M, Cho AE, Lee GH, Moon S, Kang MK, Lee JJ, Chang Y. Gadolinium-Based Neuroprognostic Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agents Suppress COX-2 for Prevention of Reperfusion Injury after Stroke. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6909-6923. [PMID: 32545964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in recanalization therapies have rendered reperfusion injury an important challenge for stroke management. It is essential to work toward effective therapeutics that protect the ischemic brain from reperfusion injury. Here, we report a new concept of neuroprognostic agents, which combine molecular diagnostic imaging and targeted neuroprotection for treatment of reperfusion injury after stroke. These neuroprognostic agents are inflammation-targeted gadolinium compounds conjugated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Our results demonstrated that gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents conjugated with NSAIDs suppressed the increase in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels, ameliorated glial activation, and neuron damage that are phenotypic for stroke by mitigating neuroinflammation, which prevented reperfusion injury. In addition, this study showed that the neuroprognostic agents are promising T1 molecular MRI contrast agents for detecting precise reperfusion injury locations at the molecular level. Our results build on this new concept of neuroprognostics as a novel management strategy for ischemia-reperfusion injury, combining neuroprotection and molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Kyung Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering Research, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung-Jin Lee
- Department of R & D Center, Myungmoon Bio. Co., Hwaseong, 18622 Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Garam Choi
- Department of R & D Center, Myungmoon Bio. Co., Hwaseong, 18622 Gyeonggi-do, Korea.,Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea
| | - Bokyung Sung
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea
| | - Yeoun-Hee Kim
- Department of R & D Center, Myungmoon Bio. Co., Hwaseong, 18622 Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Ah Rum Baek
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea
| | - Huijin Song
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering Research, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea
| | - Minsup Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics, Korea University, 30019 Sejong, Korea
| | - Art E Cho
- Department of Bioinformatics, Korea University, 30019 Sejong, Korea
| | - Gang Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Korea
| | - Sungjun Moon
- Department of Radiology, Yeungnam University Medical Center, 42415 Daegu, Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Kang
- Laboratory Animal Center, KBIO Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, 28160 Osong, Korea
| | - Jae Jun Lee
- Laboratory Animal Center, KBIO Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, 28160 Osong, Korea
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea.,Department of Radiology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 41944 Daegu, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea
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20
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Balbi M, Vega MJ, Lourbopoulos A, Terpolilli NA, Plesnila N. Long-term impairment of neurovascular coupling following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1193-1202. [PMID: 31296132 PMCID: PMC7238370 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19863021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CO2-reactivity and neurovascular coupling are sequentially lost within the first 24 h after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Whether and when these impairments recover is not known. Therefore, we investigated the reactivity of pial and intraparenchymal vessels by in vivo two-photon microscopy one month after experimental SAH. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to either sham surgery or SAH by filament perforation. One month later, cerebral blood flow following CO2-challenge and forepaw stimulation was assessed by laser Doppler fluxmetry. Diameters of pial and intraparenchymal arterioles were quantified by in vivo two-photon microscopy. One month after SAH, pial and parenchymal vessels dilated in response to CO2. Neurovascular coupling was almost completely absent after SAH: vessel diameter did not change upon forepaw stimulation compared to a 20% increase in sham-operated mice. The current results demonstrate that neurovascular function differentially recovers after SAH: while CO2-reactivity normalizes within one month after SAH, neurovascular coupling is still absent. These findings show an acute and persistent loss of neurovascular coupling after SAH that may serve as a link between early brain injury and delayed cerebral ischemia, two distinct pathophysiological phenomena after SAH that were so far believed not to be directly related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Balbi
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Max Jativa Vega
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Athanasios Lourbopoulos
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole A Terpolilli
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany
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21
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Wang M, Wang F, Peng D, Duan X, Chen W, Xu F, Han L. Tao-Hong Si-Wu Decoction Alleviates Cerebral Ischemic Damage in Rats by Improving Anti-oxidant and Inhibiting Apoptosis Pathway. INT J PHARMACOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2020.214.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- K-O Lövblad
- Service de Neuroradiologie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle, Département Diagnostique Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève Genève, Switzerland
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23
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Lan X, Sun Z, Chu C, Boltze J, Li S. Dental Pulp Stem Cells: An Attractive Alternative for Cell Therapy in Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2019; 10:824. [PMID: 31428038 PMCID: PMC6689980 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of disability and mortality worldwide, but effective restorative treatments are very limited at present. Regenerative medicine research revealed that stem cells are promising therapeutic options. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are autologously applicable cells that origin from the neural crest and exhibit neuro-ectodermal features next to multilineage differentiation potentials. DPSCs are of increasing interest since they are relatively easy to obtain, exhibit a strong proliferation ability, and can be cryopreserved for a long time without losing their multi-directional differentiation capacity. Besides, use of DPSCs can avoid fundamental problems such as immune rejection, ethical controversy, and teratogenicity. Therefore, DPSCs provide a tempting prospect for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Lan
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhengwu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chengyan Chu
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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24
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Wen M, Jin Y, Zhang H, Sun X, Kuai Y, Tan W. Proteomic Analysis of Rat Cerebral Cortex in the Subacute to Long-Term Phases of Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3099-3118. [PMID: 31265301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability, and ischemic stroke accounts for more than 80% of the disease occurrence. Timely reperfusion is essential in the treatment of ischemic stroke, but it is known to cause ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and the relevant studies have mostly focused on the acute phase. Here we reported on a global proteomic analysis to investigate the development of cerebral I/R injury in the subacute and long-term phases. A rat model was used, with 2 h-middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed with 1, 7, and 14 days of reperfusion. The proteins of cerebral cortex were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, whole-gel slicing, and quantitative LC-MS/MS. Totally 5621 proteins were identified, among which 568, 755, and 492 proteins were detected to have significant dys-regulation in the model groups with 1, 7, and 14 days of reperfusion, respectively, when compared with the corresponding sham groups (n = 4, fold change ≥1.5 or ≤0.67 and p ≤ 0.05). Bioinformatic analysis on the functions and reperfusion time-dependent dys-regulation profiles of the proteins exhibited changes of structures and biological processes in cytoskeleton, synaptic plasticity, energy metabolism, inflammation, and lysosome from subacute to long-term phases of cerebral I/R injury. Disruption of cytoskeleton and synaptic structures, impairment of energy metabolism processes, and acute inflammation responses were the most significant features in the subacute phase. With the elongation of reperfusion time to the long-term phase, a tendency of recovery was detected on cytoskeleton, while inflammation pathways different from the subacute phase were activated. Also, lysosomal structures and functions might be restored. This is the first work reporting the proteome changes that occurred at different time points from the subacute to long-term phases of cerebral I/R injury and we expect it would provide useful information to improve the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of cerebral I/R injury and suggest candidates for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Ya Jin
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Yihe Kuai
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Wen Tan
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
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25
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Barzegar M, Kaur G, Gavins FNE, Wang Y, Boyer CJ, Alexander JS. Potential therapeutic roles of stem cells in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Stem Cell Res 2019; 37:101421. [PMID: 30933723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/RI), produced by an initial interruption of organ blood flow and its subsequent restoration, contributes significantly to the pathophysiologies of stroke, myocardial infarction, renal I/RI, intestinal I/RI and liver I/RI, which are major causes of disability (including transplant failure) and even mortality. While the restoration of blood flow is required to restore oxygen and nutrient requirements, reperfusion often triggers local and systemic inflammatory responses and subsequently elevate the ischemic insult where the duration of ischemia determines the magnitude of I/RI damage. I/RI increases vascular leakage, changes transcriptional and cell death programs, drives leukocyte entrapment and inflammation and oxidative stress in tissues. Therapeutic approaches which reduce complications associated with I/RI are desperately needed to address the clinical and economic burden created by I/RI. Stem cells (SC) represent ubiquitous and uncommitted cell populations with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into one or more developmental 'fates'. Like immune cells, stem cells can home to and penetrate I/R-injured tissues, where they can differentiate into target tissues and induce trophic paracrine signaling which suppress injury and maintain tissue functions perturbed by ischemia-reperfusion. This review article summarizes the present use and possible protective mechanisms underlying stem cell protection in diverse forms of ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barzegar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - G Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - F N E Gavins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - C J Boyer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - J S Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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Reutov VP, Samosudova NV, Sorokina EG. A Model of Glutamate Neurotoxicity and Mechanisms of the Development of the Typical Pathological Process. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350919020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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27
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Zhou IY, Lu D, Ji Y, Wu L, Wang E, Cheung JS, Zhang XA, Sun PZ. Determination of multipool contributions to endogenous amide proton transfer effects in global ischemia with high spectral resolution in vivo chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI. Magn Reson Med 2019; 81:645-652. [PMID: 30058148 PMCID: PMC6258351 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI has been used for quantitative assessment of dilute metabolites and/or pH in disorders such as acute stroke and tumor. However, routine asymmetry analysis (MTRasym ) may be confounded by concomitant effects such as semisolid macromolecular magnetization transfer (MT) and nuclear Overhauser enhancement. Resolving multiple contributions is essential for elucidating the origins of in vivo CEST contrast. METHODS Here we used a newly proposed image downsampling expedited adaptive least-squares fitting on densely sampled Z-spectrum to quantify multipool contribution from water, nuclear Overhauser enhancement, MT, guanidinium, amine, and amide protons in adult male Wistar rats before and after global ischemia. RESULTS Our results revealed the major contributors to in vivo T1 -normalized MTRasym (3.5 ppm) contrast between white and gray matter (WM/GM) in normal brain (-1.96%/second) are pH-insensitive macromolecular MT (-0.89%/second) and nuclear Overhauser enhancement (-1.04%/second). Additionally, global ischemia resulted in significant changes of MTRasym , being -2.05%/second and -1.56%/second in WM and GM, which are dominated by changes in amide (-1.05%/second, -1.14%/second) and MT (-0.88%/second, -0.62%/second). Notably, the pH-sensitive amine and amide effects account for nearly 60% and 80% of the MTRasym changes seen in WM and GM, respectively, after global ischemia, indicating that MTRasym is predominantly pH-sensitive. CONCLUSION Combined amide and amine effects dominated the MTRasym changes after global ischemia, indicating that MTRasym is predominantly pH-sensitive and suitable for detecting tissue acidosis following acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Yuwen Zhou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Dongshuang Lu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yang Ji
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Limin Wu
- Neuroscience Center and Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Enfeng Wang
- Department of Radiology, 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Henan China
| | - Jerry S. Cheung
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Xiao-An Zhang
- Department of Radiology, 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Henan China
| | - Phillip Zhe Sun
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Yerkes Imaging Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Zhang JY, Bai QK, Zhang YD. Pretreatment with simvastatin upregulates expression of BK-2R and CD11b in the ischemic penumbra of rats. J Biomed Res 2018; 32:354-360. [PMID: 29784898 PMCID: PMC6163114 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.32.20160152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductases, collectively known as statins, have been shown to minimize cerebral ischemic events in patients. We assessed the mechanisms of simvastatin pretreatment in preventing cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats using a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Rats were pretreated with simvastatin 14 days prior to MCAO induction. At 3, 24, and 48 hours after reperfusion, bradykinin levels in the ischemic penumbra were assayed by ELISA, mRNA levels of bradykinin B2 receptors (BK-2Rs) and CD11b were measured by fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR), and co-expression of microglia and BK-2Rs was determined by immunofluorescence. Simvastatin had no effect on bradykinin expression in the ischemic penumbra at any time point. However, the levels of BK-2R and CD11b mRNA in the ischemic penumbra, which were significantly decreased 3 hours after ischemia-reperfusion, were increased in simvastatin-pretreated rats. Moreover, the co-expression of BK-2Rs and microglia was confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of simvastatin pretreatment before cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats may be partially due to increased expression of BK-2R and CD11b in the ischemic penumbra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Pudong People's Hospital, Shanghai 201299, China
| | - Qing-Ke Bai
- Department of Neurology, Pudong People's Hospital, Shanghai 201299, China
| | - Ying-Dong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, China
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Henderson F, Hart PJ, Pradillo JM, Kassiou M, Christie L, Williams KJ, Boutin H, McMahon A. Multi-modal imaging of long-term recovery post-stroke by positron emission tomography and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:721-729. [PMID: 29484723 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Understanding the recovery process post-stroke is essential; however, longer-term recovery studies are lacking. In vivo positron emission tomography (PET) can image biological recovery processes, but is limited by spatial resolution and its targeted nature. Untargeted mass spectrometry imaging offers high spatial resolution, providing an ideal ex vivo tool for brain recovery imaging. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to image a rat brain 48 h after ischaemic stroke to locate the infarcted regions of the brain. PET was carried out 3 months post-stroke using the tracers [18 F]DPA-714 for TSPO and [18 F]IAM6067 for sigma-1 receptors to image neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, respectively. The rat brain was flash-frozen immediately after PET scanning, and sectioned for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) imaging. RESULTS Three months post-stroke, PET imaging shows minimal detection of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, indicating that the brain has stabilised. However, MALDI-MS images reveal distinct differences in lipid distributions (e.g. phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin) between the scar and the healthy brain, suggesting that recovery processes are still in play. It is currently not known if the altered lipids in the scar will change on a longer time scale, or if they are stabilised products of the brain post-stroke. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrates the ability to combine MALD-MS with in vivo PET to image different aspects of stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Henderson
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Stopford Building, Manchester, UK
| | - Philippa J Hart
- Shimadzu/Kratos Analytical, Trafford Wharf Road, Manchester, M17 1GP
| | - Jesus M Pradillo
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense (UCM) and Instituto de Investigación 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, Australia & Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Lidan Christie
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Kaye J Williams
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Stopford Building, Manchester, UK
| | - Herve Boutin
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam McMahon
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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30
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de Souza JM, Goncalves BDC, Gomez MV, Vieira LB, Ribeiro FM. Animal Toxins as Therapeutic Tools to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29527170 PMCID: PMC5829052 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide. So far, no disease-modifying drug is available to treat patients, making the search for effective drugs an urgent need. Neurodegeneration is triggered by the activation of several cellular processes, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, neuroinflammation, aging, aggregate formation, glutamatergic excitotoxicity, and apoptosis. Therefore, many research groups aim to identify drugs that may inhibit one or more of these events leading to neuronal cell death. Venoms are fruitful natural sources of new molecules, which have been relentlessly enhanced by evolution through natural selection. Several studies indicate that venom components can exhibit selectivity and affinity for a wide variety of targets in mammalian systems. For instance, an expressive number of natural peptides identified in venoms from animals, such as snakes, scorpions, bees, and spiders, were shown to lessen inflammation, regulate glutamate release, modify neurotransmitter levels, block ion channel activation, decrease the number of protein aggregates, and increase the levels of neuroprotective factors. Thus, these venom components hold potential as therapeutic tools to slow or even halt neurodegeneration. However, there are many technological issues to overcome, as venom peptides are hard to obtain and characterize and the amount obtained from natural sources is insufficient to perform all the necessary experiments and tests. Fortunately, technological improvements regarding heterologous protein expression, as well as peptide chemical synthesis will help to provide enough quantities and allow chemical and pharmacological enhancements of these natural occurring compounds. Thus, the main focus of this review is to highlight the most promising studies evaluating animal toxins as therapeutic tools to treat a wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, brain ischemia, glaucoma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno D C Goncalves
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcus V Gomez
- Department of Neurotransmitters, Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Santa Casa, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciene B Vieira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiola M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Lindblom RPF, Tovedal T, Norlin B, Hillered L, Popova SN, Alafuzoff I, Thelin S. Mechanical reperfusion with leucocyte-filtered blood does not prevent injury following global cerebral ischaemia. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2017; 51:773-782. [PMID: 28007877 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezw367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Prolonged global cerebral ischaemia leads to irreversible injury, often with lethal outcome. Brain injuries are partly caused by the uncontrolled reperfusion that occurs once the circulation is re-established. Recent animal experiments suggest that controlled reperfusion following lengthy ischaemia might prevent severe brain injury. This study aimed at further exploring cerebral alterations and outcome following prolonged global cerebral ischaemia and mechanically manipulated reperfusion. Methods Three groups of pigs were included; one sham operated ( n = 3) and two that underwent 30-min global cerebral ischaemia. All vessels that supply the brain were isolated intrathoracically, after which they were occluded for 30 min in the ischaemic groups. In one of the ischaemic groups uncontrolled reperfusion was applied (URep, n = 6), i.e. normal circulation was restored 30 min after arrested cerebral circulation. The second ischaemic group received mechanical reperfusion (MRep, n = 6) with leucocyte-filtered blood at constant flow and pressure for 20 min using extracorporeal circulation following the 30-min ischaemia, after which normal blood flow resumed. All animals were monitored for 3 h after start of uncontrolled reperfusion. Haemodynamic parameters, arterial and sagittal sinus blood gases, cerebral oxygen extraction rates and intraparenchymal biomarkers using microdialysis were measured. Brain histology was performed post-mortem. Results Global brain ischaemia led to the same extent of severe morphological changes at the level of light microscopy in the two ischaemic experimental groups, regardless of reperfusion protocol. Furthermore, no significant differences were found between the URep and MRep groups regarding cerebral blood gases or microdialysis biomarkers. Conclusions Mechanical reperfusion following the current protocol does not modify brain alterations caused by 30 min of arrested cerebral circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickard P F Lindblom
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesia, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.,Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Tovedal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesia, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.,Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Norlin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesia, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Hillered
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Svetlana N Popova
- Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irina Alafuzoff
- Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.,Section of Genetics and Pathology, Department of Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Thelin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesia, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.,Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wu Y, Zhou IY, Lu D, Manderville E, Lo EH, Zheng H, Sun PZ. pH-sensitive amide proton transfer effect dominates the magnetization transfer asymmetry contrast during acute ischemia-quantification of multipool contribution to in vivo CEST MRI. Magn Reson Med 2017; 79:1602-1608. [PMID: 28733991 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the origins of in vivo magnetization transfer asymmetry contrast during acute ischemic stroke, particularly in the diffusion lesion, perfusion lesion, and their mismatch using a middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model of acute stroke. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats underwent multiparametric MRI of diffusion, perfusion, T1 , and amide proton transfer (APT) imaging at 4.7 T following a middle cerebral artery occlusion procedure. A multipool Lorentzian model, including the nuclear Overhauser effect, magnetization transfer, direct water saturation, amine and amide chemical exchange saturation transfer effects, was applied for Z-spectrum fitting to determine the sources of in vivo magnetization transfer asymmetry following acute stroke. RESULTS We showed that changes in amine chemical exchange saturation transfer (2 ppm) and APT (3.5 ppm) effects, particularly the APT MRI effect, dominate the commonly used magnetization transfer asymmetry analysis and hence confer pH sensitivity to APT imaging of acute stroke. Also, the nuclear Overhauser effect and magnetization transfer show small changes that counteracted each other, contributing less than 0.3% to magnetization transfer asymmetry at 3.5 ppm. Moreover, we showed that diffusion lesion had worsened acidosis from perfusion/diffusion lesion mismatch (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study complements recent in vivo quantitative chemical exchange saturation transfer work to shed light on the sensitivity and specificity of endogenous APT MRI to tissue acidosis. Magn Reson Med 79:1602-1608, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Iris Yuwen Zhou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dongshuang Lu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emiri Manderville
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Phillip Zhe Sun
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Heo HY, Zhang Y, Burton TM, Jiang S, Zhao Y, van Zijl PCM, Leigh R, Zhou J. Improving the detection sensitivity of pH-weighted amide proton transfer MRI in acute stroke patients using extrapolated semisolid magnetization transfer reference signals. Magn Reson Med 2017. [PMID: 28639301 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify amide protein transfer (APT) effects in acidic ischemic lesions and assess the spatial-temporal relationship among diffusion, perfusion, and pH deficits in acute stroke patients. METHODS Thirty acute stroke patients were scanned at 3 T. Quantitative APT (APT# ) effects in acidic ischemic lesions were measured using an extrapolated semisolid magnetization transfer reference signal technique and compared with commonly used MTRasym (3.5ppm) or APT-weighted parameters. RESULTS The APT# images showed clear pH deficits in the ischemic lesion, whereas the MTRasym (3.5ppm) signals were slightly hypointense. The APT# contrast between acidic ischemic lesions and normal tissue in acute stroke patients was more than three times larger than MTRasym (3.5ppm) contrast (-1.45 ± 0.40% for APT# versus -0.39 ± 0.52% for MTRasym (3.5ppm), P < 4.6 × 10-4 ). Hypoperfused and acidic areas without an apparent diffusion coefficient abnormality were observed and assigned to an ischemic acidosis penumbra. Hypoperfused areas at normal pH were also observed and assigned to benign oligemia. Hyperintense APT signals were observed in a hemorrhage area in one case. CONCLUSIONS The quantitative APT study using the extrapolated semisolid magnetization transfer reference signal approach enhances APT MRI sensitivity to pH compared with conventional APT-weighted MRI, allowing more reliable delineation of an ischemic acidosis in the penumbra. Magn Reson Med 78:871-880, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Heo
- Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tina M Burton
- Neuro Vascular Brain Imaging Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Peter C M van Zijl
- Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Leigh
- Neuro Vascular Brain Imaging Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinyuan Zhou
- Division of MR Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Khoshnam SE, Winlow W, Farzaneh M. The Interplay of MicroRNAs in the Inflammatory Mechanisms Following Ischemic Stroke. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:548-561. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of death and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Brain injury following stroke results from a complex series of pathophysiological events including excitotoxicity, oxidative and nitrative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, there is a mechanistic link between brain ischemia, innate and adaptive immune cells, intracranial atherosclerosis, and also the gut microbiota in modifying the cerebral responses to ischemic insult. There are very few treatments for stroke injuries, partly owing to an incomplete understanding of the diverse cellular and molecular changes that occur following ischemic stroke and that are responsible for neuronal death. Experimental discoveries have begun to define the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in stroke injury, leading to the development of numerous agents that target various injury pathways. In the present article, we review the underlying pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and reveal the intertwined pathways that are promising therapeutic targets.
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Stier GR, Verde EW. The Postoperative Care of Adult Patients Exposed to Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 11:77-85. [PMID: 17484176 DOI: 10.1177/1089253206298010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with cardiopulmonary bypass is indicated for complex surgical operations in adult patients involving the aortic arch, thoracoabdominal aorta, cerebral vasculature, and tumors extending into the vena cava and heart. Understanding the principles of ischemic-reperfusion injury and the effects of hypothermia in attenuating this process is fundamental to the delivery of effective postoperative care. Neurologic injury is the most troublesome adverse effect after the use of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass, presenting as either a transient neurologic deficit (5.9% to 28.1%) or an irreversible neurologic injury (1.8% to 13.6%). In patients with neurological injury, early postoperative mortality is markedly increased (18.2%), and for those patients that survive, long-term cognitive disability is still evident 6 months later. Early postoperative support of organ function, along with timely diagnosis and treatment of organ injury, is essential in minimizing perioperative morbidity, particularly neurologic morbidity. Meticulous management of fluids, maintaining stable cardiovascular hemodynamics with particular attention to systolic blood pressure, optimizing oxygen delivery, limiting ventilatorassociated lung injury, intensive insulin therapy for control of blood glucose levels, and avoidance of hyperthermia are essential in limiting organ injury and reducing perioperative morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Stier
- Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA 92354, USA.
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Hydroxyl Radical Production in the Cortex and Striatum in a Rat Model of Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Can J Neurol Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100052276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT:Background:Increases in hydroxyl radical production have been used as evidence of oxidative stress in cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion. Ischemia can also induce increased dopamine release from the striatum that may contribute to hydroxyl radical formation. We have compared hydroxyl radical production in the cortex and striatum as an index of oxidative stress in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia with cortical infarction.Methods:Using a three vessel occlusion model of focal cerebral ischemia combined with bilateral microdialysis, hydroxylation of 4-hydroxybenzoate (4HB) was continuously monitored in both hemispheres in either the lateral striatum or frontoparietal cortex. The ischemia protocol consisted of one hour equilibration, 30 min of three vessel occlusion, then release of the contralateral common carotid artery (CCA) for 2.5 h.Results:Induction of ischemia resulted in a 30-fold increase in dopamine release in the lateral striatum. Compared to the nonischemic striatum, the ratio of the hydroxylation product 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (34DHB) to 4HB (trapping agent) in the ipsilateral striatum increased significantly 30 min after ischemia induction. In contrast, during the 30 min of three vessel occlusion there was no increase in the ratio in the cortex. Following the release of the contralateral CCA, the ratio from the ischemic cortex increased significantly compared to sham-operated animals. However, under all circumstances, the 34DHB/4HB ratio was greater in the striatum than in the cortex.Conclusion:The increase in the 34DHB/4HB ratio in the lateral striatum coincides with the increased dopamine release suggesting a role for dopamine oxidation in the increased production of hydroxyl radicals. The significant increase in the ratio from the ischemic cortex compared to that from the sham-operated animals is consistent with increased oxidative stress induced by ischemia. However, the lower 34DHB/4HB ratio in the cortex whichdoes not receive dopaminergic innervation compared to the striatum suggests a different mechanism for hydroxyl radical production. Such an alternate mechanism may represent a more toxic oxidative insult that contributes to infarction.
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Eugenín J, Vecchiola A, Murgas P, Arroyo P, Cornejo F, von Bernhardi R. Expression Pattern of Scavenger Receptors and Amyloid-β Phagocytosis of Astrocytes and Microglia in Culture are Modified by Acidosis: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 53:857-73. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Eugenín
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Vecchiola
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Murgas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Arroyo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Cornejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rommy von Bernhardi
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Li MH, Leng TD, Feng XC, Yang T, Simon RP, Xiong ZG. Modulation of Acid-sensing Ion Channel 1a by Intracellular pH and Its Role in Ischemic Stroke. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18370-83. [PMID: 27402850 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.713636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An important contributor to brain ischemia is known to be extracellular acidosis, which activates acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), a family of proton-gated sodium channels. Lines of evidence suggest that targeting ASICs may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for stroke. Investigations of the role of ASICs in ischemic brain injury have naturally focused on the role of extracellular pH in ASIC activation. By contrast, intracellular pH (pHi) has received little attention. This is a significant gap in our understanding because the ASIC response to extracellular pH is modulated by pHi, and activation of ASICs by extracellular protons is paradoxically enhanced by intracellular alkalosis. Our previous studies show that acidosis-induced cell injury in in vitro models is attenuated by intracellular acidification. However, whether pHi affects ischemic brain injury in vivo is completely unknown. Furthermore, whereas ASICs in native neurons are composed of different subunits characterized by distinct electrophysiological/pharmacological properties, the subunit-dependent modulation of ASIC activity by pHi has not been investigated. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo ischemic brain injury models, electrophysiological, biochemical, and molecular biological approaches, we show that the intracellular alkalizing agent quinine potentiates, whereas the intracellular acidifying agent propionate inhibits, oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cell injury in vitro and brain ischemia-induced infarct volume in vivo Moreover, we find that the potentiation of ASICs by quinine depends on the presence of the ASIC1a, ASIC2a subunits, but not ASIC1b, ASIC3 subunits. Furthermore, we have determined the amino acids in ASIC1a that are involved in the modulation of ASICs by pHi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Li
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239,
| | - Tian-Dong Leng
- the Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, and
| | - Xue-Chao Feng
- the Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, 130000 Changchun, China
| | - Tao Yang
- the Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, and
| | - Roger P Simon
- the Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, and
| | - Zhi-Gang Xiong
- the Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, and
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Xiao J, Wang T, Li P, Liu R, Li Q, Bi K. Development of two step liquid-liquid extraction tandem UHPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of Ginkgo flavonoids, terpene lactones and nimodipine in rat plasma: Application to the pharmacokinetic study of the combination of Ginkgo biloba dispersible tablets and Nimodipine tablets. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1028:33-41. [PMID: 27318642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, reliable and accurate UHPLC-MS/MS method has been firstly established and validated for the simultaneous quantification of ginkgo flavonoids, terpene lactones and nimodipine in rat plasma after oral administration of Ginkgo biloba dispersible tablets, Nimodipine tablets and the combination of the both, respectively. The plasma samples were extracted by two step liquid-liquid extraction, nimodipine was extracted by hexane-ether (3:1, v/v) at the first step, after that ginkgo flavonoids and terpene lactones were extracted by ethyl acetate. Then the analytes were successfully separated by running gradient elution with the mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water and methanol at a flow rate of 0.6mL/min. The detection of the analytes was performed on a UHPLC-MS/MS system with turbo ion spray source in the negative ion and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The calibration curves for the determination of all the analytes showed good linearity (R(2)>0.99), and the lower limits of quantification were 0.50-4.00ng/mL. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were in the range of 3.6%-9.2% and 3.2%-13.1% for all the analytes. The mean extraction recoveries of the analytes were within 69.82%-103.5% and the matrix were within 82.8%-110.0%. The validated method had been successfully applied to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of ginkgo flavonoids, terpene lactones and nimodipine in rat plasma after oral administration of Ginkgo biloba dispersible tablets, Nimodipine tablets with the combination of the both. There were no statistically significant differences on the pharmacokinetic behaviors of all the analytes between the combined and single administration groups. Results showed that the combination of the two agents may avoid dosage adjustments in clinic and the combination is more convenient as well as efficient on different pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tianyang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Pei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Young L, Berg M, Soll R. Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2016:CD001240. [PMID: 27149645 PMCID: PMC8520740 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001240.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seizures are common following perinatal asphyxia and may exacerbate secondary neuronal injury. Barbiturate therapy has been used for infants with perinatal asphyxia in order to prevent seizures. However, barbiturate therapy may adversely affect neurodevelopment leading to concern regarding aggressive use in neonates. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of administering prophylactic barbiturate therapy on death or neurodevelopmental disability in term and late preterm infants following perinatal asphyxia. SEARCH METHODS We used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review group to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, 2015, Issue 11), MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to 30 November 2015), EMBASE (1980 to 30 November 2015), and CINAHL (1982 to 30 November 2015). We also searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings, and the reference lists of retrieved articles for randomized controlled trials (RCT) and quasi-RCTs. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all RCTs or quasi-RCTs of prophylactic barbiturate therapy in term and late preterm infants without clinical or electroencephalographic evidence of seizures compared to controls following perinatal asphyxia. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Three review authors independently selected, assessed the quality of, and extracted data from the included studies. We assessed methodologic quality and validity of studies without consideration of the results. The review authors independently extracted data and performed meta-analyses using risk ratios (RR) and risk differences (RD) for dichotomous data and mean difference for continuous data with 95% confidence intervals (CI). For significant results, we calculated the number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) or for an additional harmful outcome (NNTH). MAIN RESULTS In this updated review, we identified nine RCTs of any barbiturate therapy in term and late preterm infants aged less than three days old with perinatal asphyxia without evidence of seizures. Eight of these studies compared prophylactic barbiturate therapy to conventional treatment (enrolling 439 infants) and one study compared barbiturate therapy to treatment with phenytoin (enrolling 17 infants). Prophylactic barbiturate therapy versus conventional treatment: one small trial reported a decreased risk of death or severe neurodevelopmental disability for barbiturate therapy (phenobarbital) versus conventional treatment (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.78; RD -0.55, 95% CI -0.84 to -0.25; NNTB 2, 95% CI 1 to 4; 1 study, 31 infants) (very low quality evidence).Eight trials comparing prophylactic barbiturate therapy with conventional treatment following perinatal asphyxia demonstrated no significant impact on the risk of death (typical RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.42; typical RD -0.02, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.05; 8 trials, 429 infants) (low quality evidence) and the one small trial noted above reported a significant decrease in the risk of severe neurodevelopmental disability (RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.92; RD -0.43, 95% CI -0.73 to -0.13; NNTB 2, 95% CI 1 to 8; 1 study, 31 infants) (very low quality evidence).A meta-analysis of the six trials reporting on seizures in the neonatal period demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in seizures in the prophylactic barbiturate group versus conventional treatment (typical RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.81; typical RD -0.18, 95% CI -0.27 to -0.09; NNTB 5, 95% CI 4 to 11; 6 studies, 319 infants) (low quality evidence). There were similar results in subgroup analyses based on type of barbiturate and Sarnat score. Prophylactic barbiturate therapy versus other prophylactic anticonvulsant therapy: one study reported on prophylactic barbiturate versus prophylactic phenytoin. There was no significant difference in seizure activity in the neonatal period between the two study groups (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.07 to 12.00; 1 trial, 17 infants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found only low or very low quality evidence addressing the use of prophylactic barbiturates in infants with perinatal asphyxia. Although the administration of prophylactic barbiturate therapy to infants following perinatal asphyxia did reduce the risk of seizures, there was no reduction seen in mortality and there were few data addressing long-term outcomes. The administration of prophylactic barbiturate therapy for late preterm and term infants in the immediate period following perinatal asphyxia cannot be recommended for routine clinical practice. If used at all, barbiturates should be reserved for the treatment of seizures. The results of the current review support the use of prophylactic barbiturate therapy as a promising area of research. Future studies should be of sufficient size and duration to detect clinically important reductions in mortality and severe neurodevelopmental disability and should be conducted in the context of the current standard of care, including the use of therapeutic hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Young
- University of Vermont Medical CenterDivision of Neonatal‐Perinatal Medicine111 Colchester AvenueSmith 5BurlingtonVermontUSA05401
| | - Marie Berg
- University of Vermont Medical CenterDivision of Neonatal‐Perinatal Medicine111 Colchester AvenueSmith 5BurlingtonVermontUSA05401
| | - Roger Soll
- University of Vermont Medical CenterDivision of Neonatal‐Perinatal Medicine111 Colchester AvenueSmith 5BurlingtonVermontUSA05401
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Binda NS, Carayon CPP, Agostini RM, Pinheiro ACDN, Cordeiro MN, Silva MAR, Silva JF, Pereira EMR, da Silva Junior CA, de Castro Junior CJ, Guimarães ALS, Gomez MV. PhTx3-4, a Spider Toxin Calcium Channel Blocker, Reduces NMDA-Induced Injury of the Retina. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030070. [PMID: 26978403 PMCID: PMC4810215 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo neuroprotective effect of PhTx3-4, a spider toxin N-P/Q calcium channel blocker, was studied in a rat model of NMDA-induced injury of the retina. NMDA (N-Methyl-d-Aspartate)-induced retinal injury in rats reduced the b-wave amplitude by 62% ± 3.6%, indicating the severity of the insult. PhTx3-4 treatment increased the amplitude of the b-wave, which was almost equivalent to the control retinas that were not submitted to injury. The PhTx3-4 functional protection of the retinas recorded on the ERG also was observed in the neuroprotection of retinal cells. NMDA-induced injury reduced live cells in the retina layers and the highest reduction, 84%, was in the ganglion cell layer. Notably, PhTx3-4 treatment caused a remarkable reduction of dead cells in the retina layers, and the highest neuroprotective effect was in the ganglion cells layer. NMDA-induced cytotoxicity of the retina increased the release of glutamate, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress. PhTx3-4 treatment reduced glutamate release, ROS production and oxidative stress measured by malondialdehyde. Thus, we presented for the first time evidence of in vivo neuroprotection from NMDA-induced retinal injury by PhTx3-4 (-ctenitoxin-Pn3a), a spider toxin that blocks N-P/Q calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Scardua Binda
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
| | - Charles Porto Petruceli Carayon
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Mourão Agostini
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cristina do Nascimento Pinheiro
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
| | - Marta Nascimento Cordeiro
- Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Laboratory of Biochemistry, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30510-010, Brazil.
| | - Marco Aurélio Romano Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, Minas Gerais Federal University, Neuroscience Laboratory, Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Figueira Silva
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
| | - Elizete Maria Rita Pereira
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
| | - Claudio Antonio da Silva Junior
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
| | - Célio José de Castro Junior
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
| | - Andre Luiz Sena Guimarães
- Department of Dentistry, Montes Claros State University, University Hospital, Health Laboratory Research, Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais 39401-001, Brazil.
| | - Marcus Vinicius Gomez
- Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil.
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Srivastava P, Yadav RS. Efficacy of Natural Compounds in Neurodegenerative Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 12:107-123. [PMID: 27651251 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28383-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders represent clusters of serious diseases that results in progressive deterioration of normal structure and physiology of central nervous system. Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's or other neurodegenerative disorders involves multifaceted permutation of genetic and environmental factors. Combinations of lifestyle modification linked with environmental factor jointly or alone represent the largest share of cases of these disorders. Etiology of such neuronal degeneration involves manifestation of toxic reaction in the form of functional anomalies leading to dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, activated inflammatory cascade, compromised neuronal survival pathway, mitochondrial dysfunction and finally neuronal apoptosis/necrosis and cell death. Furthermore, evidences from various studies exhibited role of oxidative stress and compromised anti-oxidant defense system as one of the prime factors associated with activation of various signal transduction pathways that would ultimately lead to the formation of amyloid beta or alpha synuclein in the brain. Keeping in view of complex etiology and pathophysiology along with a miniscule of available treatment options associated with these neurodegenerative disorders, the role of natural agents and herbal extracts as therapeutic alternatives alone or in combination with synthetic drugs could not be ruled out. In the same context the present chapter has been aimed to investigate the role of selected natural plants like Withania somnifera, Bacopa monnieri, Curcuma longa, Centella asiatica, Ocimum sanctum, Nardostachys jatamansi and Emblica officinalis in various neurodegenerative disorders and explore their targets to ameliorate neurotoxicity in various experimental models. The rationale for selection of these plants was based on their strong anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant potential and large body of evidence that suggest their efficacy in preclinical as well as in clinical studies. Active constituents if these herbals might play an important role in preserving the integrity of various neurotransmitters and their receptor in the brain influencing its functions at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Srivastava
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, UP, India
| | - Rajesh Singh Yadav
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, School of Applied Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, 470 003, MP, India.
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Peplow PV. Neuroimmunomodulatory effects of transcranial laser therapy combined with intravenous tPA administration for acute cerebral ischemic injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1186-90. [PMID: 26487831 PMCID: PMC4590216 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.162687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the only FDA approved treatment for ischemic strokes is intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator within 4.5 hours of stroke onset. Owing to this brief window only a small percentage of patients receive tissue plasminogen activator. Transcranial laser therapy has been shown to be effective in animal models of acute ischemic stroke, resulting in significant improvement in neurological score and function. NEST-1 and NEST-2 clinical trials in human patients have demonstrated the safety and positive trends in efficacy of transcranial laser therapy for the treatment of ischemic stroke when initiated close to the time of stroke onset. Combining intravenous tissue plasminogen activator treatment with transcranial laser therapy may provide better functional outcomes. Statins given within 4 weeks of stroke onset improve stroke outcomes at 90 days compared to patients not given statins, and giving statins following transcranial laser therapy may provide an effective treatment for patients not able to be given tissue plasminogen activator due to time constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip V Peplow
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE The aim of this literature review was to systematically describe the sequential metabolic changes that occur following concussive injury, as well as identify and characterize the major concepts associated with the neurochemical cascade. RESEARCH DESIGN Narrative literature review. CONCLUSIONS Concussive injury initiates a complex cascade of pathophysiological changes that include hyper-acute ionic flux, indiscriminant excitatory neurotransmitter release, acute hyperglycolysis and sub-acute metabolic depression. Additionally, these metabolic changes can subsequently lead to impaired neurotransmission, alternate fuel usage and modifications in synaptic plasticity and protein expression. The combination of these metabolic alterations has been proposed to cause the transient and prolonged neurological deficits that typically characterize concussion. Consequently, understanding the implications of the neurochemical cascade may lead to treatment and return-to-play guidelines that can minimize the chronic effects of concussive injury.
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Sarada SKS, Titto M, Himadri P, Saumya S, Vijayalakshmi V. Curcumin prophylaxis mitigates the incidence of hypobaric hypoxia-induced altered ion channels expression and impaired tight junction proteins integrity in rat brain. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:113. [PMID: 26048285 PMCID: PMC4464871 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study was proposed to elucidate the prophylactic role of curcumin in the prevention of hypoxia-induced cerebral edema (HACE). Methods Rats were exposed to simulated hypobaric hypoxia at 7620 m for 24 h at 25 ± 1 °C. Transvascular leakage, expression of transcriptional factors (nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (Hif-1α) and also the genes regulated by these transcriptional factors, sodium potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase) and endothelial sodium channel (ENaC) levels and brain tight junction (TJ) proteins like ZO-1, junctional adhesion molecule C (JAMC), claudin 4 and claudin 5 levels were determined in the brain of rats under hypoxia by Western blotting, electro mobility shift assay, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and histopathology along with haematological parameters. Simultaneously, to rule out the fact that inflammation causes impaired Na+/K+-ATPase and ENaC functions and disturbing the TJ integrity leading to cerebral edema, the rats were pre-treated with curcumin (100 mg/kg body weight) 1 h prior to 24-h hypoxia. Results Curcumin administration to rats, under hypoxia showed a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in brain water content (3.53 ± 0.58 wet-to-dry-weight (W/D) ratio) and transvascular leakage (136.2 ± 13.24 relative fluorescence units per gram (r.f.u./g)) in the brain of rats compared to control (24-h hypoxia) (7.1 ± 1.0 W/D ratio and 262.42 ± 24.67 r.f.u./g, respectively). Curcumin prophylaxis significantly attenuated the upregulation of NF-κB (p < 0.001), thereby leading to concomitant downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (↓IL-1, IL-2, IL-18 and TNF-α), cell adhesion molecules (↓P-selectin and E-selectin) and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine (↑IL-10). Curcumin stabilized the brain HIF-1α levels followed by maintaining VEGF levels along with upregulated Na+/K+-ATPase and ENaC levels (p < 0.001) under hypoxia. Curcumin restored the brain ZO-1, JAMC, claudin 4 and claudin 5 levels (p < 0.001) under hypoxia. Histopathological observations revealed the absence of edema and inflammation in the brain of rats supplemented with curcumin. Conclusions These results indicate that curcumin is a potent drug in amelioration of HACE as it effectively attenuated inflammation as well as fluid influx by maintaining the tight junction proteins integrity with increased ion channels expression in the brain of rats under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K S Sarada
- Haematology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
| | - M Titto
- Haematology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
| | - P Himadri
- Haematology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
| | - S Saumya
- Haematology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
| | - V Vijayalakshmi
- Haematology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
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Stroke and pregnancy: an integrative review with implications for neuroscience nurses. J Neurosci Nurs 2015; 47:76-84; quiz E1. [PMID: 25700192 DOI: 10.1097/jnn.0000000000000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Stroke in association with pregnancy is an infrequent occurrence, but there is evidence that the incidence is rising. The physiological changes of pregnancy are thought to increase stroke risk, and several conditions specific to pregnancy further increase risk. The provision of optimal care to pregnant and postpartum women who experience stroke requires awareness of how the physiological changes of pregnancy may affect the course of stroke and nursing actions. This article provides an overview of current knowledge about pregnancy-related stroke including underlying pathophysiology, risk factors unique to pregnancy, and treatment issues when stroke is a complication of pregnancy. Implications for the nursing care of women with pregnancy-related stroke and maternal child considerations are discussed.
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Huang D, Li S, Dai Z, Shen Z, Yan G, Wu R. Novel gradient echo sequence‑based amide proton transfer magnetic resonance imaging in hyperacute cerebral infarction. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3279-84. [PMID: 25571956 PMCID: PMC4368135 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the progression of ischemia, pH is important and is essential in elucidating the association between metabolic disruption, lactate formation, acidosis and tissue damage. Chemical exchange-dependent saturation transfer (CEST) imaging can be used to detect tissue pH and, in particular, a specific form of CEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), termed amide proton transfer (APT) MRI, which is sensitive to pH and can detect ischemic lesions, even prior to diffusion abnormalities. The critical parameter governing the ability of CEST to detect pH is the sequence. In the present study, a novel strategy was used, based on the gradient echo sequence (GRE), which involved the insertion of a magnetization transfer pulse in each repetition time (TR) and minimizing the TR for in vivo APT imaging. The proposed GRE-APT MRI method was initially verified using a tissue-like pH phantom and optimized MRI parameters for APT imaging. In order to assess the range of acute cerebral infarction, rats (n=4) were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and MRI scanning at 7 telsa (T). Hyperacute ischemic tissue damage was characterized using multiparametric imaging techniques, including diffusion, APT and T2-Weighted MRI. By using a magnetization transfer pulse and minimizing TR, GRE-APT provided high spatial resolution and a homogeneous signal, with clearly distinguished cerebral anatomy. The GRE-APT and diffusion MRI were significantly correlated with lactate content and the area of cerebral infarction in the APT and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps matched consistently during the hyperacute period. In addition, compared with the infarction area observed on the ADC MRI map, the APT map contained tissue, which had not yet been irreversibly damaged. Therefore, GRE-APT MRI waa able to detect ischemic lactic acidosis with sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution, suggesting the potential use of pH MRI as a surrogate imaging marker of impaired tissue metabolism for the diagnosis and prognosis of hyperacute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiao Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Shenkai Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Zhuozhi Dai
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Shen
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Gen Yan
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Renhua Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
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Nour M, Scalzo F, Liebeskind DS. Ischemia-reperfusion injury in stroke. INTERVENTIONAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 1:185-99. [PMID: 25187778 DOI: 10.1159/000353125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite ongoing advances in stroke imaging and treatment, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke continue to debilitate patients with devastating outcomes at both the personal and societal levels. While the ultimate goal of therapy in ischemic stroke is geared towards restoration of blood flow, even when mitigation of initial tissue hypoxia is successful, exacerbation of tissue injury may occur in the form of cell death, or alternatively, hemorrhagic transformation of reperfused tissue. Animal models have extensively demonstrated the concept of reperfusion injury at the molecular and cellular levels, yet no study has quantified this effect in stroke patients. These preclinical models have also demonstrated the success of a wide array of neuroprotective strategies at lessening the deleterious effects of reperfusion injury. Serial multimodal imaging may provide a framework for developing therapies for reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Nour
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | - Fabien Scalzo
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | - David S Liebeskind
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
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