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Lambert Emo K, Hyun YM, Reilly E, Barilla C, Gerber S, Fowell D, Kim M, Topham DJ. Live Imaging of Influenza Infection of the Trachea Reveals Dynamic Regulation of CD8+ T Cell Motility by Antigen. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005881. [PMID: 27644089 PMCID: PMC5028057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During a primary influenza infection, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells need to infiltrate the infected airways and engage virus-infected epithelial cells. The factors that regulate T cell motility in the infected airway tissue are not well known. To more precisely study T cell infiltration of the airways, we developed an experimental model system using the trachea as a site where live imaging can be performed. CD8+ T cell motility was dynamic with marked changes in motility on different days of the infection. In particular, significant changes in average cell velocity and confinement were evident on days 8–10 during which the T cells abruptly but transiently increase velocity on day 9. Experiments to distinguish whether infection itself or antigen affect motility revealed that it is antigen, not active infection per se that likely affects these changes as blockade of peptide/MHC resulted in increased velocity. These observations demonstrate that influenza tracheitis provides a robust experimental foundation to study molecular regulation of T cell motility during acute virus infection. Influenza virus infects the cells that line the trachea and lung airways. Virus-specific cytotoxic (cell killing) T cells are the first line of adaptive immunity responsible for elimination of infected cells. We studied the cell movement, or motility, of these T cells responding to infection in the mouse trachea. Multiphoton live imaging was used to observe the cells in real time in intact tissue and measure their movement both quantitatively and qualitatively. The behavior of the CD8+ T cells responding to influenza infection was highly variable depending on the day after infection the imaging was performed. The most dramatic changes occurred after infectious virus was eliminated from the tissue, triggering a substantial shift in cell motility between days 8 and 9. Blocking peptide/MHC complexes with antibodies reversed cell arrest, increased velocities, and reduced confinement, similar to the changes observed from days 8 to 9. This suggested antigen-presentation persists after virus clearance with continued T cell engagement, and that T cell motility in the infected tissue is dynamically regulated by the infection and the presence of antigen-bearing cells in particular. In addition, these studies establish the trachea as a suitable site for live imaging of immune responses to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Lambert Emo
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Young-min Hyun
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Emma Reilly
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher Barilla
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott Gerber
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Deborah Fowell
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Minsoo Kim
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Narita M, Imada T, Kobayashi M. Pathogenesis of Aujeszky's disease virus infection in swine tracheal organ culture. J Comp Pathol 1991; 105:439-44. [PMID: 1663139 PMCID: PMC7130398 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(08)80113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two different strains of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) were inoculated into swine tracheal organ culture. Both viruses replicated in and destroyed the tracheal epithelium and epithelial cells. ADV antigen was first localized in ciliated epithelial cells by fluorescent antibody and immunoperoxidase examinations. Corresponding to the distribution of ADV antigen, many ADV particles were observed in ciliated epithelial cells. Results demonstrated that the tracheal epithelium infected with ADV is reduced in its ciliary activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Narita
- National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan
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