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Botham PA, Earl LK, Fentem JH, Roguet R, van de Sandt JJ. Alternative Methods for Skin Irritation Testing: The Current Status. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299802600205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ECVAM Skin Irritation Task Force was established in November 1996, primarily to prepare a report on the current status of the development and validation of alternative tests for skin irritation and corrosion and, in particular, to identify any appropriate non-animal tests for predicting human skin irritation which were sufficiently well-developed to warrant ECVAM supporting their prevalidation/validation. The task force based its discussions around the proposed testing strategy for skin irritation/corrosion emanating from an OECD workshop held in January 1996. The following have been reviewed: a) structure-activity and structure-property relationships for skin corrosion and irritation; b) the use of pH and acid/alkaline reserve measurements in predicting skin corrosivity; c) in vitro tests for skin corrosion; d) in vitro tests for skin irritation (keratinocyte cultures, organ cultures, and reconstituted human skin models); and e) human patch tests for skin irritation. It was apparent that, although several promising candidate in vitro tests for skin irritation (for example, reconstituted human skin methods, and human and animal skin organ culture methods) were under development and evaluation, a test protocol, a preliminary prediction model and supporting data on different types of chemicals were only available for a method employing EpiDerm™. Thus, it is proposed that this EpiDerm test undergoes prevalidation during 1998. In addition, since it was felt preferable to be able to include other in vitro tests in such a prevalidation study, it is recommended that a “challenge” be set to anyone interested in taking part. This involves submitting data on ten test chemicals selected by the task force, obtained according to a standard protocol with a preliminary prediction model, for review by the task force by 31 May 1998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Botham
- Central Toxicology Laboratory, ZENECA, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK
| | - Lesley K. Earl
- SEAC Toxicology Unit, Unilever Research, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | | | - Roland Roguet
- L'Oréal, Life Sciences Research, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Johannes J.M. van de Sandt
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Toxicology Division, Utrechtseweg 48, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- E.K. Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul - Korea
| | - Y.K. Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul - Korea
| | - J.K. Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul - Korea
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Cellular effects of an anionic surfactant detected in V79 fibroblasts by different cytotoxicity tests. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 4:9-16. [PMID: 20702278 DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(90)90003-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/1989] [Revised: 06/12/1989] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several cytotoxicity tests were employed to detect the cellular effects of low concentrations of the anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS). When added to growth medium containing 5% foetal calf serum, LAS did not affect V79 cell growth, nor did it alter the permeability of cell membranes. The inactivity depended on the serum component of the medium. When treatments were carried out in serum-free saline, LAS inhibited cell proliferation, made the plasma membrane permeable to otherwise-undiffusible compounds, and reduced the uptake of tritiated thymidine. The alterations in membrane permeability were evaluated from the release of cytoplasmic molecules of different size (lactate dehydrogenase, adenine nucleotides, RNA) into the medium. The sensitivity of the spectrophotometric lactate dehydrogenase assay was inadequate for the conditions of treatment required to detect the cytotoxicity of LAS. In cultures pre-incubated with tritiated adenine instead, the release of labelled ATP pool components was time and dose dependent and allowed discrimination between levels of membrane damage causing the same degree of trypan blue staining. Also, macromolecular nucleic acids were detected outside the treated cells at doses of 4-6 mg LAS/litre, which indicated severe membrane damage.
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Monteiro-Riviere NA, Inman AO, Barlow BM, Baynes RE. Dermatotoxicity of Cutting Fluid Mixtures:In VitroandIn VivoStudies. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2008; 25:235-47. [PMID: 17162411 DOI: 10.1080/15569520601013137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cutting fluids are widely used in the metal-machining industry to lubricate and reduce heat generation when metals are cut by a metal-cutting tool. These cutting fluids have caused occupational irritant contact dermatitis (OICD), and many of the additives used in these cutting fluid mixtures are thought to be responsible for OICD in workers. The purpose of this study was to assess single or various combinations of these additives in initiating the OICD response following an acute 8-hour exposure in porcine skin in vivo and in vitro using the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) and human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). Pigs (n = 4) were exposed to 5% mineral oil (MO) or 5% polyethylene glycol (PEG) aqueous mixtures containing various combinations of 2% triazine (TRI), 5% triethanolamine (TEA), 5% linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), or 5% sulfurized ricinoleic acid (SRA). Erythema and edema were evaluated and skin biopsies for histopathology were obtained at 4 and 8 hours. IPPSFs (n = 4) were exposed to control MO or PEG mixtures and complete MO or PEG mixtures, and perfusate samples were collected hourly to determine interleukin- (IL-) 8 release. The only significant (p < 0.05) mixture effects observed in IPPSFs were with SRA + MO that caused an increase in IL-8 release after 1 or 2 hours' exposure. In vivo exposure to TRI alone appeared to increase erythema, edema, and dermal inflammation compared to the other additives, while SRA alone was least likely to initiate a dermal inflammatory response. In 2-component mixture exposures, the presence of TRI appeared to increase the dermal inflammatory response at 4 and 8 hours especially with the PEG mixtures. In the 3- and 4-component mixtures, MO mixtures are more likely to incite an inflammatory response than PEG mixtures. TRI exhibited the highest toxicity toward HEK, which correlates well to the in vivo irritation and morphology results. In summary, these preliminary studies suggest that the biocide, TRI, is the more potent of the 4 performance additives in causing dermal irritation, and this may vary depending on whether the worker is exposed to a synthetic (PEG)- or MO-based fluid. These findings will however require further clinical studies to validate these acute dermal effects as well as human cumulative irritation following exposure to similar cutting fluid formulations in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Monteiro-Riviere
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research & Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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Deleo VA, Hanson D, Scheide S, Kong BJ, Va SD. The Effect of Surfactants on Metabolism of Choline Phospholipids in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes in Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15569528909104832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Shivji GM, Segal L, McKenzie RC, Sauder DN. Cutaneous Toxicity of Surfactants in Normal Human Keratinocytes Assessed by Cytotoxicity, Arachidonic Acid Release, and Regulation of Interleukin-lα mRNA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15376519409041604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Van Och FMM, Van Loveren H, Van Wolfswinkel JC, Machielsen AJC, Vandebriel RJ. Assessment of potency of allergenic activity of low molecular weight compounds based on IL-1alpha and IL-18 production by a murine and human keratinocyte cell line. Toxicology 2005; 210:95-109. [PMID: 15840424 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of allergenic potency of low molecular weight compounds is generally performed using animal models, such as the guinea pig maximisation test and the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). Progress in unravelling the mechanisms of skin sensitisation, including effects on the production of cytokines by the different cell types of the skin, provides us with the opportunity to develop in vitro tests as an alternative to in vivo sensitisation testing. The aim of the present study was to establish an in vitro method to assess the potency of allergens, on the basis of their induction of cytokine production by murine and human keratinocytes. In the present study we used test systems comprised of the murine epidermal keratinocyte cell line HEL-30 and the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. We exposed these cell lines to the allergens ethyl-p-aminobenzoate (benzocaine), diethylamine (DEA), 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), and phthalic anhydride (PA). IL-1alpha and IL-18 dose-response data were evaluated by non-linear regression analysis and at a stimulation index of 3 of cytokine production of treatment versus control, the corresponding allergen concentration was calculated. For HEL-30, for both cytokines DNCB showed the strongest potency followed in this order by PA, benzocaine, and DEA. This classification was similar to our previous findings obtained in the LLNA. For HaCaT, unfortunately, such ranking proved to be much less feasible. In conclusion, to assess the potency of allergens the murine keratinocyte cell line HEL-30 may be a useful in vitro test system, alternative to in vivo models, although this requires further testing using a much wider range of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- François M M Van Och
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Pathology and Genetics, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Investigations on cytokines in skin irritancy or non-immunological irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) should improve our understanding of their complex mechanism. Numerous studies showed, however, that similar epidermal cytokines have been detected in irritant and allergic reactions, suggesting a lack of specific cytokines that clearly differentiate allergic from irritant reactions even though the pathomechanisms between allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and ICD are distinguished. Recent data, however, indicate that some mediators may be restricted to allergic responses (contact hypersensitivity). This could provide the impetus to study their implication on irritant reactions. We overview the epidermal cytokines involved in irritant responses compared to those in contact hypersensitivity based on published results of studies using in vitro cell-cultured murine keratinocytes and in vivo murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Effendy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 9, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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Episkin, a reconstituted human epidermis for assessing in vitro the irritancy of topically applied compounds. Toxicol In Vitro 1994; 8:283-91. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(94)90195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/1993] [Revised: 05/28/1993] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cohen C, Dossou G, Rougier A, Roguet R. Measurement of inflammatory mediators produced by human keratinocytes in vitro: A predictive assessment of cutaneous irritation. Toxicol In Vitro 1991; 5:407-10. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(91)90062-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Segal L, Riedel D, Ritter L. Evaluation of normal human epidermal keratinocyte cultures as a test system for the assessment of the dermal irritancy of pesticides. Toxicol In Vitro 1990; 4:277-9. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(90)90063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Parish W. Inflammatory mediators applied to in vitro toxicology: Studies on mediator release and two-cell systems. Toxicol In Vitro 1990; 4:231-41. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(90)90056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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