1
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Wan W, Zhu S, Li S, Shang W, Zhang R, Li H, Liu W, Xiao G, Peng K, Zhang L. High-Throughput Screening of an FDA-Approved Drug Library Identifies Inhibitors against Arenaviruses and SARS-CoV-2. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1409-1422. [PMID: 33183004 PMCID: PMC7671101 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arenaviruses are a large family of enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses that include several causative agents of severe hemorrhagic fevers. Currently, there are no FDA-licensed drugs to treat arenavirus infection except for the off-labeled use of ribavirin. Here, we performed antiviral drug screening against the Old World arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) using an FDA-approved drug library. Five drug candidates were identified, including mycophenolic acid, benidipine hydrochloride, clofazimine, dabrafenib, and apatinib, for having strong anti-LCMV effects. Further analysis indicated that benidipine hydrochloride inhibited LCMV membrane fusion, and an adaptive mutation on the LCMV glycoprotein D414 site was found to antagonize the anti-LCMV activity of benidipine hydrochloride. Mycophenolic acid inhibited LCMV replication by depleting GTP production. We also found mycophenolic acid, clofazimine, dabrafenib, and apatinib can inhibit the newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Owing to their FDA-approved status, these drug candidates can potentially be used rapidly in the clinical treatment of arenavirus and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology,
Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR
China
- University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR
China
| | - Shenglin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology,
Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR
China
| | - Shufen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology,
Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR
China
| | - Weijuan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology,
Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR
China
| | - Ruxue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology,
Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR
China
| | - Hao Li
- Beijing Institute of
Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key
Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR
China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing Institute of
Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key
Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR
China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology,
Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR
China
- University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR
China
| | - Ke Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology,
Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR
China
- University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR
China
| | - Leike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology,
Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR
China
- University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR
China
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2
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Bolivian hemorrhagic fever: A narrative review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 40:102001. [PMID: 33640478 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF) is a sporadic high-mortality febrile illness. Two etiological agents are currently recognized: Machupo virus and Chapare virus. Infection in humans occurs by exposure to excreta and secretions of wild native rodents in Bolivia. BHF is considered a severe disease that has three clinical phases: prodromal, hemorrhagic, and convalescent. Unspecific symptoms occur during the first phase, severe hemorrhagic manifestations occur during the second phase, and finally patients who survive experience a slow convalescent phase. The incubation period is variable and depends on host factors, viral pathogenicity, and severity of the disease. The diagnosis is primarily clinical and epidemiological, and though diagnosis should be confirmed by laboratory tests, viral agents of BHF are considered very pathogenic and need to be handled in reference laboratories that are not available in endemic areas. The most recent outbreak was in 2019, in which health-care professionals were infected and is recognized as the first outbreak in La Paz department, Bolivia, a place where no prior cases had been reported. In addition, as tourism and travelling increase in Bolivia, along with ecological practices that could represent a risk for acquiring BHF, travelers could be infected, develop the disease, and be a diagnostic challenge in non endemic countries. No vaccines or antiviral therapies are available and approved for human use. Control measures are focused on peridomicile rodent population eradication which demonstrated efficacy in reducing cases during the first outbreaks.
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3
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Frank MG, Beitscher A, Webb CM, Raabe V. South American Hemorrhagic Fevers: A summary for clinicians. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 105:505-515. [PMID: 33610781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article is one of a series on acute, severe diseases of humans caused by emerging viruses for which there are no or limited licensed medical countermeasures. We approached this summary on South American Hemorrhagic Fevers (SAHF) from a clinical perspective that focuses on pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnostics with an emphasis on therapies and vaccines that have demonstrated potential for use in an emergency situation through their evaluation in nonhuman primates (NHPs) and/or in humans. METHODS A standardized literature review was conducted on the clinical, pathological, vaccine, and treatment factors for SAHF as a group and for each individual virus/disease. RESULTS We identified 2 treatments and 1 vaccine platform that have demonstrated potential benefit for treating or preventing infection in humans and 4 other potential treatments currently under investigation. CONCLUSION We provide succinct summaries of these countermeasures to give the busy clinician a head start in reviewing the literature if faced with a patient with South American Hemorrhagic Fever. We also provide links to other authoritative sources of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Frank
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, United States.
| | - Adam Beitscher
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, United States.
| | - Camille M Webb
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.
| | - Vanessa Raabe
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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4
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Sudhakar H, Bhate J, Patra AK. Patent landscape of novel technologies for combating category-A Arenavirus infections. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:557-565. [PMID: 32274944 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1755255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arenavirus are unique category-A pathogens that are also classified as Orphan diseases. Very few options exist currently for treating Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) caused by viruses belonging to the Arenaviridae family [1]. The current review provides detailed patent landscape and a description of selected technologies developed for combating category-A Arenavirus. Currently, Arenavirus infections are epidemic [2] but could cause widespread pandemics due to ease of dissemination and lack of immunity against these viruses. AREAS COVERED The key strings for selected Arenavirus VHF were run separately in MCPaIRS®, PatSeer, and Questel database. The search was limited to Title, Abstract and Claim fields; one member per patent family was considered for analysis. EXPERT OPINION Synthetic molecules dominate the patent landscape, while natural products have not been extensively claimed for the treatment of Arenavirus infection. The broad-spectrum activity has been highly desired for Arenavirus treatment, but few reports have experimentally tested it. With each year, a constant increase in number of patents published is seen, while the maximum number of applications was filed in 2017. The research in VHF is driven by public funds; the maximum numbers of patents were filed by publicly funded organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jignesh Bhate
- Molecular Connections Private Limited , Bengaluru, India
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5
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Iannetta M, Di Caro A, Nicastri E, Vairo F, Masanja H, Kobinger G, Mirazimi A, Ntoumi F, Zumla A, Ippolito G. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Other than Ebola and Lassa. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2020; 33:977-1002. [PMID: 31668201 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fevers represent a group of diseases caused by enveloped RNA viruses. The epidemiology is broadly variable, ranging from geographically localized to more diffuse infections. Viral hemorrhagic fevers are classified as category A bioweapon agents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hemorrhagic fevers are severe febrile illnesses with hemorrhagic phenomena. Laboratory diagnosis takes place in highly specialized reference laboratories. Treatment is essentially supportive. In this article, we focus the attention on yellow fever and viral hemorrhagic fevers other than Ebola and Lassa virus diseases that have been described elsewhere in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Iannetta
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Francesco Vairo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Honorati Masanja
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Kiko Avenue, Plot N 463, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Alle 8 Plan 7, Stockholm 14183, Sweden
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Université Marien NGouabi, Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Villa D6, Campus OMS//AFRO Djoué, Brazzaville, Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, Royal Free Campus 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy.
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Abstract
RNA viruses of the families Arena-, Bunya-, Filo-, Flavi-and Togaviridae cause illness in humans ranging from mild, non-specific febrile syndromes to fulminant, lethal haemorrhagic fever. They are transmitted from animals to humans and from human to human by arthropods, aerosols or contact with body fluids. Antiviral compounds, convalescent plasma and interferon inhibit many of these agents in vitro and in virus-infected animals. Drug or plasma treatment is now in use for several human diseases, and would probably be beneficial for a number of others for which there is only limited treatment experience. Success is linked to early diagnosis and initiation of therapy. Ribavirin is used to treat Lassa fever and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and would probably be effective for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and for all New World arenavirus diseases. The value of ribavirin in the early treatment of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is under evaluation. Convalescent plasma is the therapy of choice for Argentine haemorrhagic fever, and would also probably be effective for other New World arenaviruses and some other infections if a safe supply of plasma could be maintained. Ribavirin and interferon-α have both shown protective efficacy in non-human primates infected with Rift Valley fever virus. No effective therapy has yet been identified for filovirus infections, but results in animal models are encouraging. More clinical research is urgently needed. Even if placebo-controlled drug trials cannot be performed, conscientious reports of the results of therapy in limited numbers of patients can still provide evidence of antiviral drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Bray
- Virology Division, USAMRIID, Frederick, Maryland, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - John Huggins
- Virology Division, USAMRIID, Frederick, Maryland, MD 21702-5011, USA
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7
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Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Garten W, Klenk HD. Cleavage of the Glycoprotein of Arenaviruses. ACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY HOST PROTEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7121819 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75474-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The arenaviruses are a large family of emerging negative-stranded RNA viruses that include several severe human pathogens causing hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality. During the arenavirus life cycle, processing of the viral envelope glycoprotein precursor (GPC) by the cellular subtilisin kexin isozyme-1 (SKI-1)/site-1 protease (S1P) is crucial for productive infection. The ability of newly emerging arenaviruses to hijack human SKI-1/S1P is a key factor for zoonotic transmission and human disease potential. Apart from being an essential host factor for arenavirus infection, SKI-1/S1P is involved in the regulation of important physiological processes and linked to major human diseases. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanisms of arenavirus GPC processing by SKI-1/S1P including recent findings. We will highlight to what extent the molecular mechanisms of SKI-1/S1P cleavage of viral GPC differ from processing of SKI-1/S1P’s cellular substrates and discuss the implications for virus-host interaction and coevolution. Moreover, we will show how the use of the viral GPC as a “molecular probe” uncovered novel and unusual aspects of SKI-1/S1P biosynthesis and maturation. The crucial role of SKI-1/S1P in arenavirus infection and other major human diseases combined with its nature as an enzyme makes SKI-1/S1P further an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. In the last part, we will therefore cover past and present efforts to identify specific SKI-1/S1P inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
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8
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Abstract
Hemorrhagic fevers caused by viruses were identified in the late 1950s in South America. These viruses have existed in their hosts, the New World rodents, for millions of years. Their emergence as infectious agents in humans coincided with changes in the environment and farming practices that caused explosions in their host rodent populations. Zoonosis into humans likely occurs because the pathogenic New World arenaviruses use human transferrin receptor 1 to enter cells. The mortality rate after infection with these viruses is high, but the mechanism by which disease is induced is still not clear. Possibilities include direct effects of cellular infection or the induction of high levels of cytokines by infected sentinel cells of the immune system, leading to endothelia and thrombocyte dysfunction and neurological disease. Here we provide a review of the ecology and molecular and cellular biology of New World arenaviruses, as well as a discussion of the current animal models of infection. The development of animal models, coupled with an improved understanding of the infection pathway and host response, should lead to the discovery of new drugs for treating infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Sarute
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; ,
| | - Susan R Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; ,
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9
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Pasquato A, Kunz S. Novel drug discovery approaches for treating arenavirus infections. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:383-93. [PMID: 26882218 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1153626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arenaviruses are enveloped negative stranded viruses endemic in Africa, Europe and the Americas. Several arenaviruses cause severe viral hemorrhagic fever with high mortality in humans and pose serious public health threats. So far, there are no FDA-approved vaccines and therapeutic options are restricted to the off-label use of ribavirin. The major human pathogenic arenaviruses are classified as Category A agents and require biosafety level (BSL)-4 containment. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors cover the recent progress in the development of BSL2 surrogate systems that recapitulate the entire or specific steps of the arenavirus life cycle and are serving as powerful platforms for drug discovery. Furthermore, they highlight the identification of selected novel drugs that target individual steps of arenavirus multiplication describing their discovery, their targets, and mode of action. EXPERT OPINION The lack of effective drugs against arenaviruses is an unmatched challenge in current medical virology. Novel technologies have provided important insights into the basic biology of arenaviruses and the mechanisms underlying virus-host cell interaction. Significant progress of our understanding of how the virus invades the host cell paved the way to develop powerful novel screening platforms. Recent efforts have provided a range of promising drug candidates currently under evaluation for therapeutic intervention in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Pasquato
- a Institute of Microbiology , University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kunz
- a Institute of Microbiology , University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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10
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Abstract
The family Arenaviridae currently comprises over 20 viral species, each of them associated with a main rodent species as the natural reservoir and in one case possibly phyllostomid bats. Moreover, recent findings have documented a divergent group of arenaviruses in captive alethinophidian snakes. Human infections occur through mucosal exposure to aerosols or by direct contact of abraded skin with infectious materials. Arenaviruses merit interest both as highly tractable experimental model systems to study acute and persistent infections and as clinically important human pathogens including Lassa (LASV) and Junin (JUNV) viruses, the causative agents of Lassa and Argentine hemorrhagic fevers (AHFs), respectively, for which there are no FDA-licensed vaccines, and current therapy is limited to an off-label use of ribavirin (Rib) that has significant limitations. Arenaviruses are enveloped viruses with a bi-segmented negative strand (NS) RNA genome. Each genome segment, L (ca 7.3 kb) and S (ca 3.5 kb), uses an ambisense coding strategy to direct the synthesis of two polypeptides in opposite orientation, separated by a noncoding intergenic region (IGR). The S genomic RNA encodes the virus nucleoprotein (NP) and the precursor (GPC) of the virus surface glycoprotein that mediates virus receptor recognition and cell entry via endocytosis. The L genome RNA encodes the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp, or L polymerase) and the small (ca 11 kDa) RING finger protein Z that has functions of a bona fide matrix protein including directing virus budding. Arenaviruses were thought to be relatively stable genetically with intra- and interspecies amino acid sequence identities of 90-95 % and 44-63 %, respectively. However, recent evidence has documented extensive arenavirus genetic variability in the field. Moreover, dramatic phenotypic differences have been documented among closely related LCMV isolates. These data provide strong evidence of viral quasispecies involvement in arenavirus adaptability and pathogenesis. Here, we will review several aspects of the molecular biology of arenaviruses, phylogeny and evolution, and quasispecies dynamics of arenavirus populations for a better understanding of arenavirus pathogenesis, as well as for the development of novel antiviral strategies to combat arenavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Domingo
- Campus de Cantoblanco, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Schuster
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA and Institut f. Theoretische Chemie, Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Kilgore PE, Grabenstein JD, Salim AM, Rybak M. Treatment of Ebola Virus Disease. Pharmacotherapy 2015; 35:43-53. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Kilgore
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; Wayne State University; Detroit Michigan
| | | | - Abdulbaset M. Salim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; Wayne State University; Detroit Michigan
| | - Michael Rybak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; Wayne State University; Detroit Michigan
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12
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Patterson M, Grant A, Paessler S. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 5:82-90. [PMID: 24636947 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The etiologic agent of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), Machupo virus (MACV) is reported to have a mortality rate of 25-35%. First identified in 1959, BHF was the cause of a localized outbreak in San Joaquin until rodent population controls were implemented in 1964. The rodent Calomys collosus was identified as the primary vector and reservoir for the virus. Multiple animal models were considered during the 1970s with the most human-like disease identified in Rhesus macaques but minimal characterization of the pathogenesis has been published since. A reemergence of reported BHF cases has been reported in recent years, which necessitates the further study and development of a vaccine to prevent future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Patterson
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Sealy Vaccine Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, GNL, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, United States
| | - Ashley Grant
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Sealy Vaccine Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, GNL, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, United States
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Sealy Vaccine Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, GNL, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, United States.
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13
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Patterson M, Seregin A, Huang C, Kolokoltsova O, Smith J, Miller M, Smith J, Yun N, Poussard A, Grant A, Tigabu B, Walker A, Paessler S. Rescue of a recombinant Machupo virus from cloned cDNAs and in vivo characterization in interferon (αβ/γ) receptor double knockout mice. J Virol 2014; 88:1914-23. [PMID: 24284323 PMCID: PMC3911560 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02925-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Machupo virus (MACV) is the etiological agent of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), a reemerging and neglected tropical disease associated with high mortality. The prototypical strain of MACV, Carvallo, was isolated from a human patient in 1963, but minimal in vitro and in vivo characterization has been reported. To this end, we utilized reverse genetics to rescue a pathogenic MACV from cloned cDNAs. The recombinant MACV (rMACV) had in vitro growth properties similar to those of the parental MACV. Both viruses caused similar disease development in alpha/beta and gamma interferon receptor knockout mice, including neurological disease development and high mortality. In addition, we have identified a novel murine model with mortality and neurological disease similar to BHF disease reported in humans and nonhuman primates.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Arenaviruses, New World/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cricetinae
- DNA Primers/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hemorrhagic Fever, American/genetics
- Histological Techniques
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plasmids/genetics
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Reverse Genetics/methods
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Vero Cells
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Patterson
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Sealy Vaccine Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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14
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Wilson MR, Peters CJ. Diseases of the central nervous system caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and other arenaviruses. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 123:671-81. [PMID: 25015511 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53488-0.00033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Wilson
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Clarence J Peters
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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15
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Pasquato A, Burri DJ, Kunz S. Current drug discovery strategies against arenavirus infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 10:1297-309. [PMID: 23241187 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Arenaviruses are a large group of emerging viruses including several causative agents of severe hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality in man. Considering the number of people affected and the currently limited therapeutic options, novel efficacious therapeutics against arenaviruses are urgently needed. Over the past decade, significant advances in knowledge about the basic virology of arenaviruses have been accompanied by the development of novel therapeutics targeting different steps of the arenaviral life cycle. High-throughput, small-molecule screens identified potent and broadly active inhibitors of arenavirus entry that were instrumental for the dissection of unique features of arenavirus fusion. Novel inhibitors of arenavirus replication have been successfully tested in animal models and hold promise for application in humans. Late in the arenavirus life cycle, the proteolytic processing of the arenavirus envelope glycoprotein precursor and cellular factors critically involved virion assembly and budding provide further promising 'druggable' targets for novel therapeutics to combat human arenavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Pasquato
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Irwin NR, Bayerlová M, Missa O, Martínková N. Complex patterns of host switching in New World arenaviruses. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4137-50. [PMID: 22693963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We empirically tested the long-standing hypothesis of codivergence of New World arenaviruses (NWA) with their hosts. We constructed phylogenies for NWA and all known hosts and used them in reconciliation analyses. We also constructed a phylogenetic tree of all Sigmodontinae and Neotominae rodents and tested whether viral-host associations were phylogenetically clustered. We determined host geographical overlap to determine to what extent opportunity to switch hosts was limited by host relatedness or physical proximity. With the exception of viruses from North America, no phylogenetically codivergent pattern between NWA and their hosts was found. We found that different virus clades were clustered differently and that Clade B with members pathogenic to humans was randomly distributed across the rodent phylogeny. Furthermore, viral relatedness within Clade B was significantly explained by the geographic overlap of their hosts' ranges rather than host relatedness, indicating that they are capable of host switching opportunistically. This has important bearings on their potential to become panzootic. Together, these analyses suggest that NWA have not codiverged with their hosts and instead have evolved predominantly via host switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy R Irwin
- Department of Biology, University of York, POBOX 373, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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17
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Abstract
The viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) syndrome is a potentially life-threatening infection typified by a combination of a capillary leak syndrome and bleeding diathesis. Most but not all agents causing VHF are arboviruses, with transmission to humans resulting from an arthropod bite. Agents of VHF affect humans on all continents. Population growth, urbanization, human activities, and even climate change all contribute to a continual flux in the epidemiology of many arboviruses. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology of arboviral infections and VHF, the main clinical syndromes, and their diagnosis and treatment.
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18
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Evaluation of the anti-arenaviral activity of the subtilisin kexin isozyme-1/site-1 protease inhibitor PF-429242. Virology 2011; 423:14-22. [PMID: 22154237 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cellular protease subtilisin kexin isozyme-1 (SKI-1)/site-1 protease (S1P) is implicated in the proteolytic processing of the viral envelope glycoprotein precursor (GPC) of arenaviruses, a step strictly required for production of infectious progeny. The small molecule SKI-1/S1P inhibitor PF-429242 was shown to have anti-viral activity against Old World arenaviruses. Here we extended these studies and show that PF-429242 also inhibits GPC processing and productive infection of New World arenaviruses, making PF-429242 a broadly active anti-arenaviral drug. In combination therapy, PF-429242 potentiated the anti-viral activity of ribavirin, indicating a synergism between the two drugs. A hallmark of arenaviruses is their ability to establish persistent infection in vitro and in vivo. Notably, PF-429242 was able to efficiently and rapidly clear persistent infection by arenaviruses. Interruption of drug treatment did not result in re-emergence of infection, indicating that PF-429242 treatment leads to virus extinction.
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Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) caused by arenaviruses belong to the most devastating emerging human diseases and represent serious public health problems. Arenavirus VHFs in humans are acute diseases characterized by fever and, in severe cases, different degrees of hemorrhages associated with a shock syndrome in the terminal stage. Over the past years, much has been learned about the pathogenesis of arenaviruses at the cellular level, in particular their ability to subvert the host cell's innate antiviral defenses. Clinical studies and novel animal models have provided important new information about the interaction of hemorrhagic arenaviruses with the host's adaptive immune system, in particular virus-induced immunosuppression, and have provided the first hints towards an understanding of the terminal hemorrhagic shock syndrome. The scope of this article is to review our current knowledge on arenavirus VHF pathogenesis with an emphasis on recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laurence Moraz
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Lee AM, Pasquato A, Kunz S. Novel approaches in anti-arenaviral drug development. Virology 2010; 411:163-9. [PMID: 21183197 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fevers caused by arenaviruses are among the most devastating emerging human diseases. Considering the number of individuals affected, the current lack of a licensed vaccine, and the limited therapeutic options, arenaviruses are arguably among the most neglected tropical pathogens and the development of efficacious anti-arenaviral drugs is of high priority. Over the past years significant efforts have been undertaken to identify novel potent inhibitors of arenavirus infection. High throughput screening of small molecule libraries employing pseudotype platforms led to the discovery of several potent and broadly active inhibitors of arenavirus cell entry that are effective against the major hemorrhagic arenaviruses. Mechanistic studies revealed that these novel entry inhibitors block arenavirus membrane fusion and provided novel insights into the unusual mechanism of this process. The success of these approaches highlights the power of small molecule screens in antiviral drug discovery and establishes arenavirus membrane fusion as a robust drug target. These broad screenings have been complemented by strategies targeting cellular factors involved in productive arenavirus infection. Approaches targeting the cellular protease implicated in maturation of the fusion-active viral envelope glycoprotein identified the proteolytic processing of the arenavirus glycoprotein precursor as a novel and promising target for anti-arenaviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Lee
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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21
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Banerjee C, Allen LJS, Salazar-Bravo J. Models for an arenavirus infection in a rodent population: consequences of horizontal, vertical and sexual transmission. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2008; 5:617-45. [PMID: 19278272 PMCID: PMC9698265 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2008.5.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Arenaviruses are associated with rodent-transmitted diseases in humans. Five arenaviruses are known to cause human illness: Lassa virus, Junin virus, Machupo virus, Guanarito virus and Sabia virus. In this investigation, we model the spread of Machupo virus in its rodent host Calomys callosus. Machupo virus infection in humans is known as Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF) which has a mortality rate of approximately 5-30% [31]. Machupo virus is transmitted among rodents through horizontal (direct contact), vertical (infected mother to offspring) and sexual transmission. The immune response differs among rodents infected with Machupo virus. Either rodents develop immunity and recover (immunocompetent) or they do not develop immunity and remain infected (immunotolerant). We formulate a general deterministic model for male and female rodents consisting of eight differential equations, four for females and four for males. The four states represent susceptible, immunocompetent, immunotolerant and recovered rodents, denoted as S, I( t), I( c)and R, respectively. A unique disease-free equilibrium (DFE) is shown to exist and a basic reproduction number R( 0)is computed using the next generation matrix approach. The DFE is shown to be locally asymptotically stable if R(0) < 1and unstable if R( 0) > 1. Special cases of the general model are studied, where there is only one immune stage, either I(t) or I(c). In the first model, SI(c)R( c), it is assumed that all infected rodents are immunocompetent and recover. In the second model, SI(t), it is assumed that all infected rodents are immunotolerant. For each of these models, the basic reproduction numbers are computed and their relationship to the basic reproduction number of the general model determined. For the SI( t)model, it is shown that bistability may occur, the DFE and an enzootic equilibrium, with all rodents infectious, are locally asymptotically stable for the same set of parameter values. A simplification of the SI( t)model yields a third model, where the sexes are not differentiated, and therefore, there is no sexual transmission. For this third simplified model, the dynamics are completely analyzed. It is shown that there exists a DFE and possibly two additional equilibria, one of which is globally asymptotically stable for any given set of parameter values; bistability does not occur. Numerical examples illustrate the dynamics of the models. The biological implications of the results and future research goals are discussed in the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrani Banerjee
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1042, USA
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22
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Abstract
The Arenaviridae family contains 22 recognized virus species, each of them strongly associated with a rodent species (except Tacaribe virus which is associated with a species of bat), suggesting an ancient co-evolutionary process. Although the concept of co-evolution between rodents and arenaviruses is now largely accepted, little has been uncovered in terms of dating the phenomenon and the mechanisms of evolution, including speciation and pathogenicity. These questions are targeted in the present chapter. Old World arenaviruses are associated with the Eurasian rodents in the family Muridae. New World arenaviruses are associated with American rodents in the subfamily Sigmodontinae. The correlation between the rodent host phylogeny and the viruses suggests a long association and a co-evolutionary process. Furthermore, three distinct New World arenaviruses share a common ancestor, demonstrating a unique recombination event that probably occurred in that ancestor. This shows that recombination among arenaviruses of different lineages might occur in nature. Recombination and co-evolutionary adaptation appear as the main mechanisms of arenavirus evolution, generating a high degree of diversity. The diversity among rodent host reservoir and virus species and the potential to exchange genomic material provide a basis for the emergence of new viruses and the risk of these becoming pathogenic for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Childs
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Center for Eco-Epidemiolog, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College St, 208034, 06520-8034 New Haven, CT USA
| | - John S. Mackenzie
- Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, U1987, 6845 Perth, WA Australia
| | - Jürgen A. Richt
- Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center USDA, 2300 Dayton Ave Ames, 50010 IA USA
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23
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Tarantola A, Abiteboul D, Rachline A. Infection risks following accidental exposure to blood or body fluids in health care workers: a review of pathogens transmitted in published cases. Am J Infect Control 2006; 34:367-75. [PMID: 16877106 PMCID: PMC7115312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hospital staff and all other human or veterinary health care workers, including laboratory, research, emergency service, or cleaning personnel are exposed to the risk of occupational infection following accidental exposure to blood or body fluids (BBF) contaminated with a virus, a bacteria, a parasite, or a yeast. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or those of hepatitis B (HBV) or C (HCV) account for most of this risk in France and worldwide. Many other pathogens, however, have been responsible for occupational infections in health care workers following exposure to BBF, some with unfavorable prognosis. In developed countries, a growing number of workers are referred to clinicians responsible for the evaluation of occupational infection risks following accidental exposure. Although their principal task remains the evaluation of the risks of HIV, HBV, or HCV transmission and the possible usefulness of postexposure prophylaxis, these experts are also responsible for evaluating risks of occupational infection with other emergent or more rare pathogens and their possible timely prevention. The determinants of the risks of infection and the characteristics of described cases are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Tarantola
- International and Tropical Department, National Institute for Public Health Surveillance, InVS, Saint-Maurice, France.
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24
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Peters CJ. Emerging infections: lessons from the viral hemorrhagic fevers. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2006; 117:189-197. [PMID: 18528473 PMCID: PMC1500910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two Institute of Medicine reports since 1992 have emphasized the dangerous and continuing threat to the world from emerging infectious diseases. Working with viral hemorrhagic fevers provides a number of lessons related to the processes that control emergence, the pattern of disease after emergence, and how to cope with these incidents. This short paper uses two arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers to illustrate some of these principles. Argentine and Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers first came to medical attention in the 1950's. The forces that underlie the emergence of disease in Argentina are not understood, but the Bolivian episode has a reasonably understandable train of events behind it. The Argentine disease had serious impact on the large agricultural economy, and the ecology of the rodent reservoir did not lend itself to control; a vaccine was developed by Argentina and the U.S. with the latter motivated largely by biodefense. The Bolivian disease was controlled in large part by eliminating rodents that invaded towns, and the impact was subsequently below the level needed to trigger drug or vaccine development. These two viruses were important in the recognition of a new family of viruses (Arenaviridae), and this finding of new taxons during the investigation of emerging infectious diseases continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Peters
- University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., G.170 Keiller Building, Galveston, TX 77550-0609, USA.
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25
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Gegúndez MI, Lledó L. [Infection due to Hantavirus and other rodent-borne viruses]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2005; 23:492-500. [PMID: 16185565 DOI: 10.1157/13078828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The term "robovirus" (rodent-borne virus) refers to viruses belonging to the Bunyaviridae (genus Hantavirus) and Arenaviridae families, which are occasionally transmitted to human beings from rodents, their natural hosts. Hantaviruses cause two human diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Arenaviruses produce hemorrhagic fevers or acute central nervous system disease in humans. This article reviews the biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic methods, treatment and prevention of hantavirus and, more concisely, arenavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Gegúndez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Dragoo J, Salazar-Bravo J, Layne L, Yates T. Relationships within the Calomys callosus species group based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-1978(02)00230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bausch DG, Ksiazek TG. Viral hemorrhagic fevers including hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas. Clin Lab Med 2002; 22:981-1020, viii. [PMID: 12489291 DOI: 10.1016/s0272-2712(02)00019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The term viral hemorrhagic fever refers to an acute systemic illness with a propensity for bleeding and shock. The viral hemorrhagic fevers endemic in the Americas include yellow fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, the South American hemorrhagic fevers, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Because these diseases are primarily zoonotic, the distribution of any given virus is generally restricted by the distribution of its natural reservoir or arthropod vector. A high index of suspicion, detailed investigation of the travel and exposure history of the patient, and a basic understanding of the incubation periods and distributions of the various reservoirs of hemorrhagic fever viruses are imperative, as are prompt notification and laboratory confirmation. Clinical management is largely supportive, with a special emphasis on safe nursing practices to prevent nosocomial transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Bausch
- Special Pathogens Branch, MS G-14, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Peters
- University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
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29
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Enria DA, Pinheiro F. Rodent-borne emerging viral zoonosis. Hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus infections in South America. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2000; 14:167-84, x. [PMID: 10738678 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5520(05)70223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses and arenaviruses are naturally occurring viruses of rodents. Four South American hemorrhagic fevers caused by arenaviruses have emerged in the last 5 decades. All have similar clinical manifestations, with a case-fatality rate as high as 15% to 30%. Hantavirus infections have been increasingly recognized in South America since the description in 1993 of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Given the diversity of rodent species in the region, it can be foreseen that many other viruses will be discovered, and some of them will be causing human illnesses of high public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Enria
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui, Administración Nacional de Laboratories e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Pergamino, Argentina.
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30
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Armstrong LR, Dembry LM, Rainey PM, Russi MB, Khan AS, Fischer SH, Edberg SC, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Peters CJ. Management of a Sabiá virus-infected patients in a US hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20:176-82. [PMID: 10100543 DOI: 10.1086/501607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the hospital precautions used to isolate a Sabiá virus (arenavirus: Arenaviridae)-infected patient in a US hospital and to protect hospital staff and visitors. DESIGN Investigation of a single case of arenavirus laboratory-acquired infection and associated case-contacts. SETTING A 900-bed, tertiary-care, university-affiliated medical center. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS The case-patient became ill with Sabiá virus infection. The case-contacts consisted of healthcare workers, coworkers, friends, and relatives of the case-patient. INTERVENTION Enhanced isolation precautions for treatment of a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) patient were implemented in the clinical laboratory and patient-care setting to prevent nosocomial transmission. The enhanced precautions included preventing aerosol spread of the virus from the patient or his clinical specimens. All case-contacts were tested for Sabiá virus antibodies and monitored for signs and symptoms of early disease. RESULTS No cases of secondary infection occurred among 142 case-contacts. CONCLUSIONS With the frequency of worldwide travel, patients with VHF can be admitted to a local hospital at any time in the United States. The use of enhanced isolation precautions for VHF appeared to be effective in preventing secondary cases by limiting the number of contacts and promoting proper handling of laboratory specimens. Patients with VHF can be managed safely in a local hospital setting, provided that appropriate precautions are planned and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Armstrong
- Viral Exanthems and Herpesvirus Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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31
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Doyle TJ, Bryan RT, Peters CJ. Viral hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus infections in the Americas. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1998; 12:95-110. [PMID: 9494832 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5520(05)70411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several arenaviruses and hantaviruses have been isolated in the Americas during the last 4 decades. These are rodent-borne viruses responsible for the South American hemorrhagic fevers (SAHF) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Although rare, SAHF and HPS are serious illnesses with high mortality rates. Most viral isolates found in the Americas represent New World lineages of their respective viral families. Their presence in the Western hemisphere is likely ancient, their relationship with their rodent hosts is likely coevolutionary, and their recent detection forebodes the likelihood of detecting additional arena- and hantaviral species in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Doyle
- Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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