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Rehman S, Shehzad A, Andriyani LD, Effendi MH, Abadeen ZU, Ilyas Khan M, Bilal M. A cross-sectional survey of avian influenza knowledge among poultry farmworkers in Indonesia. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14600. [PMID: 36684680 PMCID: PMC9851045 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza (AI) poses a serious threat to global public health, especially the highly pathogenic form. Awareness and protective behavior among the public, particularly the high-risk populations, are essential for prevention and control. This study aimed to ascertain the level of AI knowledge among Indonesia's poultry farmworkers. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted online. A predesigned standardized questionnaire, containing six demographic questions and 14 questions on AI knowledge, was used. The questionnaire was distributed via WhatsApp and email platforms. Volunteers (respondents) included 119 men and 81 women, aged 18-50 years, who work on poultry farms in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using the chi-squared and Fisher exact tests. Results The study's findings revealed that more than two-thirds (67.0%) of the respondents had heard about AI. Their primary sources of information were health workers (36.0%) and media, especially television (34.0%). The majority of the participants (91.3%) had good knowledge about AI as a contagious infection, transmissible from birds to other birds, animals, or humans. A total of 76.8% of the respondents believed that poultry workers and veterinarians were at high risk of contracting AI infection. Conclusions The study concluded that poultry workers had good knowledge about AI infection, transmission, and risk variables. Health workers and television were the main sources of information on AI. The level of AI knowledge was high among the respondents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifur Rehman
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia,Division of Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Aamir Shehzad
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Zain Ul Abadeen
- Department of Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ilyas Khan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan,Current affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Adoption and failure rates of vaccinations for disease prevention in chicken farms in Jos, Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3113-3121. [PMID: 32594354 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinations against diseases to prevent disease outbreaks are strategic to disease prevention, but vaccination failures may constitute a challenge in practice. This study was aimed at assessing the adoption and failure rates of vaccinations in 80 chicken farms in Jos, Nigeria. Data were obtained through a structured questionnaire validated by interviews and checking of farm and veterinary records. Vaccination score (0-1) from the vaccination checklist (5 for broilers and 12 for layers) and vaccination procedure score (0-1), based on scored adopted procedures, were calculated for each farm. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated for each vaccine using the odds ratio from the association of frequencies of disease outbreaks in vaccinated and unvaccinated flocks. Farmers used more of imported than local vaccines. Vaccination procedure and vaccination scores did not influence frequencies of disease outbreaks, but vaccination scores tended to non-robustly correlate (r = - 0.89, p > 0.05) with rates of disease outbreak. Vaccination rates were highest against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease, and their vaccinations also had the highest effectiveness. There was an association (p = 0.009) between composite vaccination rates and disease outbreaks with 2.1 odds of outbreaks in vaccinated than unvaccinated flocks. Vaccination failures occurred in the use of 11 out of 12 vaccines and the highest failure rate (47.9%) was in vaccination against coccidiosis. Therefore, vaccination failure is a critical factor in poultry vaccination practice within the locality. The adoption of poultry vaccinations needs to be strategised in the context of a national poultry vaccination policy in order to promote effective poultry disease prevention and control.
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Asha K, Kumar P, Sanicas M, Meseko CA, Khanna M, Kumar B. Advancements in Nucleic Acid Based Therapeutics against Respiratory Viral Infections. J Clin Med 2018; 8:jcm8010006. [PMID: 30577479 PMCID: PMC6351902 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several viruses cause pulmonary infections due to their shared tropism with cells of the respiratory tract. These respiratory problems due to viral infection become a public health concern due to rapid transmission through air/aerosols or via direct-indirect contact with infected persons. In addition, the cross-species transmission causes alterations to viral genetic makeup thereby increasing the risk of emergence of pathogens with new and more potent infectivity. With the introduction of effective nucleic acid-based technologies, post translational gene silencing (PTGS) is being increasingly used to silence viral gene targets and has shown promising approach towards management of many viral infections. Since several host factors are also utilized by these viruses during various stages of infection, silencing these host factors can also serve as promising therapeutic tool. Several nucleic acid-based technologies such as short interfering RNAs (siRNA), antisense oligonucleotides, aptamers, deoxyribozymes (DNAzymes), and ribozymes have been studied and used against management of respiratory viruses. These therapeutic nucleic acids can be efficiently delivered through the airways. Studies have also shown efficacy of gene therapy in clinical trials against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as well as models of respiratory diseases including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), measles and influenza. In this review, we have summarized some of the recent advancements made in the area of nucleic acid based therapeutics and highlighted the emerging roles of nucleic acids in the management of some of the severe respiratory viral infections. We have also focused on the methods of their delivery and associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Asha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, Noida 201303, India.
| | - Melvin Sanicas
- Sanofi Pasteur, Asia and JPAC Region, Singapore 257856, Singapore.
| | - Clement A Meseko
- Regional Centre for Animal Influenza, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930010, Nigeria.
| | - Madhu Khanna
- Department of Respiratory Virology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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Geerlings ECL, Heffernan C. Predicting risk of avian influenza a(H5N1) in Egypt: the creation of a community level metric. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:388. [PMID: 29562878 PMCID: PMC5863456 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficient A(H5N1) control is unlikely to be based on epidemiological data alone. Such control depends on a thorough understanding and appreciation of the interconnectedness of epidemiological, social, and economic factors that contribute to A(H5N1) vulnerability. To date, the control of A(H5N1) in Egypt has been challenging. The disease has been endemic for more than 10 years with a dramatic increase in human cases between December 2014 and March 2015. Part of the problem has been a lack of understanding of the inter-play of drivers, conditions and motives that influence preventive behaviours at the household level. METHODS To address this issue, the authors developed a Composite Risk Index (CRI) to inform decision-makers of critical epidemiological, livelihood, food security and risk perception factors that were found to contribute to A(H5N1) vulnerability at the community level. The CRI consists of seven constructs that were individually scored for each community. The seven constructs included poultry sales, previous flock exposure to A(H5N1), human risk probability, sense of control over the disease, preventative actions taken, level of household food insecurity and community norms toward certain handling and disposal practices. One hundred forty female poultry keepers across four governorates were interviewed in 2010 using a mix of random and purposive sampling techniques. A mixed method approach underpinned the analysis. The study used wealth ranking in order to help decision-makers in understanding the specific constraints of different wealth groups and aid better targeting of A(H5N1) control and prevention strategies. RESULTS Poverty, widowhood and lack of education were among the factors associated with high risk scores. CRI scores in those villages where awareness raising had taken place were not significantly different compared to those villages where awareness raising had not taken place. CONCLUSIONS The aim of the tool is to enable targeting those communities that are likely to be highly vulnerable to A(H5N1) outbreaks and where control and awareness-raising efforts are expected to be most effective. In this manner, policy makers and practitioners will be able to better allocate limited resources to those communities most vulnerable to the negative impact of A(H5N1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C. L. Geerlings
- Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Research & International Development Consultancy Services (EGRID), Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Heffernan
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- London International Development Centre (LIDC), London, UK
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Elelu N. Epidemiological risk factors of knowledge and preventive practice regarding avian influenza among poultry farmers and live bird traders in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria. Int J Vet Sci Med 2017; 5:47-52. [PMID: 30255048 PMCID: PMC6137854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian Influenza (AI) is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A influenza virus. The disease has a pandemic risk leading to death or depopulation of millions of birds. This study determined the risk factors that predict adequate knowledge and good preventive practice measures towards AI, among poultry farmers and live bird traders in Ikorodu, Lagos State, South-western Nigeria. A descriptive cross sectional survey was conducted with questionnaire on socio- demographics, knowledge of definition, and transmission of avian influenza administered to 244 respondents at interview. Descriptive, Chi-square and logistic regression analysis were carried out to explore associations between demographic characteristics, knowledge and preventive practice scores. All levels of significance were set at p < 0.05. The total knowledge score computed on a 25-item scale revealed a mean total knowledge of 9.9 (SD ± 6.6). Respondents aged <20 years, live bird traders and those with no formal education had the poorest knowledge. The total preventive practice score regarding avian influenza on a 9-item scale revealed a mean of 5.3 (SD ± 2.1). Younger respondents, live bird traders; those with no tertiary education and those spent <24 months in their profession had the poorest preventive practice score. Logistic regression analysis showed that increasing education (p < 0.05) significantly predicted adequate knowledge of avian influenza and good preventive practice among respondents. Poultry farmers and live bird traders, specially those with no formal education, should be aware of the transmission, seriousness and preventive measures of AI that will be reflected in the prevention and control of the disease in Nigeria.
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Key Words
- AI, Avian Influenza
- AICP, Avian influenza control project
- Avian influenza
- CDA, community development area
- FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations
- H, Haemagglutinin
- KAP, knowledge, attitude and practice
- Knowledge
- LBM, live bird markets
- LGA, Local Government Area
- Live bird traders
- N, Neuraminidase
- Nigeria
- Poultry farmers
- Preventive measure
- SPSS, Statistical package for social scientists
- WHO, World health organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusirat Elelu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
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Finucane ML, Tuyen N, Saksena S, Spencer JH, Fox JM, Lam N, Thau TD, Vien TD, Lewis ND. Perceived Risk of Avian Influenza and Urbanization in Northern Vietnam. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:144-154. [PMID: 28213653 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is an important public health concern because of potential for widespread morbidity and mortality in humans and poultry and associated devastating economic losses. We examined how perceptions of the risk of HPAI in poultry vary across communes/wards in the north of Vietnam at different levels of urbanization (rural, peri-urban, urban). Analyses of questionnaire responses from 1081 poultry raisers suggested that the perceived risk of HPAI in poultry was highest in peri-urban and rural settings. We also found that perceived risk was higher when respondents rated settings in which they did not live and that the process of change is related to perceived risk. Compared with others, respondents in peri-urban areas reported less disease management planning; respondents in rural areas reported less ability to separate infected poultry. These findings are consistent with, and add to, the limited previous research on the perceived risk of HPAI in poultry in developing countries. What is new in the present findings is that we describe how urbanization is related to people's perceptions of and ability to respond appropriately to variations in their environment. In particular, the inability to respond is not necessarily because of an inability to perceive change. Rather, rapid and extensive change poses different challenges for poultry management as communes move from rural to peri-urban to urban settings. Our results suggest that health promotion campaigns should address the perceptions and needs of poultry raisers in different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Finucane
- East-West Center, Honolulu, HI, USA.
- RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213-2665, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Nguyen Lam
- Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Tran Duc Vien
- Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Fasanmi OG, Ahmed SSU, Oladele-Bukola MO, El-Tahawy AS, Elbestawy AR, Fasina FO. An evaluation of biosecurity compliance levels and assessment of associated risk factors for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 infection of live-bird-markets, Nigeria and Egypt. Acta Trop 2016; 164:321-328. [PMID: 27603430 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Live bird market (LBM) is integral component in the perpetuation of HPAI H5N1, while biosecurity is crucial and key to the prevention and control of infectious diseases. Biosecurity compliance level and risk factor assessments in 155LBMs was evaluated in Nigeria and Egypt through the administration of a 68-item biosecurity checklist, scored based on the modifications of previous qualitative data, and analysed for degree of compliance. LBMs were scored as "complied with a biosecurity item" if they had good-very good scores (4). All scores were coded and analysed using descriptive statistics and risk or protective factors were determined using univariable and multivariable logistic regression at p≤0.05. Trading of wild birds and other animal in the LBMs (Odd Ratio (OR)=34.90; p=0.01) and claims of hand disinfection after slaughter (OR=31.16; p=0.03) were significant risk factors while mandatory routine disinfection of markets (OR=0.13; p≤0.00), fencing and gates for live bird market (OR=0.02; p≤0.01) and hand washing after slaughter (OR=0.41; p≤0.05) were protective factors for and against the infection of Nigerian and Egyptian LBMs with the HPAI H5N1 virus. Almost all the LBMs complied poorly with most of the variables in the checklist (p≤0.05), but pathways to improved biosecurity in the LBMs existed. We concluded that the LBM operators play a critical role in the disruption of transmission of H5N1 virus infection through improved biosecurity and participatory epidemiology and multidisciplinary approach is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubunmi G Fasanmi
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Animal Health, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Syed Sayeem U Ahmed
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mutiu O Oladele-Bukola
- Institute of Agriculture Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abdelgawad S El-Tahawy
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Folorunso O Fasina
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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8
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Molia S, Boly IA, Duboz R, Coulibaly B, Guitian J, Grosbois V, Fournié G, Pfeiffer DU. Live bird markets characterization and trading network analysis in Mali: Implications for the surveillance and control of avian influenza and Newcastle disease. Acta Trop 2016; 155:77-88. [PMID: 26708995 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs) play an important role in the transmission of avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) viruses in poultry. Our study had two objectives: (1) characterizing LBMs in Mali with a focus on practices influencing the risk of transmission of AI and ND, and (2) identifying which LBMs should be targeted for surveillance and control based on properties of the live poultry trade network. Two surveys were conducted in 2009-2010: a descriptive study in all 96 LBMs of an area encompassing approximately 98% of the Malian poultry population and a network analysis study in Sikasso county, the main poultry supplying county for the capital city Bamako. Regarding LBMs' characteristics, risk factors for the presence of AI and ND viruses (being open every day, more than 2 days before a bird is sold, absence of zoning to segregate poultry-related work flow areas, waste removal or cleaning and disinfecting less frequently than on a daily basis, trash disposal of dead birds and absence of manure processing) were present in 80-100% of the LBMs. Furthermore, LBMs tended to have wide catchment areas because of consumers' preference for village poultry meat, thereby involving a large number of villages in their supply chain. In the poultry trade network from/to Sikasso county, 182 traders were involved and 685 links were recorded among 159 locations. The network had a heterogeneous degree distribution and four hubs were identified based on measures of in-degrees, out-degrees and betweenness: the markets of Medine and Wayerma and the fairs of Farakala and Niena. These results can be used to design biosecurity-improvement interventions and to optimize the prevention, surveillance and control of transmissible poultry diseases in Malian LBMs. Further studies should investigate potential drivers (seasonality, prices) of the poultry trade network and the acceptability of biosecurity and behavior-change recommendations in the Malian socio-cultural context.
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Kurscheid J, Millar J, Abdurrahman M, Ambarawati IGAA, Suadnya W, Yusuf RP, Fenwick S, Toribio JALML. Knowledge and Perceptions of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) among Poultry Traders in Live Bird Markets in Bali and Lombok, Indonesia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139917. [PMID: 26430785 PMCID: PMC4592001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) has been prevalent in Indonesia since 2003 causing major losses to poultry production and human deaths. Live bird markets are considered high risk areas due to the density of large numbers of mixed poultry species of unknown disease status. Understanding trader knowledge and perceptions of HPAI and biosecurity is critical to reducing transmission risk and controlling the disease. An interview-administered survey was conducted at 17 live bird markets on the islands of Bali and Lombok in 2008 and 2009. A total of 413 live poultry traders were interviewed. Respondents were mostly male (89%) with a mean age of 45 years (range: 19–81). The main source of AI information was TV (78%), although personal communication was also identified to be an important source, particularly among female traders (60%) and respondents from Bali (43%). More than half (58%) of live poultry traders interviewed knew that infected birds can transmit HPAI viruses but were generally unaware that viruses can be introduced to markets by fomites. Cleaning cages and disposing of sick and dead birds were recognized as the most important steps to prevent the spread of disease by respondents. Two thirds (n = 277) of respondents were unwilling to report sudden or suspicious bird deaths to authorities. Bali vendors perceive biosecurity to be of higher importance than Lombok vendors and are more willing to improve biosecurity within markets than traders in Lombok. Collectors and traders selling large numbers (>214) of poultry, or selling both chickens and ducks, have better knowledge of HPAI transmission and prevention than vendors or traders selling smaller quantities or only one species of poultry. Education was strongly associated with better knowledge but did not influence positive reporting behavior. Our study reveals that most live poultry traders have limited knowledge of HPAI transmission and prevention and are generally reluctant to report bird deaths. Greater efforts are needed to engage local government, market managers and traders in education and awareness programs, regulatory measures and incentive mechanisms. Understanding and evaluating the social responses to such an integrated approach could lead to more effective HPAI prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kurscheid
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Joanne Millar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Albury, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Wayan Suadnya
- Research Center for Rural Development. Mataram University, Mataram, Indonesia
| | - Ria Puspa Yusuf
- Agribusiness Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Stanley Fenwick
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jenny-Ann L. M. L Toribio
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden Campus, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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Fasina FO, Njage PMK, Ali AMM, Yilma JM, Bwala DG, Rivas AL, Stegeman AJ. Development of Disease-specific, Context-specific Surveillance Models: Avian Influenza (H5N1)-Related Risks and Behaviours in African Countries. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 63:20-33. [PMID: 25923926 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (H5N1) is a rapidly disseminating infection that affects poultry and, potentially, humans. Because the avian virus has already adapted to several mammalian species, decreasing the rate of avian-mammalian contacts is critical to diminish the chances of a total adaptation of H5N1 to humans. To prevent the pandemic such adaptation could facilitate, a biology-specific disease surveillance model is needed, which should also consider geographical and socio-cultural factors. Here, we conceptualized a surveillance model meant to capture H5N1-related biological and cultural aspects, which included food processing, trade and cooking-related practices, as well as incentives (or disincentives) for desirable behaviours. This proof of concept was tested with data collected from 378 Egyptian and Nigerian sites (local [backyard] producers/live bird markets/village abattoirs/commercial abattoirs and veterinary agencies). Findings revealed numerous opportunities for pathogens to disseminate, as well as lack of incentives to adopt preventive measures, and factors that promoted epidemic dissemination. Supporting such observations, the estimated risk for H5N1-related human mortality was higher than previously reported. The need for multidimensional disease surveillance models, which may detect risks at higher levels than models that only measure one factor or outcome, was supported. To develop efficient surveillance systems, interactions should be captured, which include but exceed biological factors. This low-cost and easily implementable model, if conducted over time, may identify focal instances where tailored policies may diminish both endemicity and the total adaptation of H5N1 to the human species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F O Fasina
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalenaan, the Netherlands
| | - P M K Njage
- Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - A M M Ali
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB), Cairo, Egypt
| | - J M Yilma
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), FAO, Cairo, Egypt
| | - D G Bwala
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - A L Rivas
- Center for Global Health, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - A J Stegeman
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalenaan, the Netherlands
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11
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Charania NA, Martin ID, Liberda EN, Meldrum R, Tsuji LJS. Bird harvesting practices and knowledge, risk perceptions, and attitudes regarding avian influenza among Canadian First Nations subsistence hunters: implications for influenza pandemic plans. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:1113. [PMID: 25347949 PMCID: PMC4223741 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is concern of avian influenza virus (AIV) infections in humans. Subsistence hunters may be a potential risk group for AIV infections as they frequently come into close contact with wild birds and the aquatic habitats of birds while harvesting. This study aimed to examine if knowledge and risk perception of avian influenza influenced the use of protective measures and attitudes about hunting influenza-infected birds among subsistence hunters. METHODS Using a community-based participatory research approach, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with current subsistence hunters (n = 106) residing in a remote and isolated First Nations community in northern Ontario, Canada from November 10-25, 2013. Simple descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the distributions and relationships between variables. Written responses were deductively analyzed. RESULTS ANOVA showed that males hunted significantly more birds per year than did females (F1,96 = 12.1; p = 0.001) and that those who hunted significantly more days per year did not perceive a risk of AIV infection (F1,94 = 4.4; p = 0.040). Hunters engaged in bird harvesting practices that could expose them to AIVs, namely by cleaning, plucking, and gutting birds and having direct contact with water. It was reported that 18 (17.0%) hunters wore gloves and 2 (1.9%) hunters wore goggles while processing birds. The majority of hunters washed their hands (n = 105; 99.1%) and sanitized their equipment (n = 69; 65.1%) after processing birds. More than half of the participants reported being aware of avian influenza, while almost one third perceived a risk of AIV infection while harvesting birds. Participants aware of avian influenza were more likely to perceive a risk of AIV infection while harvesting birds. Our results suggest that knowledge positively influenced the use of a recommended protective measure. Regarding attitudes, the frequency of participants who would cease harvesting birds was highest if avian influenza was detected in regional birds (n = 55; 51.9%). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated a need for more education about avian influenza and precautionary behaviours that are culturally-appropriate. First Nations subsistence hunters should be considered an avian influenza risk group and have associated special considerations included in future influenza pandemic plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Charania
- Department of Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, N2L 3G1 Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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Obinani C, Onweagba A, Lloyd L, Ross M, Troisi C, Ohazurika N, Chukwu AO. The development of poultry farms risk assessment tool for avian influenza in Imo State, Nigeria. Prev Vet Med 2014; 116:145-50. [PMID: 24880626 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study validated the content of a questionnaire that will be used for risk stratification in poultry farms in Imo State, Nigeria. The questionnaire was developed from avian influenza risk domains peculiar to poultry farms in Nigeria. The questionnaire was verified and modified by a group of five experts with research interest in Nigeria's poultry industry and avian influenza prevention. The questionnaire was distributed to 30 poultry farms selected from Imo State, Nigeria. The same poultry farms were visited one week after they completed the questionnaires for on-site observation. Agreement between survey and observation results was analyzed using the kappa statistic and rated as poor, fair, moderate, substantial, or nearly perfect; internal consistency of the survey was also computed. The mean kappa statistic for agreement between the survey and observations (validation) ranged from 0.06 to 1, poor to nearly perfect agreement. Eight questions showed poor agreement, four had a fair agreement, two items had moderate agreement, nineteen survey questions had substantial agreement and ten questions had nearly perfect agreement. Out of the 43 items in the questionnaire, 32 items were considered validated with coefficient alpha >0.70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidi Obinani
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States.
| | | | - Linda Lloyd
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Micheal Ross
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cathrine Troisi
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
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Okoye J, Eze D, Krueger WS, Heil GL, Friary JA, Gray GC. Serologic evidence of avian influenza virus infections among Nigerian agricultural workers. J Med Virol 2013; 85:670-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Paul AA, Assam A, Ndang TNL. Local poultry biosecurity risks to highly pathogenic avian influenza in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:335-43. [PMID: 22869337 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study appraised local poultry biosecurity risks to highly pathogenic avian influenza by assessing farmers' knowledge, beliefs and poultry practices using a standard questionnaire. Farmers' knowledge on transmission and prevention was high but low on disease recognition. Radio was ineffective at informing Islamic educated farmers. Extensive knowledge on transmission and protection did not result in behavioural change as farmers engaged in risky practices of selling, eating or medicating infected poultry and not reporting poultry death. Islamic educated farmers do not believe highly pathogenic avian influenza is a serious and preventable disease. Women are more likely to self medicate when experiencing influenza-like illness. Audio-visual aids would improve avian influenza recognition while involvement of community leaders would enhance disease reporting. Outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in local poultry in Nigeria would follow a similar pattern in Southeast Asia if the risk perception among farmers is not urgently articulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdu A Paul
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Molia S, Kamissoko B, Sidibé MS, Diakité A, Diall M, N'Diaye MR. Deficient reporting in avian influenza surveillance, Mali. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:691-3. [PMID: 22469059 PMCID: PMC3309703 DOI: 10.3201/eid1804.111102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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16
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Kim JH, Lo FK, Cheuk KK, Kwong MS, Goggins WB, Cai YS, Lee SS, Griffiths S. Knowledge of avian influenza (H5N1) among poultry workers, Hong Kong, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:2319-21. [PMID: 22172127 PMCID: PMC3311183 DOI: 10.3201/eid1712.110321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2009, a cross-sectional survey of 360 poultry workers in Hong Kong, China, showed that workers had inadequate levels of avian influenza (H5N1) risk knowledge, preventive behavior, and outbreak preparedness. The main barriers to preventive practices were low perceived benefits and interference with work. Poultry workers require occupation-specific health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean H Kim
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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Métras R, Stevens KB, Abdu P, Okike I, Randolph T, Grace D, Pfeiffer DU, Costard S. Identification of potential risk factors associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N1 outbreak occurrence in Lagos and Kano States, Nigeria, during the 2006-2007 epidemics. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:87-96. [PMID: 22469078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza HPAI H5N1 was first reported in Africa in 2006, in Nigeria. The country experienced severe outbreaks in 2006 and 2007, strongly affecting the poultry population. Current knowledge on potential risk factors for HPAI H5N1 occurrence in poultry farms in Nigeria is limited. Therefore, we conducted a case-control study to identify potential farm-level risk factors for HPAI H5N1 occurrence in two areas of the country that were affected by the disease in 2006 and 2007, namely the States of Lagos and Kano. A case-control study was conducted at the farm level. A convenience sample of 110 farms was surveyed. Data on farm characteristics, farm management and trade practices were collected. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with farms that confirmed positive for HPAI. Having a neighbouring poultry farm was identified as a potential risk factor for disease occurrence [OR, 5.23; 95% CI, (0.88-30.97); P-value = 0.048]. Farm staff washing their hands before handling birds was a protective factor [OR, 0.14; 95% CI, (0.05-0.37); P-value <0.001], as well as not allowing traders to enter the farm [OR, 0.23; 95% CI, (0.08-0.70); P-value = 0.008]. Our study highlighted the importance of trade and proximity between poultry farms in the epidemiology of HPAI H5N1 and the role of biosecurity in disease prevention in Kano and Lagos States. Despite the limitations owing to the sampling strategy, these results are consistent with other risk factor studies previously conducted on HPAI H5N1 in both Africa and other regions, suggesting similar risk factor patterns for HPAI H5N1 virus spread and substantiating current knowledge regarding the epidemiology of the disease. Finally, this study generated information from areas where data are difficult to obtain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Métras
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, UK.
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