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Okuwa T, Himeda T, Utani K, Higuchi M. Generation of a recombinant Saffold Virus expressing UnaG as a marker for the visualization of viral infection. Virol J 2023; 20:175. [PMID: 37550694 PMCID: PMC10408109 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saffold virus (SAFV), which belongs to the genus Cardiovirus of the family Picornaviridae, is associated with acute respiratory or gastrointestinal illnesses in children; it is also suspected to cause severe diseases, such as acute flaccid paralysis and aseptic meningitis. However, the understanding of the mechanism of its pathogenicity is still limited due to the many unknowns about its lifecycle; for example, the cellular receptor for its infection remains to be determined. A system to monitor SAFV infection in vitro and in vivo is required in order to accelerate research on SAFV. RESULTS We generated a recombinant SAFV expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) or UnaG, a novel fluorescent protein derived from Japanese eel. HeLa cells infected by either GFP or UnaG-expressing SAFV showed a bright green fluorescent signal, enabling convenient monitoring of SAFV infection. However, the expression of GFP but not UnaG was quickly lost during virus passaging due to the difference in genetic stability in the SAFV virus genome; the UnaG gene was stably maintained in the virus genome after at least five passages. CONCLUSIONS SAFV infection of cultured cells can easily be monitored using UnaG-expressing SAFV, which is superior to GFP in terms of genetic stability in the virus genome. This virus could be a useful tool for SAFV research, such as comparing the susceptibility of various cells to SAFV infection and evaluating the effects of antivirals on SAFV infection in high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Okuwa
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Toshiki Himeda
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Koichi Utani
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masaya Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
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Mao Q, Sun G, Qian Y, Qian Y, Li W, Wang X, Shen Q, Yang S, Zhou C, Wang H, Zhang W. Viral metagenomics of pharyngeal secretions from children with acute respiratory diseases with unknown etiology revealed diverse viruses. Virus Res 2022; 321:198912. [PMID: 36058285 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infections are a major public health problem and the leading cause of morbidity in children younger than 5 years old. This study investigated the potential reasons of unexplained acute respiratory infections in children in Xuzhou and its environs during 2018-2019.We collected pharyngeal swab samples from 411 children under the age of five who presented with symptoms of unexplained acute respiratory infection and were negative for bacteria, mycoplasma, and influenza viruses. Using viral metagenomic techniques, viral nucleic acids were extracted, enriched, and sequenced from the samples. Results indicated that Picornaviridae, Parvoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Coronaviridae, and Anelloviridae were the five virus families with the highest relative content of sequence reads. And we detected 35 HBoV-positive and 12 HEV-positive samples out of 411 samples by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Partial or nearly complete genome sequences of viruses belonging to the families Picornaviridae, Parvoviridae, and Anelloviridae were characterized, and phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the nucleic acid or amino acid sequences of the predicted viral open reading frames (ORFs), as well as genotyping of the viruses. In addition, we observed recombination events in the Saffold virus and Coxsackievirus A9 by analyzing the genetic characteristics of the viruses revealed in this study. This study provides vital information for the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory infections in children younger than five years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Guangming Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Qian
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yuchen Qian
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Wang Li
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Quan Shen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Shixing Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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Vandesande H, Edman K, Rondahl E, Falkeborn T, Serrander L, Lindberg AM. Saffold virus infection in elderly people with acute gastroenteritis in Sweden. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3980-3984. [PMID: 32827319 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis is a major source of morbidity and mortality, predominantly caused by so-called NOROAD viruses (norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus). In approximately onethird of all cases, however, the exact etiology is unknown. The in 2007 discovered human cardiovirus Saffold virus (SAFV) may prove to be a plausible candidate to explain this diagnostic gap. This virus, a member of the Picornaviridae family which is closely related to the murine viruses Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus and Theravirus, is a widespread pathogen and causes infection early in life. Screening of 238 fecal or vomitus samples obtained from NOROAD-negative, elderly patients with acute gastroenteritis at the University Hospital of Linköping showed that SAFV is present in low abundance (4.6%). Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene revealed a Swedish isolate belonging to the highly common and in Europe widespread SAFV-3 genotype. This genotype is also related to previously reported Asian strains. This study describes the first molecular typing of a Swedish SAFV isolate and is the first report to document the circulation of SAFV among elderly people. The pathogenicity of SAFV is, as of yet, still under debate; further studies are necessary to determine its role in the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Vandesande
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Kjell Edman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Elin Rondahl
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tina Falkeborn
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lena Serrander
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - A Michael Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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Aminipour M, Ghaderi M, Harzandi N. First Occurrence of Saffold Virus in Sewage and River Water Samples in Karaj, Iran. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:75-80. [PMID: 31729639 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Saffold virus as a newly discovered virus, which seems to be related to acute gastroenteritis as with other enteric viruses and to human airway diseases in children belongs to Cardiovirus genus in picornaviridae family with 11 genotypes. Saffold virus initially was detected in America from infant stool sample. Saffold virus has also been detected in environmental water samples. Until now, two reports have demonstrated that sewage water sources are contaminated with Saffold viruses. Molecular detection of Saffold virus mostly depended on reverse transcription PCR methods and RT-qPCR, which had targeted 5'UTR region of the viral genome. The present study aims to evaluate the molecular detection and quantity of Saffold virus in sewage water and river water specimens by RT-qPCR assay in Karaj, Iran. Fifty samples collected from environmental waters containing treated and untreated sewage water and river water samples were included in this study. After viral RNA extraction, the Real-time PCR was developed to amplify the 5'UTR sequence of Saffold virus genome and viral load was assessed. Out of the 50 samples tested (consisting 28 river water samples and 22 sewage water samples), the Saffold virus genomic RNA was identified in 10/28 (35.7%) of river water samples and in 4/12 (33.3%) of treated and 4/10 (40%) of untreated sewage samples. The maximum viral load was 6.8 × 106 copies/l in untreated sewage water sample in December, and the lower viral load was 1.2 × 106 copies/l related to treated sewage water taken in October. Our results for the first time indicate that Saffold virus has apparently been circulating among Iranian peoples. Also, the viral prevalence of Saffold virus in each of the three sets of tested samples was within moderate to high in range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Aminipour
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghaderi
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Naser Harzandi
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
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Bonanno Ferraro G, Mancini P, Veneri C, Iaconelli M, Suffredini E, Brandtner D, La Rosa G. Evidence of Saffold virus circulation in Italy provided through environmental surveillance. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 70:102-108. [PMID: 31742735 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Saffold virus (SAFV) is an emerging human cardiovirus associated with respiratory and gastrointestinal infection, and, more recently, to symptoms related to the endocrine, cardiovascular, and neurological systems. Information about SAFV circulation in Italy is scarce. In order to provide insights into the epidemiology of SAFV in Italy, 141 raw sewage samples collected throughout Italy were tested using broad-range nested RT-PCR primers targeting the 5'-NC region. Seven samples (5·0%) were confirmed as SAFV in samples collected in North, Centre and Southern Italy. Typing was attempted through amplification of the VP1 coding region, using both published and newly designed primers, and one sample was characterized as SAFV-2. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Prevalence, genetic diversity and geographic distribution of SAFV in Italy is currently unknown. This study represents the first detection of SAFV in sewage samples in Italy, suggesting that it is circulating in the population despite lack of clinical reporting. Whether the virus is associated with asymptomatic cases or with undetected gastroenteritis or respiratory illness is unknown. Further studies are needed to investigate on the occurrence and persistence of SAFV in water environments and its waterborne transmission potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Anh NT, Hong NTT, Nhu LNT, Thanh TT, Lau CY, Limmathurotsakul D, Deng X, Rahman M, Chau NVV, van Doorn HR, Thwaites G, Delwart E, Tan LV. Viruses in Vietnamese Patients Presenting with Community-Acquired Sepsis of Unknown Cause. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:e00386-19. [PMID: 31217274 PMCID: PMC6711913 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00386-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired (CA) sepsis is a major public health problem worldwide, yet the etiology remains unknown for >50% of the patients. Here we applied metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) to characterize the human virome in 492 clinical samples (384 sera, 92 pooled nasal and throat swabs, 10 stools, and 6 cerebrospinal fluid samples) from 386 patients (213 adults and 173 children) presenting with CA sepsis who were recruited from 6 hospitals across Vietnam between 2013 and 2015. Specific monoplex PCRs were used subsequently to confirm the presence of viral sequences detected by mNGS. We found sequences related to 47 viral species belonging to 21 families in 358 of 386 (93%) patients, including viruses known to cause human infections. After PCR confirmation, human viruses were found in 52 of 386 patients (13.4%); picornavirus (enteroviruses [n = 14], rhinovirus [n = 5], and parechovirus [n = 2]), hepatitis B virus (n = 10), cytomegalovirus (n = 9), Epstein-Barr virus (n = 5), and rotavirus A (n = 3) were the most common viruses detected. Recently discovered viruses were also found (gemycircularvirus [n = 5] and WU polyomavirus, Saffold virus, salivirus, cyclovirus-VN, and human pegivirus 2 [HPgV2] [n, 1 each]), adding to the growing literature about the geographic distribution of these novel viruses. Notably, sequences related to numerous viruses not previously reported in human tissues were also detected. To summarize, we identified 21 viral species known to be infectious to humans in 52 of 386 (13.4%) patients presenting with CA sepsis of unknown cause. The study, however, cannot directly impute sepsis causation to the viruses identified. The results highlight the fact that it remains a challenge to establish the causative agents in CA sepsis patients, especially in tropical settings such as Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen To Anh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Tran Tan Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chuen-Yen Lau
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Motiur Rahman
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Le Van Tan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Saffold virus (SAFV) is a novel human cardiovirus that was identified in 2007. Recently, SAFV has been isolated from nasal and stool specimens of infants presenting with respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms and from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens of children with central nervous system infection. However, little is known regarding clinical characteristics of SAFV in children. METHODS We reviewed 5412 specimens from the database of the infectious agents surveillance system in Niigata prefecture, Japan, between January 2006 and December 2013, and identified SAFV-infected patients. Subsequently, we retrospectively reviewed their medical records and evaluated their clinical characteristics. RESULTS We identified 9 SAFV-infected patients (median age: 5 years; range: 2-16 years). Seven patients were diagnosed with pharyngitis, one with meningitis and one with fever of unknown origin. Dominant symptoms were high fever, appetite loss and headache. The median duration of the fevers was 2 days in patients with pharyngitis; however, the patient with meningitis remained febrile for 5 days. All blood tests available in this case series revealed leukocytosis with a predominance of neutrophils. CSF profiles showed mild lymphocytic pleocytosis. All patients recovered fully without complications. CONCLUSIONS A few clinical characteristics of SAFV infection were clarified, including high fever of short duration in patients with pharyngitis, and neutrophil-dominant leukocytosis. The clinical course and CSF profiles of a case of meningitis were similar to those of other aseptic meningitis. SAFV needs to be included in the differential diagnosis of pharyngitis or meningitis when commonly identified viruses are not identified in such patients.
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Lindner K, Ludwig M, Bootz F, Reber U, Safavieh Z, Eis-Hübinger AM, Herberhold S. Frequent detection of Saffold cardiovirus in adenoids. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218873. [PMID: 31269055 PMCID: PMC6608973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Saffold virus (SAFV) is classified into the Cardiovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. Up to now, eleven genotypes have been identified however, their clinical significance remains unclear. Here, we investigated the presence of SAFV in asymptomatic patients admitted for adenoidectomy. A total of 70 adenoid tissue samples were collected from children with clinical symptoms caused by hypertrophy of adenoids but without symptoms of airway infection. Samples were investigated for SAFV by RT-nested PCR and sequence analysis. Eleven of 70 (15.7%) samples were positive for SAFV. Nasopharyngeal swabs were available from 45 children just before surgery. SAFV was rarely found and only in children with SAFV-positive adenoids 2/8. Our findings indicate that the presence of SAFV seems to be more frequent in adenoid tissue than expected. This could support the notion of a longer than previously anticipated persistence of SAFV nucleic acids in the respiratory tract and possibly a chronic infection. Further investigations are necessary to establish the role of SAFV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Lindner
- ENT Department, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Friedrich Bootz
- ENT Department, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Reber
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Anna Maria Eis-Hübinger
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail: (AMEH); (SH)
| | - Stephan Herberhold
- ENT Department, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail: (AMEH); (SH)
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Prevalence of human cosavirus and saffold virus with an emergence of saffold virus genotype 6 in patients hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand, 2014–2016. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 53:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Analysis of Aichi virus and Saffold virus association with pediatric acute gastroenteritis. J Clin Virol 2016; 87:37-42. [PMID: 27992789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aichi virus (AiV) and Saffold virus (SAFV) have been reported in children with acute gastroenteritis and respiratory disease worldwide; however, their causative role in acute gastroenteritis remains ambiguous. OBJECTIVES To assess the clinical association of AiV and SAFV with acute gastroenteritis in the pediatric population. STUDY DESIGN A case-control study involving 461 paired stool samples from pediatric cases with diarrhea and healthy controls was conducted in China. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to screen AiV and SAFV. RESULTS In the 461 paired samples, AiV and SAFV were more prevalent among asymptomatic children than children with acute gastroenteritis (0.87% vs. 0.43% and 2.8% vs. 1.5%, respectively), with no significant differences between groups (p=0.142 and p=0.478, respectively). Cox regression model analysis revealed no correlation between AiV (odds ratio, OR=2.24; 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.76-6.54) or SAFV infection (OR=1.36; 95% CI, 0.86-2.15) and diarrhea. High viral loads were found in both AiV- and SAFV-positive groups, with no significant difference in viral load between the groups (p=0.507 and p=0.677, respectively). No other known enteric pathogens were found in the AiV-positive samples but common in SAFV-positive cases. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all 6 AiV subjects clustered with genotype B. All 7 SAFV-positive cases and 8 of 13 SAFV-positive controls were genotyped successfully; the genotypes identified included SAFV-1, SAFV-2 SAFV-3, and SAFV-6. CONCLUSION Our study revealed no association of these viruses in acute gastroenteritis in children. These viruses may have the ability to replicate in humans; however, the infections are usually asymptomatic.
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Tan SZK, Prabakaran M. Immunohistochemical insights into Saffold virus infection of the brain of juvenile AG129 mice. Virol J 2016; 13:191. [PMID: 27887630 PMCID: PMC5123230 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Saffold Virus (SAFV) is a human cardiovirus that is suspected of causing infection of the central nervous system (CNS) in children. While recent animal studies have started to elucidate the pathogenesis of SAFV, very little is known about the mechanisms behind it. Method In this study, we attempted to elucidate some of the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of SAFV in the brain of a juvenile mouse model by using immunohistochemical methods. Results We first showed that SAFV is able to infect both neuronal and glial cells in the brain of 2 week-old AG129 mice. We then showed that SAFV is able to induce apoptosis in both neuronal and glial cells in the brain. Lastly, we showed that SAFV infection does not show any signs of gross demyelination in the brain. Conclusion Overall, our results provide important insights into the mechanisms of SAFV in the brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0654-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Zheng Kai Tan
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mookkan Prabakaran
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore.
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Intracerebral Inoculation of Mouse-Passaged Saffold Virus Type 3 Affects Cerebellar Development in Neonatal Mice. J Virol 2016; 90:10007-10021. [PMID: 27581974 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00864-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Saffold virus (SAFV), a human cardiovirus, is occasionally detected in infants with neurological disorders, including meningitis and cerebellitis. We recently reported that SAFV type 3 isolates infect cerebellar glial cells, but not large neurons, in mice. However, the impact of this infection remained unclear. Here, we determined the neuropathogenesis of SAFV type 3 in the cerebella of neonatal ddY mice by using SAFV passaged in the cerebella of neonatal BALB/c mice. The virus titer in the cerebellum increased following the inoculation of each of five passaged strains. The fifth passaged strain harbored amino acid substitutions in the VP2 (H160R and Q239R) and VP3 (K62M) capsid proteins. Molecular modeling of the capsid proteins suggested that the VP2-H160R and VP3-K62M mutations alter the structural dynamics of the receptor binding surface via the formation of a novel hydrophobic interaction between the VP2 puff B and VP3 knob regions. Compared with the original strain, the passaged strain showed altered growth characteristics in human-derived astroglial cell lines and greater replication in the brains of neonatal mice. In addition, the passaged strain was more neurovirulent than the original strain, while both strains infected astroglial and neural progenitor cells in the mouse brain. Intracerebral inoculation of either the original or the passaged strain affected brain Purkinje cell dendrites, and a high titer of the passaged strain induced cerebellar hypoplasia in neonatal mice. Thus, infection by mouse-passaged SAFV affected cerebellar development in neonatal mice. This animal model contributes to the understanding of the neuropathogenicity of SAFV infections in infants. IMPORTANCE Saffold virus (SAFV) is a candidate neuropathogenic agent in infants and children, but the neuropathogenicity of the virus has not been fully elucidated. Recently, we evaluated the pathogenicity of two clinical SAFV isolates in mice. Similar to other neurotropic picornaviruses, these isolates showed mild infectivity of glial and neural progenitor cells, but not of large neurons, in the cerebellum. However, the outcome of this viral infection in the cerebellum has not been clarified. Here, we examined the tropism of SAFV in the cerebellum. We obtained an in vivo-passaged strain from the cerebella of neonatal mice and examined its genome and its neurovirulence in the neonatal mouse brain. The passaged virus showed high infectivity and neurovirulence in the brain, especially the cerebellum, and affected cerebellar development. This unique neonatal mouse model will be helpful for elucidating the neuropathogenesis of SAFV infections occurring early in life.
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Tan SZK, Tan MZY, Prabakaran M. Saffold virus, an emerging human cardiovirus. Rev Med Virol 2016; 27. [PMID: 27723176 PMCID: PMC7169152 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Saffold virus (SAFV) is an emerging human cardiovirus that has been shown to be ubiquitous. Initial studies of SAFV focused on respiratory and gastrointestinal infection; however, it has also recently been associated with diverse clinical symptoms including the endocrine, cardiovascular, and neurological systems. Given the systemic nature of SAFV, and its high prevalence, understanding its pathogenicity and clinical impact is of utmost importance. This comprehensive review highlights and discusses recent developments in epidemiology, human pathogenicity, animal, and molecular studies related to SAFV. It also provides detailed insights into the neuropathogenicity of SAFV. We argue that human studies have been confounded by coinfections and therefore require support from robust molecular and animal research. Thereby, we aim to provide foresight into further research to better understand this emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Zheng Kai Tan
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mark Zheng Yi Tan
- Critical Care Unit, Central Manchester Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Mookkan Prabakaran
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Hansen TA, Mollerup S, Nguyen NP, White NE, Coghlan M, Alquezar-Planas DE, Joshi T, Jensen RH, Fridholm H, Kjartansdóttir KR, Mourier T, Warnow T, Belsham GJ, Bunce M, Willerslev E, Nielsen LP, Vinner L, Hansen AJ. High diversity of picornaviruses in rats from different continents revealed by deep sequencing. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e90. [PMID: 27530749 PMCID: PMC5034103 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of zoonotic diseases in humans and livestock are not uncommon, and an important component in containment of such emerging viral diseases is rapid and reliable diagnostics. Such methods are often PCR-based and hence require the availability of sequence data from the pathogen. Rattus norvegicus (R. norvegicus) is a known reservoir for important zoonotic pathogens. Transmission may be direct via contact with the animal, for example, through exposure to its faecal matter, or indirectly mediated by arthropod vectors. Here we investigated the viral content in rat faecal matter (n=29) collected from two continents by analyzing 2.2 billion next-generation sequencing reads derived from both DNA and RNA. Among other virus families, we found sequences from members of the Picornaviridae to be abundant in the microbiome of all the samples. Here we describe the diversity of the picornavirus-like contigs including near-full-length genomes closely related to the Boone cardiovirus and Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus. From this study, we conclude that picornaviruses within R. norvegicus are more diverse than previously recognized. The virome of R. norvegicus should be investigated further to assess the full potential for zoonotic virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Arn Hansen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Mollerup
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nam-Phuong Nguyen
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-2302, USA
| | - Nicole E White
- Trace and Environmental DNA Lab and Australian Wildlife Forensic Services, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Megan Coghlan
- Trace and Environmental DNA Lab and Australian Wildlife Forensic Services, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - David E Alquezar-Planas
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tejal Joshi
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Randi Holm Jensen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helena Fridholm
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Virus Research and Development, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristín Rós Kjartansdóttir
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias Mourier
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tandy Warnow
- Departments of Bioengineering and Computer Science, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-2302, USA
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA Lab and Australian Wildlife Forensic Services, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Peter Nielsen
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Vinner
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Johannes Hansen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Sorgeloos F, Lardinois C, Jacobs S, van Kuppeveld FJM, Kaspers B, Michiels T. Neurotropism of Saffold virus in a mouse model. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1350-1355. [PMID: 26959376 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Saffold virus (SAFV) is a highly seroprevalent human Cardiovirus discovered recently. No clear association between SAFV infection and human disease has been established. Rare infection cases, however, correlated with neurological symptoms. To gain insight into the pathogenesis potential of the virus, we performed experimental mouse infection with SAFV strains of genotypes 2 and 3 (SAFV-2 and SAFV-3). After intraperitoneal infection, both strains exhibited a typical Cardiovirus tropism. Viral load was most prominent in the pancreas. Heart, spleen, brain and spinal cord were also infected. In IFN-receptor 1 deficient (IFNAR-KO) mice, SAFV-3 caused a severe encephalitis. The virus was detected by immunohistochemistry in many parts of the brain and spinal cord, both in neurons and astrocytes, but astrocyte infection was more extensive. In vitro, SAFV-3 also infected astrocytes better than neurons in mixed primary cultures. Astrocytes were, however, very efficiently protected by IFN-α/β treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Sorgeloos
- Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cécile Lardinois
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, VIRO B1.74.07, 74 Avenue Hippocrate, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Sophie Jacobs
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, VIRO B1.74.07, 74 Avenue Hippocrate, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Moleculaire Virologie, Universiteit Utrecht, Yalelaan 1 Kamer W.512, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Kaspers
- Institut für Tierphysiologie, Veterinärstr 13, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Michiels
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, VIRO B1.74.07, 74 Avenue Hippocrate, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
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16
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Tan SZK, Chua KB, Xu Y, Prabakaran M. The Pathogenesis of Saffold Virus in AG129 Mice and the Effects of Its Truncated L Protein in the Central Nervous System. Viruses 2016; 8:v8020024. [PMID: 26901216 PMCID: PMC4776182 DOI: 10.3390/v8020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffold Virus (SAFV) is a human cardiovirus that has been suggested to cause severe infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Compared to a similar virus, Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), SAFV has a truncated Leader (L) protein, a protein essential in the establishment of persistent CNS infections. In this study, we generated a chimeric SAFV by replacing the L protein of SAFV with that of TMEV. We then compared the replication in cell cultures and pathogenesis in a mouse model. We showed that both SAFV and chimeric SAFV are able to infect Vero and Neuro2a cells well, but only chimeric SAFV was able to infect RAW264.7. We then showed that mice lacking IFN-α/β and IFN-γ receptors provide a good animal model for SAFV infection, and further identified the locality of the infection to the ventral horn of the spine and several locations in the brain. Lastly, we showed that neither SAFV nor chimeric SAFV causes persistence in this model. Overall, our results provide a strong basis on which the mechanisms underlying Saffold virus induced neuropathogenesis can be further studied and, hence, facilitating new information about its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Zheng Kai Tan
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | - Kaw Bing Chua
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | - Yishi Xu
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | - Mookkan Prabakaran
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
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Kotani O, Naeem A, Suzuki T, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Sato Y, Nakajima N, Hosomi T, Tsukagoshi H, Kozawa K, Hasegawa H, Taguchi F, Shimizu H, Nagata N. Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3 Isolates in Mouse Models. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148184. [PMID: 26828718 PMCID: PMC4734772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Saffold virus (SAFV), a picornavirus, is occasionally detected in children with acute flaccid paralysis, meningitis, and cerebellitis; however, the neuropathogenicity of SAFV remains undetermined. Methods The virulence of two clinical isolates of SAFV type 3 (SAFV-3) obtained from a patient with aseptic meningitis (AM strain) and acute upper respiratory inflammation (UR strain) was analyzed in neonatal and young mice utilizing virological, pathological, and immunological methods. Results The polyproteins of the strains differed in eight amino acids. Both clinical isolates were infective, exhibited neurotropism, and were mildly neurovirulent in neonatal ddY mice. Both strains pathologically infected neural progenitor cells and glial cells, but not large neurons, with the UR strain also infecting epithelial cells. UR infection resulted in longer inflammation in the brain and spinal cord because of demyelination, while the AM strain showed more infectivity in the cerebellum in neonatal ddY mice. Additionally, young BALB/c mice seroconverted following mucosal inoculation with the UR, but not the AM, strain. Conclusions Both SAFV-3 isolates had neurotropism and mild neurovirulence but showed different cell tropisms in both neonatal and young mouse models. This animal model has the potential to recapitulate the potential neuropathogenicity of SAFV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kotani
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asif Naeem
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakajima
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takushi Hosomi
- The Public Health Institute of Kochi Prefecture, Kochi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kozawa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Saffold virus infection associated with human myocarditis. J Clin Virol 2015; 74:78-81. [PMID: 26687438 PMCID: PMC7106523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed for saffold virus in myocardial specimens from humans with myocarditis. One of 150 examined specimens was detected positive for saffold virus type 2. Saffold virus was detected in three anatomical compartments. Histological evidence of inflammation was found in two related organs. Saffold virus is a possible cause of human myocarditis.
Background Saffold virus was described in 2007 as one of the first human viruses within the genus cardioviruses. Cardioviruses may cause severe infections of the myocardium in animals, and several studies have associated saffold virus with human disease. As a result, saffold virus has been isolated from different anatomical compartments, including the myocardium, but, until now, it has not been possible to demonstrate the accompanying histopathological signs of inflammation. Objectives The aim of the study was to examine if saffold virus is capable of causing invasive infection in the human myocardium. Study design Using real-time PCR, we retrospectively examined formalin-fixed paraffin embedded cardiac tissue specimens from 150 deceased individuals diagnosed with myocarditis at autopsy. The results were compared with histological findings. Results and conclusions Saffold virus was detected in the myocardium, lung tissue and blood of one child and was accompanied by histopathological inflammation in the heart and lungs, which was supportive of a viral infection. These findings suggest that cardioviruses may be associated with myocarditis in humans.
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Tapia G, Bøås H, de Muinck EJ, Cinek O, Stene LC, Torjesen PA, Rasmussen T, Rønningen KS. Saffold Virus, a Human Cardiovirus, and Risk of Persistent Islet Autoantibodies in the Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study MIDIA. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136849. [PMID: 26317929 PMCID: PMC4552579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the frequency and distribution of Saffold virus in longitudinal stool samples from children, and test for association with development of persistent autoantibodies predictive of type 1 diabetes. A cohort of Norwegian children carrying the HLA genotype associated with highest risk of type 1 diabetes (“DR4-DQ8/DR3-DQ2”) was followed with monthly stool samples from 3 to 35 months of age. Blood samples were tested for autoantibodies to insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase65 and Islet Antigen-2. 2077 stool samples from 27 children with ≥2 repeatedly positive islet autoantibodies (cases), and 53 matched controls were analysed for Saffold virus genomic RNA by semi-quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Saffold virus was found in 53 of 2077 (2.6%) samples, with similar proportions between cases (2.5%) and controls (2.6%). The probability of being infected by 3 years of age was 28% (95% CI 0.18–0.40). Viral quantities ranged from <1 to almost 105 copies/μl. Estimated odds ratio between islet autoimmunity and infection episodes prior to seroconversion was 1.98 (95% CI: 0.57–6.91, p = 0.29). Saffold virus had no statistically significant association with islet autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Tapia
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håkon Bøås
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Eric J. de Muinck
- Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ondrej Cinek
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lars C. Stene
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter A. Torjesen
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Rasmussen
- Department of IT and e-health, Division of Institute Resources, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Zhang XA, Lu QB, Wo Y, Zhao J, Huang DD, Guo CT, Xu HM, Liu EM, Liu W, Cao WC. Prevalence and genetic characteristics of Saffold cardiovirus in China from 2009 to 2012. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7704. [PMID: 25572936 PMCID: PMC5378990 DOI: 10.1038/srep07704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology and clinical features of the Saffold cardiovirus (SAFV) remain ambiguous. The present study was designed to systematically and intensively investigate the epidemiological features of SAFV in pediatric patients in China. Three cohorts of pediatric patients were recruited from 2009 to 2012. Cohort 1 comprised patients with acute respiratory tract infections. Cohort 2 comprised patients with diarrhea. Cohort 3 comprised hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) patients. A total of 115 patients (1.6%) among 6052 (17/1647, 12/2013, and 86/2392 in cohorts 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were SAFV-positive. The samples from 82 SAFV-positive patients were successfully sequenced, and four genotypes were identified: 8 SAFV-1, 41 SAFV-2, 29 SAFV-3, and 4 SAFV-6. A significantly higher detection rate was found in the HFMD patients than in other two cohorts (both P <0.001). A higher frequency of severe clinical outcome and nervous system manifestation were also observed in the SAFV-positive HFMD patients. Additionally, 6 (3.5%) cerebrospinal fluid and 7 (2.2%) serum samples from the HFMD-associated encephalitis patients were SAFV-positive. Based on the VP1 sequences, all four genotypes displayed distinct geographical clustering. SAFV infection might be associated with a wide clinical spectrum and contribute to HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dou-Dou Huang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, P. R. China [2] Graduate School of Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Tao Guo
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, P. R. China [2] Graduate School of Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Xu
- Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400014, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - En-Mei Liu
- Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400014, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, P. R. China
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Brañas P, García M, Prieto C, Folgueira L. Saffold virus respiratory infection in children and immunocompromised patients in Spain. J Infect 2014; 70:679-80. [PMID: 25459664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Brañas
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Monica García
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Columbiana Prieto
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lola Folgueira
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
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DA virus mutant H101 has altered CNS pathogenesis and causes immunosuppression. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 277:118-26. [PMID: 25468274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Viruses use various mechanisms to evade clearance by the host. Investigating how a few changes in the genome of a non-lethal virus can lead to altered disease, from survivable to immunosuppression/death, would provide valuable information into viral pathogenesis. The Daniels strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus causes an asymptomatic infection or acute encephalitis followed by viral clearance. A mutant, H101, carries several alterations in the viral genome. H101 infection causes profound immunosuppression and death. Thus, a virus that is normally cleared by its natural host can become lethal due to just a few changes in the viral genome.
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Galama JMD, Zoll JG, Lanke KH, de Jong AS, Melief J, Huitinga I, Verbeek MM, van Kuppeveld FJM. Saffold cardiovirus and multiple sclerosis: no evidence for an association. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:618-21. [PMID: 25356431 PMCID: PMC4184563 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffold cardiovirus, a newly discovered human cardiovirus, has close similarity with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) which can cause a chronic demyelinating encephalomyelitis in mice. In this study, we tested whether Saffold cardiovirus infection of the brain is associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Autopsy white matter samples from 19 MS and 9 normal brain donors were tested by polymerase chain reaction. All were negative. Paired cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples from 24 MS patients and 27 controls were tested for Saffold cardiovirus-specific oligoclonal bands, two patients and two controls reacted positive. We conclude that an association between Saffold cardiovirus and MS is highly improbable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem M D Galama
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan G Zoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kjerstin H Lanke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan S de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Melief
- Neuroimmunology Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Neuroimmunology Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Naeem A, Hosomi T, Nishimura Y, Alam MM, Oka T, Zaidi SSZ, Shimizu H. Genetic diversity of circulating Saffold viruses in Pakistan and Afghanistan. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1945-1957. [PMID: 24899154 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cardioviruses or Saffold viruses (SAFVs) of the family Picornaviridae are newly emerging viruses whose genetic and phenotypic diversity are poorly understood. We report here the full genome sequence of 11 SAFV genotypes from Pakistan and Afghanistan, along with a re-evaluation of their genetic diversity and recombination. We detected 88 SAFV from stool samples of 943 acute flaccid paralysis cases using reverse transcriptase-PCR targeting the 5' untranslated region (UTR). Further characterization based on complete VP1 analysis revealed 71 SAFVs belonging to 11 genotypes, including three previously unidentified genotypes. SAFV showed high genetic diversity and recombination based on phylogenetic, pairwise distance distributions and recombination mapping analyses performed herein. Phylogenies based on non-structural and UTRs were highly incongruent indicating frequent recombination events among SAFVs. We improved the SAFV genotyping classification criteria by determining new VP1 thresholds based on the principles used for the classification of enteroviruses. For genotype assignment, we propose a threshold of 23 and 10 % divergence for VP1 nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively. Other members of the species Theilovirus, such as Thera virus and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, are difficult to classify in the same species as SAFV, because they are genetically distinct from SAFV, with 41-56 % aa pairwise distances. The new genetic information obtained in this study will improve our understanding of the evolution and classification of SAFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Naeem
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takushi Hosomi
- The Meat Inspection Center of Kochi Prefecture, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yorihiro Nishimura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Cusick MF, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Picornavirus infection leading to immunosuppression. Future Virol 2014; 9:475-482. [PMID: 25214881 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Viruses, such as HIV, hepatitis A, poliovirus, coxsackievirus B3 and foot-and-mouth disease virus, use a variety of mechanisms to suppress the human immune system in order to evade clearance by the host. Therefore, investigating how a few changes in the viral genome of a nonlethal virus can lead to an alteration in disease, from survivable to immunosuppression and death, would provide valuable information into viral pathogenesis. In addition, we propose that gaining a better insight into how these viruses suppress an antiviral immune response could lead to viral-based therapeutics to combat specifc autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Cusick
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Ren L, Xiao Y, Li J, Chen L, Zhang J, Vernet G, Wang J. Multiple genomic recombination events in the evolution of saffold cardiovirus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74947. [PMID: 24086404 PMCID: PMC3781130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Saffold cardiovirus (SAFV) is a new human cardiovirus with 11 identified genotypes. Little is known about the natural history and pathogenicity of SAFVs. Methodology/Principal Findings We sequenced the genome of five SAFV-1 strains which were identified from fecal samples taken from children with viral diarrhea in Beijing, China between March 2006 and November 2007, and analyzed the phylogenetic and phylodynamic properties of SAFVs using the genome sequences of every known SAFV genotypes. We identified multiple recombination events in our SAFV-1 strains, specifically recombination between SAFV-2, -3, -4, -9, -10 and the prototype SAFV-1 strain in the VP4 region and recombination between SAFV-4, -6, -8, -10, -11 and prototype SAFV-1 in the VP1/2A region. Notably, recombination in the structural gene VP4 is a rare event in Cardiovirus. The ratio of nonsynonymous substitutions to synonymous substitutions indicates a purifying selection of the SAFV genome. Phylogenetic and molecular clock analysis indicates the existence of at least two subclades of SAFV-1 with different origins. Subclade 1 includes two strains isolated from Pakistan, whereas subclade 2 includes the prototype strain and strains isolated in China, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. The most recent common ancestor of all SAFV genotypes dates to the 1710s, and SAFV-1, -2, and -3 to the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, respectively. No obvious relationship between variation and pathogenicity exists in the critical domains of the CD and EF loops of viral capsid proteins or the multi-functional proteins L based on animo acid sequence identity comparison between SAFV genotypes. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that intertypic recombination plays an important role in the diversity of SAFVs, highlighting the diversity of the five strains with the previously described SAFV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ren
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Dr. Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yan Xiao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Dr. Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Li
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Dr. Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lan Chen
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Dr. Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Dr. Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | | | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Dr. Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Nix WA, Khetsuriani N, Peñaranda S, Maher K, Venczel L, Cselkó Z, Freire MC, Cisterna D, Lema CL, Rosales P, Rodriguez JR, Rodriguez W, Halkyer P, Ronveaux O, Pallansch MA, Oberste MS. Diversity of picornaviruses in rural Bolivia. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2017-2028. [PMID: 23804569 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.053827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The family Picornaviridae is a large and diverse group of viruses that infect humans and animals. Picornaviruses are among the most common infections of humans and cause a wide spectrum of acute human disease. This study began as an investigation of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in a small area of eastern Bolivia, where surveillance had identified a persistently high AFP rate in children. Stools were collected and diagnostic studies ruled out poliovirus. We tested stool specimens from 51 AFP cases and 34 healthy household or community contacts collected during 2002-2003 using real-time and semi-nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays for enterovirus, parechovirus, cardiovirus, kobuvirus, salivirus and cosavirus. Anecdotal reports suggested a temporal association with neurological disease in domestic pigs, so six porcine stools were also collected and tested with the same set of assays, with the addition of an assay for porcine teschovirus. A total of 126 picornaviruses were detected in 73 of 85 human individuals, consisting of 53 different picornavirus types encompassing five genera (all except Kobuvirus). All six porcine stools contained porcine and/or human picornaviruses. No single virus, or combination of viruses, specifically correlated with AFP; however, the study revealed a surprising complexity of enteric picornaviruses in a single community.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Allan Nix
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Kaija Maher
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Linda Venczel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zsuzsa Cselkó
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Cecilia Freire
- Instituto Nacional de Enfemedades Infecciosos C. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Cisterna
- Instituto Nacional de Enfemedades Infecciosos C. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina L Lema
- Instituto Nacional de Enfemedades Infecciosos C. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Nielsen ACY, Gyhrs ML, Holmes EC, Cui J. Co-circulation and persistence of genetically distinct saffold viruses, Denmark. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1694-6. [PMID: 23017727 PMCID: PMC3471643 DOI: 10.3201/eid1810.120793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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30
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Kobayashi M, Tsukagoshi H, Ishioka T, Mizuta K, Noda M, Morita Y, Ryo A, Kozawa K, Kimura H. Seroepidemiology of Saffold cardiovirus (SAFV) genotype 3 in Japan. J Infect 2013; 66:191-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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31
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Himeda T, Hosomi T, Okuwa T, Muraki Y, Ohara Y. Saffold virus type 3 (SAFV-3) persists in HeLa cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53194. [PMID: 23308162 PMCID: PMC3537732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Saffold virus (SAFV) was identified as a human cardiovirus in 2007. Although several epidemiological studies have been reported, they have failed to provide a clear picture of the relationship between SAFV and human diseases. SAFV genotype 3 has been isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid specimen of patient with aseptic meningitis. This finding is of interest since Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), which is the closely related virus, is known to cause a multiple sclerosis-like syndrome in mice. TMEV persistently infects in mouse macrophage cells in vivo and in vitro, and the viral persistence is essential in TMEV-induced demyelinating disease. The precise mechanism(s) of SAFV infection still remain unclear. In order to clarify the SAFV pathogenicity, in the present study, we studied the possibilities of the in vitro persistent infection of SAFV. The two distinct phenotypes of HeLa cells, HeLa-N and HeLa-R, were identified. In these cells, the type of SAFV-3 infection was clearly different. HeLa-N cells were lyticly infected with SAFV-3 and the host suitable for the efficient growth. On the other hand, HeLa-R cells were persistently infected with SAFV-3. In addition, the SAFV persistence in HeLa-R cells is independent of type I IFN response of host cells although the TMEV persistence in mouse macrophage cells depends on the response. Furthermore, it was suggested that SAFV persistence may be influenced by the expression of receptor(s) for SAFV infection on the host cells. The present findings on SAFV persistence will provide the important information to encourage the research of SAFV pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Himeda
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takushi Hosomi
- The Public Health Institute of Kochi Prefecture, Kochi, Japan
| | - Takako Okuwa
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasushi Muraki
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Ohara
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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32
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Three clusters of Saffold viruses circulating in children with diarrhea in Japan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tapparel C, Siegrist F, Petty TJ, Kaiser L. Picornavirus and enterovirus diversity with associated human diseases. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012. [PMID: 23201849 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Picornaviridae family are non-enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses with a 30nm icosahedral capsid. This virus family exhibits a considerable amount of genetic variability driven both by mutation and recombination. Recently, three previously unknown human picornaviruses, namely the human Saffold cardiovirus, cosavirus and salivirus, have been identified in stools or respiratory samples from subjects presenting symptoms ranging from gastroenteritis to acute flaccid paralysis. However, these viruses were also frequently detected in asymptomatic subjects and their clinical relevance remains to be elucidated. The Enterovirus genus is a prototype example of the Picornaviridae heterogeneity at both genetic and phenotypic levels. This genus is divided into 10 species, seven of which contain human viruses, including three Rhinovirus species. Both human rhino- and enteroviruses are also characterized by high levels of genetic variability, as exemplified by the existence of over 250 different serotypes and the recent discovery of new enterovirus genotypes and the Rhinovirus C species. Despite their common genomic features, rhinoviruses are restricted to the respiratory tract, whereas the vast majority of enteroviruses infect the gastrointestinal tract and can spread to other organs, such as the heart or the central nervous system. Understanding the genetic determinants of such phenotypic diversity is an important challenge and a field for future investigation. Better characterization of these ubiquitous human pathogens may help to develop vaccines or antiviral treatments and to monitor the emergence of new strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tapparel
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Geneva Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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Virome analysis for identification of novel mammalian viruses in bat species from Chinese provinces. J Virol 2012; 86:10999-1012. [PMID: 22855479 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01394-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural hosts for a large variety of zoonotic viruses. This study aimed to describe the range of bat viromes, including viruses from mammals, insects, fungi, plants, and phages, in 11 insectivorous bat species (216 bats in total) common in six provinces of China. To analyze viromes, we used sequence-independent PCR amplification and next-generation sequencing technology (Solexa Genome Analyzer II; Illumina). The viromes were identified by sequence similarity comparisons to known viruses. The mammalian viruses included those of the Adenoviridae, Herpesviridae, Papillomaviridae, Retroviridae, Circoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Astroviridae, Flaviridae, Coronaviridae, Picornaviridae, and Parvovirinae; insect viruses included those of the Baculoviridae, Iflaviridae, Dicistroviridae, Tetraviridae, and Densovirinae; fungal viruses included those of the Chrysoviridae, Hypoviridae, Partitiviridae, and Totiviridae; and phages included those of the Caudovirales, Inoviridae, and Microviridae and unclassified phages. In addition to the viruses and phages associated with the insects, plants, and bacterial flora related to the diet and habitation of bats, we identified the complete or partial genome sequences of 13 novel mammalian viruses. These included herpesviruses, papillomaviruses, a circovirus, a bocavirus, picornaviruses, a pestivirus, and a foamy virus. Pairwise alignments and phylogenetic analyses indicated that these novel viruses showed little genetic similarity with previously reported viruses. This study also revealed a high prevalence and diversity of bat astroviruses and coronaviruses in some provinces. These findings have expanded our understanding of the viromes of bats in China and hinted at the presence of a large variety of unknown mammalian viruses in many common bat species of mainland China.
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35
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Wang CYT, Greer RM, Delwart E, Sloots TP, Mackay IM. A newly designed real-time RT-PCR for SAFV detects SAFV-2 and SAFV-3 in the respiratory tracts of ill children during 2011. J Clin Virol 2012; 55:173-6. [PMID: 22832058 PMCID: PMC7108345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Y T Wang
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Children's Health Services, The University of Queensland, Australia
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