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Gupta S, Gauhar M, Bubber P, Ray P. Phylogenetic analysis of VP7 and VP4 genes of the most predominant human group A rotavirus G12 identified in children with acute gastroenteritis in Himachal Pradesh, India during 2013-2016. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6200-6209. [PMID: 34138482 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
G12 strains are now considered to be the sixth most prevalent human rotaviruses globally. India has introduced rotavirus vaccine Rotavac® into the national immunization program in 2016 and Himachal Pradesh (HP) is the first state to launch it. During epidemiological rotavirus surveillance in HP, predominance of G12 rotaviruses was observed. This study investigated the genetic variability and evolution of HP G12 strains (n = 15) associated with P-genotypes P[6], P[4], and P[8] identified between 2013 and 2016. Phylogenetic analysis of VP7 gene revealed that all characterized G12 strains clustered in lineage-III and diversified into three subclusters indicating that these strains may have originated from three different ancestral G12 strains. The comparative sequence analysis of HP strains with Rotavac® and Rotarix® vaccine strains revealed various amino acid substitutions in epitope regions of VP7 and VP4 proteins especially at the antibody neutralization sites. Only 12/29 VP7 epitope residues and 2/25 VP4 epitope residues were found to be conserved between HP rotavirus strains and vaccine strains. Both long and short electropherotypes were observed in G12P[4] strains, while a single long electropherotype was observed in G12P[6] strains. Children of ≤11 months were significantly infected with G12 rotaviruses. The frequency of vomiting episodes (≥5/day) was significantly higher in children infected with G12 rotavirus strains as compared to non-G12 rotaviruses (p = 0.0405). Our study provides the comprehensive data on clinical characteristics and evolutionary pattern of the G12 rotavirus, the most prevalent strain in HP and emphasizes the need to monitor these strains for inclusion in future vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mariyam Gauhar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Parvesh Bubber
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, IGNOU, New Delhi, India
| | - Pratima Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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2
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Weinberg GA. Outbreak Epidemiology: One of Many New Frontiers of Norovirus Biology. J Infect Dis 2018; 219:1349-1352. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York
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3
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Changotra H, Vij A. Rotavirus virus-like particles (RV-VLPs) vaccines: An update. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harish Changotra
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Solan Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Avni Vij
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Solan Himachal Pradesh India
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Decrease of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis to a Low Level Without Resurgence for Five Years After Universal RotaTeq Vaccination in Finland. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016; 35:1304-1308. [PMID: 27455440 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universal rotavirus (RV) vaccination with RotaTeq was introduced into National Immunization Programme (NIP) of Finland in September 2009. We have previously reported the reduction of RV gastroenteritis (GE) cases in the first 2 years after RV vaccination in NIP in Finland. METHODS In Tampere University Hospital, a 2-year survey of acute GE (AGE) in children was conducted before NIP in the years 2006 to 2008. This was followed by a similar prospective survey in years 2009 to 2011 and now extended to years 2012 to 2014. Stool samples from children examined in the hospital for AGE were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for RV and norovirus, and positive samples were typed by sequencing. RESULTS The proportion of RVGE of all AGE cases decreased from 52% (421 of 809 cases) in pre-NIP years to 26% (86 of 330 cases) in post-NIP years 2009 to 2011 falling to 12% (40 of 347 cases) in 2012 and 2014. The hospitalizations for RVGE were reduced by 90% and the outpatient clinic visits also by 90% in 2012 to 2014, compared with pre-NIP year; all AGE cases were reduced by 59%. Norovirus was a major causative agent of AGE in the post-NIP period, accounting for 34% of the cases in 2009 to 2011 and 29% in 2012 to 2014. CONCLUSIONS RV vaccination in NIP has led to a major reduction of RVGE cases seen in hospital with no resurgence in 5 years after NIP. A high coverage of RV vaccination will maintain RV activity at a low level but not eliminate wild-type RV circulation.
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Bowen MD, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Esona MD, Teel EN, Gautam R, Sturgeon M, Azimi PH, Baker CJ, Bernstein DI, Boom JA, Chappell J, Donauer S, Edwards KM, Englund JA, Halasa NB, Harrison CJ, Johnston SH, Klein EJ, McNeal MM, Moffatt ME, Rench MA, Sahni LC, Selvarangan R, Staat MA, Szilagyi PG, Weinberg GA, Wikswo ME, Parashar UD, Payne DC. Rotavirus Strain Trends During the Postlicensure Vaccine Era: United States, 2008-2013. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:732-8. [PMID: 27302190 PMCID: PMC5075963 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are a significant cause of pediatric gastroenteritis worldwide. The New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN) has conducted active surveillance for RVA at pediatric hospitals and emergency departments at 3-7 geographically diverse sites in the United States since 2006. METHODS Over 6 consecutive years, from 2008 to 2013, 1523 samples from NVSN sites that were tested positive by a Rotaclone enzyme immunoassay were submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for genotyping. RESULTS In the 2009, 2010, and 2011 seasons, genotype G3P[8] was the predominant genotype throughout the network, with a 46%-84% prevalence. In the 2012 season, G12P[8] replaced G3P[8] as the most common genotype, with a 70% prevalence, and this trend persisted in 2013 (68.0% prevalence). Vaccine (RotaTeq; Rotarix) strains were detected in 0.6%-3.4% of genotyped samples each season. Uncommon and unusual strains (eg, G8P[4], G3P[24], G2P[8], G3P[4], G3P[6], G24P[14], G4P[6], and G9P[4]) were detected sporadically over the study period. Year, study site, and race were found to be significant predictors of genotype. CONCLUSIONS Continued active surveillance is needed to monitor RVA genotypes in the United States and to detect potential changes since vaccine licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Bowen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Mathew D Esona
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Rashi Gautam
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Carol J Baker
- Texas Children's Hospital Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Julie A Boom
- Texas Children's Hospital Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - James Chappell
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mary E Moffatt
- Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Marcia A Rench
- Texas Children's Hospital Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Mary A Staat
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio
| | | | | | - Mary E Wikswo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Daniel C Payne
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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6
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Molecular Analysis of VP7 Gene of Rotavirus G1 Strains Isolated from North India. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:781-789. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Miño S, Barrandeguy M, Parreño V, Parra GI. Genetic linkage of capsid protein-encoding RNA segments in group A equine rotaviruses. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:912-921. [PMID: 26758293 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus virions are formed by three concentric protein layers that enclose the 11 dsRNA genome segments and the viral proteins VP1 and VP3. Interactions amongst the capsid proteins (VP2, VP6, VP7 and VP4) have been described to play a major role in viral fitness, whilst restricting the reassortment of the genomic segments during co-infection with different rotavirus strains. In this work we describe and characterize the linkage between VP6 and VP7 proteins based on structural and genomic analyses of group A rotavirus strains circulating in Argentinean horses. Strains with the VP7 genotype G3 showed a strong association with the VP6 genotype I6, whilst strains with G14 were associated with the I2 genotype. Most of the differences on the VP6 and VP7 proteins were observed in interactive regions between the two proteins, suggesting that VP6 : VP7 interactions may drive the co-evolution and co-segregation of their respective gene segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Miño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA Castelar, Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros s/n (CP 1816), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Barrandeguy
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA Castelar, Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros s/n (CP 1816), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km54.5 (B1630AHU), Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA Castelar, Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros s/n (CP 1816), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel I Parra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
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Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Roy S, Teel EN, Weinberg GA, Payne DC, Parashar UD, Bowen MD. Full genome characterization of the first G3P[24] rotavirus strain detected in humans provides evidence of interspecies reassortment and mutational saturation in the VP7 gene. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:389-402. [PMID: 26590163 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the 2008-2009 rotavirus season of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention New Vaccine Surveillance Network, one case of paediatric acute gastroenteritis associated with a rotavirus G14P[24] strain was identified. This was the first detection of the genotype G14 and P[24] in humans, and the first detection of the G14P[24] combination. To gain an insight into the origins and the evolution of this strain, we determined the complete ORF sequences of all 11 genes. A majority of the genes identified were similar to the simian strain TUCH, except for the VP1 and VP7 genes that clustered only distantly with the bovine and equine strains, respectively. In addition, this strain carried AU-1-like NSP2 and NSP4 genes. Using codon-partitioning and protein-based phylogenetic approaches, we determined that the VP7 genotype of strain 2009727118 was actually G3; therefore, the proposed full genomic classification of the 2009727118 strain is G3-P[24]-I9-R2-C3-M3-A9-N3-T3-E3-H6. These findings indicate the possibility that the 2009727118 strain originated by interspecies transmission and multiple reassortment events involving human, bovine and equine rotaviruses, resulting in the introduction of some genes into the genome of simian rotaviruses. Additionally, we found evidence of mutational saturation in the third codon position of the VP7 ORF which presented an issue with homoplasy in phylogenetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Mijatovic-Rustempasic
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases (DVD), National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA
| | - Sunando Roy
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases (DVD), National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Teel
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases (DVD), National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 690, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Daniel C Payne
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases (DVD), National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA
| | - Umesh D Parashar
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases (DVD), National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA
| | - Michael D Bowen
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases (DVD), National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA
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9
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Chung JY, Kim MS, Jung TW, Kim SJ, Kang JH, Han SB, Kim SY, Rhim JW, Kim HM, Park JH, Jo DS, Ma SH, Jeong HS, Cheon DS, Kim JH. Detection of Rotavirus Genotypes in Korea 5 Years after the Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccines. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:1471-5. [PMID: 26425045 PMCID: PMC4575937 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.10.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is one of the most important viral etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children. Although effective RV vaccines (RVVs) are now used worldwide, novel genotypes and outbreaks resulting from rare genotype combinations have emerged. This study documented RV genotypes in a Korean population of children with AGE 5 yr after the introduction of RVV and assessed potential genotype differences based on vaccination status or vaccine type. Children less than 5-yr-old diagnosed with AGE between October 2012 and September 2013 admitted to 9 medical institutions from 8 provinces in Korea were prospectively enrolled. Stool samples were tested for RV by enzyme immunoassay and genotyped by multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. In 346 patients, 114 (32.9%) were RV-positive. Among them, 87 (76.3%) patients were infected with RV alone. Eighty-six of 114 RV-positive stool samples were successfully genotyped, and their combinations of genotypes were G1P[8] (36, 41.9%), G2P[4] (12, 14.0%), and G3P[8] (6, 7.0%). RV was detected in 27.8% of patients in the vaccinated group and 39.8% in the unvaccinated group (P=0.035). Vaccination history was available for 67 of 86 cases with successfully genotyped RV-positive stool samples; RotaTeq (20, 29.9%), Rotarix (7, 10.4%), unvaccinated (40, 59.7%). The incidence of RV AGE is lower in the RV-vaccinated group compared to the unvaccinated group with no evidence of substitution with unusual genotype combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Young Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanggyepaik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Tae Woong Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seong Joon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Han Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Beom Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jung Woo Rhim
- Department of Pediatrics, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hwang-Min Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Dae Sun Jo
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Changwon Fatima Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Hye-Sook Jeong
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Doo-Sung Cheon
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
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Investigation of Stilbenoids as Potential Therapeutic Agents for Rotavirus Gastroenteritis. Adv Virol 2015; 2015:293524. [PMID: 26379708 PMCID: PMC4563088 DOI: 10.1155/2015/293524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) infections cause severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. Vaccines are available but cost prohibitive for many countries and only reduce severe symptoms. Vaccinated infants continue to shed infectious particles, and studies show decreased efficacy of the RV vaccines in tropical and subtropical countries where they are needed most. Continuing surveillance for new RV strains, assessment of vaccine efficacy, and development of cost effective antiviral drugs remain an important aspect of RV studies. This study was to determine the efficacy of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory stilbenoids to inhibit RV replication. Peanut (A. hypogaea) hairy root cultures were induced to produce stilbenoids, which were purified by high performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC) and analyzed by HPLC. HT29.f8 cells were infected with RV in the presence stilbenoids. Cell viability counts showed no cytotoxic effects on HT29.f8 cells. Viral infectivity titers were calculated and comparatively assessed to determine the effects of stilbenoid treatments. Two stilbenoids, trans-arachidin-1 and trans-arachidin-3, show a significant decrease in RV infectivity titers. Western blot analyses performed on the infected cell lysates complemented the infectivity titrations and indicated a significant decrease in viral replication. These studies show the therapeutic potential of the stilbenoids against RV replication.
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Dóró R, Mihalov-Kovács E, Marton S, László B, Deák J, Jakab F, Juhász Á, Kisfali P, Martella V, Melegh B, Molnár P, Sántha I, Schneider F, Bányai K. Large-scale whole genome sequencing identifies country-wide spread of an emerging G9P[8] rotavirus strain in Hungary, 2012. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:495-512. [PMID: 25239526 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
With the availability of rotavirus vaccines routine strain surveillance has been launched or continued in many countries worldwide. In this study relevant information is provided from Hungary in order to extend knowledge about circulating rotavirus strains. Direct sequencing of the RT-PCR products obtained by VP7 and VP4 genes specific primer sets was utilized as routine laboratory method. In addition we explored the advantage of random primed RT-PCR and semiconductor sequencing of the whole genome of selected strains. During the study year, 2012, we identified an increase in the prevalence of G9P[8] strains across the country. This genotype combination predominated in seven out of nine study sites (detection rates, 45-83%). In addition to G9P[8]s, epidemiologically major strains included genotypes G1P[8] (34.2%), G2P[4] (13.5%), and G4P[8] (7.4%), whereas unusual and rare strains were G3P[8] (1%), G2P[8] (0.5%), G1P[4] (0.2%), G3P[4] (0.2%), and G3P[9] (0.2%). Whole genome analysis of 125 Hungarian human rotaviruses identified nine major genotype constellations and uncovered both intra- and intergenogroup reassortment events in circulating strains. Intergenogroup reassortment resulted in several unusual genotype constellations, including mono-reassortant G1P[8] and G9P[8] strains whose genotype 1 (Wa-like) backbone gene constellations contained DS1-like NSP2 and VP3 genes, respectively, as well as, a putative bovine-feline G3P[9] reassortant strain. The conserved genomic constellations of epidemiologically major genotypes suggested the clonal spread of the re-emerging G9P[8] genotype and several co-circulating strains (e.g., G1P[8] and G2P[4]) in many study sites during 2012. Of interest, medically important G2P[4] strains carried bovine-like VP1 and VP6 genes in their genotype constellation. No evidence for vaccine associated selection, or, interaction between wild-type and vaccine strains was obtained. In conclusion, this study reports the reemergence of G9P[8] strains across the country and indicates the robustness of whole genome sequencing in routine rotavirus strain surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Dóró
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Péter Molnár
- Combined Szent István and Szent László Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Sántha
- Hungarian National Public Health and Medical Officer Service, Miskolc, Hungary
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Review of global rotavirus strain prevalence data from six years post vaccine licensure surveillance: is there evidence of strain selection from vaccine pressure? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:446-61. [PMID: 25224179 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive reviews of pre licensure rotavirus strain prevalence data indicated the global importance of six rotavirus genotypes, G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8] and G12P[8]. Since 2006, two vaccines, the monovalent Rotarix (RV1) and the pentavalent RotaTeq (RV5) have been available in over 100 countries worldwide. Of these, 60 countries have already introduced either RV1 or RV5 in their national immunization programs. Post licensure vaccine effectiveness is closely monitored worldwide. This review aimed at describing the global changes in rotavirus strain prevalence over time. The genotype distribution of the nearly 47,000 strains that were characterized during 2007-2012 showed similar picture to that seen in the preceding period. An intriguing finding was the transient predominance of heterotypic strains, mainly in countries using RV1. Unusual and novel antigen combinations continue to emerge, including some causing local outbreaks, even in vaccinated populations. In addition, vaccine strains have been found in both vaccinated infants and their contacts and there is evidence for genetic interaction between vaccine and wild-type strains. In conclusion, the post-vaccine introduction strain prevalence data do not show any consistent pattern indicative of selection pressure resulting from vaccine use, although the increased detection rate of heterotypic G2P[4] strains in some countries following RV1 vaccination is unusual and this issue requires further monitoring.
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13
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Jain S, Vashistt J, Changotra H. Rotaviruses: is their surveillance needed? Vaccine 2014; 32:3367-78. [PMID: 24793942 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses, a major cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide accounts for around 0.5 million deaths annually. Owing to their segmented genome and frequently evolving capability, these display a wide variation in their genotypes. In addition to commonly circulating genotypes (G1, G2, G3, G4, G9, P[4] and P[8]), a number of infrequent genotypes are being continuously reported to infect humans. These viral strains exhibit variation from one geographical setting to another in their distribution. Though the introduction of vaccines (RotaTeq and Rotarix) proved to be very effective in declining rotavirus associated morbidity and mortality, the number of infections remained same. Unusual genotypes significantly contribute to the rotavirus associated diarrhoeal burden, may reduce the efficacy of the vaccines in use and hence vaccinated individuals may not be benefited. Vaccine introduction may bring about a notable impact on the distribution and prevalence of these viruses due to selection pressure. Moreover, there is a sudden emergence of G2 and G3 in Brazil and United States, respectively, during the years 2006-2008 post-vaccination introduction; G9 and G12 became predominant during the years 1986 through 1998 before the vaccine introduction and now are commonly prevalent strains; and disparity in the predominance of strains after introduction of vaccines and their natural fluctuations poses a vital question on the impact of vaccines on rotavirus strain circulation. This interplay between vaccines and rotavirus strains is yet to be explored, but it certainly enforces the need to continuously monitor these changes in strains prevalence in a particular region. Furthermore, these fluctuations should be considered while administration or development of a vaccine, if rotavirus associated mortality is ever to be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Jain
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 1732 34, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendraa Vashistt
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 1732 34, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Harish Changotra
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 1732 34, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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