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Varikkodan MM, Kunnathodi F, Azmi S, Wu TY. An Overview of Indian Biomedical Research on the Chikungunya Virus with Particular Reference to Its Vaccine, an Unmet Medical Need. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1102. [PMID: 37376491 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an infectious agent spread by mosquitos, that has engendered endemic or epidemic outbreaks of Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) in Africa, South-East Asia, America, and a few European countries. Like most tropical infections, CHIKV is frequently misdiagnosed, underreported, and underestimated; it primarily affects areas with limited resources, like developing nations. Due to its high transmission rate and lack of a preventive vaccine or effective treatments, this virus poses a serious threat to humanity. After a 32-year hiatus, CHIKV reemerged as the most significant epidemic ever reported, in India in 2006. Since then, CHIKV-related research was begun in India, and up to now, more than 800 peer-reviewed research papers have been published by Indian researchers and medical practitioners. This review gives an overview of the outbreak history and CHIKV-related research in India, to favor novel high-quality research works intending to promote effective treatment and preventive strategies, including vaccine development, against CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Muhsin Varikkodan
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
| | - Faisal Kunnathodi
- Scientific Research Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfuddin Azmi
- Scientific Research Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tzong-Yuan Wu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
- R&D Center of Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
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Hakim MS, Annisa L, Gazali FM, Aman AT. The origin and continuing adaptive evolution of chikungunya virus. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2443-2455. [PMID: 35987965 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the responsible agent of chikungunya fever, a debilitating arthritic disease in humans. CHIKV is endemic in Africa and Asia, although transmission cycles are considerably different on these continents. Before 2004, CHIKV had received little attention, since it was only known to cause localised outbreaks in a limited region with no fatalities. However, the recent global reemergence of CHIKV has caused serious global health problems and shown its potential to become a significant viral threat in the future. Unexpectedly, the reemergence is more rapid and is geographically more extensive, especially due to increased intensity of global travel systems or failure to contain mosquito populations. Another important factor is the successful adaptation of CHIKV to a new vector, the Aedes albopictus mosquito. Ae. albopictus survives in both temperate and tropical climates, thus facilitating CHIKV expansion to non-endemic regions. The continuous spread and transmission of CHIKV pose challenges for the development of effective vaccines and specific antiviral therapies. In this review, we discuss the biology and origin of CHIKV in Africa as well as its subsequent expansion to other parts of the world. We also review the transmission cycle of CHIKV and its continuing adaptation to its mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts. More-complete understanding of the continuous evolution of CHIKV may help in predicting the emergence of CHIKV strains with possibly greater transmission efficiency in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad S Hakim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Luthvia Annisa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Faris M Gazali
- Master Program in Biotechnology, Postgraduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Abu T Aman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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Aetiologies and Risk Factors of Prolonged Fever Admission in Samtse Hospital, Bhutan, 2020. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137859. [PMID: 35805518 PMCID: PMC9266161 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Febrile illness is a common cause of hospital admission in developing countries, including Bhutan. Prolonged fever admission can add considerable strain on healthcare service delivery. Therefore, identifying the underlying cause of prolonged hospital stays can improve the quality of patient care by providing appropriate empirical treatment. Thus, the study’s aims were to evaluate the aetiologies and factors of prolonged fever admission in Samtse Hospital, Bhutan. Fever admission data from 1 January to 31 December 2020 were retrieved from the Samtse Hospital database. Prolonged hospital stay was defined as those with >5 days of hospital admission. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for a prolonged hospital stay. Of 290 records, 135 (46.6%) were children (≤12 years), 167 (57.6%) were males, and 237 (81.7%) patients were from rural areas. The common aetiologies for fever admissions were respiratory tract infection (85, 29.3%) and acute undifferentiated febrile illness (48, 16.6%). The prolonged stay was reported in 87 (30.0%) patients. Patients from rural areas (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.02, 95% CI = 1.58−10.24) and those with respiratory tract infections (AOR = 5.30, 95% CI = 1.11−25.39) and urinary tract infections and kidney disease (AOR = 8.16, 95% CI = 1.33−49.96) had higher odds of prolonged hospital stay. This epidemiological knowledge on prolonged hospital stay can be used by the physician for the management of fever admission in Samtse Hospital.
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Khongwichit S, Chansaenroj J, Chirathaworn C, Poovorawan Y. Chikungunya virus infection: molecular biology, clinical characteristics, and epidemiology in Asian countries. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:84. [PMID: 34857000 PMCID: PMC8638460 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne human pathogen that causes chikungunya fever, which is typically accompanied by severe joint pain. In Asia, serological evidence indicated that CHIKV first emerged in 1954. From the 1950’s to 2005, sporadic CHIKV infections were attributed to the Asian genotype. However, the massive outbreak of CHIKV in India and the Southwest Indian Ocean Islands in 2005 has since raised chikungunya as a worldwide public health concern. The virus is spreading globally, but mostly in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in South and Southeast Asia. The emergence of the CHIKV East/Central/South African genotype-Indian Ocean lineage (ECSA-IOL) has caused large outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia affected more than a million people over a decade. Notably, the massive CHIKV outbreaks before 2016 and the more recent outbreak in Asia were driven by distinct ECSA lineages. The first significant CHIKV ECSA strains harbored the Aedes albopictus-adaptive mutation E1: A226V. More recently, another mass CHIKV ECSA outbreak in Asia started in India and spread beyond South and Southeast Asia to Kenya and Italy. This virus lacked the E1: A226V mutation but instead harbored two novel mutations (E1: K211E and E2: V264A) in an E1: 226A background, which enhanced its fitness in Aedes aegypti. The emergence of a novel ECSA strain may lead to a more widespread geographical distribution of CHIKV in the future. This review summarizes the current CHIKV situation in Asian countries and provides a general overview of the molecular virology, disease manifestation, diagnosis, prevalence, genotype distribution, evolutionary relationships, and epidemiology of CHIKV infection in Asian countries over the past 65 years. This knowledge is essential in guiding the epidemiological study, control, prevention of future CHIKV outbreaks, and the development of new vaccines and antivirals targeting CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarawut Khongwichit
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jira Chansaenroj
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chintana Chirathaworn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Abstract
Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is an arbovirus disease caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus of Togaviridae family. Transmission follows a human-mosquito-human cycle starting with a mosquito bite. Subsequently, symptoms develop after 2-6 days of incubation, including high fever and severe arthralgia. The disease is self-limiting and usually resolve within 2 weeks. However, chronic disease can last up to several years with persistent polyarthralgia. Overlapping symptoms and common vector with dengue and malaria present many challenges for diagnosis and treatment of this disease. CHIKF was reported in India in 1963 for the first time. After a period of quiescence lasting up to 32 years, CHIKV re-emerged in India in 2005. Currently, every part of the country has become endemic for the disease with outbreaks resulting in huge economic and productivity losses. Several mutations have been identified in circulating strains of the virus resulting in better adaptations or increased fitness in the vector(s), effective transmission, and disease severity. CHIKV evolution has been a significant driver of epidemics in India, hence, the need to focus on proper surveillance, and implementation of prevention and control measure in the country. Presently, there are no licensed vaccines or antivirals available; however, India has initiated several efforts in this direction including traditional medicines. In this review, we present the current status of CHIKF in India.
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Abdul-Ghani R, Fouque F, Mahdy MAK, Zhong Q, Al-Eryani SMA, Alkwri A, Beier JC. Multisectoral Approach to Address Chikungunya Outbreaks Driven by Human Mobility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:S709-S716. [PMID: 33119099 PMCID: PMC7594244 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of human mobility in the epidemiology of emerging Aedes-transmitted viral diseases is recognized but not fully understood. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine how human mobility patterns are driving chikungunya outbreaks. METHODS Literature was systematically reviewed for studies on chikungunya prevalence in countries/territories with high-level evidence of human mobility-driven outbreaks, based on: (1) emergence of chikungunya outbreaks with epidemic chikungunya virus genotypes among displaced/migrant populations and their hosting communities; and (2) identification of imported index case(s) with epidemic genotypes phylogenetically related to the genotypes circulating during emerging or subsequent outbreaks. RESULTS The meta-analysis of extracted prevalence data revealed that a large proportion of the population in countries/territories afflicted by outbreaks is still at risk of infection during future outbreaks. On the other hand, approximately one-half of suspected chikungunya cases could be infected with other co-circulating acute febrile illnesses. CONCLUSIONS We discussed in this paper how human mobility-driven chikungunya outbreaks can be addressed, and how the involvement of several sectors in addition to the health sector in multisectoral approaches (MSAs) is important for prevention and control of chikungunya and other Aedes-transmitted arboviral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Abdul-Ghani
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen.,Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Florence Fouque
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mohammed A K Mahdy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen.,Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Qingxia Zhong
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samira M A Al-Eryani
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Abdulsamad Alkwri
- Integrated Vector Management Unit, National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - John C Beier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Phuyal P, Kramer IM, Klingelhöfer D, Kuch U, Madeburg A, Groneberg DA, Wouters E, Dhimal M, Müller R. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Dengue and Chikungunya in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6656. [PMID: 32932665 PMCID: PMC7560004 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The risk of increasing dengue (DEN) and chikungunya (CHIK) epidemics impacts 240 million people, health systems, and the economy in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. The aim of this systematic review is to monitor trends in the distribution and spread of DEN/CHIK over time and geographically for future reliable vector and disease control in the HKH region. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on the spatiotemporal distribution of DEN/CHIK in HKH published up to 23 January 2020, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. In total, we found 61 articles that focused on the spatial and temporal distribution of 72,715 DEN and 2334 CHIK cases in the HKH region from 1951 to 2020. DEN incidence occurs in seven HKH countries, i.e., India, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and Myanmar, and CHIK occurs in four HKH countries, i.e., India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar, out of eight HKH countries. DEN is highly seasonal and starts with the onset of the monsoon (July in India and June in Nepal) and with the onset of spring (May in Bhutan) and peaks in the postmonsoon season (September to November). This current trend of increasing numbers of both diseases in many countries of the HKH region requires coordination of response efforts to prevent and control the future expansion of those vector-borne diseases to nonendemic areas, across national borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parbati Phuyal
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (I.M.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.); (M.D.); (R.M.)
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Marie Kramer
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (I.M.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.); (M.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Doris Klingelhöfer
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (I.M.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.); (M.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Ulrich Kuch
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (I.M.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.); (M.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Axel Madeburg
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (I.M.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.); (M.D.); (R.M.)
| | - David A. Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (I.M.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.); (M.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Edwin Wouters
- Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Meghnath Dhimal
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (I.M.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.); (M.D.); (R.M.)
- Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Ramshah Path, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Ruth Müller
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (I.M.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.); (M.D.); (R.M.)
- Unit Entomology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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Molecular epidemiology of dengue fever outbreaks in Bhutan, 2016-2017. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008165. [PMID: 32320397 PMCID: PMC7176082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue continues to pose a significant public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. In Bhutan, first outbreak of dengue fever (DF) was reported in 2004 in a southern border town, followed by sporadic cases over the years. In this study, we analysed DF outbreaks that occurred in 3 different places during the years 2016 and 2017. A total of 533 cases in 2016 and 163 in 2017 were suspected of having of DF, where young adults were mostly affected. A total of 240 acute serum specimens collected and analyzed for serotype by nested RT-PCR revealed predominance of serotypes 1 and 2 (DENV-1 and 2). Phylogenetic analysis using envelope gene for both the serotypes demonstrated cosmopolitan genotype which were closely related to strains from India, indicating that they were probably imported from the neighboring country over the past few years. Endemicity of DENV in some places of southern Bhutan has been established previously. In this study, we analysed outbreaks of DF that occurred in 3 places over a period of 2 years, 1 of which was previously not known to be endemic to DENV. Serum specimens collected from patients suspected of having DF were analyzed in the Royal Centre for Disease Control (RCDC) in Bhutan and in Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Thailand. DENV-1 and 2 were established as the causes of the outbreaks, also indicating that serotypes of DENV circulating in the country over the past years have remained the same. Our analyses reveal that the current DENV-1and DENV-2 in Bhutan probably originated from India, Bhutan’s closest neighboring country.
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Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging pathogen of global importance. We attempted to gain an insight into the organisation, distribution and mutational load of the virus strains reported from different parts of the world. We describe transmission dynamics and genetic characterisation of CHIKV across the globe during the last 65 years from 1952 to 2017. The evolutionary pattern of CHIKV was analysed using the E1 protein gene through phylogenetic, Bayesian and Network methods with a dataset of 265 sequences from various countries. The time to most recent common ancestor of the virus was estimated to be 491 years ago with an evolutionary rate of 2.78 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year. Genetic characterisation of CHIKV strains was carried out in terms of variable sites, selection pressure and epitope mapping. The neutral selection pressure on the E1 gene of the virus suggested a stochastic process of evolution. We identified six potential epitope peptides in the E1 protein showing substantial interaction with human MHC-I and MHC-II alleles. The present study augments global epidemiological and population dynamics of CHIKV warranting undertaking of appropriate control measures. The identification of epitopic peptides can be useful in the development of epitope-based vaccine strategies against this re-emerging viral pathogen.
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Alvis-Zakzuk NJ, Díaz-Jiménez D, Castillo-Rodríguez L, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Paternina-Caicedo Á, Pinzón-Redondo H, Carrasquilla-Sotomayor M, Alvis-Guzmán N, De La Hoz-Restrepo F. Economic Costs of Chikungunya Virus in Colombia. Value Health Reg Issues 2018; 17:32-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Mascarenhas M, Garasia S, Berthiaume P, Corrin T, Greig J, Ng V, Young I, Waddell L. A scoping review of published literature on chikungunya virus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207554. [PMID: 30496207 PMCID: PMC6264817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has caused several major epidemics globally over the last two decades and is quickly expanding into new areas. Although this mosquito-borne disease is self-limiting and is not associated with high mortality, it can lead to severe, chronic and disabling arthritis, thereby posing a heavy burden to healthcare systems. The two main vectors for CHIKV are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito); however, many other mosquito species have been described as competent CHIKV vectors in scientific literature. With climate change, globalization and unfettered urban planning affecting many areas, CHIKV poses a significant public health risk to many countries. A scoping review was conducted to collate and categorize all pertinent information gleaned from published scientific literature on a priori defined aspects of CHIKV and its competent vectors. After developing a sensitive and specific search algorithm for the research question, seven databases were searched and data was extracted from 1920 relevant articles. Results show that CHIKV research is reported predominantly in areas after major epidemics have occurred. There has been an upsurge in CHIKV publications since 2011, especially after first reports of CHIKV emergence in the Americas. A list of hosts and vectors that could potentially be involved in the sylvatic and urban transmission cycles of CHIKV has been compiled in this scoping review. In addition, a repository of CHIKV mutations associated with evolutionary fitness and adaptation has been created by compiling and characterizing these genetic variants as reported in scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Mascarenhas
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophiya Garasia
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe Berthiaume
- National Microbiology Laboratory at St. Hyacinthe, Public Health Agency of Canada, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tricia Corrin
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judy Greig
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Ng
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Young
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Waddell
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Dhimal M, Dahal S, Dhimal ML, Mishra SR, Karki KB, Aryal KK, Haque U, Kabir MI, Guin P, Butt AM, Harapan H, Liu QY, Chu C, Montag D, Groneberg DA, Pandey BD, Kuch U, Müller R. Threats of Zika virus transmission for Asia and its Hindu-Kush Himalayan region. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:40. [PMID: 29759076 PMCID: PMC5952373 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Asia and its Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region is particularly vulnerable to environmental change, especially climate and land use changes further influenced by rapid population growth, high level of poverty and unsustainable development. Asia has been a hotspot of dengue fever and chikungunya mainly due to its dense human population, unplanned urbanization and poverty. In an urban cycle, dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes which are also competent vectors of Zika virus (ZIKV). Over the last decade, DENV and CHIKV transmissions by Ae. aegypti have extended to the Himalayan countries of Bhutan and Nepal and ZIKV could follow in the footsteps of these viruses in the HKH region. The already established distribution of human-biting Aedes mosquito vectors and a naïve population with lack of immunity against ZIKV places the HKH region at a higher risk of ZIKV. Some of the countries in the HKH region have already reported ZIKV cases. We have documented an increasing threat of ZIKV in Asia and its HKH region because of the high abundance and wide distribution of human-biting mosquito vectors, climate change, poverty, report of indigenous cases in the region, increasing numbers of imported cases and a naïve population with lack of immunity against ZIKV. An outbreak anywhere is potentially a threat everywhere. Therefore, in order to ensure international health security, all efforts to prevent, detect, and respond to ZIKV ought to be intensified now in Asia and its HKH region. To prepare for possible ZIKV outbreaks, Asia and the HKH region can also learn from the success stories and strategies adopted by other regions and countries in preventing ZIKV and associated complications. The future control strategies for DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV should be considered in tandem with the threat to human well-being that is posed by other emerging and re-emerging vector-borne and zoonotic diseases, and by the continuing urgent need to strengthen public primary healthcare systems in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghnath Dhimal
- Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC), Ramshah Path, Kathmandu, Nepal. .,Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sushma Dahal
- Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC), Ramshah Path, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Faculty of Social Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Khem B Karki
- Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC), Ramshah Path, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Ubydul Haque
- Department of Public Health, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, Ohio, USA
| | - Md Iqbal Kabir
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pradeep Guin
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.,Centre for Environmental Health, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Azeem Mehmood Butt
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Qi-Yong Liu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management, SKLID, CCID, ICDC, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Cordia Chu
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Doreen Montag
- Barts and the London School of Medicine, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David Alexander Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Basu Dev Pandey
- Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ulrich Kuch
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ruth Müller
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Tanabe ELDL, Tanabe ISB, Santos ECD, Marques JPDS, Borges AA, Lima MCD, Anderson L, Bassi ÊJ. Report of East-Central South African Chikungunya virus genotype during the 2016 outbreak in the Alagoas State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 60:e19. [PMID: 29694603 PMCID: PMC5956549 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes a self-limiting disease characterized by the
onset of fever, skin rash and persistent arthralgia. In the last decade, it has
emerged as a serious public health problem causing several outbreaks around the
world. Here, we report the CHIKV genotype characterization during the 2016 CHIKV
outbreak in Alagoas State, Brazil. Partial E1 sequence from CHIKV-positive
samples coming from different cities of Alagoas were submitted to DNA sequencing
followed by phylogenetic analysis thus characterizing the virus genotype. The
circulating CHIKV virus in Alagoas during 2016 outbreak belongs to the
East-Central South African genotype. In this way, virus genotyping to monitoring
the spread of CHIKV is needed to continued surveillance supporting the
development of prevention strategies, mainly in endemic areas of mosquitoes and
arboviruses co-circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloiza Lopes de Lira Tanabe
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia (LAPEVI), Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune (IMUNOREG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Ithallo Sathio Bessoni Tanabe
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia (LAPEVI), Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune (IMUNOREG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Elane Conceição Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia (LAPEVI), Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune (IMUNOREG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Abel Borges
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia (LAPEVI), Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune (IMUNOREG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Letícia Anderson
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia (LAPEVI), Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune (IMUNOREG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Ênio José Bassi
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia (LAPEVI), Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune (IMUNOREG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
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Zeller H, Van Bortel W, Sudre B. Chikungunya: Its History in Africa and Asia and Its Spread to New Regions in 2013-2014. J Infect Dis 2017; 214:S436-S440. [PMID: 27920169 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes and causes febrile illness with severe arthralgia in humans. There are 3 circulating CHIKV genotypes, Asia, East/Central/South Africa, and West Africa. CHIKV was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and up until the early 2000s, a few outbreaks and sporadic cases of CHIKV were mainly reported in Africa and Asia. However, from 2004 to 2005, a large epidemic spanned from Kenya over to the southwestern Indian Ocean region, India, and Southeast Asia. Identified in 2005, the E1 glycoprotein A226V mutation of the East/Central/South Africa genotype conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito and has been implicated in CHIKV's further spread in the last decade. In 2013, the Asian CHIKV genotype emerged in the Caribbean and quickly took the Americas by storm. This review will discuss the history of CHIKV as well as its expanding geographic distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herve Zeller
- Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases Programme, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Wim Van Bortel
- Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases Programme, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bertrand Sudre
- Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases Programme, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
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Wahid B, Ali A, Rafique S, Idrees M. Global expansion of chikungunya virus: mapping the 64-year history. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 58:69-76. [PMID: 28288924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that is emerging as a global threat because of the highly debilitating nature of the associated disease and unprecedented magnitude of its spread. Chikungunya originated in Africa and has since spread across the entire globe causing large numbers of epidemics that have infected millions of people in Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Europe, the Americas, and Pacific Islands. Phylogenetic analysis has identified four different genotypes of CHIKV: Asian, West African, East/Central/South African (ECSA), and Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL). In the absence of well-designed epidemiological studies, the aim of this review article was to summarize the global epidemiology of CHIKV and to provide baseline data for future research on the treatment, prevention, and control of this life-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braira Wahid
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Amjad Ali
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Vice Chancellor Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan.
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16
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Silva LA, Dermody TS. Chikungunya virus: epidemiology, replication, disease mechanisms, and prospective intervention strategies. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:737-749. [PMID: 28248203 PMCID: PMC5330729 DOI: 10.1172/jci84417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a reemerging arbovirus, causes a crippling musculoskeletal inflammatory disease in humans characterized by fever, polyarthralgia, myalgia, rash, and headache. CHIKV is transmitted by Aedes species of mosquitoes and is capable of an epidemic, urban transmission cycle with high rates of infection. Since 2004, CHIKV has spread to new areas, causing disease on a global scale, and the potential for CHIKV epidemics remains high. Although CHIKV has caused millions of cases of disease and significant economic burden in affected areas, no licensed vaccines or antiviral therapies are available. In this Review, we describe CHIKV epidemiology, replication cycle, pathogenesis and host immune responses, and prospects for effective vaccines and highlight important questions for future research.
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17
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Burt FJ, Chen W, Miner JJ, Lenschow DJ, Merits A, Schnettler E, Kohl A, Rudd PA, Taylor A, Herrero LJ, Zaid A, Ng LFP, Mahalingam S. Chikungunya virus: an update on the biology and pathogenesis of this emerging pathogen. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:e107-e117. [PMID: 28159534 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Re-emergence of chikungunya virus, a mosquito-transmitted pathogen, is of serious public health concern. In the past 15 years, after decades of infrequent, sporadic outbreaks, the virus has caused major epidemic outbreaks in Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, and more recently the Caribbean and the Americas. Chikungunya virus is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions, but the potential exists for further spread because of genetic adaptation of the virus to Aedes albopictus, a species that thrives in temperate regions. Chikungunya virus represents a substantial health burden to affected populations, with symptoms that include severe joint and muscle pain, rashes, and fever, as well as prolonged periods of disability in some patients. The inflammatory response coincides with raised levels of immune mediators and infiltration of immune cells into infected joints and surrounding tissues. Animal models have provided insights into disease pathology and immune responses. Although host innate and adaptive responses have a role in viral clearance and protection, they can also contribute to virus-induced immune pathology. Understanding the mechanisms of host immune responses is essential for the development of treatments and vaccines. Inhibitory compounds targeting key inflammatory pathways, as well as attenuated virus vaccines, have shown some success in animal models, including an attenuated vaccine strain based on an isolate from La Reunion incorporating an internal ribosome entry sequence that prevents the virus from infecting mosquitoes and a vaccine based on virus-like particles expressing envelope proteins. However, immune correlates of protection, as well as the safety of prophylactic and therapeutic candidates, are important to consider for their application in chikungunya infections. In this Review, we provide an update on chikungunya virus with regard to its epidemiology, molecular virology, virus-host interactions, immunological responses, animal models, and potential antiviral therapies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity J Burt
- National Health Laboratory Services, Universitas and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Miner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Penny A Rudd
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam Taylor
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Lara J Herrero
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ali Zaid
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Bala Murugan S, Sathishkumar R. Chikungunya infection: A potential re-emerging global threat. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:933-937. [PMID: 27794385 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are indeed a lifelong threat to everyone irrespective of age, sex, lifestyle and socio-economic status. The infectious diseases have persisted among the prominent causes of death globally. Recently, re-emergence of Chikungunya viral infection harmed many in Asian and African countries. Chikungunya was considered as a major threat in developing and under-developed countries; the recent epidemiological outbreak of Chikungunya in La Reunion urges the global researchers to develop effective vaccine against this viral disease. In this review, Chikungunya, pathogenesis and epidemiology were briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Ramalingam Sathishkumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Two novel epistatic mutations (E1:K211E and E2:V264A) in structural proteins of Chikungunya virus enhance fitness in Aedes aegypti. Virology 2016; 497:59-68. [PMID: 27423270 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of CHIKV outbreaks with appearance of novel mutations are reported from many parts of the world. Two novel mutations viz. E1:K211E and E2:V264A in background of E1:226A are recently identified from Aedes aegypti dominated areas of India. In this study, the role of these mutations in modulation of infectivity, dissemination and transmission by two different Aedes species was studied. Mutations were sequentially constructed in CHIKV genome and female Ae. aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes were orally infected with eight different CHIKV mutants. Double mutant virus containing E1:K211E and E2:V264A mutations in background of E1:226A revealed remarkably higher fitness for Ae. aegypti, as indicated by significant increase in virus infectivity (13 fold), dissemination (15 fold) and transmission (62 fold) compared to parental E1:226A virus. These results indicate that adaptive mutations in CHIKV are leading to efficient CHIKV circulation in Ae. aegypti endemic areas, contributing and sustaining the major CHIKV outbreaks.
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Sam IC, Kümmerer BM, Chan YF, Roques P, Drosten C, AbuBakar S. Updates on chikungunya epidemiology, clinical disease, and diagnostics. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 15:223-30. [PMID: 25897809 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an Aedes-borne alphavirus, historically found in Africa and Asia, where it caused sporadic outbreaks. In 2004, CHIKV reemerged in East Africa and spread globally to cause epidemics, including, for the first time, autochthonous transmission in Europe, the Middle East, and Oceania. The epidemic strains were of the East/Central/South African genotype. Strains of the Asian genotype of CHIKV continued to cause outbreaks in Asia and spread to Oceania and, in 2013, to the Americas. Acute disease, mainly comprising fever, rash, and arthralgia, was previously regarded as self-limiting; however, there is growing evidence of severe but rare manifestations, such as neurological disease. Furthermore, CHIKV appears to cause a significant burden of long-term morbidity due to persistent arthralgia. Diagnostic assays have advanced greatly in recent years, although there remains a need for simple, accurate, and affordable tests for the developing countries where CHIKV is most prevalent. This review focuses on recent important work on the epidemiology, clinical disease and diagnostics of CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ching Sam
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Lo Presti A, Cella E, Angeletti S, Ciccozzi M. Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of Chikungunya virus: An updating review. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 41:270-278. [PMID: 27085290 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus belonging to the Togaviridae family, causing a febrile illness associated with severe arthralgia and rash. In this review, we summarized a series of articles published from 2013 to 2016 concerning CHIKV epidemiology, phylogeny, vaccine and therapies, to give an update of our most recent article written in 2014 (Lo Presti et al.,2014). CHIKV infection was first reported in 1952 from Makonde plateaus and since this time caused many outbreaks worldwide, involving the Indian Ocean region, African countries, American continent and Italy. CHIKV infection is still underestimated and it is normally associated with clinical symptoms overlapping with dengue virus, recurring epidemics and mutations within the viral genome. These characteristics promote the geographical spread and the inability to control vector-mediated transmission of the virus. For these reasons, the majority of studies were aimed to describe outbreaks and to enhance knowledge on CHIKV biology, pathogenesis, infection treatment, and prevention. In this review, 16 studies on CHIKV phylogenetic and phylodinamics were considered, during the years 2013-2016. Phylogenetic and phylodinamic analysis are useful tools to investigate how the genealogy of a pathogen population is influenced by pathogen's demographic history, host immunological milieu and environmental/ecological factors. Phylogenetic tools were revealed important to reconstruct the geographic spread of CHIKV during the epidemics wave and to have information on the circulating strains of the virus, that are important for the prediction and control of the epidemics, as well as for vaccines and antiviral drugs development. In conclusion, this updating review can give a critical appraisal of the epidemiology, therapeutic and phylogenesis of CHIKV, reinforcing the need to monitor the geographic spread of virus and vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Lo Presti
- Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cella
- Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Unit of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Wangdi K, Banwell C, Gatton ML, Kelly GC, Namgay R, Clements ACA. Development and evaluation of a spatial decision support system for malaria elimination in Bhutan. Malar J 2016; 15:180. [PMID: 27004465 PMCID: PMC4804570 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bhutan has reduced its malaria incidence significantly in the last 5 years, and is aiming for malaria elimination by 2016. To assist with the management of the Bhutanese malaria elimination programme a spatial decision support system (SDSS) was developed. The current study aims to describe SDSS development and evaluate SDSS utility and acceptability through informant interviews. Methods The SDSS was developed based on the open-source Quantum geographical information system (QGIS) and piloted to support the distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) in the two sub-districts of Samdrup Jongkhar District. It was subsequently used to support reactive case detection (RACD) in the two sub-districts of Samdrup Jongkhar and two additional sub-districts in Sarpang District. Interviews were conducted to ascertain perceptions on utility and acceptability of 11 informants using the SDSS, including programme and district managers, and field workers. Results A total of 1502 households with a population of 7165 were enumerated in the four sub-districts, and a total of 3491 LLINs were distributed with one LLIN per 1.7 persons. A total of 279 households representing 728 residents were involved with RACD. Informants considered that the SDSS was an improvement on previous methods for organizing LLIN distribution, IRS and RACD, and could be easily integrated into routine malaria and other vector-borne disease surveillance systems. Informants identified some challenges at the programme and field level, including the need for more skilled personnel to manage the SDSS, and more training to improve the effectiveness of SDSS implementation and use of hardware. Conclusions The SDSS was well accepted and informants expected its use to be extended to other malaria reporting districts and other vector-borne diseases. Challenges associated with efficient SDSS use included adequate skills and knowledge, access to training and support, and availability of hardware including computers and global positioning system receivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinley Wangdi
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. .,Phuentsholing General Hospital, Phuentsholing, Bhutan.
| | - Cathy Banwell
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michelle L Gatton
- School of Public Health & Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gerard C Kelly
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rinzin Namgay
- Vector-borne Disease Control Programme, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Gelephu, Bhutan
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Zangmo S, Klungthong C, Chinnawirotpisan P, Tantimavanich S, Kosoltanapiwat N, Thaisomboonsuk B, Phuntsho K, Wangchuk S, Yoon IK, Fernandez S. Epidemiological and Molecular Characterization of Dengue Virus Circulating in Bhutan, 2013-2014. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004010. [PMID: 26295474 PMCID: PMC4546418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is one of the most significant public health problems in tropical and subtropical countries, and is increasingly being detected in traditionally non-endemic areas. In Bhutan, dengue virus (DENV) has only recently been detected and limited information is available. In this study, we analyzed the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of DENV in two southern districts in Bhutan from 2013–2014. During this period, 379 patients were clinically diagnosed with suspected dengue, of whom 119 (31.4%) were positive for DENV infection by NS1 ELISA and/or nested RT-PCR. DENV serotypes 1, 2 and 3 were detected with DENV-1 being predominant. Phylogenetic analysis of DENV-1 using envelope gene demonstrated genotype V, closely related to strains from northern India. We describe the epidemiological and molecular features of DENV currently circulating in the two southwestern districts of Bhutan, demonstrating a shift in serotype dominance from previous DENV-3 (2004–2006) to current DENV-1 (2013–2014). The presence of the dengue virus in Bhutan is a relatively recent one. Unfortunately, dengue epidemiological and molecular data in this country is scarce. A fever outbreak in 2013 and 2014 saw patients seeking care at medical facilities in two district of southwestern Bhutan bordering with India. Analyses of serum specimens collected from these patients indicated that dengue virus was at least a major source of this outbreak. These specimens were analyzed in the Public Health Laboratory in Bhutan and in AFRIMS, Thailand. With a combination of three different assays, we established that 31% of all cases captured were caused by dengue virus, although the proportion was higher in 2013 than in 2014. Three different serotypes of dengue virus were found: DENV-1, -2 and -3. No DENV-4 was found. We successfully isolated DENV-1, from which was sequenced the E gene for further analyses. Our analyses revealed that the current DENV-1 in Bhutan probably originated from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangay Zangmo
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Chonticha Klungthong
- Department of Virology, Armed Force Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Butsaya Thaisomboonsuk
- Department of Virology, Armed Force Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sonam Wangchuk
- Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- Department of Virology, Armed Force Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stefan Fernandez
- Department of Virology, Armed Force Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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Zouache K, Failloux AB. Insect-pathogen interactions: contribution of viral adaptation to the emergence of vector-borne diseases, the example of chikungunya. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 10:14-21. [PMID: 29588001 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence or re-emergence of vector borne diseases represents a major public health problem. In general, therapeutic or prophylactic treatments along with vaccines are missing or inefficient, emphasizing the need for increased control of vector populations. Understanding the interactions of human pathogens with their insect vectors will aid us in our understanding of viral emergence and the dynamics of these events. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that typically causes incapacitating arthralgia, rash, and fever. It is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti and secondarily by Aedes albopictus. Since its emergence in 2004, CHIKV has continued to spread globally due in large part to an enhanced transmission of the virus by the vector Ae. albopictus. Ae. albopictus-adaptive mutations modulated by epistatic interactions have modified CHIKV transmission and thus the global spread and dynamics of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Zouache
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France.
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Dhimal M, Ahrens B, Kuch U. Climate Change and Spatiotemporal Distributions of Vector-Borne Diseases in Nepal--A Systematic Synthesis of Literature. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129869. [PMID: 26086887 PMCID: PMC4472520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite its largely mountainous terrain for which this Himalayan country is a popular tourist destination, Nepal is now endemic for five major vector-borne diseases (VBDs), namely malaria, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, visceral leishmaniasis and dengue fever. There is increasing evidence about the impacts of climate change on VBDs especially in tropical highlands and temperate regions. Our aim is to explore whether the observed spatiotemporal distributions of VBDs in Nepal can be related to climate change. Methodology A systematic literature search was performed and summarized information on climate change and the spatiotemporal distribution of VBDs in Nepal from the published literature until December2014 following providing items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Principal Findings We found 12 studies that analysed the trend of climatic data and are relevant for the study of VBDs, 38 studies that dealt with the spatial and temporal distribution of disease vectors and disease transmission. Among 38 studies, only eight studies assessed the association of VBDs with climatic variables. Our review highlights a pronounced warming in the mountains and an expansion of autochthonous cases of VBDs to non-endemic areas including mountain regions (i.e., at least 2,000 m above sea level). Furthermore, significant relationships between climatic variables and VBDs and their vectors are found in short-term studies. Conclusion Taking into account the weak health care systems and difficult geographic terrain of Nepal, increasing trade and movements of people, a lack of vector control interventions, observed relationships between climatic variables and VBDs and their vectors and the establishment of relevant disease vectors already at least 2,000 m above sea level, we conclude that climate change can intensify the risk of VBD epidemics in the mountain regions of Nepal if other non-climatic drivers of VBDs remain constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghnath Dhimal
- Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC), Ministry of Health and Population Complex, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (IAU), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Bodo Ahrens
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (IAU), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kuch
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Emergence and Surveillance of Chikungunya. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-015-0036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Coffey LL, Failloux AB, Weaver SC. Chikungunya virus-vector interactions. Viruses 2014; 6:4628-63. [PMID: 25421891 PMCID: PMC4246241 DOI: 10.3390/v6114628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes chikungunya fever, a severe, debilitating disease that often produces chronic arthralgia. Since 2004, CHIKV has emerged in Africa, Indian Ocean islands, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, causing millions of human infections. Central to understanding CHIKV emergence is knowledge of the natural ecology of transmission and vector infection dynamics. This review presents current understanding of CHIKV infection dynamics in mosquito vectors and its relationship to human disease emergence. The following topics are reviewed: CHIKV infection and vector life history traits including transmission cycles, genetic origins, distribution, emergence and spread, dispersal, vector competence, vector immunity and microbial interactions, and co-infection by CHIKV and other arboviruses. The genetics of vector susceptibility and host range changes, population heterogeneity and selection for the fittest viral genomes, dual host cycling and its impact on CHIKV adaptation, viral bottlenecks and intrahost diversity, and adaptive constraints on CHIKV evolution are also discussed. The potential for CHIKV re-emergence and expansion into new areas and prospects for prevention via vector control are also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lark L Coffey
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Weaver SC. Arrival of chikungunya virus in the new world: prospects for spread and impact on public health. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2921. [PMID: 24967777 PMCID: PMC4072586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Van Bortel W, Dorleans F, Rosine J, Blateau A, Rousset D, Matheus S, Leparc-Goffart I, Flusin O, Prat C, Cesaire R, Najioullah F, Ardillon V, Balleydier E, Carvalho L, Lemaître A, Noel H, Servas V, Six C, Zurbaran M, Leon L, Guinard A, van den Kerkhof J, Henry M, Fanoy E, Braks M, Reimerink J, Swaan C, Georges R, Brooks L, Freedman J, Sudre B, Zeller H. Chikungunya outbreak in the Caribbean region, December 2013 to March 2014, and the significance for Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 24721539 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.13.20759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
On 6 December 2013, two laboratory-confirmed cases of chikungunya without a travel history were reported on the French part of the Caribbean island of Saint Martin, indicating the start of the first documented outbreak of chikungunya in the Americas. Since this report, the virus spread to several Caribbean islands and French Guiana, and between 6 December 2013 and 27 March 2014 more than 17,000 suspected and confirmed cases have been reported. Further spread and establishment of the disease in the Americas is likely, given the high number of people travelling between the affected and non-affected areas and the widespread occurrence of efficient vectors. Also, the likelihood of the introduction of the virus into Europe from the Americas and subsequent transmission should be considered especially in the context of the next mosquito season in Europe. Clinicians should be aware that, besides dengue, chikungunya should be carefully considered among travellers currently returning from the Caribbean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Van Bortel
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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A single-amino-acid polymorphism in Chikungunya virus E2 glycoprotein influences glycosaminoglycan utilization. J Virol 2013; 88:2385-97. [PMID: 24371059 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03116-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging arbovirus responsible for outbreaks of infection throughout Asia and Africa, causing an acute illness characterized by fever, rash, and polyarthralgia. Although CHIKV infects a broad range of host cells, little is known about how CHIKV binds and gains access to the target cell interior. In this study, we tested whether glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding is required for efficient CHIKV replication using CHIKV vaccine strain 181/25 and clinical isolate SL15649. Preincubation of strain 181/25, but not SL15649, with soluble GAGs resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of infection. While parental Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are permissive for both strains, neither strain efficiently bound to or infected mutant CHO cells devoid of GAG expression. Although GAGs appear to be required for efficient binding of both strains, they exhibit differential requirements for GAGs, as SL15649 readily infected cells that express excess chondroitin sulfate but that are devoid of heparan sulfate, whereas 181/25 did not. We generated a panel of 181/25 and SL15649 variants containing reciprocal amino acid substitutions at positions 82 and 318 in the E2 glycoprotein. Reciprocal exchange at residue 82 resulted in a phenotype switch; Gly(82) results in efficient infection of mutant CHO cells but a decrease in heparin binding, whereas Arg(82) results in reduced infectivity of mutant cells and an increase in heparin binding. These results suggest that E2 residue 82 is a primary determinant of GAG utilization, which likely mediates attenuation of vaccine strain 181/25. IMPORTANCE Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection causes a debilitating rheumatic disease that can persist for months to years, and yet there are no licensed vaccines or antiviral therapies. Like other alphaviruses, CHIKV displays broad tissue tropism, which is thought to be influenced by virus-receptor interactions. In this study, we determined that cell-surface glycosaminoglycans are utilized by both a vaccine strain and a clinical isolate of CHIKV to mediate virus binding. We also identified an amino acid polymorphism in the viral E2 attachment protein that influences utilization of glycosaminoglycans. These data enhance an understanding of the viral and host determinants of CHIKV cell entry, which may foster development of new antivirals that act by blocking this key step in viral infection.
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