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Luong T, Tran MH, Pham BU, Metrailer MC, Pham VK, Nguyen HL, Pham TL, Tran TMH, Pham QT, Hoang TTH, Blackburn JK. Spatial clusters of human and livestock anthrax define high-risk areas requiring intervention in Lao Cai Province, Vietnam 1991-2022. GEOSPATIAL HEALTH 2024; 19. [PMID: 38619397 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2024.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Anthrax, a widespread zoonosis in low and middle-income countries with low disease awareness and insufficient livestock vaccination coverage, has been known in Lao Cai Province in northern Vietnam for years before its apparent absence in 2009, which requires investigation as this infection is frequently reported from neighbouring provinces and countries. We aimed to describe the seasonal patterns of anthrax (1991-2008), compare livestock anthrax vaccine coverage to disease occurrence (1991- 2022), and delineate the high-risk areas to inform local disease surveillance in the province. We illustrated the seasonal pattern of anthrax and provided a comparison between livestock vaccine coverage and disease occurrence by purely spatial SaTScan (Poisson model, 25% population at risk) to detect spatial clusters of human and livestock anthrax using population derived from zonal statistics routines. The number of cases, crude cumulative incidence, and spatial clusters of human and livestock anthrax were mapped in QGIS. Results indicate peak anthrax incidence from May to October. Buffalo, domestic cattle, and horses accounted for 75% of total animal cases. Horse anthrax was more common in Lao Cai than in its neighbours and often occurred in years with human mortality. Vaccination covered less than 30% of the livestock population. We found an apparent pattern where anthrax was controlled from 1998-2003 with higher vaccine coverage (>20%) and identified spatial clusters of human and livestock anthrax in Muong Khuong, Bao Thang, and Bac Ha districts of Lao Cai. The local public health and veterinary agencies are recommended to revisit the high-risk areas and communicate with neighbouring provinces for a regional approach to anthrax surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Luong
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory (SEER Lab), Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi.
| | - Minh Hieu Tran
- Provincial Center for Disease Control, Lao Cai City, Lao Cai province.
| | - Ba Uyen Pham
- Lao Cai Provincial Sub-Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Health, Lao Cai City, Lao Cai province.
| | - Morgan C Metrailer
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory (SEER Lab), Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
| | | | | | - Thanh Long Pham
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi.
| | | | - Quang Thai Pham
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi.
| | | | - Jason K Blackburn
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory (SEER Lab), Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
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Luong T, Tran DK, Pham AH, Hoang TTH, Pham VK, Pham QT, Tran TMH, Luong MH, Pham TL, Blackburn JK. Spatial analysis of human and livestock anthrax in Lai Chau province, Vietnam (2004-2021). Acta Trop 2024; 249:107044. [PMID: 37866728 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Anthrax is reported globally with varying disease intensity and seasonality among countries. In Vietnam, anthrax epidemiology and ecology remain understudied. We used historical data of human and livestock anthrax from 2004 to 2021 in Lai Chau province, to identify spatial clusters of human and livestock anthrax, describe epidemiological characteristics, and compare livestock anthrax vaccine coverage to human and livestock disease incidence. Local Moran's I (LISA) using spatial Bayes smoothed commune-level cumulative incidence (per 10,000) for the study period, epidemiological descriptive statistics, livestock vaccine coverage data, and annual incidence rates (per 10,000) at provincial level were used. LISA identified a human anthrax hotspot (high-high) in the southeast which did not overlap spatially with livestock anthrax hotspots in southeastern and northeastern communes. Most human cases were male, aged 15-59 years, handled sick animals, and/or consumed contaminated meat. Almost all cases were reported by grassroot health facilities with a delay of 6.3 days between exposure and case notification to the national surveillance system. 80 % of human cases were reported from June-October. The increase in disease incidence occurred shortly after livestock anthrax vaccine coverage decreased. This study informs vaccination strategy and targeted surveillance and control measures in newly identified high-risk areas and seasons of anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Luong
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Do Kien Tran
- Lai Chau Provincial Center for Disease Control, Lai Chau City, Lai Chau, Viet Nam
| | - Anh Hung Pham
- Lai Chau Provincial Sub-Department of Husbandry and Animal Health, Lai Chau City, Lai Chau, Viet Nam
| | | | - Van Khang Pham
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Quang Thai Pham
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam; School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Minh Hoa Luong
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh Long Pham
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Jason K Blackburn
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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Metrailer MC, Hoang TTH, Jiranantasak T, Luong T, Hoa LM, Ngoc DB, Pham QT, Pham VK, Hung TTM, Huong VTL, Pham TL, Ponciano JM, Hamerlinck G, Dang DA, Norris MH, Blackburn JK. Spatial and phylogenetic patterns reveal hidden infection sources of Bacillus anthracis in an anthrax outbreak in Son La province, Vietnam. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 114:105496. [PMID: 37678701 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the bacterial cause of anthrax, is a zoonosis affecting livestock and wildlife often spilling over into humans. In Vietnam, anthrax has been nationally reportable since 2015 with cases occurring annually, mostly in the northern provinces. In April 2022, an outbreak was reported in Son La province following the butchering of a water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis. A total of 137 humans from three villages were likely exposed to contaminated meat from the animal. Early epidemiological investigations suggested a single animal was involved in all exposures. Five B. anthracis isolates were recovered from human clinical cases along with one from the buffalo hide, another from associated maggots, and one from soil at the carcass site. The isolates were whole genome sequenced, allowing global, regional, and local molecular epidemiological analyses of the outbreak strains. All recovered B. anthracis belong to the A.Br.001/002 lineage based on canonical single nucleotide polymorphism analysis (canSNP). Although not previously identified in Vietnam, this lineage has been identified in the nearby countries of China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, as well as Australia. A twenty-five marker multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA-25) was used to investigate the relationship between human, soil, and buffalo strains. Locally, four MLVA-25 genotypes were identified from the eight isolates. This level of genetic diversity is unusual for the limited geography and timing of cases and differs from past literature using MLVA-25. The coupled spatial and phylogenetic data suggest this outbreak originated from multiple, likely undetected, animal sources. These findings were further supported by local news reports that identified at least two additional buffalo deaths beyond the initial animal sampled in response to the human cases. Future outbreak response should include intensive surveillance for additional animal cases and additional molecular epidemiological traceback to identify pathogen sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan C Metrailer
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Treenate Jiranantasak
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tan Luong
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Luong Minh Hoa
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Do Bich Ngoc
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Quang Thai Pham
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Van Khang Pham
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Duc Anh Dang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Michael H Norris
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jason K Blackburn
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Luong T, Nguyen TT, Trinh VB, Walker MA, Ha Hoang TT, Pham QT, Tran TMH, Pham VK, Nguyen VL, Pham TL, Blackburn JK. Informing One Health Anthrax Surveillance and Vaccination Strategy from Spatial Analysis of Anthrax in Humans and Livestock in Ha Giang Province, Vietnam (1999-2020). Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:492-502. [PMID: 36689942 PMCID: PMC9978550 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis, has a nearly global distribution but is understudied in Southeast Asia, including Vietnam. Here, we used historical data from 1999 to 2020 in Ha Giang, a province in northern Vietnam. The objectives were to describe the spatiotemporal patterns and epidemiology of human and livestock anthrax in the province and compare livestock vaccine coverage with human and livestock anthrax incidence. Annual incidence rates (per 10,000) for humans, buffalo/cattle, and goats were used to explore anthrax patterns and for comparison with livestock annual vaccine variations. A data subset describes anthrax epidemiology in humans by gender, age, source of infection, type of anthrax, admission site, and season. Zonal statistics and SaTScan were used to identify spatial and space-time clusters of human anthrax. SaTScan revealed space-time clusters in 1999, 2004, and 2007-2008 in the province, including in the northeastern, eastern, and western areas. Most human anthrax was reported between July and October. Most patients were male, aged 15-59 years, who had handled sick animals and/or consumed contaminated meat. High case-fatality rates were reported with gastrointestinal or respiratory cases. Our data suggest that vaccination in buffalo and cattle reduces the disease burden in humans and vaccinated animals but does not reduce the incidence in unvaccinated animals (goats). This study identified spatial areas of high risk for anthrax and can inform One Health surveillance and livestock vaccination planning in contextual settings similar to Ha Giang province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Luong
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Tat Thang Nguyen
- Ha Giang Provincial Center for Disease Control, Ha Giang City, Vietnam
| | - Van Binh Trinh
- Ha Giang Provincial Sub-Department of Husbandry and Animal Health, Ha Giang City, Vietnam
| | - Morgan A. Walker
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Quang Thai Pham
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Van Khang Pham
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Long Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Long Pham
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jason K. Blackburn
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Address correspondence to Jason Blackburn, Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611-7011.
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Tan LM, Hung DN, My DT, Walker MA, Ha HTT, Thai PQ, Hung TTM, Blackburn JK. Spatial analysis of human and livestock anthrax in Dien Bien province, Vietnam (2010-2019) and the significance of anthrax vaccination in livestock. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010942. [PMID: 36538536 PMCID: PMC9767330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a serious zoonosis caused by Bacillus anthracis, which primarily affects wild herbivorous animals with spillover into humans. The disease occurs nearly worldwide but is poorly reported in Southeast Asian countries. In Vietnam, anthrax is underreported, and little is known about its temporal and spatial distributions. This paper examines the spatio-temporal distribution and epidemiological characteristics of human and livestock anthrax from Dien Bien province, Vietnam from 2010 to 2019. We also aim to define the role of livestock vaccination in reducing human cases. Historical anthrax data were collected by local human and animal health sectors in the province. Spatial rate smoothing and spatial clustering analysis, using Local Moran's I in GeoDa and space-time scan statistic in SaTScan, were employed to address these objectives. We found temporal and spatial overlap of anthrax incidence in humans and livestock with hotspots of human anthrax in the east. We identified three significant space-time clusters of human anthrax persisting from 2010 to 2014 in the east and southeast, each with high relative risk. Most of the human cases were male (69%), aged 15-59 years (80%), involved in processing, slaughtering, or eating meat of sick or dead livestock (96.9%) but environmental and unknown exposure were reported. Animal reports were limited compared to humans and at coarser spatial scale, but in areas with human case clusters. In years when livestock vaccination was high (>~25%), human incidence was reduced, with the opposite effect when vaccine rates dropped. This indicates livestock vaccination campaigns reduce anthrax burden in both humans and livestock in Vietnam, though livestock surveillance needs immediate improvement. These findings suggest further investigation and measures to strengthen the surveillance of human and animal anthrax for other provinces of Vietnam, as well as in other countries with similar disease context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luong Minh Tan
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory (SEER Lab), Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Doan Ngoc Hung
- Provincial Center for Disease Control, Dien Bien Phu City, Dien Bien, Vietnam
| | - Do Thai My
- Provincial Sub-Department of Animal Health, Dien Bien Phu City, Dien Bien, Vietnam
| | - Morgan A. Walker
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory (SEER Lab), Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Pham Quang Thai
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- School of Preventive medicine and public health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Jason K. Blackburn
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory (SEER Lab), Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yu X, Fang M, Wang S, Li Z, Cheng L, Liu Z, Zhang D, Dong D, Kou Z. Investigation on an outbreak of cutaneous anthrax in a county of Shandong Province, China, 2021. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:875. [DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In order to verify the existence of an anthrax outbreak, determine its scope, grasp the epidemiological characteristics and find out the cause of the outbreak and recommend preventive and control measures.
Methods
Etiological hypothesis was developed through descriptive epidemiological methods. Hypotheses were tested by analyzing epidemiological methods by comparing the differences in the incidence of different exposure types. Nucleic acid detection and bacterial isolation and culture in the BSL-2 laboratories. SPSS 21 was used to conduct statistical analysis.
Results
A total of 126 family, workshop, shop environment samples and meat samples were collected, and 6 samples were collected from skin lesions of suspected cutaneous anthrax cases. 41 samples were positive by rPCR and 8 strains of Bacillus anthracis were cultivated. Participated in slaughtering, cutting beef of sick cattles was significantly associated with cutaneous anthrax (RR 3.75, 95% CI 1.08–13.07), this behavior is extremely dangerous.
Conclusions
Comprehensive analysis of laboratory results and epidemiological survey results and environmental assessments, we judge this epidemic to be an outbreak of cutaneous anthrax, associated with slaughtering and other processes from infected cattle imported from other province.
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Arotolu TE, Wang H, Lv J, Shi K, van Gils H, Huang L, Wang X. Modeling the environmental suitability for Bacillus anthracis in the Qinghai Lake Basin, China. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275261. [PMID: 36240150 PMCID: PMC9565420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive, rod-shaped and endospore-forming bacterium that causes anthrax, a deadly disease to livestock and, occasionally, to humans. The spores are extremely hardy and may remain viable for many years in soil. Previous studies have identified East Qinghai and neighbouring Gansu in northwest China as a potential source of anthrax infection. This study was carried out to identify conditions and areas in the Qinghai Lake basin that are environmentally suitable for B. anthracis distribution. Anthrax occurrence data from 2005-2016 and environmental variables were spatially modeled by a maximum entropy algorithm to evaluate the contribution of the variables to the distribution of B. anthracis. Principal Component Analysis and Variance Inflation Analysis were adopted to limit the number of environmental variables and minimize multicollinearity. Model performance was evaluated using AUC (area under the curve) ROC (receiver operating characteristics) curves. The three variables that contributed most to the suitability model for B. anthracis are a relatively high annual mean temperature of -2 to 0°C, (53%), soil type classified as; cambisols and kastanozems (35%), and a high human population density of 40 individuals per km2 (12%). The resulting distribution map identifies the permanently inhabited rim of the Qinghai Lake as highly suitable for B. anthracis. Our environmental suitability map and the identified variables provide the nature reserve managers and animal health authorities readily available information to devise both surveillance strategy and control strategy (administration of vaccine to livestock) in B. anthracis suitable regions to abate future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope Emmanuel Arotolu
- Center of Conservation Medicine & Ecological Safety, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife Diseases and Biosecurity Management, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - HaoNing Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - JiaNing Lv
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Kun Shi
- Wildlife Institute, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hein van Gils
- Center of Conservation Medicine & Ecological Safety, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife Diseases and Biosecurity Management, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - LiYa Huang
- Changbai Mountain Academy of Sciences, Antu, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - XiaoLong Wang
- Center of Conservation Medicine & Ecological Safety, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife Diseases and Biosecurity Management, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Korniienko LY, Ukhovskyi VV, Moroz OA, Chechet OM, Haidei OS, Tsarenko TM, Bondarenko TM, Karpulenko MS, Nenych NP. Epizootological and epidemiological situation of anthrax in Ukraine in the context of mandatory specific prevention in susceptible animals. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.15421/022245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The problem of zoonoses remains relevant in the context of reliable prevention of human disease and effective ways to achieve this result, in particular through the impact on susceptible animals by the efforts of veterinary medicine. Anthrax is an acute, particularly dangerous infectious disease of all species of farm, domestic and wild animals, as well as humans, which is caused by Bacillus anthracis microbes. The causative agent of anthrax belongs to the group of aerobic spore-forming bacteria and exists in two main forms: vegetative and spore. The vegetative form in the body of an infected animal can form a "capsule". In Ukraine, according to the provisions of the current "Instruction for the prevention and control of animal anthrax" (2000), the main method of preventing anthrax among animals is regular vaccination of animals susceptible to this disease. The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of the epizootic and epidemiological situation of anthrax in Ukraine for the period 1994–2021 and made a critical assessment of the performance of mandatory measures for specific prevention of susceptible animals. In order to find out the ecological and geographical features of the spread of anthrax, data on outbreaks of the disease in cattle, swine, small ruminants and humans on the territory of Ukraine were analyzed by regions for the time period under investigation. Over the past 28 years in Ukraine, animal anthrax was registered in in all areas except Zhytomyr region. In total, during the analyzed period, 177 affected points and 637 infected animals (cattle, small ruminants, pigs, horses, wild and fur-bearing animals, dogs) were registered (estimated at 3.59 animals per outbreak). Cattle were most often involved in the epizootic process, followed by pigs and small ruminants, while horses and other animal species were least infected. Ecological and geographical analysis showed that the largest number of affected points among animals during the analyzed period was found in Kyiv, Volyn, Kharkiv, Luhansk, Khmelnytskyi, Cherkasy, Odesa, and Vinnytsia regions. A small number of affected points during the analyzed period were found in Zakarpattia, Ternopil, Kherson, Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Poltava, Dnipropetrovsk and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. During the analyzed period, 68 people in 11 regions of Ukraine were infected with anthrax, 15 outbreaks were registered (4.46 people per outbreak). Most cases were reported in Donetsk, Kyiv and Odesa regions. The association between outbreaks of anthrax in animals and cases of anthrax among humans has been established, this dependency was 86.6% (the index of contiguity, which takes into account the number of years with simultaneous registration of animal and human cases, was 0.5). The authors thoroughly proved that it is vaccination among susceptible animals that will finally prevent the incidence of anthrax among people.
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ASTM: Developing the web service for anthrax related spatiotemporal characteristics and meteorology study. QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.15302/j-qb-022-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Hai Y, Wang WR, Hua Y, Guo WD, Song J, Han S, Zhang YG, Jiang XF, Zhang XH, Li ZJ, Li W, Liang XD, Han RL, Wei JC, Liu ZG. Changed epidemiology of anthrax and molecular characteristics of Bacillus anthracis in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2250-2260. [PMID: 33048441 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax is a natural foci disease in Inner Mongolia, which poses a severe threat to public health. In this study, the incidence number, rate and constituent ratio were used to describe the epidemiological characteristics of anthrax in the region from 1956-2018. The molecular correlation and genetic characteristics of the strains were investigated using canonical single nucleotide polymorphisms (CanSNP), multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA-15) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). The epidemiological characteristics of anthrax in Inner Mongolia have altered significantly. The incidence of anthrax has decreased annually without vaccination, and the regional distribution of anthrax gradually transferred from central and western regions to the eastern. Moreover, the occupation distribution evolved from multiple early occupations to predominated by farmers and herdsmen. This change is closely related to policy factors and to changes in the means of production and the living habits of the local population. This indicates that reformulating the control and prevention strategies is essential. Both A. Br. Ames and A. Br. 001/002 subgroups were the predominant CanSNP genotypes of Bacillus anthracis in Inner Mongolia. A total of 36 strains constituted six shared MLVA-15 genotypes, suggesting an epidemiological link between the strains of each shared genotype. The six shared genotypes ([GT1, 9, 11 and 15] and [GT8 and 12]) consisting of 2-7 strains confirmed the occurrence of multiple point outbreaks and cross-regional transmission caused by multiple common sources of infection. Phylogenetic analysis based on the WGS core genome showed that strains from this study formed an independent clade (C.V.), and they were positioned close to each other, suggesting a common origin. Further comparison analysis should be performed to ascertain the geographic origin of these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Huhhot, China.,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Center for Comprehensive Disease Control and Prevention, Huhhot, China
| | - Wen-Rui Wang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Center for Comprehensive Disease Control and Prevention, Huhhot, China
| | - Yue Hua
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Center for Comprehensive Disease Control and Prevention, Huhhot, China
| | - Wei-Dong Guo
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Center for Comprehensive Disease Control and Prevention, Huhhot, China
| | - Jian Song
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Center for Comprehensive Disease Control and Prevention, Huhhot, China
| | - Song Han
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Center for Comprehensive Disease Control and Prevention, Huhhot, China
| | - Yu-Geng Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Center for Comprehensive Disease Control and Prevention, Huhhot, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Jiang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Center for Comprehensive Disease Control and Prevention, Huhhot, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Center for Comprehensive Disease Control and Prevention, Huhhot, China
| | - Zhen-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Run-Lin Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Huhhot, China
| | - Jian-Chun Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Huhhot, China.,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Center for Comprehensive Disease Control and Prevention, Huhhot, China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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11
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FINKE ERNSTJÜRGEN, BEYER WOLFGANG, LODERSTÄDT ULRIKE, FRICKMANN HAGEN. Review: The risk of contracting anthrax from spore-contaminated soil - A military medical perspective. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2020; 10:29-63. [PMID: 32590343 PMCID: PMC7391381 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is an infectious disease of relevance for military forces. Although spores of Bacillus anthracis obiquitously occur in soil, reports on soil-borne transmission to humans are scarce. In this narrative review, the potential of soil-borne transmission of anthrax to humans is discussed based on pathogen-specific characteristics and reports on anthrax in the course of several centuries of warfare. In theory, anthrax foci can pose a potential risk of infection to animals and humans if sufficient amounts of virulent spores are present in the soil even after an extended period of time. In praxis, however, transmissions are usually due to contacts with animal products and reported events of soil-based transmissions are scarce. In the history of warfare, even in the trenches of World War I, reported anthrax cases due to soil-contaminated wounds are virtually absent. Both the perspectives and the experience of the Western hemisphere and of former Soviet Republics are presented. Based on the accessible data as provided in the review, the transmission risk of anthrax by infections of wounds due to spore-contaminated soil is considered as very low under the most circumstance. Active historic anthrax foci may, however, still pose a risk to the health of deployed soldiers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - WOLFGANG BEYER
- Department of Infectiology and Animal Hygiene, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - ULRIKE LODERSTÄDT
- Diagnostic Department, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - HAGEN FRICKMANN
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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12
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Li S, Ma Q, Chen H, Liu Y, Yao G, Tang G, Wang D. Epidemiological Investigation and Etiological Analysis of a Cutaneous Anthrax Epidemic Caused by Butchering Sick Cattle in Guizhou, China. Front Public Health 2020; 8:65. [PMID: 32269982 PMCID: PMC7109284 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A suspected human cutaneous anthrax epidemic caused by butchering sick cattle occurred in Zhijin County of Guizhou Province, Southwest of China, in 2016. Epidemiological investigation and etiological analysis were performed to provide a scientific basis for the source tracking of the epidemic. The epidemic was epidemiologically investigated, and skin blister samples collected from patients and soil samples collected from the butchering spots were used for Bacillus anthracis isolation. The suspicious B. anthracis isolates were identified using conventional methods and PCR, followed by genotyping using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeats (VNTRs) analysis (MLVA-15) and canonical single-nucleotide polymorphism (canSNP). The genetic relationship of epidemic strains and isolates collected from other regions was analyzed. Epidemiological investigation results showed that the patients may be infected by B. anthracis during butchering sick cattle. Two suspected B. anthracis strains were isolated from blood samples and blister fluids, respectively. Conventional methods identified the two suspected isolates as B. anthracis, while PCR results showed that anti-protective antigen (PA) and capsule (CAP) gene were positive in the two isolates. MLVA-15 showed that the MLVA profiles of the two isolates were 9-20-12-53-16-2-8-8-8-4-4-4-4-10-4, which is different from the MLVA profiles of representative strains from other regions. CanSNP analysis showed that the two strains belonged to cluster A.Br.001/002. Clustering analysis and minimum spanning tree (MST) demonstrated that the two isolates were clustered with strains previously isolated from Guizhou Province. The results indicated that B. anthracis was the pathogen for this epidemic, and the patients were infected during butchering the sick. The genetic characteristics and the relationship of the B. anthracis isolates to strains from other regions indicated that the epidemic was a local occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Li
- Laboratory of Bacterial Disease, Experiment Center, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Qing Ma
- Laboratory of Bacterial Disease, Experiment Center, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Guiyang Centre for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Disease, Experiment Center, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Guanghai Yao
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Guangpeng Tang
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Dingming Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
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13
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Zhang E, Zhang H, He J, Li W, Wei J. Genetic diversity of Bacillus anthracis Ames lineage strains in China. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:140. [PMID: 32059712 PMCID: PMC7023782 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthrax is an endemic disease that persists in the rural regions of China. The global genetic population structure of B.anthracis has also been defined by the canonical single-nucleotide polymorphisms (canSNP) and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Five canSNP lineages were found in China, and the A.Br.Ames lineage has been the second predominant group in recent years in China. The objective of this study was to reveal genetic diversity of the Ames lineage strains by MLVA. METHODS Two molecular typing methods, canSNP and MLVA with 15markers were used to study the genetic relationship among the Ames lineage strains. The outbreak information associated with these strains was also collected and investigated. RESULTS From 2007 to 2018, a total of 21 human anthrax infection outbreaks (68 patients) associated with B. anthracis Ames lineage strains were reported in China. Ames lineage strain-associated human anthrax is mainly distributed in the northern part of China, including the provinces of Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Gansu, and Xinjiang. In the study, a total of 30 Ames lineage strains were included and 10 MLVA15 genotypes were identified. These strains were mainly found in northeast China, Inner Mongolia and Liaoning. In recent years, the Ames lineage strains were isolated in the two provinces every year. The 18 Ames lineage strains isolated from Inner Mongolia were divided into eight MLVA15 genotypes. From 2010 to 2015, there were continuous reports of outbreaks in Keyouzhongqi County, Inner Mongolia, and the strains that were isolated annually in succession belonged to the MLVA15-30 genotype. CONCLUSIONS The Ames lineage strains are widely distributed in northern China. Their genetic diversity can be illustrated by the results of the MLVA. The genetic characteristics of the Ames lineage strains from outbreaks in different provinces varied. In some areas, human anthrax outbreaks occurred annually in succession, and these related strains grouped together. These observations indicate that the local environment was persistently contaminated with B. anthracis spores, vaccination of livestock should become the fundamental control measure in the areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enmin Zhang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinrong He
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianchun Wei
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Hangzhou, China.
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14
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Liu Y, Li Y, Wang Q, Fu J, Ji F. Sporadic human cutaneous anthrax outbreak in Shaanxi Province, China: report of two cases from 2018. Braz J Infect Dis 2020; 24:81-84. [PMID: 31926898 PMCID: PMC9392022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
China’s compulsory annual livestock anthrax vaccination policy has remarkably reduced but not completely eradicated human anthrax infections. Herein we describe a sporadic human cutaneous anthrax outbreak involving two cases in 2018 in Shaanxi Province, both involving herdsman who dealt with unvaccinated and potentially sick cattle. Both patients showed Bacillus anthracis-positive blister smear and blood culture. Treatment with penicillin was followed by uneventful recovery for both. The prompt performance of the prophylactic measures successfully interrupted the further transmission of this sporadic human cutaneous anthrax outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongqin Li
- The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiaoxia Wang
- The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianjun Fu
- The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China.
| | - Fanpu Ji
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China; Xi'an Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, Xi'an, China; Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an, China.
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15
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Solano MI, Woolfitt AR, Boyer AE, Lins RC, Isbell K, Gallegos-Candela M, Moura H, Pierce CL, Barr JR. Accurate and selective quantification of anthrax protective antigen in plasma by immunocapture and isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Analyst 2019; 144:2264-2274. [PMID: 30810119 PMCID: PMC7015108 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02479k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax protective antigen (83 kDa, PA83) is an essential component of two major binary toxins produced by Bacillus anthracis, lethal toxin (LTx) and edema toxin (ETx). During infection, LTx and ETx contribute to immune collapse, endothelial dysfunction, hemorrhage and high mortality. Following protease cleavage on cell receptors or in circulation, the 20 kDa (PA20) N-terminus is released, activating the 63 kDa (PA63) form which binds lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF), facilitating their entry into their cellular targets. Several ELISA-based PA methods previously developed are primarily qualitative or semi-quantitative. Here, we combined protein immunocapture, tryptic digestion and isotope dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), to develop a highly selective and sensitive method for detection and accurate quantification of total-PA (PA83 + PA63) and PA83. Two tryptic peptides in the 63 kDa region measure total-PA and three in the 20 kDa region measure PA83 alone. Detection limits range from 1.3-2.9 ng mL-1 PA in 100 μL of plasma. Spiked recovery experiments with combinations of PA83, PA63, LF and EF in plasma showed that PA63 and PA83 were quantified accurately against the PA83 standard and that LF and EF did not interfere with accuracy. Applied to a study of inhalation anthrax in rhesus macaques, total-PA suggested triphasic kinetics, similar to that previously observed for LF and EF. This study is the first to report circulating PA83 in inhalation anthrax, typically at less than 4% of the levels of PA63, providing the first evidence that activated PA63 is the primary form of PA throughout infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Solano
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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16
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Chu DT, Ngoc TU, Chu-Dinh T, Ngoc VTN, Van Nhon B, Pham VH, Nghia LL, Anh LQ, Van Pham TH, Truong ND. The possible zoonotic diseases transferring from pig to human in Vietnam. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 38:1003-1014. [PMID: 30680568 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-03466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Southeast Asia is considered one of worldwide hotspots consisting many distinct zoonotic infections. With optimal condition for the development of various pathogens, Vietnam is facing serious risks of zoonotic diseases. Besides, more than 50% Vietnamese people settle in rustic areas and earn their livings through small-scale animal breeding. It is possible that zoonotic diseases can be easily spread to the population by close contact with the infected animals, their infected residues, contaminated water, soil, or other possible means of transmission. In fact, zoonotic infections-transmissible infections between vertebrate animals and humans-cover a wide range of diseases with distinctive clinical and epidemiological highlights. With insufficient understanding and swift alteration in toxicity of the pathogens, these infections have gained more concerns due to sophisticated routes of transmission and harmful threats to humans. Recently emerging viral diseases exerted potential dangers to human beings, which required many countries to impose immediate actions to prevent any complications. Vietnam has recorded several cases of zoonotic diseases, especially pig-related illnesses; however, the studies on these diseases in this country remain limited. This work aims to highlight the zoonotic diseases transferring from pigs to humans and discuss risk factors of these diseases in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Uyen Ngoc
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Thien Chu-Dinh
- Institute for Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Danang, Vietnam.
| | | | - Bui Van Nhon
- Department of Science and Technology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van-Huy Pham
- AI Lab, Faculty of Information Technology, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Le Long Nghia
- School of Odonto Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Quynh Anh
- School of Odonto Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hong Van Pham
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Forestry, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Duc Truong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
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17
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Investigation and source-tracing of an anthrax outbreak in Gansu Province, China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203267. [PMID: 30161194 PMCID: PMC6117022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is an endemic disease in China. Cases are reported every year, especially in the northwestern areas. In August 2016, an outbreak of 21 cutaneous anthrax cases was reported in Min County, Gansu Province, China. In this study, the general characteristics of the anthrax outbreak are described. Two molecular typing methods, canonical single-nucleotide polymorphism (canSNP) and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis with 15 markers (MLVA15), were used to investigate the possible source of transmission and to identify the genetic relationship among the strains/samples isolated in this outbreak as well as previous isolates. In this outbreak, all patients were infected through contact with diseased livestock or contaminated animal products. Livestock had been introduced into the local area shortly before the outbreak from Gannan Prefecture (in Gansu Province), Sichuan and Qinghai Provinces. In the molecular typing analysis, there were two canSNP subgroups found in Gansu, A.Br.001/002 and A.Br.Ames, and five MLVA15 genotypes were observed. The strains collected from the anthrax outbreak in Min County in 2016 belonged to the A.Br.001/002 canSNP subgroup and the MLVA15-28 and MLVA15-30 genotype. Strains previously isolated from Sichuan, Inner Mongolia and Maqu County (in Gannan Prefecture, Gansu Province) were clustered with these outbreak-related strains/samples according to the MLVA15-30 genotype. The MLVA15-28 genotype was found in strains isolated from Gansu and Xinjiang in previous studies. Combining the epidemiological investigation and molecular typing results, we conclude that the patients in this outbreak were infected by a local pathogen present in the adjoining area of Gansu, Sichuan and Qinghai Provinces.
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18
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Dabbir B. Prevention of anthrax epidemic in sheep and goats with Anthracinum 200. INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN HOMOEOPATHY 2017. [DOI: 10.4103/ijrh.ijrh_4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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