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陈 思, 郭 孟, 邓 江, 姚 开. [Clinical diagnosis of group A streptococcal pharyngitis and progress in the application of scoring systems]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2024; 26:893-898. [PMID: 39148397 PMCID: PMC11334548 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2403044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Pharyngitis can be caused by various pathogens, including viruses and bacteria. Group A streptococcus (GAS) is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis. However, distinguishing GAS pharyngitis from other types of upper respiratory tract infections is challenging in clinical settings. This often leads to empirical treatments and, consequently, the overuse of antimicrobial drugs. With the advancement of antimicrobial drug management and healthcare payment reform initiatives in China, reducing unnecessary testing and prescriptions of antimicrobial drugs is imperative. To promote standardized diagnosis and treatment of GAS pharyngitis, this article reviews various international guidelines on the clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis of GAS pharyngitis, particularly focusing on clinical scoring systems guiding laboratory testing and antimicrobial treatment decisions for GAS pharyngitis and their application recommendations, providing a reference for domestic researchers and clinical practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - 江红 邓
- 国家儿童医学中心/首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院风湿科北京100045
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2
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Thaggard S, Reid S, Chan A, White C, Fraser L, Arroll BA, Best E, Whittaker R, Wells S, Thomas MG, Ritchie SR. Whānau Māori and Pacific peoples' knowledge, perceptions, expectations and solutions regarding antibiotic treatment of upper respiratory tract infections: a qualitative study. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:458. [PMID: 37430196 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rate of community antibiotic use is high in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) when compared to other nations, and in NZ, as in most other nations, antibiotics are very commonly prescribed for self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). Resources that build knowledge, perceptions and understanding can potentially reduce unnecessary antibiotic consumption. METHODS To inform the content of educational resources, we conducted an in-depth qualitative study with 47 participants via 6 focus groups of the knowledge, attitudes, and expectations of whānau Māori and Pacific peoples about antibiotics and URTIs. RESULTS Focus groups with 47 participants identified four themes: Knowledge that might influence expectations to receive antibiotics for URTIs; Perceptions - the factors that influence when and why to seek medical care for URTI; Expectations - the features of successful medical care for URTI; Solutions - how to build community knowledge about URTI and their treatment and prevention. Knowledge that might reduce expectations to receive antibiotics for URTI included confidence in the use of alternative remedies, knowledge that URTI are usually caused by viruses, and concerns about antibiotic adverse effects. Participants commonly reported that they would confidently accept their doctor's recommendation that an antibiotic was not necessary for an URTI, provided that a thorough assessment had been performed and that treatment decisions were clearly communicated. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that building patients' knowledge and skills about when antibiotics are necessary, and increasing doctors' confidence and willingness not to prescribe an antibiotic for patients with an URTI, could significantly reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in NZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thaggard
- Nursing Department, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S Reid
- Health Literacy NZ, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ahy Chan
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C White
- Health Literacy NZ, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L Fraser
- Turuki Health Care, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - B A Arroll
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E Best
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R Whittaker
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S Wells
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M G Thomas
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S R Ritchie
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- 502-301E Infection and Immunity, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, New Zealand.
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Lee JS, Kim S, Excler JL, Kim JH, Mogasale V. Global economic burden per episode for multiple diseases caused by group A Streptococcus. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:69. [PMID: 37188693 PMCID: PMC10184078 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00659-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the lack of existing evidence on economic burden for diseases caused by group A Streptococcus, we estimated the economic burden per episode for selected diseases. Each cost component of direct medical costs (DMCs), direct non-medical costs (DNMCs), and indirect costs (ICs) was separately extrapolated and aggregated to estimate the economic burden per episode by income group as classified by the World Bank. Adjustment factors for DMC and DNMC were generated to overcome related data insufficiencies. To address uncertainty surrounding input parameters, a probabilistic multivariate sensitivity was carried out. The average economic burden per episode ranged from $22 to $392 for pharyngitis, $25 to $2,903 for impetigo, $47 to $2,725 for cellulitis, $662 to $34,330 for invasive and toxin-mediated infections, $231 to $6,332 for acute rheumatic fever (ARF), $449 to $11,717 for rheumatic heart disease (RHD), and $949 to $39,560 for severe RHD across income groups. The economic burden for multiple Group A Streptococcus diseases underscores an urgent need to develop effective prevention strategies including vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Seok Lee
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sol Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
- College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Miller KM, Tanz RR, Shulman ST, Carapetis JR, Cherian T, Lamagni T, Bowen AC, Pickering J, Fulurija A, Moore HC, Cannon JW, Barnett TC, Van Beneden CA, Carapetis J, Van Beneden C, Kaslow DC, Cherian T, Lamagni T, Engel M, Cannon J, Moore HC, Bowen A, Seale A, Kang G, Watkins D, Kariuki S. Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:S5-S14. [PMID: 36128410 PMCID: PMC9474939 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharyngitis, more commonly known as sore throat, is caused by viral and/or bacterial infections. Group A Streptococcus (Strep A) is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis. Strep A pharyngitis is an acute, self-limiting disease but if undertreated can lead to suppurative complications, nonsuppurative poststreptococcal immune-mediated diseases, and toxigenic presentations. We present a standardized surveillance protocol, including case definitions for pharyngitis and Strep A pharyngitis, as well as case classifications that can be used to differentiate between suspected, probable, and confirmed cases. We discuss the current tests used to detect Strep A among persons with pharyngitis, including throat culture and point-of-care tests. The type of surveillance methodology depends on the resources available and the objectives of surveillance. Active surveillance and laboratory confirmation is the preferred method for case detection. Participant eligibility, the surveillance population and additional considerations for surveillance of pharyngitis are addressed, including baseline sampling, community engagement, frequency of screening and season. Finally, we discuss the core elements of case report forms for pharyngitis and provide guidance for the recording of severity and pain associated with the course of an episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Miller
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Robert R Tanz
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois , USA
| | - Stanford T Shulman
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois , USA
| | - Jonathan R Carapetis
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
- Perth Children’s Hospital , Perth , Australia
| | | | - Theresa Lamagni
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency , London , United Kingdom
| | - Asha C Bowen
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
- Perth Children’s Hospital , Perth , Australia
| | - Janessa Pickering
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Alma Fulurija
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Hannah C Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Jeffrey W Cannon
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts , USA
| | - Timothy C Barnett
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Chris A Van Beneden
- CDC Foundation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA
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Scheel A, Beaton AZ, Katzenellenbogen J, Parks T, Miller KM, Cherian T, Van Beneden CA, Cannon JW, Moore HC, Bowen AC, Carapetis JR. Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Acute Rheumatic Fever. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:S41-S49. [PMID: 36128408 PMCID: PMC9474936 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a multiorgan inflammatory disorder that results from the body’s autoimmune response to pharyngitis or a skin infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A). Acute rheumatic fever mainly affects those in low- and middle-income nations, as well as in indigenous populations in wealthy nations, where initial Strep A infections may go undetected. A single episode of ARF puts a person at increased risk of developing long-term cardiac damage known as rheumatic heart disease. We present case definitions for both definite and possible ARF, including initial and recurrent episodes, according to the 2015 Jones Criteria, and we discuss current tests available to aid in the diagnosis. We outline the considerations specific to ARF surveillance methodology, including discussion on where and how to conduct active or passive surveillance (eg, early childhood centers/schools, households, primary healthcare, administrative database review), participant eligibility, and the surveillance population. Additional considerations for ARF surveillance, including implications for secondary prophylaxis and follow-up, ARF registers, community engagement, and the impact of surveillance, are addressed. Finally, the core elements of case report forms for ARF, monitoring and audit requirements, quality control and assurance, and the ethics of conducting surveillance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Scheel
- Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia , USA
| | - Andrea Z Beaton
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, The Heart Institute , Cincinnati, Ohio , USA
| | | | - Tom Parks
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital
| | - Kate M Miller
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia
| | | | | | - Jeffrey W Cannon
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts , USA
| | - Hannah C Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia
| | - Asha C Bowen
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia
- Perth Children’s Hospital , Nedlands , Western Australia
| | - Jonathan R Carapetis
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia
- Perth Children’s Hospital , Nedlands , Western Australia
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Bennett J, Moreland NJ, Zhang J, Crane J, Sika-Paotonu D, Carapetis J, Williamson DA, Baker MG. Risk factors for group A streptococcal pharyngitis and skin infections: A case control study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 26:100507. [PMID: 35789826 PMCID: PMC9250036 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Group A streptococcal (GAS) infections can trigger an immune-mediated response resulting in acute rheumatic fever (ARF). The role of social and environmental risk factors for GAS pharyngitis and skin infections are not well understood. This study aimed to identify factors associated with GAS pharyngitis and skin infections, and to determine if these are the same as those for ARF. Methods A case-control study, including 733 children aged 5-14 years, was undertaken between March 2018 and October 2019 in Auckland, New Zealand. Healthy controls (n = 190) and symptomatic cases including GAS pharyngitis (n = 210), GAS seronegative carriers (n = 182), and GAS skin infections (n = 151) were recruited. Trained interviewers administered a comprehensive, pre-tested, face-to-face questionnaire. Findings Multivariable analysis identified strong associations between barriers to accessing primary healthcare and having GAS pharyngitis (adjusted OR 3·3; 95% CI 1·8-6·0), GAS carriage (aOR 2·9; 95% CI 1·5-6·0) or a GAS skin infection (aOR 3·5; 95% CI 1·6-7·6). Children who had GAS skin infections were more likely than all other groups to report living in a crowded home (aOR 1·9; 95% CI 1·0-3·4), have Māori or Pacific grandparents (aOR 3·0; 95% CI 1·2-7·6), a family history of ARF (aOR 2·2; 95% CI 1·1-4·3), or having a previous diagnosis of eczema (aOR 3·9; 95% CI 2·2-6·9). Interpretation Reducing barriers to accessing primary healthcare (including financial restrictions, the inability to book an appointment, lack of transport, and lack of childcare for other children) to treat GAS pharyngitis and skin infections could potentially reduce these infections and lead to a reduction in their sequelae, including ARF. These strategies should be co-designed and culturally appropriate for the communities being served and carefully evaluated. Funding This work was supported by the Health Research Council of New Zealand (HRC), award number 16/005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bennett
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23A Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Nicole J. Moreland
- School of Medical Sciences, the University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, the University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Jane Zhang
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23A Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Julian Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, 23A Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Dianne Sika-Paotonu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago, 23A Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Carapetis
- Telethon Kids Institute, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, Perth, 6009, Western Australia
- Centre for Child Health and Research, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth 6009, Western Australia
- Perth Children's Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, Perth, 6009, Western Australia
| | - Deborah A. Williamson
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Michael G. Baker
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23A Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, the University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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Miller KM, Carapetis JR, Van Beneden CA, Cadarette D, Daw JN, Moore HC, Bloom DE, Cannon JW. The global burden of sore throat and group A Streptococcus pharyngitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 48:101458. [PMID: 35706486 PMCID: PMC9124702 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contemporary data for the global burden of sore throat and group A Streptococcus (Strep A) pharyngitis are required to understand the frequency of disease and develop value propositions for Strep A vaccines. METHODS We used Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science platform to search WoS core collection, PubMed, Medline, data citation index, KCI-Korean Journal Database, Russian Science Citation Index, and the SciELO Citation Index for articles published between Jan 1, 2000, and Feb 15, 2021, from any country and in any language. The risk of bias was assessed using the JBI critical appraisal checklist. We used random-effects meta-analyses to pool sore throat and Strep A sore throat incidence rates from community-based studies. Our study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020181103). FINDINGS Of 5,529 articles identified by the search strategy, 26 studies met the inclusion criteria, but only two included data to determine incidence among adults. The pooled incidence rate, calculated for children only, was 82.2 episodes per 100 child-years (95% CI 25.2-286.3, I2 = 100%) for sore throat (7 studies; 7,964 person years) and 22.1 episodes per 100 child-years (95% CI 14.7-33.1, I2 = 98%) for Strep A sore throat (9 studies; 15,696 person years). The pooled cumulative incidence rate of sore throat from five studies was 31.9 per 100 children. There was significant methodological and statistical heterogeneity among studies, and five of 26 studies had a risk of bias score less than five (range: nine [maximum score] to one). INTERPRETATION Strep A sore throat has a considerable global burden. However, methodologically standardised studies are required to quantify that burden, analyse differences in rates between populations, and evaluate the likely impact of future Strep A vaccines. FUNDING This study was funded by Wellcome Trust 215,490/Z/19/Z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M. Miller
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Nedlands, WA 6872, Australia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jonathan R. Carapetis
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Nedlands, WA 6872, Australia
- Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Cadarette
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica N. Daw
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Nedlands, WA 6872, Australia
| | - Hannah C. Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Nedlands, WA 6872, Australia
| | - David E. Bloom
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Cannon
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Nedlands, WA 6872, Australia
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Whitcombe AL, McGregor R, Bennett J, Gurney JK, Williamson DA, Baker MG, Moreland NJ. OUP accepted manuscript. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:167-176. [PMID: 35134931 PMCID: PMC9373162 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes superficial pharyngitis and skin infections as well as serious autoimmune sequelae such as acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and subsequent rheumatic heart disease. ARF pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Immune priming by repeated GAS infections is thought to trigger ARF, and there is growing evidence for the role of skin infections in this process. Methods We utilized our recently developed 8-plex immunoassay, comprising antigens used in clinical serology for diagnosis of ARF (SLO, DNase B, SpnA), and 5 conserved putative GAS vaccine antigens (Spy0843, SCPA, SpyCEP, SpyAD, Group A carbohydrate), to characterize antibody responses in sera from New Zealand children with a range of clinically diagnosed GAS disease: ARF (n = 79), GAS-positive pharyngitis (n = 94), GAS-positive skin infection (n = 51), and matched healthy controls (n = 90). Results The magnitude and breadth of antibodies in ARF was very high, giving rise to a distinct serological profile. An average of 6.5 antigen-specific reactivities per individual was observed in ARF, compared to 4.2 in skin infections and 3.3 in pharyngitis. Conclusions ARF patients have a unique serological profile, which may be the result of repeated precursor pharyngitis and skin infections that progressively boost antibody breadth and magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana L Whitcombe
- School of Medical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Reuben McGregor
- School of Medical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julie Bennett
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jason K Gurney
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael G Baker
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nicole J Moreland
- Correspondence: Nicole J. Moreland, BSc, PhD, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand ()
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Bennett J, Moreland NJ, Williamson DA, Carapetis J, Crane J, Whitcombe AL, Jack S, Harwood M, Baker MG. Comparison of group A streptococcal titres in healthy children and those with pharyngitis and skin infections. J Infect 2021; 84:24-30. [PMID: 34710392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rates of acute rheumatic fever, a sequelae of group A Streptococcal (GAS) infection, remain unacceptably high in Indigenous Māori and Pacific children in New Zealand. This prospective study aimed to describe GAS antibody titres in healthy children (5-14 years) by ethnicity, and to determine how paired titres vary with GAS culture positive and negative pharyngitis, and GAS skin infections. METHODS Analysis included 887 children (32% Māori, 36% Pacific, 33% European/Other) from Auckland, New Zealand. Cases comprise 772 children who had a sore throat or skin infection, which resulted in a swab taken for culture. Healthy controls were asymptomatic (N = 154) and matched by age, ethnicity and region. All participants had a serum sample, with a second sample collected from cases only. Sera were analysed for anti-streptolysin O (ASO) and anti-DNase-B (ADB) antibodies. RESULTS Healthy Māori and Pacific children had higher GAS antibody titres than healthy European/Other children. Children with GAS-positive sore throat had the highest mean ASO titres and children with GAS-positive skin infection had the highest mean ADB titres. When a two-fold increase or an upper limit of normal cut-off (ASO 450 IU/ml, ADB 400 U/ml) was applied to titres from children with GAS-positive sore throat, 62.1% were classified as having serologically confirmed GAS pharyngitis and 37.9% had GAS detected without serological response. CONCLUSIONS Elevated ASO titres were associated with GAS pharyngitis and elevated ADB titres were associated with GAS skin infections in New Zealand children. Higher ASO/ADB titres in healthy Māori and Pacific children could indicate a greater prior exposure to GAS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bennett
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23A Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
| | - Nicole J Moreland
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Carapetis
- Telethon Kids Institute and Perth Children's Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Julian Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alana L Whitcombe
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susan Jack
- Public Health South, Southern District Health Board, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matire Harwood
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael G Baker
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23A Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Mponponsuo K, Church DL, Lu SJ, Viczko J, Naugler C, McDonald T, Dickinson J, Somayaji R. Age and sex-specific incidence rates of group A streptococcal pharyngitis between 2010 and 2018: a population-based study. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:1053-1062. [PMID: 34468182 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Group A streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis is a common clinical infection with significant morbidity but remains understudied. Materials & methods: We sought to assess the rates of testing and incidence of GAS pharyngitis in Calgary, Alberta based on age and sex. Results: A total of 1,074,154 tests were analyzed (58.8% female, mean age 24.8 years) of which 16.6% were positive. Age-standardized testing and positivity was greatest in the 5-14 years age group and lowest in persons over 75 years. Females had greater rates of testing and positivity throughout. Testing rates (incidence rate ratios: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.39-1.41) and case rates (incidence rate ratios: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.33-1.39) increased over time. Conclusion: Future studies should focus on evaluating disparities in testing and treatment outcomes to optimize the approach to this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwadwo Mponponsuo
- Department of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Deirdre L Church
- Department of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sheng Jie Lu
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jeannine Viczko
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Christopher Naugler
- Department of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Terrance McDonald
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - James Dickinson
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ranjani Somayaji
- Department of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Disease, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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11
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Oliver J, Robertson O, Zhang J, Marsters BL, Sika-Paotonu D, Jack S, Bennett J, Williamson DA, Wilson N, Pierse N, Baker MG. Ethnically Disparate Disease Progression and Outcomes among Acute Rheumatic Fever Patients in New Zealand, 1989-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27. [PMID: 34153221 PMCID: PMC8237904 DOI: 10.3201/eid2707.203045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated outcomes for patients born after 1983 and hospitalized with initial acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in New Zealand during 1989-2012. We linked ARF progression outcome data (recurrent hospitalization for ARF, hospitalization for rheumatic heart disease [RHD], and death from circulatory causes) for 1989-2015. Retrospective analysis identified initial RHD patients <40 years of age who were hospitalized during 2010-2015 and previously hospitalized for ARF. Most (86.4%) of the 2,182 initial ARF patients did not experience disease progression by the end of 2015. Progression probability after 26.8 years of theoretical follow-up was 24.0%; probability of death, 1.0%. Progression was more rapid and ≈2 times more likely for indigenous Māori or Pacific Islander patients. Of 435 initial RHD patients, 82.2% had not been previously hospitalized for ARF. This young cohort demonstrated low mortality rates but considerable illness, especially among underserved populations. A national patient register could help monitor, prevent, and reduce ARF progression.
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12
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Tyrrell GJ. Does group A strep have any skin in the ARF game? THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2021; 8:100114. [PMID: 34327432 PMCID: PMC8315609 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
•The observation that indigenous populations of New Zealand have high rates of GAS skin infections as well as high rates of ARF suggest the two diseases are linked.•It is therefore important to screen skin infections for GAS in all populations but especially in individuals of Māori and Pacific Islander heritage in New Zealand and treat those that are positive.•Failure to adequately treat GAS skin infections could potentially lead more serious skin infection manifestations and possibly invasive disease as well as ARF in vulnerable groups such as the Māroi and Pacific Islanders.•More work needs to be done to show GAS skin infections can lead to ARF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Tyrrell
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Precision Laboratories, Public Health–Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Thomas S, Bennett J, Jack S, Oliver J, Purdie G, Upton A, Baker MG. Descriptive analysis of group A Streptococcus in skin swabs and acute rheumatic fever, Auckland, New Zealand, 2010-2016. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-WESTERN PACIFIC 2021; 8:100101. [PMID: 34327427 PMCID: PMC8315459 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Group A Streptococcus (GAS) can trigger an immune-mediated response resulting in acute rheumatic fever (ARF). Historically, ARF has been considered a consequence of preceding GAS pharyngitis, but increasing evidence suggests that GAS skin infections may be a driver. Data on the primary care burden of GAS skin infection are limited. This paper aims to describe and compare the prevalence and distribution of GAS detection in skin swabs and ARF rates in the Auckland population. Methods This cross-sectional study used all laboratory skin swab data from people who had a skin swab taken as a result of a consultation with a health professional in the Auckland region (2010–2016). Initial primary hospitalisations for ARF were identified and all data were linked using unique patient identifiers to patient's age, prioritised ethnicity, sex, and socio-economic status. Findings 377,410 skin swabs from 239,494 individuals were included. 12·8% of swabs were GAS positive, an annual incidence of 4·8 per 1,000 person-years. Māori and Pacific Peoples under 20 years of age had markedly higher GAS detection in skin swabs (RR 4·0; 95% CI 3·9–4·2: RR 6·8; 95% CI 6·6–7·0) and significantly higher ARF rates (RR 30·3; 95% CI 19·5–46·9: RR 69·7 95% CI 45·8–106·1) compared with European/Other ethnicities. Interpretation The observation that GAS detection was markedly higher in Māori and Pacific Peoples provides a potential explanation for the marked ethnic differences in ARF. These findings support a greater focus on addressing the burden of skin infection in NZ, including as ARF prevention. Funding The first author received a training stipend from the New Zealand College of Public Health Medicine (NZCPHM) during her Masters of Public Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Thomas
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23a Mein Street, Newtown 6021, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Julie Bennett
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23a Mein Street, Newtown 6021, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Susan Jack
- Southern District Health Board, 201 Great Kind Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.,Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, 18 Frederick Street, North Dunedin, Dunedin 9016 New Zealand
| | - Jane Oliver
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gordon Purdie
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23a Mein Street, Newtown 6021, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Arlo Upton
- Southern Community Laboratories, Plunket House, 472 George Street Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Michael G Baker
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23a Mein Street, Newtown 6021, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
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14
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Wyber R, Noonan K, Halkon C, Enkel S, Cannon J, Haynes E, Mitchell AG, Bessarab DC, Katzenellenbogen JM, Bond-Smith D, Seth R, D'Antoine H, Ralph AP, Bowen AC, Brown A, Carapetis JR. Ending rheumatic heart disease in Australia: the evidence for a new approach. Med J Aust 2020; 213 Suppl 10:S3-S31. [PMID: 33190287 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
■The RHD Endgame Strategy: the blueprint to eliminate rheumatic heart disease in Australia by 2031 (the Endgame Strategy) is the blueprint to eliminate rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in Australia by 2031. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people live with one of the highest per capita burdens of RHD in the world. ■The Endgame Strategy synthesises information compiled across the 5-year lifespan of the End Rheumatic Heart Disease Centre of Research Excellence (END RHD CRE). Data and results from priority research projects across several disciplines of research complemented literature reviews, systematic reviews and narrative reviews. Further, the experiences of those working in acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and RHD control and those living with RHD to provide the technical evidence for eliminating RHD in Australia were included. ■The lived experience of RHD is a critical factor in health outcomes. All future strategies to address ARF and RHD must prioritise Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's knowledge, perspectives and experiences and develop co-designed approaches to RHD elimination. The environmental, economic, social and political context of RHD in Australia is inexorably linked to ending the disease. ■Statistical modelling undertaken in 2019 looked at the economic and health impacts of implementing an indicative strategy to eliminate RHD by 2031. Beginning in 2019, the strategy would include: reducing household crowding, improving hygiene infrastructure, strengthening primary health care and improving secondary prophylaxis. It was estimated that the strategy would prevent 663 deaths and save the health care system $188 million. ■The Endgame Strategy provides the evidence for a new approach to RHD elimination. It proposes an implementation framework of five priority action areas. These focus on strategies to prevent new cases of ARF and RHD early in the causal pathway from Streptococcus pyogenes exposure to ARF, and strategies that address the critical systems and structural changes needed to support a comprehensive RHD elimination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Wyber
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca Seth
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA.,University of Western Australia, Perth, WA
| | | | | | - Asha C Bowen
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA.,Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA
| | - Alex Brown
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA.,University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA
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15
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Cannon JW, Zhung J, Bennett J, Moreland NJ, Baker MG, Geelhoed E, Fraser J, Carapetis JR, Jack S. The economic and health burdens of diseases caused by group A Streptococcus in New Zealand. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 103:176-181. [PMID: 33278622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In preparation for the future arrival of a group A Streptococcus (GAS) vaccine, this study estimated the economic and health burdens of GAS diseases in New Zealand (NZ). METHODS The annual incidence of GAS diseases was based on extrapolation of the average number of primary healthcare episodes managed each year in general practices (2014-2016) and on the average number of hospitalizations occurring each year (2005-2014). Disease incidence was multiplied by the average cost of diagnosing and managing an episode of disease at each level of care to estimate the annual economic burden. RESULTS GAS affected 1.5% of the population each year, resulting in an economic burden of 29.2 million NZ dollars (2015 prices) and inflicting a health burden of 2373 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Children <5 years of age were the most likely age group to present for GAS-related healthcare. Presentations for superficial throat and skin infections (predominantly pharyngitis and impetigo) were more common than other GAS diseases. Cellulitis contributed the most to the total economic and health burdens. Invasive and immune-mediated diseases disproportionately contributed to the total economic and health burdens relative to their frequency of occurrence. CONCLUSION Preventing GAS diseases would have substantial economic and health benefits in NZ and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Cannon
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Jane Zhung
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Julie Bennett
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Nicole J Moreland
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael G Baker
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth Geelhoed
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - John Fraser
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan R Carapetis
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Susan Jack
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Southern District Health Board, Dunedin, New Zealand
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