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Campanella M, Cardinali L, Ferrari D, Migliaccio S, Silvestri F, Falcioni L, Bimonte V, Curzi D, Bertollo M, Bovolon L, Gallotta M, Guidetti L, Baldari C, Bonavolontà V. Effects of Fitlight training on cognitive-motor performance in élite judo athletes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28712. [PMID: 38689957 PMCID: PMC11059503 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims The aims of this study were to verify if a 5-week cognitive-motor training (CMT) using FitlightsTM induced changes in young adult judo athletes compared to a non-intervention group. Specifically, it was verified if CMT influenced executive functions (EFs), physical fitness and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Additionally, athletes' competitive results were compared between groups. Method Twenty-seven athletes (14 males and 13 females; age = 19.5 ± 2.0 years) were assigned to the Fitlight (FG) and control (CG) groups which performed 5 weeks of CMT, respectively, including 25 min per day of Fitlight training or traditional judo practice. All participants performed cognitive (flanker task and forward/backward digit span) and fitness tests (counter movement jump, handgrip test, dynamic and isometric chin up). In addition, BDNF was collected by saliva sampling and competitive results after the intervention period were considered. Results RM-ANOVA showed significant differences in FG for the accuracy of flanker (p = 0.028) and backward digit span (p < 0.001). Moreover, significant differences in FG were found for relative dynamic chin up (p = 0.027) and counter movement jump (p = 0.05). In addition, a significant difference in FG was found for competitive results after the intervention period (p < 0.01).No significant differences were found for BDNF and other cognitive and fitness measures (p > 0.05). Conclusion A 5-week judo-specific CMT improved EFs and motor performance in élite judo athletes. It seems that CMT with Fitlight™ could be considered an additional support to coaches during the training period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Campanella
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy
| | - L. Cardinali
- Bone Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - D. Ferrari
- Department of Human Sciences, LinkCampus University, Rome, Italy
| | - S. Migliaccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University Foro Italico, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | | | - L. Falcioni
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
| | - V.M. Bimonte
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - D. Curzi
- Niccolò Cusano University, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Bertollo
- BIND-Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - L. Bovolon
- Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - M.C. Gallotta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - C. Baldari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy
| | - V. Bonavolontà
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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Arslan Y, Yavaşoğlu B, Beykumül A, Pekel AÖ, Suveren C, Karabulut EO, Ayyıldız Durhan T, Çakır VO, Sarıakçalı N, Küçük H, Ceylan L. The effect of 10 weeks of karate training on the development of motor skills in children who are new to karate. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1347403. [PMID: 38628441 PMCID: PMC11019307 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1347403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a 10-week karate training program on the motor skill development of 5-7-year-old children new to karate with two different test batteries. A total of 28 participants were included in the study: 18 in the Karate group and 10 in the control group. The karate group was subjected to a fundamental karate training (kihon) program consisting of 90-minute sessions four days a week for ten weeks in addition to physical education classes at their schools. In contrast, the control group did not participate in any sportive activities except physical education classes in their schools. Data were collected using the Eurofit test battery and the TGMD-2 test. In the pre-post test comparison of the anthropometric measurements of the karate group, no significant difference was found in the control group. In contrast, a significant difference was obtained in height, body mass index, and body fat percentage. In the post-test analysis of the two independent groups, there were statistically significant differences in favor of the karate group regarding height and body fat percentage (p < 0.005). In the pre-post analysis of the Eurofit test and the TGMD-2 for the karate group, all parameters showed statistically significant improvements (p < 0.001), while the control group showed no statistical difference. After comparing the karate and control groups, the Eurofit Test and TGMD-2 post-test results showed significantly higher scores (statistically significant differences) in all parameters for the karate group. In conclusion, the study shows that the 10-week karate training program positively affected the motor development of the participating children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Arslan
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Belma Yavaşoğlu
- Health Sciences Institute, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Türkiye
| | | | | | - Ceren Suveren
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | | | - Veli Ozan Çakır
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Nuriye Sarıakçalı
- Institute of Social Sciences, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Hamza Küçük
- Yaşar Doğu Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Levent Ceylan
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Hitit University, Çorum, Türkiye
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3
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Pinto-Escalona T, Gobbi E, Valenzuela PL, Bennett SJ, Aschieri P, Martin-Loeches M, Paoli A, Martinez-de-Quel O. Effects of a school-based karate intervention on academic achievement, psychosocial functioning, and physical fitness: A multi-country cluster randomized controlled trial. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:90-98. [PMID: 34732366 PMCID: PMC10818116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of a school-based karate intervention on academic achievement, psychosocial functioning, and physical fitness in children aged 7-8 years. METHODS Twenty schools in 5 different European countries (2 second-grade classrooms per school) participated in a cluster randomized controlled trial (Sport at School trial). Participants were assigned to either a control group, which continued with their habitual physical education lessons, or to an intervention group, which replaced these lessons with a 1-year karate intervention (Karate Mind and Movement program). A total of 721 children (344 girls and 377 boys, 7.4 ± 0.5 years old, mean ± SD) completed the study, of which 333 and 388 were assigned to the control group and intervention group, respectively. Outcomes included academic performance (average grade), psychosocial functioning (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for parents), and different markers of physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, balance, and flexibility). RESULTS The intervention provided small but significant benefits compared to the control group for academic achievement (d = 0.16; p = 0.003), conduct problems (d = -0.28; p = 0.003), cardiorespiratory fitness (d = 0.36; p < 0.001), and balance (d = 0.24; p = 0.015). There was a trend towards significant benefits for flexibility (d = 0.24; p = 0.056). No significant benefits were observed for other variables, including psychosocial difficulties, emotional symptoms, hyperactivity/inattention, peer problems, or prosocial behaviour (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION A 1-year school-based karate intervention was effective in improving academic achievement, conduct problems, and physical fitness in primary school children. The results support the inclusion of karate during physical education lessons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Gobbi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Madrid 28805, Spain
| | - Simon J Bennett
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Pierluigi Aschieri
- Italian Judo, Wrestling, Karate and Martial Arts Federation, Rome 00122, Italy
| | - Manuel Martin-Loeches
- Psychobiology & Methods for the Behavioural Sciences Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35122, Italy
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Madireddy SS, McAdams RJ, Roberts KJ, McKenzie LB. Pediatric Martial Arts-Related Injuries Treated in Emergency Departments in the United States From 2004 to 2021. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:2723-2731. [PMID: 37421157 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231181086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participation in martial arts has been increasing for several years, with millions of children and adolescents engaging in the sport annually. Yet, the most comprehensive examination of martial arts-related injuries was completed almost 2 decades ago. PURPOSE To describe the epidemiology of martial arts-related injuries presenting to US emergency departments (EDs) among pediatric patients. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiological study. METHODS Data were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for patients aged 3 to 17 years who were treated in US EDs from 2004 through 2021. RESULTS A total of 5656 cases were included in the analysis. An estimated 176,947 children (95% CI, 128,172-225,722) were treated for martial arts-related injuries in US EDs. The rate of martial arts-related injuries per 10,000 children increased from 1.43 in 2004 to 2.07 in 2013 (slope = 0.07; P = .005) and then decreased to 1.44 in 2021 (slope = -0.10; P = .02). The mean injury rates were 2.22 per 10,000 children aged 12-17 years and 1.15 per 10,000 children aged 3-11 years. The most common injuries occurred in children aged 6 to 11 years (39.3%), were strains/sprains (28.4%), and were associated with falling (26.9%). The mechanism of injury differed by the style of martial arts. Compared with other activity types (formal class, horseplay, and unspecified), competition carried a 2.56 times greater risk of head/neck injuries and a 2.70 times greater risk of traumatic brain injuries. CONCLUSION Martial arts are a significant source of injuries for children aged 3 to 17 years. To continue decreasing the injury rate, the creation and implementation of standardized risk-mitigation rules and regulations that could be applied to all martial arts styles are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividhya S Madireddy
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rebecca J McAdams
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristin J Roberts
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lara B McKenzie
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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5
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Kovačević N, Mihanović F, Lušić Kalcina L, Hrbić K, Poklepović Peričić T, Matijaš T, Galić T. Influence of cognitive performance and swimming capacities on selection of youth water polo players to national team. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:34-41. [PMID: 35230069 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water-polo is an official competitive olympic sport with high energy and technical-tactical demands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of cognitive performance and specific swimming capacities on the selection of youth water polo players to the national water polo team. METHODS There were 83 youth water polo players (mean age 13.61±0.67 years) who attended the Croatian Water Polo Foundation training camps included in this cross-sectional study. Testing included anthropometric measurements, specific swimming capacities and cognitive performance (Stroop test). RESULTS Among 83 youth water polo players included in this study there were 13 goalkeepers, 13 center-defenders, 13 centers, 31 perimeter players and 13 wings. Selected players (N.=40) performed faster in OffTime (selected 62.99±10.21 s vs. non-selected 69.98±8.93 s, P=0.002) and OnTime (selected 75.61±15.85 s vs. non-selected 86.01±15.40 s, P=0.004) of the Stroop test than non-selected players (N.=43). Logistic regression analysis showed significant association between selection of youth water polo players to the national team and swimming results in 400 m crawl and 100 m crawl, as well as OffTime, OnTime and OnTime minus OffTime on the Stroop test. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed that psychomotor ability, inhibition, motor speed and cognitive flexibility were found to be the most important predictors for the selection of youth water polo players to the national water polo team. Furthermore, selected water polo players demonstrated better psychomotor abilities, inhibition, and motor speed, as well as better results in all specific swimming tests in comparison to non-selected players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neven Kovačević
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia.,Croatian Water Polo Federation, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Frane Mihanović
- Department of Health Sciences University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Linda Lušić Kalcina
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Tina Poklepović Peričić
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Study of Dental Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Matijaš
- Department of Health Sciences University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Tea Galić
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia - .,Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Study of Dental Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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6
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Magistro D, Cooper SB, Boat R, Carlevaro F, Magno F, Castagno C, Simon M, Musella G. An After-School Football Session Transiently Improves Cognitive Function in Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:164. [PMID: 36612487 PMCID: PMC9819323 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a real-world after-school football session on subsequent cognitive function in primary school children. Following ethical approval, 100 children (aged 8−9 year) from the same after-school football club were randomly assigned to either an intervention (60 min football activity) or control (continued to rest) group. Cognitive function (selective visual attention, short term memory and long-term memory) was assessed prior to, immediately following and 45 min following the football session (and at the respective timepoints in the control group). Data were analysed via two-way (group * time) mixed methods ANOVA. The pattern of change in all domains of cognition over time, was different between the football and control groups (group * time, all p < 0.001). Specifically, performance on all cognitive tasks was greater immediately following the football session in the intervention group compared to the control group (selective visual attention, p = 0.003; short-term memory, p = 0.004; long-term memory, p < 0.001). However, there was no difference between the group 45 min following the football session (p = 0.132−0.393). These findings suggest that an after-school football session enhances cognition immediately post-activity in primary school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Magistro
- Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Simon B. Cooper
- Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Ruth Boat
- Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Fabio Carlevaro
- Polo Universitario Asti Studi Superiori (Uni-Astiss), 14100 Asti, Italy
| | - Francesca Magno
- Polo Universitario Asti Studi Superiori (Uni-Astiss), 14100 Asti, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Cristian Castagno
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Martina Simon
- Polo Universitario Asti Studi Superiori (Uni-Astiss), 14100 Asti, Italy
| | - Giovanni Musella
- Polo Universitario Asti Studi Superiori (Uni-Astiss), 14100 Asti, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
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7
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Li B, Li R, Qin H, Chen T, Sun J. Effects of Chinese Martial Arts on Motor Skills in Children between 5 and 6 Years of Age: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10204. [PMID: 36011834 PMCID: PMC9408615 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Children’s motor skills can be fully developed only by the appropriate stimulation of physical activities and the environment, and the poor development of motor skills greatly increases the risk of cognitive impairment, obesity, and movement coordination disorder. This study aimed to examine the effects of Chinese martial arts on the motor skills of preschool children aged 5−6 years through a randomized controlled trial. A total of 87 children aged 5−6 years served as participants in a martial arts sensory teaching group (MAST, n = 29), a martial arts traditional teaching group (MATT, n = 29), and a free activity group (FA, n = 29). The interventions were conducted twice weekly for a total of 10 weeks, with each session lasting 30 min. Children’s motor skills were assessed before and after the intervention using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2). The results indicated that the balance index scores in the MAST (p < 0.001) and MATT (p = 0.014) groups were significantly higher than those in the FA and that the MAST score was significantly higher than the MATT (p = 0.004). Meanwhile, the MAST was significantly higher in total scores on motor skills when compared to the FA (p = 0.039), and the MAST showed significantly higher scores on manual dexterity when compared to both the MATT (p = 0.021) and FA (p = 0.011). Chinese martial arts can significantly improve the balance ability of preschool children, and the MAST method was found to be better than that of the MATT. Meanwhile, the MAST had good potential for the development of preschool children’s manual dexterity and their overall level of motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Physical Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- School of Martial Arts, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ruijie Li
- Department of Physical Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Haiquan Qin
- Department of Physical Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Department of Physical Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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8
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Ludyga S, Mücke M, Leuenberger R, Bruggisser F, Pühse U, Gerber M, Capone-Mori A, Keutler C, Brotzmann M, Weber P. Behavioral and neurocognitive effects of judo training on working memory capacity in children with ADHD: A randomized controlled trial. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 36:103156. [PMID: 35988343 PMCID: PMC9402389 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) face deficits in working memory capacity that often persist into adulthood. In healthy peers, exercise targeting motor skill acquisition benefits visuospatial working memory, but its potential to reduce ADHD-related deficits remains unclear. We investigated the effect of a judo training program targeting motor skills on behavioral and neurocognitive indices of working memory capacity in children with ADHD. METHODS Children with ADHD aged 8 to 12 years (N = 57) were randomly allocated to a judo training group and a wait-list control group. The training program encompassed 120 min of judo per week over three months. Before and after the intervention period, participants completed a bilateral Change Detection task with low and high memory load conditions and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2). The contralateral delay activity (CDA) elicited by the cognitive task was recorded using electroencephalography. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the judo training group showed a higher K-score on the Change Detection task and an increased negativity of the CDA on the high load condition following the intervention, when pretest scores (and confounders) were accounted for. In contrast, no group differences were found for MABC-2 score. CONCLUSION In children with ADHD, judo training may complement the pharmacological treatment by increasing the effectiveness of working memory maintenance processes. On a behavioral level, this improvement is accompanied with an increased capacity to store visuospatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ludyga
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Manuel Mücke
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Leuenberger
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Bruggisser
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Pühse
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Capone-Mori
- Kantonsspital Aarau, Clinic for Children and Teenagers, Division of Neuropediatrics, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Keutler
- St. Elisabethen Krankenhaus Lörrach, Clinic of Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Lörrach, Germany
| | - Mark Brotzmann
- University of Basel, University Children's Hospital, Division of Neuropediatrics and Developmental Medicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Weber
- University of Basel, University Children's Hospital, Division of Neuropediatrics and Developmental Medicine, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Stamenković A, Manić M, Roklicer R, Trivić T, Malović P, Drid P. Effects of Participating in Martial Arts in Children: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9081203. [PMID: 36010093 PMCID: PMC9406432 DOI: 10.3390/children9081203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The application of various martial arts programs can greatly contribute to improving the of physical fitness of preschool and school children. The purpose of this review paper was to determine the effects and influence that martial arts program intervention has on children’s physical fitness, which includes motor skills and the aerobic and anaerobic abilities of children. Method: We searched the following electronic scientific databases for articles published in English from January 2006 to April 2021 to gather data for this review paper: Google Scholar, Pub Med, and Web of Science. Results: After the search was completed, 162 studies were identified, of which 16 studies were selected and were systematically reviewed and analyzed. Eight studies included karate programs, four studies included judo programs, two studies contained aikido programs, and two studies contained taekwondo programs. The total number of participants was 1615 (experimental group = 914, control group = 701). Based on the main findings, karate, judo, taekwondo, and aikido programs showed positive effects on the physical fitness of the experimental group of children. According to the results, the effects of these programs showed statistically significant improvements between the initial and final measurements of most of the examined experimental groups. Conclusion: We concluded that martial arts programs were helpful for improving the physical fitness of preschool and school children, especially for parameters such as cardiorespiratory fitness, speed, agility, strength, flexibility, coordination, and balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mila Manić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Roberto Roklicer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Trivić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Pavle Malović
- Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, 81400 Nikšić, Montenegro
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Correspondence:
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10
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Pinto-Escalona T, Valenzuela PL, Martin-Loeches M, Martinez-de-Quel O. Individual responsiveness to a school-based karate intervention: An ancillary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1249-1257. [PMID: 35429191 PMCID: PMC9539866 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION School-based sport interventions have shown beneficial effects on psychosocial functioning and academic performance in children. However, the inter-individual variability in response to these types of interventions remains unclear. We aimed to determine which children benefit most from a school-based sport intervention. METHODS This is an ancillary analysis of a randomized controlled trial assessing the effects of a 1-year school-based karate intervention (versus "traditional" physical education lessons) in children (7-8 years) from twenty schools across five European countries. Outcomes included psychosocial functioning (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ] for parents) and academic performance (grade point average). Only participants of the intervention group were included in the present ancillary analysis, and were categorized as responders or non-responders for the analyzed outcomes attending to whether improvements surpassed a minimal clinically important difference. RESULTS About 388 children (187 girls) from the intervention group completed the study, of which 17% and 46% were considered responders for SDQ and academic performance, respectively. Responders for the SDQ presented higher SDQ scores (i.e., higher psychosocial difficulties) at baseline than non-responders (p < 0.001). Responders for academic performance were mostly males (p = 0.017), with an older age (p = 0.030), and with worse academic performance (p < 0.001) at baseline compared with non-responders, and tended to present higher SDQ scores (p = 0.055). Responders for one outcome obtained greater benefits from the intervention on the other outcome (e.g., responders for SDQ improved academic performance [p < 0.001] compared with non-responders). CONCLUSIONS A school-based sport intervention (karate) seems particularly effective for children with psychosocial difficulties and low academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, European University of Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.,Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martin-Loeches
- Psychobiology & Methods for the Behavioural Sciences Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Executive Functions, Motor Development, and Digital Games Applied to Elementary School Children: A Systematic Mapping Study. EDUCATION SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/educsci12030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies show that executive functions and motor development are associated with each other and with learning ability. A more technological lifestyle combined with digital culture should be considered a viable alternative to stimulate children’s development. Therefore, this study aimed to present a systematic mapping of the literature involving executive functions, motor development, and the use of digital games in intervention programs for elementary school children from 6 to 11 years old. Four databases were researched: PubMed, Scielo, Science Direct, and SCOPUS, including publications between 2012 and March 2021. The initial results indicated 4881 records. After the selection process, 15 manuscripts that presented the central theme of the study were selected. The main results indicated that intervention strategies are rather heterogeneous. Most of the studies demonstrated efficient results after intervention protocols, many of them were conducted in Europe, and 46% occurred in a school environment. No research was identified involving technological solutions using executive functions, motor development, and digital games in an integrated manner. Hence, this constitutes a field of future scientific research.
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Quinzi F, Vannozzi G, Camomilla V, Piacentini MF, Boca F, Bortels E, Kathrein E, Magyar A, Verdone F, Sbriccoli P. Motor Competence in Individuals with Down Syndrome: Is an Improvement Still Possible in Adulthood? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042157. [PMID: 35206339 PMCID: PMC8872009 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In children, motor competence (MC) and the amount of physical activity are tightly interconnected. In adults with Down syndrome (DS), MC has been poorly addressed, resulting in a limited understanding of the possibility to improve MC over time. Here, we aim to: (1) investigate MC in adults with DS by comparing them with a group of typically developed peers and (2) verify the effect of an adapted karate program on MC. Adults with DS (DSG; n = 57) and typically developed adults (TDG; n = 21) performed the Test of Gross Motor Development version 3 (TGMD-3). The total TGMD-3 score (TOTTGMD-3), the locomotor (LOCTGMD-3), and object control (OBJTGMD-3) scores were computed. After a 40 week adapted karate program, DSG (n = 37) underwent the post-training TGMD-3 assessment. Compared to TDG, DSG showed lower TOTTGMD-3 (DSG: 45.5 ± 17.3; TDG: 77.3 ± 9.5), LOCTGMD-3 (DSG: 22.2 ± 10.0; TDG: 36.2 ± 7.6) and OBJTGMD-3 (DSG: 23.3 ± 10.9; TDG: 41.1 ± 5.6). After the training, TOTTGMD-3, LOCTGMD-3 and OBJTGMD-3 increased by 35.6%, 30.0% and 40.7%, respectively. Our results suggest that MC acquisition does not evolve into a mature form in adulthood in individuals with DS. Moreover, a brief exposure to an adapted karate program induces an increase in motor competence in DS, even in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Quinzi
- Department of Human Movement and Health Science, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.Q.); (V.C.); (M.F.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Human Movement and Health Science, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.Q.); (V.C.); (M.F.P.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0636733522
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- Department of Human Movement and Health Science, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.Q.); (V.C.); (M.F.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Maria Francesca Piacentini
- Department of Human Movement and Health Science, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.Q.); (V.C.); (M.F.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Florin Boca
- Romanian Karate Federation, 022103 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Eric Bortels
- I-Karate Global Federation—IKANDO, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | | | - Adrian Magyar
- Hungarian Karate Federation, 1146 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Fabio Verdone
- Italian Karate Federation—FIJLKAM, 00122 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paola Sbriccoli
- Department of Human Movement and Health Science, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.Q.); (V.C.); (M.F.P.); (P.S.)
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13
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Sports, Executive Functions and Academic Performance: A Comparison between Martial Arts, Team Sports, and Sedentary Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211745. [PMID: 34831501 PMCID: PMC8622860 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that curricular physical activity benefits children’s executive functions and academic performance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether there is an influence of extracurricular sports on executive functions and academic performance. However, it is less known which specific types of the sport better enhance executive functions in children; to investigate this issue, this study compared the performance on executive functions tasks and academic performance in one hundred and two boys and girls with an average age of 11.84 years recruited from Italian schools and gyms (N = 102), who participated in martial arts or team sports or were sedentary children. Executive functions were measured with the tests: Attenzione e Concentrazione, Digit Span test, Tower of London, IOWA Gambling task BVN 5-11, and BVN 12-18. Results demonstrated that children practicing martial arts showed better executive functioning and higher school marks than those involved in team sports or not involved in any sports. Furthermore, participants aged 12 to 15 years old outperformed in cool and hot executive functions tasks and had a better academic performance. Thus, the present findings supported the view that regular practice of extracurricular sports enhances executive functions development and consequently influences academic performance.
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14
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An Overview on Cognitive Function Enhancement through Physical Exercises. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101289. [PMID: 34679354 PMCID: PMC8534220 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is extensively focused on the enhancement of cognitive functions while performing physical exercises categorized into cardiovascular exercises, resistance training, martial arts, racquet sports, dancing and mind-body exercises. Imaging modalities, viz. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG), have been included in this review. This review indicates that differences are present in cognitive functioning while changing the type of physical activity performed. This study concludes that employing fNIRS helps overcome certain limitations of fMRI. Further, the effects of physical activity on a diverse variety of the population, from active children to the old people, are discussed.
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15
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De Giorgio A, Iuliano E, Turner A, Millevolte C, Cular D, Ardigò LP, Padulo J. Validity and Reliability of a Light-Based Electronic Target for Testing Response Time in Fencers. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2636-2644. [PMID: 31009428 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT De Giorgio, A, Iuliano, E, Turner, A, Millevolte, C, Cular, D, Ardigò, LP, and Padulo, J. Validity and reliability of a light-based electronic target for testing response time in fencers. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2636-2644, 2021-Response time (RT) is a fencing fundamental sensorimotor skill. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine the efficacy of a light-based electronic target in fencers, designed to measure and train this entity. Ninety-five fencers (M = 53; F = 42) were tested in regard to their RT, using a light-based electronic target, for 3 different attack types: simple attack, the lunge, and an attack after a 1.5-m thrust. All subjects were divided into elite vs. novice fencers. Elite fencers had national and international rankings, and were again divided with regard to used weapon: épéeists (n = 32; M = 19; F = 13) and foilists (n = 30; M = 13; F = 17). Measurement was evaluated for validity/reliability, sensitivity/specificity, and correlation. Reliability was high for all attack types (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.94-0.96). Lower RTs were found in males for 2 attack types with good sensitivity (81-93%)/specificity (50-91%) for all attack types. Elite fencers responded faster than novice fencers for all attack types (p < 0.001), whereas elite males were faster than females for 2 attack types (p < 0.01). Lower RTs in females correlated with level for one attack type (r = 0.797, p < 0.05). In conclusion, the light-based electronic target system was found to be highly reliable and therefore could be used by fencing athletes as a further measure of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enzo Iuliano
- Department of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy
| | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Drazen Cular
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Luca P Ardigò
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; and
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Department of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Sport Performance Lab, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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16
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Zhao W, Hui M, Zhang X, Li L. The Relationship between Motor Coordination and Imitation: An fNIRS Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1052. [PMID: 34439671 PMCID: PMC8391614 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although motor coordination and imitation are important factors affecting motor skill learning, few studies have examined the relationship between them in healthy adults. In order to address this in the present study, we used fNIRS to analyze the relationship between motor coordination and imitation in college students. Our results showed that: (1) motor coordination in female students was positively correlated with the average time taken to perform an imitation; (2) the mean imitation time was negatively correlated with the activation level of the supplementary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and angular gyrus of the mirror neuron system; (3) motor coordination in female students moderated mirror neuron system (MNS) activation and imitation. For women with low rather than high motor coordination, higher MNS activation was associated with a stronger imitation ability. These results demonstrate that motor coordination in female students is closely related to action imitation, and that it moderates the activation of the MNS, as measured via fNIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (W.Z.); (M.H.); (X.Z.)
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Minqiang Hui
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (W.Z.); (M.H.); (X.Z.)
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Qiushi College, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Xiaoyou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (W.Z.); (M.H.); (X.Z.)
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (W.Z.); (M.H.); (X.Z.)
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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17
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Pinto-Escalona T, Gobbi E, Valenzuela PL, Bennett SJ, Aschieri P, Martin-Loeches M, Paoli A, Martinez-de-Quel O. Effects of a school-based karate intervention on academic achievement, psychosocial functioning, and physical fitness: A multi-country cluster randomized controlled trial. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021:S2095-2546(21)00071-5. [PMID: 34198004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of a school-based karate intervention on academic achievement, psychosocial functioning, and physical fitness in children aged 7-8 years. METHODS Twenty schools in 5 different European countries (2 second-grade classrooms per school) participated in a cluster randomized controlled trial (Sport at School trial). Participants were assigned to either a control group, which continued with their habitual physical education lessons, or to an intervention group, which replaced these lessons with a 1-year karate intervention (Karate Mind and Movement program). A total of 721 children (344 girls and 377 boys, 7.4 ± 0.5 years old, mean ± standard deviation) completed the study, of which 333 and 388 were assigned to the control group and intervention group, respectively. Outcomes included academic performance (average grade), psychosocial functioning (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for parents), and different markers of physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, balance, and flexibility). RESULTS The intervention provided small but significant benefits compared to the control group for academic achievement (d = 0.16; p = 0.003), conduct problems (d = -0.28; p = 0.003), cardiorespiratory fitness (d = 0.36; p < 0.001), and balance (d = 0.24; p = 0.015). There was a trend towards significant benefits for flexibility (d = 0.24; p = 0.056). No significant benefits were observed for other variables, including psychosocial difficulties, emotional symptoms, hyperactivity/inattention, peer problems, or prosocial behavior (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION A 1-year school-based karate intervention was effective in improving academic achievement, conduct problems, and physical fitness in primary school children. The results support the inclusion of karate during physical education lessons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Gobbi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Madrid 28805, Spain
| | - Simon J Bennett
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Pierluigi Aschieri
- Italian Judo, Wrestling, Karate and Martial Arts Federation, Rome 00122, Italy
| | - Manuel Martin-Loeches
- Psychobiology & Methods for the Behavioural Sciences Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35122, Italy
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18
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Effects of Sport-Based Interventions on Children's Executive Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060755. [PMID: 34200362 PMCID: PMC8226694 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most studied aspects of children’s cognitive development is that of the development of the executive function, and research has shown that physical activity has been demonstrated as a key factor in its enhancement. This meta-analysis aims to assess the impact of specific sports interventions on the executive function of children and teenagers. A systematic review was carried out on 1 November 2020 to search for published scientific evidence that analysed different sports programs that possibly affected executive function in students. Longitudinal studies, which assessed the effects of sports interventions on subjects between 6 and 18 years old, were identified through a systematic search of the four principal electronic databases: Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO. A total of eight studies, with 424 subjects overall, met the inclusion criteria and were classified based on one or more of the following categories: working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility. The random-effects model for meta-analyses was performed with RevMan version 5.3 to facilitate the analysis of the studies. Large effect sizes were found in all categories: working memory (ES −1.25; 95% CI −1.70; −0.79; p < 0.0001); inhibitory control (ES −1.30; 95% CI −1.98; −0.63; p < 0.00001); and cognitive flexibility (ES −1.52; 95% CI −2.20; −0.83; p < 0.00001). Our analysis concluded that healthy children and teenagers should be encouraged to practice sports in order to improve their executive function at every stage of their development.
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Effects of the Enriched Sports Activities-Program on Executive Functions in Italian Children. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5020026. [PMID: 33467242 PMCID: PMC7739327 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) during childhood plays an important role in brain development. This role is played in both the structural domain, prefrontal cortex area, and in the functional domain, involving the higher cognitive functions, including the executive functions (EF). Working memory (WM), inhibition, and switching as fundamental EF were investigated in an Italian children sample before and after four months of an Enriched Sports Activities-Program (ESA-Program). EFs were assessed at pre-test and post-test using, respectively, the digit span test, the color word Stroop test, and the trail making test derived from Millisecond Software. The Italian sample was composed of 141 children aged 8.54 years. The intervention group (IG) was composed of 61 children and the control group (CG) of 80 children. Significant differences in WM (p < 0.05) were found in the IG following the ESA-Program intervention. Children's performance improved both in forward digit span (FDS1 mean difference = 0.26; p = 0.04; FDS2 mean difference = 0.21; p = 0.01) and backward digit span (BDS2 mean difference = 0.14; p = 0.02). No significant improvements were observed for inhibition and switching processes (p > 0.05). Since this finding suggests that brain functioning is sensitive to lifestyle factors, such as PA, an essential goal for ESA-Program is to emphasize the importance of PA to enhance cognitive skills in childhood and prevent sedentary life.
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20
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Field-Based Tests for the Assessment of Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents Practicing Sport: A Systematic Review within the ESA Program. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11247187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
High levels of physical fitness (PF) can positively affect both health and cognitive function, thus monitoring its levels in youth can help increase health and quality of life in adult populations later on. This systematic review aims to identify PF field-based tests used in young European populations practicing sport to find tools that are adequate for the considered target involving a new battery within the Enriched Sport Activities (ESA) project. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was followed. In the 83 identified articles, the main tests used were: vertical/horizontal jumps (for muscular strength/power); push-ups, running at maximum effort, sit-ups (for muscular strength/endurance); multistage non-intermittent and intermittent tests (for aerobic endurance); sit and reach (for flexibility); sprinting and agility T-tests (for speed and agility, respectively); 10 × 5 m shuttle run (SR) (for both speed and agility). Few studies assessed coordination, reaction time, power, and balance. Although the selected tests are widely used and validated, they do not determine all PF aspects and do not reflect sport-specific features. A final decision was made for the inclusion of the following tests: standing broad jump, seated medicine ball throw, 20 m SR test, 30 m sprint, Illinois test, and a new test, i.e., the crunning test, to assess different skill-related components at once. The use of this combination of tests allows for the assessment of all PF components and can help planning effective training programs and cultivate sporting talent.
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21
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Augustovičová D, Lystad RP, Arriaza R. Time-Loss Injuries in Karate: A Prospective Cohort Study of 4 Consecutive World Karate Championships. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119865866. [PMID: 31489331 PMCID: PMC6710676 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119865866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prospective studies on injuries in martial arts competitions are scarce, especially those involving time-loss injuries. The upsurge of karate athletes competing in top-level karate competitions warrants elucidation of the time-loss injury risk. Purpose: To determine the time-loss injury proportion and incidence rate, describe the injury pattern among elite senior karate athletes, and compare the risk of time-loss injuries in male versus female athletes and in individual (ie, weight categories) versus team competitions (free-weight category). Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Data were collected at 4 consecutive World Karate Championships (2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016). Injury incidence rates were calculated per 1000 athlete-exposures (IIRAE) and per 1000 minutes of exposure (IIRME), with 95% CIs. Subgroups were compared by calculating their rate ratios with 95% CIs. Results: A total of 506 injuries were recorded, of which 51 were time-loss injuries (10%). The overall time-loss injury rate was significantly lower for female versus male athletes and slightly lower for team versus individual competitions. Overall, 1.4% of all athletes sustained a time-loss injury, and the IIRAE and IIRME were 5.13 (95% CI, 3.82-6.74) and 1.98 (95% CI, 1.47-2.60), respectively. The most common type of time-loss injury was fracture (41%), followed by dislocation (20%) and concussion (12%). Conclusion: The time-loss injury incidence rate for top-level karate competitions found in this prospective study was relatively low. Comprehensive knowledge about the incidence of time-loss injuries during karate competitions represents an essential basis to develop effective strategies for injury prevention. Thus, the introduction of a uniform injury surveillance system in martial arts is of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušana Augustovičová
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Dušana Augustovičová, PhD, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University, Nábrežie armádneho generála Ludvíka Svobodu 9, Bratislava 814 69, Slovakia ()
| | - Reidar P. Lystad
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rafael Arriaza
- Physical Education and Sports School, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
- Instituto Médico Arriaza y Asociados, A Coruña, Spain
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Ojo SO, Bailey DP, Brierley ML, Hewson DJ, Chater AM. Breaking barriers: using the behavior change wheel to develop a tailored intervention to overcome workplace inhibitors to breaking up sitting time. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1126. [PMID: 31420033 PMCID: PMC6697980 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The workplace is a prominent domain for excessive sitting. The consequences of increased sitting time include adverse health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease and poor mental wellbeing. There is evidence that breaking up sitting could improve health, however, any such intervention in the workplace would need to be informed by a theoretical evidence-based framework. The aim of this study was to use the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) to develop a tailored intervention to break up and reduce workplace sitting in desk-based workers. METHODS The BCW guide was followed for this qualitative, pre-intervention development study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 office workers (26-59 years, mean age 40.9 [SD = 10.8] years; 68% female) who were purposively recruited from local council offices and a university in the East of England region. The interview questions were developed using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Transcripts were deductively analysed using the COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation - Behaviour) model of behaviour. The Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy Version 1 (BCTv1) was thereafter used to identify possible strategies that could be used to facilitate change in sitting behaviour of office workers in a future intervention. RESULTS Qualitative analysis using COM-B identified that participants felt that they had the physical Capability to break up their sitting time, however, some lacked the psychological Capability in relation to the knowledge of both guidelines for sitting time and the consequences of excess sitting. Social and physical Opportunity was identified as important, such as a supportive organisational culture (social) and the need for environmental resources (physical). Motivation was highlighted as a core target for intervention, both reflective Motivation, such as beliefs about capability and intention and automatic in terms of overcoming habit through reinforcement. Seven intervention functions and three policy categories from the BCW were identified as relevant. Finally, 39 behaviour change techniques (BCTs) were identified as potential active components for an intervention to break up sitting time in the workplace. CONCLUSIONS The TDF, COM-B model and BCW can be successfully applied through a systematic process to understand the drivers of behaviour of office workers to develop a co-created intervention that can be used to break up and decrease sitting in the workplace. Intervention designers should consider the identified BCW factors and BCTs when developing interventions to reduce and break up workplace sitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson O. Ojo
- Institute for Health Research, University Square, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire LU1 3JU UK
| | - Daniel P. Bailey
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Polhill Avenue, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK41 9EA UK
| | - Marsha L. Brierley
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Polhill Avenue, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK41 9EA UK
| | - David J. Hewson
- Institute for Health Research, University Square, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire LU1 3JU UK
| | - Angel M. Chater
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Polhill Avenue, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK41 9EA UK
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Milavic B, Padulo J, Grgantov Z, Milić M, Mannarini S, Manzoni GM, Ardigò LP, Rossi A. Development and factorial validity of the Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports, Youth Version - Short Form: Assessment of the psychometric properties. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220930. [PMID: 31415637 PMCID: PMC6695110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers in sport often try to investigate relations between athletes’ psychological skills and their sports results to predict top athletic achievements or unexpectedly poor performances. The Psychology Skills Inventory for Sports (Youth version), PSIS-Y, was developed to measure psychological characteristics of young athletes–differentiating well more talented and less talented young athletes. Nevertheless, previous studies revealed its inadequate, factorial validity. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop and investigate the psychometric proprieties of a brief version of the PSIS-Y (PSIS-Y-SF) in a sample of young Croatian athletes. Participants (n = 304; 188 females and 116 male) were recruited in clubs/teams all over Croatia and all of them competed in the Croatian Championship in youth (n = 157) and junior category (n = 147). The PSIS-Y-SF was derived by ten expert psychologists with five of them who had past experiences of agonistic sport practice. Psychometric analysis included Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), internal consistency analysis (Raykov’s Maximal Reliability), and correlation between subscales. Moreover, Multivariate Analyses of Variance (MANOVA) was run to test statistical differences between the players’ categories (male youth vs. male junior vs. female youth vs. female junior) in all of the subscales. Results of the CFA suggested the adequateness of the supposed six first-order factor solution for the PSIS-Y-SF. The Maximal Reliability statistics suggest a good internal consistency for all of the subscales and the MANOVA suggested differences between the player’s categories. The PSIS-Y-SF resulted to be a valid and reliable tool for the assessment of sports psychological skills. Findings from the psychometric evaluation of PSIS-Y-SF suggest that this is a useful tool, which may further assist in the measurement and conceptualization of sport psychological skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Milavic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Tunisian Research Laboratory Sports Performance Optimization, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Zoran Grgantov
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Mirjana Milić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Stefania Mannarini
- Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Mauro Manzoni
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy
- Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Verbania, Italy
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Taheri M, Irandoust K, Seghatoleslamy A, Eshaghi S, Valayi F. The acute effect of breakfast cereal consumption on inhibitory cognitive control in competitive male collegiate athlete’s with habitual breakfast skipping. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1603694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Taheri
- Department of sport sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Irandoust
- Department of sport sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Shahrian Eshaghi
- Department of sport sciences, Master of Sports Nutrition, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Fariba Valayi
- Department of sport sciences, Master of Motor Behavior, Karaj Azad University, Karaj, Iran
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Hraste M, De Giorgio A, Jelaska PM, Padulo J, Granić I. When mathematics meets physical activity in the school-aged child: The effect of an integrated motor and cognitive approach to learning geometry. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196024. [PMID: 30089116 PMCID: PMC6082508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mathematics is a science which can lead to both anxiety in children and teaching difficulties in teachers. Together, these two difficulties can increase the time spent in teaching and learning mathematics. The aim of this study is to examine the efficiency of a new integrated mathematics/geometry and physical activity program, specifically structured for increasing learning in fourth-grade pupils. Thirty-six children (age 10.36±0.55) were divided into an experimental (n1 = 19) group and a control (n2 = 17) group. The experimental group of subjects learned mathematics and geometry via the integrated teaching method, while the control group of subjects learned these subjects via traditional teaching methods. We administered two ad hoc tests, before and after the intervention, in order to study its effect. One test was on geometry knowledge and the other on mathematics, in which there were questions about the implemented teaching topics: rectangles, squares and their perimeters. Using a factorial 2×2 ANOVA, the results after four weeks indicated that the group of subjects who gained their mathematics and geometry knowledge through our intervention program were significantly more successful (P<0.05) than the control group. Our results suggest that the integrated teaching method proposed here could be considered a useful and efficient method for teaching mathematics and geometry based on motor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Hraste
- University of Split, Faculty of Science, Independent Department of Social and Human sciences, Split, Croatia
| | - Andrea De Giorgio
- eCampus University, Faculty of Psychology, Novedrate (CO), Italy
- University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Johnny Padulo
- eCampus University, Faculty of Psychology, Novedrate (CO), Italy
- University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, Split, Croatia
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ivan Granić
- University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Department of General Courses, Split, Croatia
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Chen FT, Chen SR, Chu IH, Liu JH, Chang YK. Multicomponent Exercise Intervention and Metacognition in Obese Preadolescents: A Randomized Controlled Study. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 39:302-312. [PMID: 29111863 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the effect of a 12-week multicomponent exercise intervention on metacognition among preadolescents with obesity. Seventy-five preadolescents were randomly assigned to either a multicomponent exercise group or a reading control group. An exercise intervention consisting of a jumping rope was utilized to develop multifaceted fitness features, with each session lasting for 75 min and three sessions being conducted per week for 12 weeks. Results revealed significant interactions between group and time point for cardiovascular fitness, muscular endurance, flexibility, and power, as well as for Tower of London task measures, including total move score, total executive time, and total planning-solving time, with better postintervention performances achieved by the exercise group. Positive correlations between the physical fitness and metacognition measurements were also observed. These findings suggest that the multicomponent exercise benefits metacognition in obese preadolescents, with exercise-associated changes in multifaceted fitness features mediating the relationship between exercise and metacognition.
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27
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Mind-Body Therapy for Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. CHILDREN-BASEL 2017; 4:children4050031. [PMID: 28441363 PMCID: PMC5447989 DOI: 10.3390/children4050031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is pervasive among the pediatric population and new treatments with minimal adverse effects are necessary to be studied. The purpose of this article is to review current research studying mind–body therapies for treatment of children diagnosed with ADHD. Literature was reviewed pertaining to the effectiveness of movement-based therapies and mindfulness/meditation-based therapies for ADHD. Many positive effects of yoga, Tai Chi, physical activity, and meditation may significantly improve symptoms of ADHD among children.
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28
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Sports and martial arts activities for public health purposes: the musician’s risk profiles and exercise-based health care as a model. J Public Health (Oxf) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-017-0789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Abstract
The martial arts can provide children and adolescents with vigorous levels of physical exercise that can improve overall physical fitness. The various types of martial arts encompass noncontact basic forms and techniques that may have a lower relative risk of injury. Contact-based sparring with competitive training and bouts have a higher risk of injury. This clinical report describes important techniques and movement patterns in several types of martial arts and reviews frequently reported injuries encountered in each discipline, with focused discussions of higher risk activities. Some of these higher risk activities include blows to the head and choking or submission movements that may cause concussions or significant head injuries. The roles of rule changes, documented benefits of protective equipment, and changes in training recommendations in attempts to reduce injury are critically assessed. This information is intended to help pediatric health care providers counsel patients and families in encouraging safe participation in martial arts.
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Fong SS, Chung JW, Cheng YT, Yam TT, Chiu HC, Fong DY, Cheung C, Yuen L, Yu EY, Hung YS, Macfarlane DJ, Ng SS. Attention during functional tasks is associated with motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4935. [PMID: 27631272 PMCID: PMC5402615 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional and exploratory study aimed to compare motor performance and electroencephalographic (EEG) attention levels in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and those with typical development, and determine the relationship between motor performance and the real-time EEG attention level in children with DCD.Eighty-six children with DCD [DCD: n = 57; DCD and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): n = 29] and 99 children with typical development were recruited. Their motor performance was assessed with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) and attention during the tasks of the MABC was evaluated by EEG.All children with DCD had higher MABC impairment scores and lower EEG attention scores than their peers (P < 0.05). After accounting for age, sex, body mass index, and physical activity level, the attention index remained significantly associated with the MABC total impairment score and explained 14.1% of the variance in children who had DCD but not ADHD (P = 0.009) and 17.5% of the variance in children with both DCD and ADHD (P = 0.007). Children with DCD had poorer motor performance and were less attentive to movements than their peers. Their poor motor performance may be explained by inattention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley S.M. Fong
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Correspondence: Shirley S.M. Fong, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (e-mail: )
| | - Joanne W.Y. Chung
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
| | - Yoyo T.Y. Cheng
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Timothy T.T. Yam
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hsiu-Ching Chiu
- Department of Physical Therapy, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Y.T. Fong
- School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - C.Y. Cheung
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Lily Yuen
- Heep Hong Society, Ngau Tau Kok, Hong Kong
| | - Esther Y.T. Yu
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yeung Sam Hung
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Duncan J. Macfarlane
- Centre for Sports and Exercise, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Shamay S.M. Ng
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
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31
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Alesi M, Bianco A, Luppina G, Palma A, Pepi A. Improving Children's Coordinative Skills and Executive Functions: The Effects of a Football Exercise Program. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 122:27-46. [PMID: 27420304 DOI: 10.1177/0031512515627527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have focused on the positive influence of regular physical activity on executive functioning in children. Coordinative skills (agility) and executive functions (updating, attention, inhibition and planning processes) were investigated in children before and after 6 months of a Football Exercise Program compared to a control group of sedentary peers. The participants were 44 children aged 8.8 years: Group 1 comprised 24 children in a football (i.e., soccer) exercise program and Group 2 comprised 20 sedentary children. At pre-test and post-test, coordinative skills and executive functions were measured. After the Football Exercise Program, there were significant differences between sport and sedentary groups in coordinative skills and executive functions. The football group at post-test showed significantly larger gains than the sedentary group on measures of agility, visuo-spatial working memory, attention, planning and inhibition. Findings shed light on the issue to plan structured sport activities as a natural and enjoyable way to improve cognitive skills.
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Alesi M, Bianco A, Padulo J, Luppina G, Petrucci M, Paoli A, Palma A, Pepi A. Motor and cognitive growth following a Football Training Program. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1627. [PMID: 26579014 PMCID: PMC4621303 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor and cognitive growth in children may be influenced by football practice. Therefore the aim of this study was to assess whether a Football Training Program taken over 6 months would improve motor and cognitive performances in children. Motor skills concerned coordinative skills, running, and explosive legs strength. Cognitive abilities involved visual discrimination times and visual selective attention times. Forty-six children with chronological age of ∼9.10 years, were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 24) attended a Football Exercise Program and Group 2 (n = 22) was composed of sedentary children. Their abilities were measured by a battery of tests including motor and cognitive tasks. Football Exercise Program resulted in improved running, coordination, and explosive leg strength performances as well as shorter visual discrimination times in children regularly attending football courses compared with their sedentary peers. On the whole these results support the thesis that the improvement of motor and cognitive abilities is related not only to general physical activity but also to specific ability related to the ball. Football Exercise Programs is assumed to be a “natural and enjoyable tool” to enhance cognitive resources as well as promoting and encouraging the participation in sport activities from early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Alesi
- Department of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Department of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Luppina
- Department of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Petrucci
- Department of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Department of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pepi
- Department of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
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