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Wang HP, Scalco R, Saito N, Beckett L, Nguyen ML, Huie EZ, Honig LS, DeCarli C, Rissman RA, Teich AF, Mungas DM, Jin LW, Dugger BN. The neuropathological landscape of small vessel disease and Lewy pathology in a cohort of Hispanic and non-Hispanic White decedents with Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:81. [PMID: 38790074 PMCID: PMC11127432 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01773-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular and α-synuclein pathologies are frequently observed alongside Alzheimer disease (AD). The heterogeneity of AD necessitates comprehensive approaches to postmortem studies, including the representation of historically underrepresented ethnic groups. In this cohort study, we evaluated small vessel disease pathologies and α-synuclein deposits among Hispanic decedents (HD, n = 92) and non-Hispanic White decedents (NHWD, n = 184) from three Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers: Columbia University, University of California San Diego, and University of California Davis. The study included cases with a pathological diagnosis of Intermediate/High AD based on the National Institute on Aging- Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) and/or NIA-Reagan criteria. A 2:1 random comparison sample of NHWD was frequency-balanced and matched with HD by age and sex. An expert blinded to demographics and center origin evaluated arteriolosclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and Lewy bodies/Lewy neurites (LBs/LNs) with a semi-quantitative approach using established criteria. There were many similarities and a few differences among groups. HD showed more severe Vonsattel grading of CAA in the cerebellum (p = 0.04), higher CAA density in the posterior hippocampus and cerebellum (ps = 0.01), and increased LBs/LNs density in the frontal (p = 0.01) and temporal cortices (p = 0.03), as determined by Wilcoxon's test. Ordinal logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, and center confirmed these findings except for LBs/LNs in the temporal cortex. Results indicate HD with AD exhibit greater CAA and α-synuclein burdens in select neuroanatomic regions when compared to age- and sex-matched NHWD with AD. These findings aid in the generalizability of concurrent arteriolosclerosis, CAA, and LBs/LNs topography and severity within the setting of pathologically confirmed AD, particularly in persons of Hispanic descent, showing many similarities and a few differences to those of NHW descent and providing insights into precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Pei Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Rebeca Scalco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Naomi Saito
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Laurel Beckett
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - My-Le Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Emily Z Huie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence S Honig
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew F Teich
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Dan M Mungas
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Brittany N Dugger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Scalco R, Saito N, Beckett L, Nguyen ML, Huie E, Wang HP, Flaherty DA, Honig LS, DeCarli C, Rissman RA, Teich AF, Jin LW, Dugger BN. The neuropathological landscape of Hispanic and non-Hispanic White decedents with Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:105. [PMID: 37386610 PMCID: PMC10311731 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing demographic diversity of the United States' aging population, there remain significant gaps in post-mortem research investigating the ethnoracial heterogeneity in the neuropathological landscape of Alzheimer Disease (AD). Most autopsy-based studies have focused on cohorts of non-Hispanic White decedents (NHWD), with few studies including Hispanic decedents (HD). We aimed to characterize the neuropathologic landscape of AD in NHWD (n = 185) and HD (n = 92) evaluated in research programs across three institutions: University of California San Diego, University of California Davis, and Columbia University. Only persons with a neuropathologic diagnosis of intermediate/high AD determined by NIA Reagan and/or NIA-AA criteria were included. A frequency-balanced random sample without replacement was drawn from the NHWD group using a 2:1 age and sex matching scheme with HD. Four brain areas were evaluated: posterior hippocampus, frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices. Sections were stained with antibodies against Aβ (4G8) and phosphorylated tau (AT8). We compared the distribution and semi-quantitative densities for neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuropil threads, core, diffuse, and neuritic plaques. All evaluations were conducted by an expert blinded to demographics and group status. Wilcoxon's two-sample test revealed higher levels of neuritic plaques in the frontal cortex (p = 0.02) and neuropil threads (p = 0.02) in HD, and higher levels of cored plaques in the temporal cortex in NHWD (p = 0.02). Results from ordinal logistic regression controlling for age, sex, and site of origin were similar. In other evaluated brain regions, semi-quantitative scores of plaques, tangles, and threads did not differ statistically between groups. Our results demonstrate HD may be disproportionately burdened by AD-related pathologies in select anatomic regions, particularly tau deposits. Further research is warranted to understand the contributions of demographic, genetic, and environmental factors to heterogeneous pathological presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Scalco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4645 2Nd Ave, 3400A Research Building III, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Naomi Saito
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Laurel Beckett
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - My-Le Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4645 2Nd Ave, 3400A Research Building III, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Emily Huie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4645 2Nd Ave, 3400A Research Building III, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Hsin-Pei Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4645 2Nd Ave, 3400A Research Building III, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Delaney A Flaherty
- Taub Institute for Research On Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence S Honig
- Taub Institute for Research On Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrew F Teich
- Taub Institute for Research On Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research On Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4645 2Nd Ave, 3400A Research Building III, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Brittany N Dugger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4645 2Nd Ave, 3400A Research Building III, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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McDonough IM, Cody SL, Harrell ER, Garrett SL, Popp TE. Cognitive differences across ethnoracial category, socioeconomic status across the Alzheimer's disease spectrum: Can an ability discrepancy score level the playing field? Mem Cognit 2023; 51:543-560. [PMID: 35338450 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-022-01304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An ability discrepancy (crystallized minus fluid abilities) might be a personally relevant cognitive marker of risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and might help reduce measurement bias often present in traditional measures of cognition. In a large national sample of adults aged 60-104 years (N = 14,257), we investigated whether the intersectionality of group characteristics previously shown to pose a risk for AD including ethnoracial category, socioeconomic status, and sex (a) differed in ability discrepancy compared to traditional neuropsychological tests and (b) moderated the relationship between an ability discrepancy and AD symptom severity. In cognitively normal older adults, results indicated that across each decade, fluid and memory composite scores generally exhibited large group differences with sex, education, and ethnoracial category. In contrast, the ability discrepancy score showed much smaller group differences, thus removing much of the biases inherent in the tests. Women with higher education differed in discrepancy performance from other groups, suggesting a subgroup in which this score might reduce bias to a lesser extent. Importantly, a greater ability discrepancy was associated with greater AD symptom severity across the AD continuum. Subgroup analyses suggest that this relationship holds for all groups except for some subgroups of Hispanic Americans. These findings suggest that an ability discrepancy measure might be a better indicator of baseline cognition than traditional measures that show more egregious measurement bias across diverse groups of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M McDonough
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
| | - Shameka L Cody
- College of Nursing, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Erin R Harrell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | | | - Taylor E Popp
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
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Paredes AM, Guareña LA, Stickel AM, Schairer CE, González HM. To donate, or not to donate, that is the question: Latino insights into brain donation. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:1274-1280. [PMID: 36029516 PMCID: PMC9968816 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Latinos are underrepresented in brain autopsy research on Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). The study's purpose is to identify Latinos' attitudes about brain donation (BD) to inform methods by which researchers can increase autopsy consent. METHODS Forty Latinos (mean age: 59.4 years) completed a semi-structured interview and were presented with educational information about BD. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their understanding of BD and willingness to donate their brain for research. RESULTS Among participants, there was near unanimous support for BD to study ADRD after hearing educational information. However, prior to the information presented, participants reported a lack of knowledge about BD and demonstrated a possibility that misunderstandings about BD may affect participation. DISCUSSION While nearly all study participants agree that donating is beneficial for research and for future generations, the lack of BD information must be addressed to help support positive attitudes and willingness for participation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lesley A. Guareña
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ariana M. Stickel
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Cynthia E. Schairer
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hector M. González
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Watson CWM, Kamalyan L, Tang B, Hussain MA, Cherner M, Mindt MR, Byrd DA, Franklin DR, Collier AC, Clifford DB, Gelman B, Morgello S, McCutchan JA, Ellis RJ, Grant I, Heaton RK, Marquine MJ. Ethnic/Racial Disparities in Longitudinal Neurocognitive Decline in People With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 90:97-105. [PMID: 35081558 PMCID: PMC8986565 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine longitudinal neurocognitive decline among Latino, non-Latino Black, and non-Latino White people with HIV (PWH) and factors that may explain ethnic/racial disparities in neurocognitive decline. METHODS Four hundred ninety nine PWH (13.8% Latino, 42.7% Black, 43.5% White; baseline age: M = 43.5) from the CNS HIV Anti-Retroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) study completed neurocognitive, neuromedical, and laboratory assessments every 6-12 months with up to 5 years of follow-up. Longitudinal neurocognitive change was determined via published regression-based norms. Survival analyses investigated the relationship between ethnicity/race and neurocognitive change, and baseline and time-dependent variables that may explain ethnic/racial disparities in neurocognitive decline, including socio-demographic, HIV-disease, medical, psychiatric, and substance use characteristics. RESULTS In Cox proportional hazard models, hazard ratios for neurocognitive decline were increased for Latino compared with White PWH (HR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.35 to 3.73, P = 0.002), and Latino compared with Black PWH (HR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.14 to 3.04, P = 0.013), with no significant differences between Black and White PWH (P = 0.40). Comorbidities, including cardiometabolic factors and more severe neurocognitive comorbidity classification, accounted for 33.6% of the excess hazard for Latino compared with White PWH, decreasing the hazard ratio associated with Latino ethnicity (HR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.06 to 3.16, P = 0.03), but did not fully account for elevated risk of decline. CONCLUSIONS Latino PWH may be at higher risk of early neurocognitive decline compared with Black and White PWH. Comorbidities accounted for some, but not all, of this increased risk among Latino PWH. Future research examining institutional, sociocultural, and biomedical factors, including structural discrimination and age-related biomarkers, may further explain the observed disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bin Tang
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ann C. Collier
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Igor Grant
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
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Nguyen ML, Huie EZ, Whitmer RA, George KM, Dugger BN. Neuropathology Studies of Dementia in US Persons other than Non-Hispanic Whites. FREE NEUROPATHOLOGY 2022; 3. [PMID: 35425946 PMCID: PMC9007571 DOI: 10.17879/freeneuropathology-2022-3795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia are two of the most prevalent dementias that afflict the aging population in the United States (US). Studies have made great strides in understanding the neuropathology of these diseases; however, many studies are conducted in the context of non-Hispanic whites (NHWs), and few include the rapidly growing underrepresented populations that reside in the US. We sought to characterize current knowledge of the neuropathologic landscape of AD and vascular dementia of the largest growing US minority groups, namely Latinos/Hispanics, Black Americans, and Asian Americans, compared with NHWs being the majority group. It is vital to note these historic categories are social constructs and cultural and social associations may underlie differences. We conducted a literature search utilizing specific criteria to yield neuropathology papers that addressed the demographics and neuropathologies of relevance, then collated the findings into this review. We reveal that while there has been much progress in neuropathological research involving Latinos/Hispanics and Black Americans in the past decade, no cohesive conclusions could be extrapolated from the existing data due to the dearth of minority participants and even smaller amount of information related to the heterogeneity within each minority group, especially Latinos/Hispanics. Furthermore, we reveal an even greater scarcity in neuropathological studies involving Asian Americans, also a very heterogeneous group. We hope the presented findings will illuminate the paucity of minority representation in not just neuropathological research but the field of clinical research overall and serve to inspire clinicians and researchers to help reduce the health disparities underrepresented groups in the US face.
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Affiliation(s)
- My-le Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis
| | - Emily Z Huie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis
| | - Rachel A Whitmer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis
| | - Kristen M George
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis
| | - Brittany N Dugger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis
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Alzheimer’s Disease in Bilingual Latinos: Clinical Decisions for Diagnosis and Treatment Planning. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICE PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 47:171-179. [PMID: 34661164 PMCID: PMC8507357 DOI: 10.1007/s42843-021-00050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Early and accurate identification of cognitive and functional decline in bilingual Latino/a older adults with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias continues to be a substantial public health concern. This paper highlights the heterogeneity in the clinical expression of Alzheimer’s disease among bilingual Latino/as, the clinical decisions leading to a culturally and linguistically congruent neuropsychological assessment, and the interdisciplinary, multi-setting partnerships needed to ensure a healthy longevity post-diagnosis for the patient, the caregiver, and the family. Psychologists play an important role in advocating for the best standard of care, as the patients and families endure the long journey of care with dignity and respect.
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8
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Bilingualism: Pathway to Cognitive Reserve. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:355-364. [PMID: 33771449 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive reserve is characterized by a dissociation between cognitive level and brain structure, thereby reducing the impact of deteriorating brain structure on cognitive function. Cognitive reserve is therefore a promising approach to maintaining cognitive function and protecting against symptoms of dementia. The present paper evaluates evidence supporting the claim that bilingualism contributes to cognitive reserve. Four types of evidence are presented: (i) brain and cognitive function in healthy aging, (ii) age of onset of symptoms of dementia, (iii) relation between clinical level and neuropathology for patients, and (iv) rate of cognitive decline in later stages of dementia. In all cases, bilinguals revealed patterns that were consistent with the interpretation of protection from cognitive reserve when compared with monolinguals.
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Avilés-Santa ML, Hsu L, Lam TK, Arteaga SS, Artiles L, Coady S, Cooper LS, Curry J, Desvigne-Nickens P, Nicastro HL, Rosario A. Funding of Hispanic/Latino Health-Related Research by the National Institutes of Health: An Analysis of the Portfolio of Research Program Grants on Six Health Topic Areas. Front Public Health 2020; 8:330. [PMID: 33014952 PMCID: PMC7493677 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hispanics/Latinos are expected to constitute 25% of the U.S. population by 2060. Differences in the prevalence of health risk factors, chronic diseases, and access to and utilization of health-care services between Hispanics/Latinos and other populations in the U.S. have been documented. This study aimed to describe and analyze the landscape of Research Program Grants (RPGs) funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) between 2008 and 2015 involving Hispanic/Latino health research in six health condition areas-asthma, cancer, dementia, diabetes, liver/gallbladder disease, and obesity-and to identify opportunities for continued research in these areas. Using an NIH internal search engine, we identified new and renewal Hispanic/Latino health RPGs searching for specific Hispanic/Latino identifiers in the Title, Abstract, and Specific Aims. We used descriptive statistics to examine the distribution of funded RPGs by NIH disease-based classification codes for the six health condition areas of interest, and other selected characteristics. The most prominent clusters of research subtopics were identified within each health condition area, and performance sites were mapped at the city level. Within the selected time frame, 3,221 Hispanic/Latino health-related unique RPGs were funded (constituting 4.4% of all funded RPGs), and of those 625 RPGs were eligible for review and coding in the present study. Cancer and obesity were the most commonly studied health condition areas (72%), while studies on mechanisms of disease-biological and non-biological-(72.6%), behavioral research (42.1%) and epidemiological studies (38.1%) were the most common types of research. Most of the primary performance sites were in California, Texas, the northeastern U.S., and Illinois. The predominance of mechanistic, behavioral, and epidemiological studies in our analysis poses opportunities to evaluate knowledge gained and their clinical application, explore new research questions, or to update some methods or instruments. The findings of the present study suggest opportunities to expand research in understudied mechanisms of disease that could explain differences in prevalence of conditions like diabetes and cancer among different heritage groups. In addition, our findings suggest that the impact of interventions or policies designed to reduce health disparities, innovative multi-level interventions, implementation and dissemination studies, the role of health information technology on health outcomes, and the intersectionality of individual, sociocultural, geographic, and other factors on health outcomes, among others, are understudied approaches, which could potentially advance research in Hispanic/Latino health and contribute to the achievement of better health outcomes in this diverse population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Larissa Avilés-Santa
- Clinical and Health Services Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laura Hsu
- Division of Extramural Research Activities, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tram Kim Lam
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - S. Sonia Arteaga
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ligia Artiles
- Division of Scientific Programs, National Institutes on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sean Coady
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lawton S. Cooper
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer Curry
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Patrice Desvigne-Nickens
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Holly L. Nicastro
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Adelaida Rosario
- Division of Scientific Programs, National Institutes on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Chehrehnegar N, Nejati V, Shati M, Rashedi V, Lotfi M, Adelirad F, Foroughan M. Early detection of cognitive disturbances in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review of observational studies. Psychogeriatrics 2020; 20:212-228. [PMID: 31808989 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediate state between normal cognition and early dementia and is not considered as a typical outcome of brain aging. It has been estimated that 10% to 20% of individuals above 65 years of age will be diagnosed as having MCI. The increased rate of dementia and the importance of early detection of its forerunners have encouraged researchers to focus on detecting MCI and modifiable risk factors with the hope of developing better ways of managing dementia and its consequences. The main aim of this study was to systematically review the related literature concerning the cognitive changes in the spectrum of cognitive aging to cognitive impairment. Articles included in this review were identified through searching the databases of PubMed, Psych Info, Embase, ProQuest, and Scopus. Many domains like verbal memory, language, executive function, visual memory, attentional skills, and working memory showed acceptable predictive power. Testing subdomains such as executive function, speed of processing, working memory and semantic language are critical and others may indicate some suggestions for further clinical deteriorations in normal individuals. Although various cognitive instruments have been used for evaluation of impaired cognitive domains, it remains challenging to select the most appropriate ones having high-level accuracy and their related cognitive subdomains. It also revealed that none of the identified cognitive domains solely fulfilled the criteria for MCI screening; in clinical settings, multiple neuropsychological batteries may be used for one single cognitive domain, while longitudinal studies prefer the use of at least two cognitive measures for each domain to improve accuracy and research settings might focus on only a single neuropsychological test. However, along with episodic memory, testing for amnestic MCI, executive function could increase the chance of early detection of MCI. Executive control has been found to deteriorate the earliest in MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Chehrehnegar
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Occupational Therapy Department, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Nejati
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shahid Behehsti University Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Shati
- Mental Health Research Centre, School of Behavioural Science and Mental health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Rashedi
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadsajad Lotfi
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Adelirad
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahshid Foroughan
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Statucka M, Cohn M. Origins Matter: Culture Impacts Cognitive Testing in Parkinson's Disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:269. [PMID: 31440150 PMCID: PMC6694800 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD), and precise cognitive assessment is important for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. To date, there are no studies in PD investigating cultural bias on neuropsychological tests. Clinical practice in multicultural societies such as, Toronto Canada where nearly half of the population is comprised of first generation immigrants, presents important challenges as most neuropsychological tools were developed in Anglosphere cultures (e.g., USA, UK) and normed in more homogeneous groups. We examine total scores and rates of deficits on tests of visuoperceptual/visuospatial, attention, memory, and executive functions in Canadians with PD born in Anglosphere countries (n = 248) vs. in Canadians with PD born in other regions (International group; n = 167). The International group shows lower scores and greater rates of deficits on all visuoperceptual and some executive function tasks, but not on attention or memory measures. These biases are not explained by demographic and clinical variables as groups were comparable. Age at immigration, years in Canada, and English proficiency also do not account for the observed biases. In contrast, group differences are strongly mediated by the Historical Index of Human Development of the participants’ country of birth, which reflects economic, health, and educational potential of a country at the time of birth. In sum, our findings demonstrate lasting biases on neuropsychological tests despite significant exposure to, and participation in, Canadian culture. These biases are most striking on visuoperceptual measures and non-verbal executive tasks which many clinicians still considered to be “culture-fair” despite the growing evidence from the field of cross-cultural neuropsychology to the contrary. Our findings also illustrate that socio-development context captures important aspects of culture that relate to cognition, and have important implications for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Statucka
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital UHN, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie Cohn
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital UHN, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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