1
|
Endothelial Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032909. [PMID: 36769234 PMCID: PMC9918222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebral vascular system stringently regulates cerebral blood flow (CBF). The components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) protect the brain from pathogenic infections and harmful substances, efflux waste, and exchange substances; however, diseases develop in cases of blood vessel injuries and BBB dysregulation. Vascular pathology is concurrent with the mechanisms underlying aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD), which suggests its involvement in these mechanisms. Therefore, in the present study, we reviewed the role of vascular dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, particularly AD and VaD. During the development of the aforementioned diseases, changes occur in the cerebral blood vessel morphology and local cells, which, in turn, alter CBF, fluid dynamics, and vascular integrity. Chronic vascular inflammation and blood vessel dysregulation further exacerbate vascular dysfunction. Multitudinous pathogenic processes affect the cerebrovascular system, whose dysfunction causes cognitive impairment. Knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of vascular dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and the underlying molecular mechanisms may lead to the discovery of clinically relevant vascular biomarkers, which may facilitate vascular imaging for disease prevention and treatment.
Collapse
|
2
|
Khezri MR, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. The Role of Caspases in Alzheimer's Disease: Pathophysiology Implications and Pharmacologic Modulation. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:71-90. [PMID: 36442198 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Although the main cause of the onset and development of AD is not known yet, neuronal death due to pathologic changes such as amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, tau aggregation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and calcium dyshomeostasis are considered to be the main cause. At the present, there is no cure for this insidious disorder. However, accurate identification of molecular changes in AD can help provide new therapeutic goals. Caspases are a group of proteases which are known because of their role in cellular apoptosis. In addition, different caspases are involved in other cellular responses to the environment, such as induction of inflammation. Emerging evidence suggest that these proteases play a central role in AD pathophysiology due to their role in the processing of amyloid-β protein precursor, tau cleavage, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, it seems that targeting caspases may be a suitable therapeutic option to slow the progression of AD. This review focuses on the role of caspases in AD pathophysiology and introduce results from studies targeted caspases in different models of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Research Center for Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xie L, Zhu G, Shang J, Chen X, Zhang C, Ji X, Zhang Q, Wei Y. An overview on the biological activity and anti-cancer mechanism of lovastatin. Cell Signal 2021; 87:110122. [PMID: 34438015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lovastatin, a secondary metabolite isolated from fungi, is often used as a representative drug to reduce blood lipid concentration and treat hypercholesterolemia. Its structure is similar to that of HMG-CoA. Lovastatin inhibits the binding of the substrate to HMG-CoA reductase, and strongly competes with HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR), thereby exerting a hypolipidemic effect. Further, its safety has been confirmed in vivo and in vitro. Lovastatin also has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective effects. Therefore, the biological activity of lovastatin, especially its anti-cancer effect, has garnered research attention. Several in vitro studies have confirmed that lovastatin has a significant inhibitory effect on cancer cell viability in a variety of cancers (such as breast, liver, cervical, lung, and colon cancer). At the same time, lovastatin can also increase the sensitivity of some types of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and strengthen their therapeutic effect. Lovastatin inhibits cell proliferation and regulates cancer cell signaling pathways, thereby inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. This article reviews the structure, biosynthetic pathways, and applications of lovastatin, focusing on the anti-cancer effects and mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Xie
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Guodong Zhu
- Yunnan Minzu University, Library, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Junjie Shang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Chunting Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Xiuling Ji
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Yunlin Wei
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee J, Cho HJ. Neuroprotective Effects of Scopoletin on Neuro-damage caused by Alcohol in Primary Hippocampal Neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.15616/bsl.2020.26.2.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jina Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Cho
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Silva ITG, Fernandes V, Souza C, Treptow W, Santos GM. Biophysical studies of cholesterol effects on chromatin. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:934-940. [PMID: 28331000 PMCID: PMC5408612 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m074997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in chromatin structure regulate gene expression and genome maintenance. Molecules that bind to the nucleosome, the complex of DNA and histone proteins, are key modulators of chromatin structure. Previous work indicated that cholesterol, a ubiquitous cellular lipid, may bind to chromatin in vivo, suggesting a potential function for lipids in modulating chromatin architecture. However, the molecular mechanisms of cholesterol’s action on chromatin structure have remained unclear. Here, we explored the biophysical impact of cholesterol on nucleosome and chromatin fibers reconstituted in vitro and characterized in silico the cholesterol binding to the nucleosome. Our findings support that cholesterol assists 10 and 30 nm chromatin formation and induces folding of long chromatin fibers as a result of direct interaction of the cholesterol to six nucleosomal binding sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel T G Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Fernandes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Teórica e Computacional, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Caio Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia Teórica e Computacional, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Werner Treptow
- Laboratório de Biologia Teórica e Computacional, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Santos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Production of valuable compounds by molds and yeasts. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 70:347-360. [PMID: 27731337 PMCID: PMC7094691 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We are pleased to dedicate this paper to Dr Julian E Davies. Julian is a giant among microbial biochemists. He began his professional career as an organic chemistry PhD student at Nottingham University, moved on to a postdoctoral fellowship at Columbia University, then became a lecturer at the University of Manchester, followed by a fellowship in microbial biochemistry at Harvard Medical School. In 1965, he studied genetics at the Pasteur Institute, and 2 years later joined the University of Wisconsin in the Department of Biochemistry. He later became part of Biogen as Research Director and then President. After Biogen, Julian became Chair of the Department of Microbiology at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, where he has contributed in a major way to the reputation of this department for many years. He also served as an Adjunct Professor at the University of Geneva. Among Julian’s areas of study and accomplishment are fungal toxins including α-sarcin, chemical synthesis of triterpenes, mode of action of streptomycin and other aminoglycoside antibiotics, biochemical mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of bacteria harboring resistance plasmids, their origins and evolution, secondary metabolism of microorganisms, structure and function of bacterial ribosomes, antibiotic resistance mutations in yeast ribosomes, cloning of resistance genes from an antibiotic-producing microbe, gene cloning for industrial purposes, engineering of herbicide resistance in useful crops, bleomycin-resistance gene in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and many other topics. He has been an excellent teacher, lecturing in both English and French around the world, and has organized international courses. Julian has also served on the NIH study sections, as Editor for several international journals, and was one of the founders of the journal Plasmid. We expect the impact of Julian’s accomplishments to continue into the future.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hamel E, Royea J, Ongali B, Tong XK. Neurovascular and Cognitive failure in Alzheimer’s Disease: Benefits of Cardiovascular Therapy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:219-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
8
|
Lin CM, Lin YT, Lin RD, Huang WJ, Lee MH. Neurocytoprotective Effects of Aliphatic Hydroxamates from Lovastatin, a Secondary Metabolite from Monascus-Fermented Red Mold Rice, in 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-Treated Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)-Differentiated PC12 Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:716-24. [PMID: 25692332 DOI: 10.1021/cn500275k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lovastatin, a secondary metabolite isolated from Monascus-fermented red rice mold, has neuroprotective activity and permeates the blood-brain barrier. The aim of this study was to enhance the activity of lovastatin for potential use as a treatment for neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease. Six lovastatin-derived compounds were semisynthesized and screened for neurocytoprotective activity against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma PC12 cells. Four compounds, designated as 3a, 3d, 3e, and 3f, significantly enhanced cell viability. In particular, compound 3f showed excellent neurocytoprotective activity (97.0 ± 2.7%). Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide double staining and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining indicated that compound 3f reduced 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Compound 3f also reduced caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities, and intracellular calcium concentrations elevated by 6-OHDA in a concentration-dependent manner, without inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation. JC-1 staining indicated that compound 3f also stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential. Thus, compound 3f may be used as a neurocytoprotective agent. Future studies should investigate its potential application as a treatment for Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Min Lin
- Graduate
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University—Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei 116, Taiwan
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University—Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei County 235, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tzu Lin
- Graduate
Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Dih Lin
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Heping Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jan Huang
- Graduate
Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for the
Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- School
of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsien Lee
- Graduate
Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for the
Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine & Sciences, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fonseca ACR, Resende R, Cardoso SM, Pereira CF. The role of proteotoxic stress in vascular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS IN DISEASES 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ersc-2015-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the principal cause of dementia in the elderly; however, its prevalence is increasing due to the fact that current pharmaceuticals used to manage the symptoms are not capable of preventing, halting, or reversing disease progression. In the last decade, evidence has accumulated to support the hypothesis that a primary cerebral vascular dysfunction initiates the cascade of events that leads to neuronal injury and the subsequent cognitive decline observed in AD. The mechanisms underlying these vascular defects and their relationship with neurodegeneration are still poorly understood however. It is pathologically known that cerebrovascular dysfunctions can induce the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ), an amyloidogenic and toxic peptide that in turn causes cerebrovascular degeneration. Mammalian cells regulate proteostasis and the functioning of intracellular organelles through diverse mechanisms such as the Unfolded Protein Response, the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and autophagy; however, when these mechanisms cannot compensate for perturbations in homeostasis, the cell undergoes programmed death via apoptosis. This review summarizes recent studies that together correlate the deregulation of protein quality control pathways with dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells of the brain in AD, thus supporting the hypothesis that it is the vicious, progressive failure of the proteostatic network and endothelial activation that underlies the cerebrovascular changes that symptomize AD.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Fungi are amazing producers of natural products, including secondary metabolites. These compounds are crucial to the health and well-being of people throughout the world. They also provide agriculture and livestock with many essential products. Production of secondary metabolites is improved by mutagenesis and recombinant DNA technologies allowing commercial production of these valuable compounds. This chapter centers on these fungal beneficial products, the discovery of which goes back 85 years to the time that penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.
Collapse
|
11
|
Fonseca ACRG, Moreira PI, Oliveira CR, Cardoso SM, Pinton P, Pereira CF. Amyloid-beta disrupts calcium and redox homeostasis in brain endothelial cells. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:610-22. [PMID: 24833600 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease, the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the brain occurs in the parenchyma and cerebrovasculature. Several evidences support that the neuronal demise is potentiated by vascular alterations in the early stages of the disease, but the mechanisms responsible for the dysfunction of brain endothelial cells that underlie these cerebrovascular changes are unknown. Using rat brain microvascular endothelial cells, we found that short-term treatment with a toxic dose of Aβ1-40 inhibits the Ca(2+) refill and retention ability of the endoplasmic reticulum and enhances the mitochondrial and cytosolic response to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-stimulated endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release. Upon prolonged Aβ1-40 exposure, Ca(2+) homeostasis was restored concomitantly with a decrease in the levels of proteins involved in its regulation operating at the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. Along with perturbations in Ca(2+) regulation, an early increase in the levels of oxidants and a decrease in the ratio between reduced and oxidized glutathione were observed in Aβ1-40-treated endothelial cells. Under these conditions, the nuclear levels of oxidative stress-related transcription factors, namely, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-related factor 2, were enhanced as well as the protein levels of target genes. In conclusion, Aβ1-40 affects several mechanisms involved in Ca(2+) homeostasis and impairs the redox homeostasis simultaneously with stimulation of protective stress responses in brain endothelial cells. However, the imbalance between cell death and survival pathways leads to endothelial dysfunction that in turn contributes to cerebrovascular impairment in Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina R G Fonseca
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhi WH, Zeng YY, Lu ZH, Qu WJ, Chen WX, Chen L, Chen L. Simvastatin exerts antiamnesic effect in Aβ25-35 -injected mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 20:218-26. [PMID: 24289538 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM AND METHODS Simvastatin (SV) is reported to improve cognition and slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study explored the mechanisms underlying the antiamnesic effect of SV in AD using behavior tests, histological examination, western blot analysis, and electrophysiological recording technique in AD model mice created by intracerebroventricular injection (i.c.v.) of Aβ25-35 . RESULTS Chronic administration of SV (40 mg/kg/day) for 11 days after Aβ25-35 -injection ameliorated the impairment of acquisition performance and probe trail test in Morris water maze task and alternation behavior in Y maze task in Aβ25-35 -mice. Aβ25-35 -induced apoptosis of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and Aβ25-35 -impaired high-frequency stimulation (HFS)-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) induction in hippocampal Schaffer collaterale-CA1 synapse were rescued by SV-treatment. SV prevented Aβ25-35 -inhibited protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal-related kinase-2 (ERK2) phosphorylation, which was sensitive to α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) antagonist MLA. SV-induced neuroprotection was attenuated by MLA or phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) antagonist LY294002. SV-rescued LTP induction was blocked by α7nAChR, PI3K or MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) antagonist. Finally, the antiamnesia of SV in Aβ25-35 -mice was attenuated by blockage of SV-induced neuroprotection or SV-rescued LTP induction. CONCLUSION The antiamnesia of SV in Aβ25-35 -mice depends on its neuroprotection and synaptic plasticity improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hong Zhi
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Geriatric Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Statins reduce amyloid β-peptide production by modulating amyloid precursor protein maturation and phosphorylation through a cholesterol-independent mechanism in cultured neurons. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:589-600. [PMID: 23269484 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, have been reported to attenuate amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) production in various cellular models. However, the mechanisms by which statins affect neuronal Aβ production have not yet been clarified. Here, we investigated this issue in rat primary cortical neurons using two statins, pitavastatin (PV) and atorvastatin (AV). Treatment of neurons with 0.2-2.5 μM PV or AV for 4 days induced a concentration- and time-dependent reduction in the secretion of both Aβ40 and Aβ42. Moreover, Western blot analyses of cell lysates showed that treatment with PV or AV significantly reduced expression levels of the mature form of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Thr668-phosphorylated APP (P-APP), but not immature form of APP; the decreases in P-APP levels were more notable than those of mature APP levels. The statin treatment did not alter expression of BACE1 (β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1) or γ-secretase complex proteins (presenilin 1, nicastrin, APH-1, and PEN-2). In neurons overexpressing APP via recombinant adenoviruses, PV or AV similarly reduced Aβ secretion and the levels of mature APP and P-APP. Statins also markedly reduced cellular cholesterol content in neurons in a concentration-dependent manner. Co-treatment with mevalonate reversed the statin-induced decreases in Aβ secretion and mature APP and P-APP levels, whereas co-treatment with cholesterol did not, despite recovery of cellular cholesterol levels. Finally, cell-surface biotinylation experiments revealed that both statins significantly reduced the levels of cell-surface P-APP without changing those of cell surface mature APP. These results suggest that statins reduce Aβ production by selectively modulating APP maturation and phosphorylation through a mechanism independent of cholesterol reduction in cultured neurons.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kou J, Song M, Pattanayak A, Lim JE, Yang J, Cao D, Li L, Fukuchi KI. Combined treatment of Aβ immunization with statin in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 244:70-83. [PMID: 22326143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of combined treatment of Aβ-immunization with simvastatin in an Alzheimer mouse model at age 22 months. DNA prime-adenovirus boost immunization induced modest anti-Aβ titers and simvastatin increased the seropositive rate. Aβ-KLH was additionally administered to boost the titers. Irrespective of simvastatin, the immunization did not decrease cerebral Aβ deposits but increased soluble Aβ and tended to exacerbate amyloid angiopathy in the hippocampus. The immunization increased cerebral invasion of leukocytes and simvastatin counteracted the increase. Thus, modest anti-Aβ titers can increase soluble Aβ and simvastatin may reduce inflammation associated with vaccination in aged Alzheimer mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Kou
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lin KP, Chen SY, Lai LC, Huang YL, Chen JH, Chen TF, Sun Y, Wen LL, Yip PK, Chu YM, Chen WJ, Chen YC. Genetic polymorphisms of a novel vascular susceptibility gene, Ninjurin2 (NINJ2), are associated with a decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20573. [PMID: 21674003 PMCID: PMC3108950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulated evidences have shown that vascular risk factors, e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia, may be related to the risk of dementia. This study investigated the association between genetic polymorphisms of a vascular susceptibility gene, Ninjurin2 (NINJ2), and the risk of dementia, which has not been explored previously. Methods A total of 275 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 119 vascular dementia (VaD) patients aged 50 or older were recruited from three teaching hospitals from 2007 to 2010. Healthy controls (n = 423) with the same age of cases were recruited from the health checkup and volunteers worked at the hospital during the same time period. Five common (frequency >5%) haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNPs) in NINJ2 were genotyped to test for the association between sequence variants of NINJ2 and dementia risk, and how vascular risk factors modify this association. Results Homozygosity of two NINJ2 SNPs was significantly associated with a decreased risk of AD [rs11833579: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.43; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.23–0.80; rs12425791: AOR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.12–0.96]. Five common haplotypes (cumulative frequency = 97%) were identified. The global test for the association between NINJ2 haplotypes and AD was significant (p = 0.03). Haplotype CAGGA was significantly associated with a decreased risk of AD (AOR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.11–0.94). No associations were observed for VaD. Conclusion Inherited polymorphisms of the vascular susceptibility gene NINJ2 were associated with AD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Pei Lin
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chuan Lai
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Huang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hau Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Neurology, En Chu Kong Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Li Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Keung Yip
- Center of Neurological Medicine, Cardinal Tien's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Chu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cardinal Tien's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei J. Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Genes, Environment, and Human Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ching Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Genes, Environment, and Human Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen DF, Cao JH, Liu Y, Wu Y, Du SH, Li H, Zhou JH, Li YW, Zeng HP, Hua ZC. BMP-Id pathway targeted by cholesterol myristate suppresses the apoptosis of PC12 cells. Brain Res 2011; 1367:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
17
|
Bartolomé F, Muñoz Ú, Esteras N, Alquezar C, Collado A, Bermejo-Pareja F, Martín-Requero Á. Simvastatin overcomes the resistance to serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes from Alzheimer's disease patients. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:4257-68. [PMID: 20614159 PMCID: PMC11115769 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Statins may exert beneficial effects on Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Based on the antineoplastic and apoptotic effects of statins in a number of cell types, we hypothesized that statins may be able to protect neurons by controlling the regulation of cell cycle and/or apoptosis. A growing body of evidence indicates that neurodegeneration involves the cell-cycle activation in postmitotic neurons. Failure of cell-cycle control is not restricted to neurons in AD patients, but occurs in peripheral cells as well. For these reasons, we studied the role of simvastatin (SIM) on cell survival/death in lymphoblasts from AD patients. We report here that SIM induces apoptosis in AD lymphoblasts deprived of serum. SIM interacts with PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways thereby decreasing the serum withdrawal-enhanced levels of the CDK inhibitor p21(Cip1) (p21) and restoring the vulnerability of AD cells to trophic factor deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bartolomé
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Úrsula Muñoz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Present Address: Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Noemí Esteras
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Alquezar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Ramiro de Maéztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Collado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Bermejo-Pareja
- Hospital Doce de Octubre, Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Martín-Requero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Ramiro de Maéztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cholesterol and statins in Alzheimer's disease: Current controversies. Exp Neurol 2010; 223:282-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|