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Hillari L, Frank P, Cadar D. Systemic inflammation, lifestyle behaviours and dementia: A 10-year follow-up investigation. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 38:100776. [PMID: 38706574 PMCID: PMC11068506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Lifestyle behaviours have been linked to dementia incidence, but their cumulative impact on dementia and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigated the association of co-occurring lifestyle behaviours with dementia incidence and the mediating role of systemic inflammation in this association. Methods The sample comprised 3131 participants (55.2% female) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing aged 52-92 years at baseline (2008/09). Self-reported baseline lifestyle behaviours (alcohol intake, fruit and vegetable consumption, smoking, physical activity, sleep duration, social engagement, and cognitive activity) were summed to derive an index of lifestyle behaviours, ranging from 0 to 7, with higher scores denoting a higher number of health-risk behaviours. Incident dementia cases (n = 130, 4.2%) were identified through doctor-diagnosed dementia, informant interviews, and health records between 2014/15 and 2018/19. Systemic inflammation was measured through fasting plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein in 2012/13. Results Binary logistic regression models indicated that the odds of subsequent dementia increased by 1.19 for each additional health-risk behaviour (95% confidence intervals: 1.04, 1.37, p = 0.014) after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, wealth, education, marital status, body mass index, coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and depression. However, this association was not mediated by C-reactive protein. Conclusions Co-occurring health-risk behaviours were associated with higher dementia incidence up to 10 years later, underscoring the importance of modifying health-risk behaviours for the prevention of dementia. Systemic inflammation did not explain the association between behaviours and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Hillari
- Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Philipp Frank
- Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dorina Cadar
- Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Dementia Studies, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
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2
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Liu B, Luo W, Huang L, Wei C, Huang X, Liu J, Tao R, Mo Y, Li X. Migration Inhibition Factor Secreted by Peripheral Blood Memory B Cells Binding to CD74-CD44 Receptor Complex Drives Macrophage Behavior in Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2024; 39:15333175241238577. [PMID: 38491918 PMCID: PMC10944588 DOI: 10.1177/15333175241238577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the peripheral immune system is be involved in the neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease (AD) and accelerate the disease progression. The contribution of immune cells, particularly B cells, to AD pathogenesis has gained attention in recent research. In this study, we investigated the role of Peripheral Blood Memory B cells (PBMBs) and their secreted Migration Inhibition Factor (MIF) in driving macrophage behavior in AD based on the scRNA-seq technique, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. We discovered that MIF binds to the CD74-CD44 receptor complex on macrophages, influencing their behavior. The dysregulated macrophage response hampers the clearance of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, exacerbating AD pathology. Targeting the MIF-CD74-CD44 signal pathway may hold therapeutic potential in modulating macrophage activity and mitigating neuroinflammation in AD. This study provides a further understanding of peripheral immune cells dysregulated in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Physical Examination Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Chunying Wei
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaorui Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yingmin Mo
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Xuebin Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- Department of Neurology, West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-Incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
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Zhong X, Qiang Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Li J, Feng J, Cheng W, Tan L, Yu J. Peripheral immunity and risk of incident brain disorders: a prospective cohort study of 161,968 participants. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:382. [PMID: 38071240 PMCID: PMC10710500 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether peripheral immunity prospectively influences brain health remains controversial. This study aims to investigate the longitudinal associations between peripheral immunity markers with incident brain disorders. A total of 161,968 eligible participants from the UK Biobank were included. We investigated the linear and non-linear effects of peripheral immunity markers including differential leukocytes counts, their derived ratios and C-reactive protein (CRP) on the risk of dementia, Parkinson's disease (PD), stroke, schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder (BPAD), major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety, using Cox proportional hazard models and restricted cubic spline models. Linear regression models were used to explore potential mechanisms driven by brain structures. During a median follow-up of 9.66 years, 16,241 participants developed brain disorders. Individuals with elevated innate immunity markers including neutrophils, monocytes, platelets, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) had an increased risk of brain disorders. Among these markers, neutrophils exhibited the most significant correlation with risk of dementia (hazard ratio 1.08, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.12), stroke (HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03-1.09), MDD (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.10-1.16) and anxiety (HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.04-1.10). Subgroup analysis revealed age-specific and sex-specific associations between innate immunity markers with risk of dementia and MDD. Neuroimaging analysis highlighted the associations between peripheral immunity markers and alterations in multiple cortical, subcortical regions and white matter tracts, typically implicated in dementia and psychiatric disorders. These findings support the hypothesis that neuroinflammation is important to the etiology of various brain disorders, offering new insights into their potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yixuan Qiang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, National Center for Neurological diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, National Center for Neurological diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieqiong Li
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- The Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- The Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jintai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, National Center for Neurological diseases, Shanghai, China.
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Jin J, Guang M, Li S, Liu Y, Zhang L, Zhang B, Cheng M, Schmalz G, Huang X. Immune-related signature of periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease linkage. Front Genet 2023; 14:1230245. [PMID: 37849501 PMCID: PMC10577303 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1230245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Periodontits (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are both associated with ageing and clinical studies increasingly evidence their association. However, specific mechanisms underlying this association remain undeciphered, and immune-related processes are purported to play a signifcant role. The accrual of publicly available transcriptomic datasets permits secondary analysis and the application of data-mining and bioinformatic tools for biological discovery. Aim: The present study aimed to leverage publicly available transcriptomic datasets and databases, and apply a series of bioinformatic analysis to identify a robust signature of immune-related signature of PD and AD linkage. Methods: We downloaded gene-expresssion data pertaining PD and AD and identified crosstalk genes. We constructed a protein-protein network analysis, applied immune cell enrichment analysis, and predicted crosstalk immune-related genes and infiltrating immune cells. Next, we applied consisent cluster analysis and performed immune cell bias analysis, followed by LASSO regression to select biomarker immune-related genes. Results: The results showed a 3 gene set comprising of DUSP14, F13A1 and SELE as a robust immune-related signature. Macrophages M2 and NKT, B-cells, CD4+ memory T-cells and CD8+ naive T-cells emerged as key immune cells linking PD with AD. Conclusion: Candidate immune-related biomarker genes and immune cells central to the assocation of PD with AD were identified, and merit investigation in experimental and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqi Jin
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengkai Guang
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Simin Li
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Menglin Cheng
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gerhard Schmalz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Weaver DF. Druggable targets for the immunopathy of Alzheimer's disease. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1645-1661. [PMID: 37731705 PMCID: PMC10507808 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00096f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the leading threats to the health and socioeconomic well-being of humankind. Though research to develop disease modifying therapies for AD has traditionally focussed on the misfolding and aggregation of proteins, this approach has failed to yield a definitively curative agent. Accordingly, the search for additional or alternative approaches is a medicinal chemistry priority. Dysfunction of the brain's neuroimmune-neuroinflammation axis has emerged as a leading contender. Neuroimmunity however is mechanistically complex, rendering the recognition of candidate receptors a challenging task. Herein, a review of the role of neuroimmunity in the biomolecular pathogenesis of AD is presented with the identification of a 'druggable dozen' targets; in turn, each identified target represents one or more discrete receptors centred on a common biochemical mechanism. The druggable dozen is composed of both cellular and molecular messenger targets, with a 'targetable ten' microglial targets as well as two cytokine-based targets. For each target, the underlying molecular basis, with a consideration of strengths and weaknesses, is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 60 Leonard Avenue Toronto ON M5T 0S8 Canada
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Leonardo S, Fregni F. Association of inflammation and cognition in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1069439. [PMID: 36815174 PMCID: PMC9939705 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1069439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be associated with an inflammatory process. Inflammatory cytokines may be a surrogate for systemic inflammation leading to worsening neurological function. We aim to investigate the association between cognitive impairment and inflammation by pooling and analyzing the data from previously published studies. Methods We performed a systematic literature search on MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for prospective longitudinal and cross-sectional studies evaluating the relationship between inflammation and cognitive functions. Results A total of 79 articles were included in our systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled estimates from cross-sectional studies have demonstrated an increased level of C-reactive protein (CRP) [Hedges's g 0.35, 95% CI (0.16, 0.55), p < 0.05], IL-1β [0.94, 95% CI (-0.04, 1.92), p < 0.05], interleukin-6 (IL-6) [0.46, 95% CI (0.05, 0.88), p < 0.005], TNF alpha [0.22, 95% CI (-0.24, 0.68), p < 0.05], sTNFR-1 [0.74, 95% CI (0.46, 1.02), p < 0.05] in AD compared to controls. Similarly, higher levels of IL-1β [0.17, 95% CI (0.05, 0.28), p < 0.05], IL-6 [0.13, 95% CI (0.08, 0.18), p < 0.005], TNF alpha [0.28, 95% CI (0.07, 0.49), p < 0.05], sTNFR-1 [0.21, 95% CI (0.05, 0.48), p < 0.05] was also observed in MCI vs. control samples. The data from longitudinal studies suggested that levels of IL-6 significantly increased the risk of cognitive decline [OR = 1.34, 95% CI (1.13, 1.56)]. However, intermediate levels of IL-6 had no significant effect on the final clinical endpoint [OR = 1.06, 95% CI (0.8, 1.32)]. Conclusion The data from cross-sectional studies suggest a higher level of inflammatory cytokines in AD and MCI as compared to controls. Moreover, data from longitudinal studies suggest that the risk of cognitive deterioration may increase by high IL-6 levels. According to our analysis, CRP, antichymotrypsin (ACT), Albumin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha may not be good surrogates for neurological degeneration over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Leonardo
- Ph.D. Department, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, Guatemala City, Guatemala,*Correspondence: Sofia Leonardo,
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Center for Neuromodulation and Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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7
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Cooper J, Pastorello Y, Slevin M. A meta-analysis investigating the relationship between inflammation in autoimmune disease, elevated CRP, and the risk of dementia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1087571. [PMID: 36776896 PMCID: PMC9912841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1087571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) represents the most common type of dementia and is becoming a steadily increasing challenge for health systems globally. Inflammation is developing as the main focus of research into Alzheimer's disease and has been demonstrated to be a major driver of the pathologies associated with AD. This evidence introduces an interesting research question, whether chronic inflammation due to pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) could lead to a higher risk of developing dementia. In both IBD and RA, increased levels of the inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein (CRP) can be highlighted, the latter being directly implicated in neuroinflammation and AD. In this meta-analysis both the association between chronic inflammatory diseases and elevated levels of CRP during midlife were investigated to examine if they correlated with an augmented risk of dementia. Moreover, the association between increased CRP and modifications in the permeability of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) in the presence of CRP is explored. The results displayed that the odds ratio for IBD and dementia was 1.91 [1.15-3.15], for RA it was 1.90 [1.09-3.32] following sensitivity analysis and for CRP it was 1.62 [1.22-2.15]. These results demonstrate a higher risk of dementia in patients presenting chronic inflammation and that exists an independent association with high CRP in midlife. This paper builds on published research that suggest a critical role for CRP both in stroke and AD and provides an analysis on currently published research on multiple diseases (IBD and RA) in which CRP is raised as well as chronically elevated. CRP and the associated risk of dementia and further research indicated that the monomeric form of CRP can infiltrate the BBB/be released from damaged micro-vessels to access the brain. This meta-analysis provides first-time evidence that chronic elevation of CRP in autoimmune diseases is directly associated with an increased risk of later development of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, greater priority should be provided to the effective control of inflammation in patients with chronic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions and further long-term assessment of circulating CRP might inform of an individual's relative risk of developing dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cooper
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ylenia Pastorello
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Mark Slevin
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Targu Mures, Romania
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Noshadi N, Heidari M, Naemi Kermanshahi M, Zarezadeh M, Sanaie S, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. Effects of Probiotics Supplementation on CRP, IL-6, and Length of ICU Stay in Traumatic Brain Injuries and Multiple Trauma Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:4674000. [PMID: 36518854 PMCID: PMC9744609 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4674000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
METHOD This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotics in reducing inflammatory biomarkers and the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stays. PubMed-Medline, SCOPUS, Embase, and Google Scholar databases up to July 2021 were searched. The meta-analysis was carried out using random-effect analysis. To determine the sources of heterogeneity, subgroup analyses were performed. In case of the presence of publication bias, trim and fill analysis was carried out. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used for checking the quality assessment. We hypothesized that probiotics would improve inflammatory markers (CRP and IL-6) and the length of ICU stay in traumatic brain injury and multiple trauma patients. RESULTS The present meta-analysis, which includes a total of seven studies, showed that there were no significant effects of probiotics supplementation on interleukin (IL)-6 (Hedges's g = -2.46 pg/ml; 95% CI: -12.16, 7.25; P=0.39), C-reactive protein (CRP) (Hedges's g = -1.10 mg/L; 95% CI: -2.27, 0.06; P=0.06), and the length of staying in ICU. The overall number of RCTs included in the analysis and the total sample size were insufficient to make firm conclusions. CONCLUSION As a result, more carefully designed RCTs are needed to investigate the effect of probiotics on inflammatory biomarkers and the length of ICU stay in traumatic brain injuries and multiple trauma patients in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Noshadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Heidari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naemi Kermanshahi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Meysam Zarezadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sarvin Sanaie
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Ebrahimi-Mameghani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
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Balzamino BO, Esposito G, Marino R, Calissano P, Latina V, Amadoro G, Keller F, Cacciamani A, Micera A. Morphological and biomolecular targets in retina and vitreous from Reelin-deficient mice (Reeler): Potential implications for age-related macular degeneration in Alzheimer’s dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1015359. [DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1015359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurosensory retina is an outgrowth of the Central Nervous System (CNS), and the eye is considered “a window to the brain.” Reelin glycoprotein is directly involved in neurodevelopment, in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Consequently, abnormal Reelin signaling has been associated with brain neurodegeneration but its contributing role in ocular degeneration is still poorly explored. To this aim, experimental procedures were assayed on vitreous or retinas obtained from Reeler mice (knockout for Reelin protein) at different postnatal days (p) p14, p21 and p28. At p28, a significant increase in the expression of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and its amyloidogenic peptide (Aβ1-42 along with truncated tau fragment (i.e., NH2htau)- three pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-were found in Reeler mice when compared to their age-matched wild-type controls. Likewise, several inflammatory mediators, such as Interleukins, or crucial biomarkers of oxidative stress were also found to be upregulated in Reeler mice by using different techniques such as ELLA assay, microchip array or real-time PCR. Taken together, these findings suggest that a dysfunctional Reelin signaling enables the expression of key pathological features which are classically associated with AD neurodegenerative processes. Thus, this work suggests that Reeler mouse might be a suitable animal model to study not only the pathophysiology of developmental processes but also several neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), characterized by accumulation of APP and/or Aβ1-42, NH2htau and inflammatory markers.
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Lin L, Petralia RS, Holtzclaw L, Wang YX, Abebe D, Hoffman DA. Alzheimer's disease/dementia-associated brain pathology in aging DPP6-KO mice. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105887. [PMID: 36209950 PMCID: PMC9617781 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the single transmembrane protein Dipeptidyl Peptidase Like 6 (DPP6) impacts neuronal and synaptic development. DPP6-KO mice are impaired in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory and exhibit smaller brain size. Recently, we have described novel structures in hippocampal area CA1 in aging mice, apparently derived from degenerating presynaptic terminals, that are significantly more prevalent in DPP6-KO mice compared to WT mice of the same age and that these structures were observed earlier in development in DPP6-KO mice. These novel structures appear as clusters of large puncta that colocalize NeuN, synaptophysin, and chromogranin A, and also partially label for MAP2, amyloid β, APP, α-synuclein, and phosphorylated tau, with synapsin-1 and VGluT1 labeling on their periphery. In this current study, using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, we confirm that both APP and amyloid β are prevalent in these structures; and we show with immunofluorescence the presence of similar structures in humans with Alzheimer's disease. Here we also found evidence that aging DPP6-KO mutants show additional changes related to Alzheimer's disease. We used in vivo MRI to show reduced size of the DPP6-KO brain and hippocampus. Aging DPP6-KO hippocampi contained fewer total neurons and greater neuron death and had diagnostic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease present including accumulation of amyloid β and APP and increase in expression of hyper-phosphorylated tau. The amyloid β and phosphorylated tau pathologies were associated with neuroinflammation characterized by increases in microglia and astrocytes. And levels of proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines increased in aging DPP6-KO mice. We finally show that aging DPP6-KO mice display circadian dysfunction, a common symptom of Alzheimer's disease. Together these results indicate that aging DPP6-KO mice show symptoms of enhanced neurodegeneration reminiscent of dementia associated with a novel structure resulting from synapse loss and neuronal death. This study continues our laboratory's work in discerning the function of DPP6 and here provides compelling evidence of a direct role of DPP6 in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lynne Holtzclaw
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Abebe
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dax A Hoffman
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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11
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Effects of Electroacupuncture on the Correlation between Serum and Central Immunity in AD Model Animals. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3478847. [PMID: 36147643 PMCID: PMC9489346 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3478847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective The goal was to investigate the connection between neuroinflammation in the brain and serum inflammatory markers as Alzheimer's disease progressed. We also sought to determine whether electroacupuncture had an effect on inflammatory markers found in blood and other brain regions. Methods As an animal model for AD, we used senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice. To examine the effects and probable mechanism of electroacupuncture, we used HE staining, immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Electroacupuncture therapy protected neurons, significantly downregulated the Iba-1 level in the hippocampus (p value was 0.003), frontal lobe cortex (p value was 0.042), and temporal lobe cortex (p value was 0.013) of the AD animal model, all of which had significantly lower levels of IL-6 (p value was 0.001), IL-1β (p value was 0.001), and TNF-α (p value was 0.001) in their serum. Conclusion The amounts of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α detected in the serum were strongly linked to the levels discovered in the hippocampus and the frontal lobes of the brain, respectively. A better understanding of the electroacupuncture process as well as the course of Alzheimer's disease and the therapeutic benefits of electroacupuncture may be gained by using biomarkers such as serum inflammatory marker biomarkers.
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Neuroimmune contributions to Alzheimer's disease: a focus on human data. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3164-3181. [PMID: 35668160 PMCID: PMC9168642 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen the convergence of a series of new insights that arose from genetic and systems analyses of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a wealth of epidemiological data from a variety of fields; this resulted in renewed interest in immune responses as important, potentially causal components of AD. Here, we focus primarily on a review of human data which has recently yielded a set of robust, reproducible results that exist in a much larger universe of conflicting reports stemming from small studies with important limitations in their study design. Thus, we are at an important crossroads in efforts to first understand at which step of the long, multiphasic course of AD a given immune response may play a causal role and then modulate this response to slow or block the pathophysiology of AD. We have a wealth of new experimental tools, analysis methods, and capacity to sample human participants at large scale longitudinally; these resources, when coupled to a foundation of reproducible results and novel study designs, will enable us to monitor human immune function in the CNS at the level of complexity that is required while simultaneously capturing the state of the peripheral immune system. This integration of peripheral and central perturbations in immune responses results in pathologic responses in the central nervous system parenchyma where specialized cellular microenvironments composed of multiple cell subtypes respond to these immune perturbations as well as to environmental exposures, comorbidities and the impact of the advancing life course. Here, we offer an overview that seeks to illustrate the large number of interconnecting factors that ultimately yield the neuroimmune component of AD.
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Gupta R, Khan R, Cortes CJ. Forgot to Exercise? Exercise Derived Circulating Myokines in Alzheimer's Disease: A Perspective. Front Neurol 2021; 12:649452. [PMID: 34276532 PMCID: PMC8278015 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.649452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise plays an essential role in maintaining healthy neurocognitive function and central nervous system (CNS) immuno-metabolism in the aging CNS. Physical activity decreases the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD), is associated with better AD prognosis, and positively affects cognitive function in AD patients. Skeletal muscle is an important secretory organ, communicating proteotoxic and metabolic stress to distant tissues, including the CNS, through the secretion of bioactive molecules collectively known as myokines. Skeletal muscle undergoes significant physical and metabolic remodeling during exercise, including alterations in myokine expression profiles. This suggests that changes in myokine and myometabolite secretion may underlie the well-documented benefits of exercise in AD. However, to date, very few studies have focused on specific alterations in skeletal muscle-originating secreted factors and their potential neuroprotective effects in AD. In this review, we discuss exercise therapy for AD prevention and intervention, and propose the use of circulating myokines as novel therapeutic tools for modifying AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Gupta
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (CDIB), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Rizwan Khan
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (CDIB), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Constanza J Cortes
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (CDIB), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Center for Exercise Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,UAB Nathan Shock Center for the Excellence in the Study of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingman, Birmingham, AL, United States
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14
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Anuradha U, Kumar A, Singh RK. The clinical correlation of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory biomarkers with Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2021; 43:285-298. [PMID: 34032945 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have indicated the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the exact role of inflammatory markers in AD is still unclear. OBJECTIVE The main objective of the current study was to find out the association between the level of inflammatory markers and AD. MATERIAL AND METHODS The relevant articles have been extracted from PubMed as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. The mean value with standard deviation and number of participants in AD and control groups were extracted from relevant articles. The inverse variance was used as a statistical method and standard mean difference (SMD) as effect measure with 95% C.I. The random effect model was used and all analyses were done using Rev. Man 5.0. RESULTS A total of 38 articles have been found relevant and selected for analysis. The overall estimate results have shown that the level of IL-6, TGF-β1, and IL-1α were increased significantly in AD patients as compared to the control group among all other pro-inflammatory, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSION The findings of the current study suggest that IL-6, TGF-β1, and IL-1α may be a useful early marker in AD. However, further studies are required to confirm the exact utility of these inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urati Anuradha
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Raebareli, (U.P), Lucknow, 226002, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Raebareli, (U.P), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, UP, 226002, India.
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15
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Marques-Aleixo I, Beleza J, Sampaio A, Stevanović J, Coxito P, Gonçalves I, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Preventive and Therapeutic Potential of Physical Exercise in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:674-693. [PMID: 32159378 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The prevalence and incidence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) tend to increase along with the enhanced average of the world life expectancy. NDDs are a major cause of morbidity and disability, affecting the health care, social and economic systems with a significant impact. Critical Issues and Recent Advances: Despite the worldwide burden of NDDs and the ongoing research efforts to increase the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in NDD pathophysiologies, pharmacological therapies have been presenting merely narrow benefits. On the contrary, absent of detrimental side effects but growing merits, regular physical exercise (PE) has been considered a prone pleiotropic nonpharmacological alternative able to modulate brain structure and function, thereby stimulating a healthier and "fitness" neurological phenotype. Future Directions: This review summarizes the state of the art of some peripheral and central-related mechanisms that underlie the impact of PE on brain plasticity as well as its relevance for the prevention and/or treatment of NDDs. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to better clarify the molecular signaling pathways associated with muscle contractions-related myokines release and its plausible positive effects in the brain. In addition, particular focus of research should address the role of PE in the modulation of mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative stress in the context of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Marques-Aleixo
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports, Lusofona University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Center in Physical Activity Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Beleza
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnaldina Sampaio
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Center in Physical Activity Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Jelena Stevanović
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Center in Physical Activity Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Coxito
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Center in Physical Activity Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
| | | | - António Ascensão
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Center in Physical Activity Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Center in Physical Activity Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
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16
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The Role of Inflammatory Biomarkers as a Diagnostic Tool for Possible Late-Life Cognitive Decline and Dementias. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1339:39-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78787-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Bettcher BM, Tansey MG, Dorothée G, Heneka MT. Peripheral and central immune system crosstalk in Alzheimer disease - a research prospectus. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:689-701. [PMID: 34522039 PMCID: PMC8439173 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00549-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the immune system is a cardinal feature of Alzheimer disease (AD), and a considerable body of evidence indicates pathological alterations in central and peripheral immune responses that change over time. Considering AD as a systemic immune process raises important questions about how communication between the peripheral and central compartments occurs and whether this crosstalk represents a therapeutic target. We established a whitepaper workgroup to delineate the current status of the field and to outline a research prospectus for advancing our understanding of peripheral-central immune crosstalk in AD. To guide the prospectus, we begin with an overview of seminal clinical observations that suggest a role for peripheral immune dysregulation and peripheral-central immune communication in AD, followed by formative animal data that provide insights into possible mechanisms for these clinical findings. We then present a roadmap that defines important next steps needed to overcome conceptual and methodological challenges, opportunities for future interdisciplinary research, and suggestions for translating promising mechanistic studies into therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne M. Bettcher
- grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XBehavioral Neurology Section, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Malú G. Tansey
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Guillaume Dorothée
- grid.412370.30000 0004 1937 1100Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Team “Immune System and Neuroinflammation”, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Michael T. Heneka
- grid.15090.3d0000 0000 8786 803XDepartment of Neurodegenerative Diseases & Geropsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany ,grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
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19
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Bae SC, Lee YH. Causal association between rheumatoid arthritis and a decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease : A Mendelian randomization study. Z Rheumatol 2019; 78:359-364. [PMID: 29974225 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-018-0504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine whether rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is causally associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, and MR-Egger regression methods. We used the publicly available summary statistics datasets from three-stage trans-ethnic genome-wide association studies (GWAS) meta-analyses of 29,880 RA cases and 73,758 controls as exposures and a meta-analysis of 4 GWAS datasets consisting of 17,008 AD cases and 37,154 controls of European descent as outcomes. RESULTS We selected 80 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from GWAS data on RA as instrumental variables (IVs), 60 of which were associated with RA on a genome-wide significance level. The IVW method showed evidence to support an inverse causal association between RA and AD (β = -0.039, standard error [SE] = 0.017, P = 0.021). MR-Egger regression revealed that directional pleiotropy was unlikely to be a source of bias in the results (intercept = 0.002; P = 0.649). The MR-Egger analysis showed no causal association between RA and AD (β = -0.050, SE = 0.030, P = 0.096). However, the weighted median approach showed that RA and AD were causally linked (β = -0.078, SE = 0.024, P = 0.001). The funnel plot did not show heterogeneity between IV estimates based on the individual variants. CONCLUSIONS The MR analysis supports that RA was causally associated with a reduced risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-C Bae
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
| | - Y H Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, 02841, Seoul, Korea (Republic of).
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20
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Jensen CS, Bahl JM, Østergaard LB, Høgh P, Wermuth L, Heslegrave A, Zetterberg H, Heegaard NHH, Hasselbalch SG, Simonsen AH. Exercise as a potential modulator of inflammation in patients with Alzheimer's disease measured in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Exp Gerontol 2019; 121:91-98. [PMID: 30980923 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is recognized as part of the pathological progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the molecular mechanisms are still not entirely clear. Systemically, physical exercise has shown to have a positive modulating effect on markers of inflammation. It is not known if this general effect also takes place in the central nervous system in AD. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 16 weeks of moderate to high-intensity physical exercise on selected biomarkers of inflammation both systemically and in the CNS, in patients with AD. METHODS Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 198 patients with Alzheimer's disease participating in the Preserving Cognition, Quality of Life, Physical Health and Functional Ability in Alzheimer's Disease: The Effect of Physical Exercise (ADEX) study were analyzed for concentrations of 8‑isoprostane, soluble trigger receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), and the MSD v-plex proinflammation panel 1 human containing interferon gamma (IFNγ), Interleukin-10 (IL10), IL12p70, IL13, IL1β, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), before and after a 16-week intervention with physical exercise, and we studied whether changes were modulated by the patients' APOE genotype. RESULTS Most inflammatory markers remained unchanged after exercise. We found an increasing effect of 16 weeks of physical exercise on sTREM2 measured in CSF. Further, IL6 in plasma increased in the exercise group after physical exercise (mean relative change 41.03, SD 76.7), compared to controls (-0.97, SD 49.4). In a sub-analysis according to APOE genotype, we found that in ε4 carriers, exercise had a stabilizing effect on IFNγ concentration with a mean relative change of 7.84 (SD 42.6), as compared to controls (114.7 (SD 188.3), p = 0.038. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate an effect of physical exercise on markers of neuroinflammation in CSF measured by an increase in sTREM2 in patients with AD. Further, there may be a small inflammatory systemic effect related to physical exercise in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Steen Jensen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Lærke Borg Østergaard
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Peter Høgh
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Regional Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Zealand University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Lene Wermuth
- Dementia Clinic, Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Niels H H Heegaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Steen Gregers Hasselbalch
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Agahi A, Hamidi GA, Daneshvar R, Hamdieh M, Soheili M, Alinaghipour A, Esmaeili Taba SM, Salami M. Does Severity of Alzheimer's Disease Contribute to Its Responsiveness to Modifying Gut Microbiota? A Double Blind Clinical Trial. Front Neurol 2018; 9:662. [PMID: 30158897 PMCID: PMC6104449 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with cognitive dysfunction. Evidence indicates that gut microbiota is altered in the AD and, hence, modifying the gut flora may affect the disease. In the previous clinical research we evaluated the effect of a probiotic combination on the cognitive abilities of AD patients. Since, in addition to pathological disorders, the AD is associated with changes in oxidant/antioxidant and inflammatory/anti-inflammatory biomarkers, the present work was designed to evaluate responsiveness of the inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers to the probiotic treatment. The control (CON) and probiotic (PRO) AD patients were treated for 12 weeks by the placebo and probiotic supplementation, respectively. The patients were cognitively assessed by Test Your Memory (TYM = 50 scores). Also serum concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2′ -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and cytokines (TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-10) were measured. The cognitive test and the serum biomarkers were assessed pre- and post-treatment. According to TYM test 83.5% of the patients showed severe AD. The CON (12.86% ± 8.33) and PRO (−9.35% ± 16.83) groups not differently scored the cognitive test. Not pronounced change percent was found in the serum level of TNF-α (1.67% ± 1.33 vs. −0.15% ± 0.27), IL-6 (0.35% ± 0.17 vs. 2.18% ± 0.15), IL-10 (0.05% ± 0.10 vs. −0.70% ± 0.73), TAC (0.07% ± 0.07 and −0.06% ± 0.03), GSH (0.08% ± 0.05 and 0.04% ± 0.03) NO (0.11% ± 0.06 and 0.05% ± 0.09), MDA (−0.11% ± 0.03 and −0.17% ± 0.03), 8-OHdG (43.25% ± 3.01 and 42.70% ± 3.27) in the CON and PRO groups, respectively. We concluded that the cognitive and biochemical indications in the patients with severe AD are insensitive to the probiotic supplementation. Therefore, in addition to formulation and dosage of probiotic bacteria, severity of disease and time of administration deeply affects results of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Agahi
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Gholam Ali Hamidi
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Reza Daneshvar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hamdieh
- Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soheili
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Azam Alinaghipour
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Mahmoud Salami
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Ng A, Tam WW, Zhang MW, Ho CS, Husain SF, McIntyre RS, Ho RC. IL-1β, IL-6, TNF- α and CRP in Elderly Patients with Depression or Alzheimer's disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12050. [PMID: 30104698 PMCID: PMC6089986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We carried out systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate whether peripheral levels of pro-inflammatory markers including Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF- α) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) are significantly higher in elderly with depression and Alzheimer's disease. We searched Pubmed, PsycINFO and Embase, and thirty-four relevant studies (2609 with Depression, 1645 with Alzheimer's disease and 14363 Controls) were included. Compared with controls, IL-1β (pooled standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.642; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.078-1.206; significant heterogeneity: I2 = 86.28%) and IL-6 (pooled SMD: 0.377; 95% CI: 0.156-0.598; significant heterogeneity: I2 = 88.75%) were significantly elevated in depression. There was no difference in TNF-α (p = 0.351) and CRP (p = 0.05) between those with depression and controls. Compared with controls, IL-1β (pooled SMD: 1.37, 95% CI: 0.06-2.68, significant heterogeneity: I2 = 96.01%) was significantly elevated in Alzheimer's disease. There were no differences in IL-6 (p = 0.138), TNF-α (p = 0.451) and CRP (p = 0.07) between elderly with Alzheimer's disease and controls. After Bonferroni adjustment, only IL-6 remained significantly higher in depression. Elderly with depression have higher IL-6 than controls, while those with Alzheimer's disease did not have higher peripheral inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Ng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wilson W Tam
- Alice Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvyn W Zhang
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cyrus S Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Syeda F Husain
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roger C Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
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Shi Y, Gu L, Alsharif AA, Zhang Z. The Distinction of Amyloid-β Protein Precursor (AβPP) Ratio in Platelet Between Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:1037-1044. [PMID: 28731441 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To systematically assess the clinical significance of platelet amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) ratio between Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and controls. 14 articles were selected in this analysis by search of databases including PubMed and Web of Science up to December 2016. Random effects models were used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD). Subgroup analyses were used to detect the cause of heterogeneity. The result showed a significant drop in platelet AβPP ratio in AD patients compared to controls [SMD: -1.871; 95% CI: (-2.33, -1.41); p < 0.001; I2 = 88.0% ]. Subgroup analysis revealed races or the quality of studies may be the cause of high heterogeneity. This meta-analysis concluded that there is a close association between platelet AβPP ratio and AD. It is necessary to design a sizable sample study to further support that platelet AβPP ratio can be a biomarker of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachen Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDaHospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lihua Gu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDaHospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Abdul Azeez Alsharif
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDaHospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDaHospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Darweesh SK, Wolters FJ, Ikram MA, Wolf F, Bos D, Hofman A. Inflammatory markers and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: A meta‐analysis. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:1450-1459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sirwan K.L. Darweesh
- Department of EpidemiologyHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of NeurologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Frank J. Wolters
- Department of EpidemiologyHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of NeurologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of NeurologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Frank Wolf
- Janssen Prevention CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniel Bos
- Department of EpidemiologyHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of EpidemiologyHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
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Hou XQ, Song HP, Chen YB, Cheng SY, Fang SH, Zhang JG, Wang Q. Effects of Bushen-Yizhi formula on age-related inflammation and oxidative stress in senescence-accelerated mice. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6947-6960. [PMID: 29568888 PMCID: PMC5928649 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the possible effects and underlying molecular mechanism of Bushen-Yizhi formula (BSYZ), a traditional Chinese medicine, on age-related degeneration of brain physiology in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice. SAMP8 mice (age, 6 months) were administered BSYZ (1.46, 2.92 and 5.84 g/kg/day) for 30 days. Morris water maze and step-down tests demonstrated that BSYZ significantly improved memory impairments in SAMP8 mice. In addition, BSYZ significantly enhanced the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and B-cell lymphoma extra-large, and downregulated the expression levels of inflammatory mediators, glial fibrillary acidic protein, cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear factor-κB and interleukin-1β in the brain compared with untreated SAMP8 mice. Furthermore, BSYZ reversed disordered superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde content and glutathione peroxidase activity, and ameliorated apoptosis and histological alterations. The present study indicated that BSYZ may attenuate cognitive impairment in SAMP8 mice, and modulate inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. These results suggested that BSYZ may have the potential to be further developed into a therapeutic agent for protection against age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qin Hou
- Institute of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, P.R. China
| | - Hou-Pan Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnostics in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Bo Chen
- Design, Measurement and Evaluation in Clinical Research Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Yi Cheng
- Design, Measurement and Evaluation in Clinical Research Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Huan Fang
- Design, Measurement and Evaluation in Clinical Research Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Guo Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Design, Measurement and Evaluation in Clinical Research Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
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Kim JW, Stewart R, Kang HJ, Bae KY, Kim SW, Shin IS, Yoon JS, Kim JM. Longitudinal Associations Between Serum Cytokine Levels and Dementia. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:606. [PMID: 30510525 PMCID: PMC6252389 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether long-term inflammation is related to the incidence of dementia in a prospective observational study. Methods: In total, 732 Korean community-dwelling elderly people >65 years were evaluated at baseline. Of the 625 without dementia, 518 (83%) were followed over a 2.4-years period, and the incidence of dementia was determined. Cytokine [interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] levels were measured at baseline and follow-up. The individual and combined effects of cytokine levels on dementia were evaluated after adjusting for potential covariates (lifestyle factors, demographics, disability, cognitive function, and presence of the APOE e4 allele) and a Bonferroni correction. Results: Incident dementia was associated with increased serum cytokine levels after 2 years; the association remained significant for TNF-α, IL1-α, and IL-1β concentrations even after applying a Bonferroni correction. The analysis of the combined effects of the five cytokines showed independent associations between increases in the summed number of higher cytokine levels, between baseline and follow-up. However, incident dementia was not expected based on higher baseline pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Conclusion: Our results suggest that dementia may precede changes in serum cytokine levels and inflammatory processes, rather than resulting from elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, and Depression Clinical Research Centre, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Robert Stewart
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hee-Ju Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, and Depression Clinical Research Centre, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Yeol Bae
- Department of Psychiatry, and Depression Clinical Research Centre, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, and Depression Clinical Research Centre, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Il-Seon Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, and Depression Clinical Research Centre, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jin-Sang Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, and Depression Clinical Research Centre, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, and Depression Clinical Research Centre, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
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Silverman JM, Schmeidler J. The protected survivor model: Using resistant successful cognitive aging to identify protection in the very old. Med Hypotheses 2017; 110:9-14. [PMID: 29317078 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For some cardiovascular risk factors, association with risk for cognitive impairment observed in early old age is reduced, or paradoxically even reversed, as age of outcome increases. Successful cognitive aging is intact cognition in the oldest-old; we define resistant successful cognitive aging as successful cognitive aging despite high risk. The protected survivor model posits that a minority of the general population has a protective factor that mitigates the negative effect of a risk factor on successful cognitive aging for the unprotected majority. As age increases, differential failure rates increase the proportion of survivors with protection. Among the unprotected, the proportion with low risk increases, but among those with protection, high risk and low risk do not differ. Due to differential mortality, half the survivors are eventually protected - a majority among those with high risk, and a minority among those with low risk. According to the protective survivor model, an example of Simpson's paradox, the association of the risk factor with survival does not change within an individual, but the association in the surviving population changes as its age increases. We created quantitative illustrations of a simplified protected survivor model applied to successful cognitive aging to explain how the usual association of a risk factor with cognitive decline is reversed in the very old. In the illustrations, probability of subsequent survival was higher for survivors with high risk (mostly protected) than low risk (mostly not protected), an example of Simpson's paradox. Resistance to disease despite the presence of risk factors is consistent with the presence of countervailing protection. Based on the protected survivor model, we hypothesize that studies seeking protective factors against cognitive decline will be more effective by limiting a successful cognitive aging sample to resistant successful cognitive aging - to contrast with a sample without successful cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Silverman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, Box 1230, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States; James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research & Development, Mail Code 151, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, United States.
| | - James Schmeidler
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, Box 1230, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States
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Gu Y, Vorburger R, Scarmeas N, Luchsinger JA, Manly JJ, Schupf N, Mayeux R, Brickman AM. Circulating inflammatory biomarkers in relation to brain structural measurements in a non-demented elderly population. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:150-160. [PMID: 28457809 PMCID: PMC5537030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to determine whether circulating inflammatory biomarkers c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL6), and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) were related to structural brain measures assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). High-resolution structural MRI was collected on 680 non-demented elderly (mean age 80.1years) participants of a community-based, multiethnic cohort. Approximately three quarters of these participants also had peripheral inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL6, and ACT) measured using ELISA. Structural measures including brain volumes and cortical thickness (with both global and regional measures) were derived from MRI scans, and repeated MRI measures were obtained after 4.5years. Mean fractional anisotropy was used as the indicator of white matter integrity assessed with diffusion tensor imaging. We examined the association of inflammatory biomarkers with brain volume, cortical thickness, and white matter integrity using regression models adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, education, APOE genotype, and intracranial volume. A doubling in CRP (b=-2.48, p=0.002) was associated with a smaller total gray matter volume, equivalent to approximately 1.5years of aging. A doubling in IL6 was associated with smaller total brain volume (b=-14.96, p<0.0001), equivalent to approximately 9years of aging. Higher IL6 was also associated with smaller gray matter (b=-6.52, p=0.002) and white matter volumes (b=-7.47, p=0.004). The volumes of most cortical regions including frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal, as well as subcortical regions including pallidum and thalamus were associated with IL6. In a model additionally adjusted for depression, vascular factors, BMI, and smoking status, the association between IL6 and brain volumes remained, and a doubling in ACT was marginally associated with 0.054 (p=0.001) millimeter thinner mean cortical thickness, equivalent to that of approximately 2.7years of aging. None of the biomarkers was associated with mean fractional anisotropy or longitudinal change of brain volumes and thickness. Among older adults, increased circulating inflammatory biomarkers were associated with smaller brain volume and cortical thickness but not the white matter tract integrity. Our preliminary findings suggest that peripheral inflammatory processes may be involved in the brain atrophy in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yian Gu
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Robert Vorburger
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - José A. Luchsinger
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY,Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY,The Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jennifer J. Manly
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Nicole Schupf
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Richard Mayeux
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Adam M. Brickman
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Hsu PF, Pan WH, Yip BS, Chen RCY, Cheng HM, Chuang SY. C-Reactive Protein Predicts Incidence of Dementia in an Elderly Asian Community Cohort. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2017; 18:277.e7-277.e11. [PMID: 28159467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have investigated the association between markers for peripheral inflammation and risk of dementia, but the results have been conflicting. We aimed to evaluate the association between a specific inflammation marker, C-reactive protein (CRP), and dementia in an elderly Asian community cohort. METHODS The cohort included 1436 individuals (ages 65 and older) from a national representative sample in Taiwan. Dementia incidence was identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for vascular dementia, Alzheimer disease, and nonvascular dementia. Baseline characteristics and CRP levels were determined. A Cox proportional hazard model and Fine and Grays model were adjusted for stroke and competing risk of death to estimate the association between inflammation and development of dementia. RESULTS During 11.04 years (median) of follow-up, 607 individuals (50.77%) died and 260 individuals (18.11%) were diagnosed with dementia. Those with high CRP had a 55% higher risk of dementia (hazard ratio 1.55; 95% confidence interval 1.21-2.00) compared with those with normal CRP. After adjusting for possible confounding cardiovascular risk factors, high CRP was independently associated with vascular dementia but not Alzheimer disease. CONCLUSIONS In this prospective study of an elderly Asian community cohort with more than 10 years of follow-up, the baseline serum CRP level was associated with future development of vascular dementia, but not Alzheimer disease after adjusting for common cardiovascular risk factors, stroke, and competing risk of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-Feng Hsu
- Department of Healthcare and Service Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Harn Pan
- Institute of BioMedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Population Health Science Institute, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Bak-Sau Yip
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu city, Taiwan
| | - Rosalind Chia-Yu Chen
- Population Health Science Institute, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Min Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yuan Chuang
- Population Health Science Institute, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
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30
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Inflammatory Cytokines and Alzheimer's Disease: A Review from the Perspective of Genetic Polymorphisms. Neurosci Bull 2016; 32:469-80. [PMID: 27568024 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory processes are a central feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in which microglia are over-activated, resulting in the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, deficiencies in the anti-inflammatory system may also contribute to neuroinflammation. Recently, advanced methods for the analysis of genetic polymorphisms have further supported the relationship between neuroinflammatory factors and AD risk because a series of polymorphisms in inflammation-related genes have been shown to be associated with AD. In this review, we summarize the polymorphisms of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines related to AD, primarily interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor beta, as well as their functional activity in AD pathology. Exploration of the relationship between inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms and AD risk may facilitate our understanding of AD pathogenesis and contribute to improved treatment strategies.
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Hensvold AH, Frisell T, Magnusson PKE, Holmdahl R, Askling J, Catrina AI. How well do ACPA discriminate and predict RA in the general population: a study based on 12 590 population-representative Swedish twins. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 76:119-125. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveAnti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the diagnostic accuracy of ACPA in the general population has not been thoroughly assessed. We aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of ACPA for RA in the general population and to further characterise the citrullinated peptide recognition pattern.MethodsSerum samples from a large population-representative twin cohort consisting of 12 590 individuals were analysed for the presence of ACPA using anti-CCP2 ELISA. All ACPA-positive samples were further tested on ELISAs for four peptide-specific ACPA. RA cases were identified by linkage to the Swedish National Patient Register at inclusion and after a median follow-up of 37 months (IQR 31–49).Results350 out of 12 590 individuals had a positive anti-CCP2 test, measuring ACPA. Of these, 103 had an RA diagnosis at the time of blood donation and inclusion. During a median follow-up of 3 years, an additional 21 of the remaining 247 ACPA-positive individuals developed RA. Overall, a positive anti-CCP2 test had a positive predictive value of 29% for prevalent RA at inclusion (negative predictive value of 99.6%). High titres (>3× cut-off) of anti-CCP2 increased the positive predictive value to 48% (negative predictive value of 99.5%). ACPA-positive individuals without RA had lower anti-CCP2 titres and fewer peptide-specific ACPA than ACPA-positive patients with RA and higher C reactive protein levels than ACPA-negative individuals without RA.ConclusionPresence of ACPA and especially high titres of anti-CCP2 have a high diagnostic accuracy for an RA diagnosis in a population setting.
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32
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Miwa K, Okazaki S, Sakaguchi M, Mochizuki H, Kitagawa K. Interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor gene variant, small-vessel disease and incident dementia. Eur J Neurol 2016; 23:656-63. [PMID: 26725994 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mixed neurogenerative and vascular dementia has emerged as the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. Inflammation is implicated in atherosclerosis, cerebral small-vessel disease (SVD) as well as cognitive impairment. However, longitudinal data on the predictive value of circulating inflammatory markers including gene variants and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in incident dementia are scarce. It was investigated whether circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and gene variants increase dementia risk. METHODS In a cohort of Japanese participants with vascular risk factors in an observational study from 2001, the association between baseline IL-6, CRP levels, gene variants [interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R), rs2228145; IL-6, rs2097677; CRP, rs3093059] and incident all-cause dementia was evaluated. Baseline MRI was used to determine SVD (lacuna, white matter hyperintensities) and atrophy (medial-temporal lobe atrophy, bicaudate ratio). Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed for predictors of dementia, adjusting for age, sex, apolipoprotein Eε4, education, cerebrovascular events, vascular risk factors and MRI findings. RESULTS Of 803 subjects (mean 67.0 ± 8.5 years, males 59%), during a mean of 7.5 ± 3.2 years follow-up, 60 incident dementia patients (Alzheimer's disease 31; vascular dementia 17; mixed-type six; other six) were diagnosed. In multivariable analyses adjusted for age, sex, cerebrovascular events, MRI findings and IL-6R variant (rs2228145), IL-6 levels (relative risk 1.68, P = 0.048) or highest tertile (relative risk 2.38, P = 0.031) for all-cause dementia remained significant. Although subjects with rs2228145 carrier had significantly higher IL-6 levels, a significant association between rs2228145 and dementia was not observed. Conversely, CRP and remaining gene variants were not associated with dementia. CONCLUSIONS The deleterious effect of higher IL-6 on dementia remains consistent irrespective of conventional risk factors, MRI findings and IL-6R variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Miwa
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Okazaki
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Sakaguchi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - H Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Kitagawa
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Toral-Rios D, Franco-Bocanegra D, Rosas-Carrasco O, Mena-Barranco F, Carvajal-García R, Meraz-Ríos MA, Campos-Peña V. Evaluation of inflammation-related genes polymorphisms in Mexican with Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:148. [PMID: 26041990 PMCID: PMC4435067 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid peptide is able to promote the activation of microglia and astrocytes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and this stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation contributes to the process of neurodegeneration and therefore is a key factor in the development of AD. Some of the most important proteins involved in AD inflammation are: clusterin (CLU), complement receptor 1 (CR1), C reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), the interleukins 1α (IL-1α), 6 (IL-6), 10 (IL-10) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). In particular, COX-2 is encoded by the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 gene (PTGS2). Since variations in the genes that encode these proteins may modify gene expression or function, it is important to investigate whether these variations may change the developing AD. The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of polymorphisms in the genes encoding the aforementioned proteins is associated in Mexican patients with AD. Fourteen polymorphisms were genotyped in 96 subjects with AD and 100 controls; the differences in allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies were analyzed. Additionally, an ancestry analysis was conducted to exclude differences in genetic ancestry among groups as a confounding factor in the study. Significant differences in frequencies between AD and controls were found for the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs20417 within the PTGS2 gene. Ancestry analysis revealed no significant differences in the ancestry of the compared groups, and the association was significant even after adjustment for ancestry and correction for multiple testing, which strengthens the validity of the results. We conclude that this polymorphism plays an important role in the development of the AD pathology and further studies are required, including their proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danira Toral-Rios
- Departamento de Fisiología Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Franco-Bocanegra
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Marco Antonio Meraz-Ríos
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victoria Campos-Peña
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez Mexico City, Mexico
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Frydecka D, Misiak B, Pawlak-Adamska E, Karabon L, Tomkiewicz A, Sedlaczek P, Kiejna A, Beszłej JA. Sex differences in TGFB-β signaling with respect to age of onset and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:575-84. [PMID: 25784812 PMCID: PMC4356692 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s74672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There are studies showing that gene polymorphisms within the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling constitute schizophrenia risk variants. However, the association between TGFB1 gene polymorphisms (+869T/C and +915G/C), TGF-β level with schizophrenia course, and its symptomatology together with cognitive functioning has not been investigated so far. We included 151 patients with schizophrenia and 279 healthy controls. Cognitive functioning was assessed using Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Trail Making Test (TMT)-A and TMT-B, Verbal Fluency task, Stroop test, as well as selected subtests from the Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale - Revised, Polish adaptation (WAIS-R-Pl): Digit Symbol Coding, Digit Span Forward and Backward, and Similarities. Additionally, serum TGF-β levels were measured in 88 schizophrenia patients and 88 healthy controls. Serum TGF-β level was significantly higher among patients with schizophrenia in comparison with healthy controls; however, the studied polymorphisms were not associated with TGF-β level in schizophrenia patients. Subjects carrying the +869T allele performed significantly worse in comparison with +869CC homozygotes on Stroop task, Verbal Fluency task and Digit Symbol Coding task. There was a significant difference in age of psychosis onset in female schizophrenia patients with respect to the TGFB1 +869T/C polymorphism. Additionally, adjustment for possible confounders revealed that there was a significant difference in cognitive performance on Digit Symbol Coding task with respect to the TGFB1 +869T/C polymorphism among female schizophrenia patients. Our results suggest that TGF-β signaling might be a valid link contributing to observed differences in age of onset and the level of cognitive decline between male and female schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland ; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Pawlak-Adamska
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Karabon
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland ; Department of Clinical Urology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Tomkiewicz
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Sedlaczek
- 1st Department and Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kiejna
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Devčić S, Glamuzina L, Ruljancic N, Mihanovic M. There are no differences in IL-6, CRP and homocystein concentrations between women whose mothers had AD and women whose mothers did not have AD. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:970-4. [PMID: 25240941 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of recent studies have detected inflammation as one of the most influent factors in the appearance and spreading of neurodegenerative brain diseases. We aimed to understand the influence of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) on patients suffering from Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) and on their descendants. Three groups of subjects were analyzed: 55 patients suffering from AD, 51 middle-aged daughters of the patients of the first group, and 53 subjects without positive family history of AD. The results of the conducted research are in accordance with the present scientific knowledge, namely a statistically significant difference for examined parameters has been determined between women suffering from AD and their daughters and control group examinees. No difference was found in serum concentrations of IL-6, highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and Hcy between the groups of the middle-aged descendants of patients with AD and healthy controls without family history of AD. This finding supports the hypothesis that these markers may not play causal role in the development of AD. This is supported by the obtained positive correlation between IL-6 and hsCRP and IL-6 and Hcy in AD patients while there is no such correlation between female subjects with or without a family history of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Devčić
- Department of Psychogeriatry, Psychiatric Hospital Sveti Ivan, Jankomir 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljubomir Glamuzina
- Department of Psychogeriatry, Psychiatric Hospital Sveti Ivan, Jankomir 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nedjeljka Ruljancic
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostic, Psychiatric Hospital Sveti Ivan, Jankomir 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mate Mihanovic
- Head of Psychiatric Hospital Sveti Ivan, Jankomir 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Wichmann MA, Cruickshanks KJ, Carlsson CM, Chappell R, Fischer ME, Klein BEK, Klein R, Tsai MY, Schubert CR. Long-term systemic inflammation and cognitive impairment in a population-based cohort. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62:1683-91. [PMID: 25123210 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence suggests inflammation is associated with cognitive impairment, but previous epidemiological studies have reported conflicting results. DESIGN Prospective population-based cohort. SETTING Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study participants. PARTICIPANTS Individuals without cognitive impairment in 1998-2000 (N = 2,422; 1,947 with necessary data). MEASUREMENTS Cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination score <24 or diagnosis of dementia) was ascertained in 1998-2000, 2003-2005, and 2009-2010. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured in 1988-1990, 1998-2000, and 2009-2010; tumor necrosis factor-alpha was measured from 1998-2000. RESULTS Participants with high CRP in 1988-1990 and 1998-2000 had lower risk of cognitive impairment than those with low CRP at both time points (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.26-0.80). Risk did not differ according to 10-year IL-6 profile or baseline inflammation category in the whole cohort. In sensitivity analyses restricted to statin nonusers, those with high IL-6 at both times had greater risk of cognitive impairment than those with low IL-6 at both times (HR = 3.35, 95% CI = 1.09-10.30). In secondary analyses, each doubling of IL-6 change over 20 years was associated with greater odds of cognitive impairment in 2009-2010 in the whole cohort (odds ratio (OR) = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.04-1.89), whereas a doubling of CRP change over 20 years was associated with cognitive impairment only in statin nonusers (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.06-1.65). CONCLUSION With data collected over 20 years, this study demonstrated greater likelihood of cognitive impairment in individuals with repeated high or increasing IL-6. The inconsistent CRP findings may reflect effects of statin medications, survival effects, or adverse effects associated with chronically low CRP. Further studies of long-term inflammation and cognitive impairment are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete A Wichmann
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Aureli A, Sebastiani P, Del Beato T, Marimpietri AE, Graziani A, Sechi E, Di Loreto S. Involvement of IL-6 and IL-1 receptor antagonist on intellectual disability. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:124-31. [PMID: 25124963 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Imbalances in the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been increasingly correlated with several neurodevelopmental disorders and their role in neuronal development is being investigated. To assess the possible influence of cytokines on the onset of intellectual disability (ID), we studied the polymorphisms of thirteen proinflammatory cytokine genes in 81 patients and 61 healthy controls. We demonstrated a significant association of interleukin-6 (IL-6) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (-174 G/C and nt565 G/A), and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) (Mspa-I 11100) SNP with ID. Moreover, the IL-6 SNPs is an unfavorable genetic predisposition for females. The evaluation of circulating levels of IL-6 and IL-1RA showed that the serum concentrations of IL-6 were significantly higher in ID patients than in controls. These data suggest that functional cytokine gene polymorphisms may influence the development of ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aureli
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT) - National Council of Research (CNR), L'Aquila, Italy
| | - P Sebastiani
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT) - National Council of Research (CNR), L'Aquila, Italy
| | - T Del Beato
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT) - National Council of Research (CNR), L'Aquila, Italy
| | - A E Marimpietri
- Childhood and Adolescence Neuropsychiatric Clinic, University of L'Aquila, ASL n. 4, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - A Graziani
- Childhood and Adolescence Neuropsychiatric Clinic, University of L'Aquila, ASL n. 4, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - E Sechi
- Childhood and Adolescence Neuropsychiatric Clinic, University of L'Aquila, ASL n. 4, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - S Di Loreto
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT) - National Council of Research (CNR), L'Aquila, Italy.
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Bettcher BM, Kramer JH. Longitudinal inflammation, cognitive decline, and Alzheimer's disease: a mini-review. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 96:464-9. [PMID: 25009982 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of inflammation in cognitive decline has generated considerable interest, although few longitudinal evaluations have been conducted. A review of the literature yields mixed findings but suggests that inflammatory dysregulation is evident and may be related to clinical outcomes. The directionality, magnitude, and progression of these associations remain unclear. Future studies employing multiple time points of inflammatory data along with Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers are critical for explication of longitudinal inflammation in cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Bettcher
- Neurology Department, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J H Kramer
- Neurology Department, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Metti AL, Yaffe K, Boudreau RM, Simonsick EM, Carnahan RM, Satterfield S, Harris TB, Ayonayon HN, Rosano C, Cauley JA. Trajectories of inflammatory markers and cognitive decline over 10 years. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2785-2790. [PMID: 24997674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to examine trajectories of inflammatory markers and cognitive decline over 10 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) trajectory components (slope, variability, and baseline level) and cognitive decline among 1323 adults, aged 70-79 years in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. We tested for interactions by sex and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. In models adjusted for multiple covariates and comorbidities, extreme CRP variability was significantly associated with cognitive decline (hazard ratio [HR] 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-2.3). This association was modified by sex and APOE e4 (p < 0.001 for both), such that the association remained among women (HR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.0) and among those with no APOE e4 allele (HR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.5). There were no significant associations between slope or baseline level of CRP and cognitive decline nor between interleukin-6 and cognitive decline. We believe CRP variability likely reflects poor control of or greater changes in vascular or metabolic disease over time, which in turn is associated with cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Metti
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert M Boudreau
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Ryan M Carnahan
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Suzanne Satterfield
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hilsa N Ayonayon
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caterina Rosano
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Han HE, Kim TK, Son HJ, Park WJ, Han PL. Activation of Autophagy Pathway Suppresses the Expression of iNOS, IL6 and Cell Death of LPS-Stimulated Microglia Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 21:21-8. [PMID: 24009854 PMCID: PMC3762303 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a role in maintaining and resolving brain tissue homeostasis. In pathological conditions, microglia release pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic factors, which aggravate the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy pathway might be involved in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic factors in microglia, though details of the mechanism remain largely unknown. In the present study, we examined the role of the autophagy pathway in activated BV2 microglia cells. In BV2 cells, rapamycin treatment activated the formation of anti-LC3-labeled autophagosomes, whereas the ATG5 depletion using siRNA-ATG5 prevented the formation of LC3-labeled autophagosomes, indicating that BV2 cells exhibit an active classical autophagy system. When treated with LPS, BV2 cells expressed an increase of anti-LC3-labeled dots. The levels of LC3-labeled dots were not suppressed, instead tended to be enhanced, by the inhibition of the autophagy pathway with siRNA-ATG5 or wortmannin, suggesting that LPS-induced LC3-labeled dots in nature were distinct from the typical autophagosomes. The levels of LPS-induced expression of iNOS and IL6 were suppressed by treatment with rapamycin, and conversely, their expressions were enhanced by siRNA-ATG5 treatment. Moreover, the activation of the autophagy pathway using rapamycin inhibited cell death of LPS-stimulated microglia. These results suggest that although microglia possess a typical autophagy pathway, the glial cells express a non-typical autophagy pathway in response to LPS, and the activation of the autophagy pathway suppresses the expression of iNOS and IL6, and the cell death of LPS-stimulated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Eun Han
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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Metti AL, Cauley JA. How predictive of dementia are peripheral inflammatory markers in the elderly? Neurodegener Dis Manag 2012; 2:609-622. [PMID: 23441140 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.12.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a huge public health concern today owing to the exponentially increasing number of older adults it affects each year, and there has been a large number of investigators looking at potential biomarkers of dementia. Peripheral inflammatory markers have emerged as one potential class of markers that may be useful in predicting those individuals at a greater risk of developing dementia, or in expounding the underlying mechanisms or pathways of this complex disease. Although some evidence has been promising, indicating that peripheral inflammatory markers are indeed crucial in brain changes that occur in both normal aging and in dementia, results have been mixed on their usefulness for predicting dementia or cognitive decline in older adults. Here, the authors present a review of existing studies investigating inflammatory markers as potential biomarkers of dementia, highlighting some strengths and limitations of the current research and discuss the future directions for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Metti
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; University of Pittsburgh Department of Epidemiology, Center for Aging & Population Health, 130 N Bellefield, Room 456, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Koyama A, O'Brien J, Weuve J, Blacker D, Metti AL, Yaffe K. The role of peripheral inflammatory markers in dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 68:433-40. [PMID: 22982688 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies that have investigated the association between markers of inflammation and risk of dementia are conflicting. Therefore, the researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies with the hypothesis that an increased level of peripheral proinflammatory markers would be associated with risk of all-cause dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS The researchers conducted a literature search of observational studies indexed in the PubMed and PsycInfo databases. Selected studies included those with at least one peripheral inflammatory biomarker and its association with risk of all-cause dementia or AD. Random effects models were used to generate pooled hazard ratios (HRs) comparing the top versus bottom quantile of inflammatory marker level. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I (2) statistic. RESULTS Seven studies were identified, combining for a total 5,717 participants, 746 cases of all-cause dementia and 565 cases of AD. An increased level of C-reactive protein was associated with a 45% increased risk of all-cause dementia (HR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.91). Similarly, a higher level of interleukin-6 was associated with a 32% increased risk (HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.64) of all-cause dementia. For AD alone, the association with C-reactive protein was less pronounced (HR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.42) and interleukin-6 was not associated with risk of AD (HR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.83, 1.35). No significant heterogeneity was found in any of the meta-analyses (I (2) = 0%-40%, p ≥ .16). CONCLUSIONS An increased peripheral level of inflammatory markers is associated with a modest increase in risk of all-cause dementia. Evidence for an association with risk of AD alone is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Koyama
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., VAMC 116H, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Eisenlohr-Moul T, Segerstrom S. Autonomy, positive relationships, and IL-6: evidence for gender-specific effects. Br J Health Psychol 2012; 18:420-38. [PMID: 22908985 DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A body of evidence indicates that women value relationship-centred aspects of well-being more than men do, while men value autonomy-centred aspects of well-being more than women do. The current study examined whether gender moderates relations between autonomy and positive relationships and interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine associated with inflammatory processes. Aspects of well-being consistent with gender-linked values were expected to be most health protective such that positive relationships would predict lower IL-6 only or more strongly in women, and autonomy would predict lower IL-6 only or more strongly in men. METHODS In the first study, a sample of 119 older adults (55% female) living in Kentucky were visited in their homes for interviews and blood draws. In the second study, a sample of 1,028 adults (45% female) living across the United States underwent a telephone interview followed by a visit to a research centre for blood draws. RESULTS In the Kentucky sample, autonomy was quadratically related to IL-6 such that moderate autonomy predicted higher IL-6; this effect was stronger in men. In the US national sample, more positive relationships were associated with lower IL-6 in women only. When the national sample was restricted to match the Kentucky sample, moderate autonomy was again associated with higher IL-6 in men only. CONCLUSIONS Results provide preliminary evidence for gender-specific effects of positive relationships and autonomy on IL-6. Further work is needed to establish the generalizability of these effects to different ages, cultures, and health statuses. STATEMENT OF CONTRIBUTION What is already known on this subject? A host of previous work indicates that women value relationship-centred aspects of well-being more than men, while men value autonomy-centred aspects of well-being more than women. Further, there is some evidence suggesting that well-being consistent with gender-linked values is more health protective, such that relationships are more protective for women than for men, while autonomy is more protective for men than for women. What does this study add We provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that gender moderates the associations of autonomy and positive relationships with IL-6. Specifically, higher levels of positive relationships may be associated with lower IL-6 in women only, whereas moderate levels of autonomy may be associated with higher IL-6 in males only, particularly among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tory Eisenlohr-Moul
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 005 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA.
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Qi HP, Qu ZY, Duan SR, Wei SQ, Wen SR, Bi S. IL-6-174 G/C and -572 C/G polymorphisms and risk of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37858. [PMID: 22701584 PMCID: PMC3368923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations between interleukin 6 (IL-6) polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain controversial and ambiguous. The aim of this meta-analysis is to explore more precise estimations for the relationship between IL-6-174 G/C and -572 C/G polymorphisms and risk for AD. Electronic searches for all publications in databases PubMed and EMBASE were conducted on the associations between IL-6 polymorphisms and risk for AD until January 2012. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed and random effects models. Twenty-seven studies were included with a total of 19,135 individuals, involving 6,632 AD patients and 12,503 controls. For IL-6-174 G/C polymorphism, the combined results showed significant differences in recessive model (CC vs. CG+GG: OR = 0.65, 95%CI = 0.52-0.82). As regards IL-6-572 C/G polymorphism, significant associations were shown in dominant model (CG+GG vs. CC: OR= 0.73, 95% CI = 0.62-0.86) and in additive model (GG vs. CC, OR= 0.66, 95% CI = 0.46-0.96). In conclusion, genotype CC of IL-6-174 G/C and genotype GG plus GC of IL-6-572 C/G could decrease the risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ping Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Qu
- Department of Neurology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Rong Duan
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Qin Wei
- Perinatal Epidemiology, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shi-Rong Wen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Sheng Bi
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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