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Guo Q, Zheng X, Yang P, Pang X, Qian K, Wang P, Xu S, Sheng D, Wang L, Cao J, Lu W, Zhang Q, Jiang X. Small interfering RNA delivery to the neurons near the amyloid plaques for improved treatment of Alzheimer׳s disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:590-603. [PMID: 31193846 PMCID: PMC6543096 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy represents a promising treatment for the Alzheimer׳s disease (AD). However, gene delivery specific to brain lesions through systemic administration remains big challenge. In our previous work, we have developed an siRNA nanocomplex able to be specifically delivered to the amyloid plaques through surface modification with both CGN peptide for the blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration and QSH peptide for β-amyloid binding. But, whether the as-designed nanocomplex could indeed improve the gene accumulation in the impaired neuron cells and ameliorate AD-associated symptoms remains further study. Herein, we prepared the nanocomplexes with an siRNA against β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), the rate-limiting enzyme of Aβ production, as the therapeutic siRNA of AD. The nanocomplexes exhibited high distribution in the Aβ deposits-enriched hippocampus, especially in the neurons near the amyloid plaques after intravenous administration. In APP/PS1 transgenic mice, the nanocomplexes down-regulated BACE1 in both mRNA and protein levels, as well as Aβ and amyloid plaques to the level of wild-type mice. Moreover, the nanocomplexes significantly increased the level of synaptophysin and rescued memory loss of the AD transgenic mice without hematological or histological toxicity. Taken together, this work presented direct evidences that the design of precise gene delivery to the AD lesions markedly improves the therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Lu
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 21 519980068; fax: +86 21 51980067.
| | - Qizhi Zhang
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 21 519980068; fax: +86 21 51980067.
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Kishimoto Y, Tsukamoto I, Nishigawa A, Nishimoto A, Kirino Y, Kato Y, Konishi R, Maruyama T, Sakakibara N. Data on COA-Cl administration to the APP/PS2 double-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer׳s disease: Improved hippocampus-dependent learning and unchanged spontaneous physical activity. Data Brief 2018; 20:1877-1883. [PMID: 30294639 PMCID: PMC6168792 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein present behavioral data regarding whether COA-Cl, a novel adenosine-like nucleic acid analog that promotes angiogenesis and features neuroprotective roles, improves cognitive and behavioral deficits in a murine model for Alzheimer׳s disease (AD). COA-Cl induced significant spatial memory improvement in the amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 2 double-transgenic mouse model of AD (PS2Tg2576 mice). Correspondingly, non-spatial novel object cognition test performance also significantly improved in COA-Cl-treated PS2Tg2576 mice; however, these mice demonstrated no significant changes in physical activity or motor performance. COA-Cl did not change the spontaneous activities and cognitive ability in the wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kishimoto
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Japan
| | - Ikuko Tsukamoto
- Department of Pharmaco-Bio-Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nishigawa
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Japan
| | - Akiko Nishimoto
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kirino
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kato
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Japan
| | - Ryoji Konishi
- Department of Pharmaco-Bio-Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Japan
| | - Tokumi Maruyama
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Japan
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3
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Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Singh M, Simpkins JW. Reprint of: From the 90׳s to now: A brief historical perspective on more than two decades of estrogen neuroprotection. Brain Res 2016; 1645:79-82. [PMID: 27317847 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Historical perspective abstract:From the 90׳s to now: a historical perspective on more than two decades of estrogen neuroprotection: In the early 90׳s, estrogens were known to exert organizational and activational effects on reproductive tissues and sexual behavior. As well, the role of sex and gonadal hormones in altering the risk for developing Alzheimer׳s Disease (AD) was only beginning to be elucidated. Preliminary investigations suggested that estrogen-containing therapies typically given for the management of disruptive menopausal symptoms could reduce AD risk, attenuate disease-associated cognitive deficits, and modulate brain substrates known to be dysregulated by the condition, such as the cholingeric system. The findings from our seminal paper demonstrating cognitive benefits and cholinergic impacts with exogenous estrogen treatment in a rodent model of surgical hormone depletion provided initial support for use of estrogen-containing therapies as a treatment for age-related brain disorders. We then went on to demonstrate neuroprotective actions of estrogen in several other in vivo and in vitro models of neurological challenge, including stroke and AD. Further, our findings of the chemical structure requirements for estrogen׳s neuroprotective effects identified a novel approach for optimizing future estrogen-containing hormone therapy options. These early efforts laid the groundwork for later, large-scale clinical investigations into the potential of estrogen-based menopausal hormone therapies for the prevention of a variety of age-related disorders. Although findings of these studies were equivocal, the neuroprotective actions of estrogen, and specifically 17β-estradiol, identified by early investigations, remain well-documented. Future development of interventions that optimize cognitive aging are crucial and, with proper understanding of the factors that influence the realization of beneficial impacts, estrogen-containing treatments may still be among these. ORIGINAL ARTICLE ABSTRACT Ovarian steroid deprivation results in a reversible learning impairment and compromised cholinergic function in female Sprague-Dawley rats: We hypothesized that estradiol (E2) serves as a neurotrophomodulatory substance for basal forebrain cholinergic neurons thought to be involved in learning and memory. Learning/memory was assessed using the two-way active avoidance paradigm and the Morris water task. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were either ovariectomized (OVX) or OVX for 3 weeks, followed by s.c. implantation of a Silastic pellet containing 17-βE2 (E2 pellet), resulting in a replacement of E2 to physiological levels. Ovary-intact (INTACT) animals served as our positive control. Active avoidance behavior and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the frontal cortex and hippocampus were assessed at 5 and 28 weeks postovariectomy while performance on the Morris water task and high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) were measured only at the 5-week time point. At the 5-week time point, E2 replacement caused a significant elevation in the level of active avoidance performance relative to OVX animals. At the 28-week time point, OVX animals demonstrated a significantly lower number of avoidances relative to controls (61%) whereas E2-pellet animals not only demonstrated superior performance relative to OVX animals but also showed an accelerated rate of learning. Morris water task performance, on the other hand, was not significantly affected by estrogenic milieu despite a trend towards better performance in the E2-pellet group. Neurochemical analyses revealed that 5 weeks of ovariectomy was sufficient to reduce HACU in both the frontal cortex and hippocampus by 24 and 34%, respectively, while E2 replacement was successful in elevating HACU relative to OVX animals in both regions. ChAT activity was decreased in the hippocampus but not the frontal cortex of 5-week OVX animals. E2 replacement resulted in a reversal of this effect. At the 28-week time period, an unexpected decrease in ChAT activity was observed across all treatment groups. Interestingly, E2-pellet animals demonstrated the least severe decline in ChAT. This phenomenon was most evident in the frontal cortex where ChAT decreased by 61 and 56% in INTACT and OVX animals, respectively, whereas the decline in E2-pellet animals was only 16% over the same time period, suggesting a previously unreported cytoprotective effect of E2. Taken together, these findings demonstrate important effects of estrogens on cholinergic neurons and support the potential use of estrogen therapy in treatment of dementias in postmenopausal women. © 1994. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:50th Anniversary Issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Engler-Chiurazzi
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - M Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - J W Simpkins
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Greenbaum L, Ravona-Springer R, Lubitz I, Schmeidler J, Cooper I, Sano M, Silverman JM, Heymann A, Beeri MS. Potential contribution of the Alzheimer's disease risk locus BIN1 to episodic memory performance in cognitively normal Type 2 diabetes elderly. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:787-95. [PMID: 26947052 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several promising susceptibility loci for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) were discovered, by implementing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) approach. Recent GWAS meta-analysis has demonstrated the association of 19 loci (in addition to the APOE locus) with AD in the European ancestry population at genome-wide significance level. Since Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a substantial risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia, the 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that represent the 19 AD loci were studied for association with performance in episodic memory, a primary cognitive domain affected by AD, in a sample of 848 cognitively normal elderly Israeli Jewish T2D patients. We found a suggestive association of SNP rs6733839, located near the bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) gene, with this phenotype. Controlling for demographic (age, sex, education, disease duration and ancestry) covariates, carriers of two copies of the AD risk allele T (TT genotype) performed significantly worse (p=0.00576; p=0.00127 among Ashkenazi origin sub-sample) in episodic memory compared to carriers of the C allele (CT+CC genotypes). When including additional potential covariates (clinical and APOE genotype), results remained significant (p=0.00769; p=0.00148 among Ashkenazi). Interestingly, as validated in multiple large studies, BIN1 is one of the most established AD risk loci, with a high odds ratio. Although preliminary and require further replications, our findings support a contribution of BIN1 to individual differences in episodic memory performance among T2D patients.
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Kim GH, Lee JJ, Lee SH, Chung YH, Cho HS, Kim JA, Kim MK. Exposure of isoflurane-treated cells to hyperoxia decreases cell viability and activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Brain Res 2016; 1636:13-20. [PMID: 26854136 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoflurane has either neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects. High-dose oxygen is frequently used throughout the perioperative period. We hypothesized that hyperoxia will affect cell viability of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells that were exposed to isoflurane and reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be involved. PC12 cells were exposed to 1.2% or 2.4% isoflurane for 6 or 24h respectively, and cell viability was evaluated. To investigate the effects of hyperoxia, PC12 cells were treated with 21%, 50%, or 95% oxygen and 2.4% isoflurane for 6h, and cell viability, TUNEL staining, ROS production, and expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), BCL2-associated X protein (BAX), caspase-3 and beta-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE) were measured. ROS involvement was evaluated using the ROS scavenger 2-mercaptopropiopylglycine (MPG). The viability of cells exposed to 2.4% isoflurane was lower than that of cells exposed to 1.2% isoflurane. Prolonged exposure (6h vs. 24h) to 2.4% isoflurane resulted in a profound reduction in cell viability. Treatment with 95% (but not 50%) oxygen enhanced the decrease in cell viability induced by 2.4% isoflurane alone. Levels of ROS, Bax, caspase-3 and BACE were increased, whereas expression of Bcl-2 was decreased, in cells treated with 95% oxygen plus 2.4% isoflurane compared with the control and 2.4% isoflurane plus air groups. MPG attenuated the effects of oxygen and isoflurane. In conclusion, isoflurane affects cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This effect is augmented by hyperoxia and may involve ROS, the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway, and β-amyloid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunn Hee Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, National Medical Center, South Korea
| | - Jeong Jin Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea.
| | - Sang Hyun Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Yang Hoon Chung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Hyun Sung Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Jie Ae Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Min Kyung Kim
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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Blautzik J, Keeser D, Paolini M, Kirsch V, Berman A, Coates U, Reiser M, Teipel SJ, Meindl T. Functional connectivity increase in the default-mode network of patients with Alzheimer's disease after long-term treatment with Galantamine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:602-13. [PMID: 26796681 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) are efficacious for the treatment of mild to moderate forms of Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Default-mode network (DMN) connectivity is considered to be early impaired in AD. Long-term effects of AChEIs on the DMN in AD have not yet been investigated. Twenty-eight AD patients and 11 age-matched healthy volunteers (HC) participated in the prospective study. AD patients were randomly assigned to either a pharmacotherapy arm (Galantamine, AD G) or to a placebo arm (AD P+G) for the period of 6 months followed by open-label Galantamine therapy from month 7-12. All subjects underwent neuropsychological testing, resting-state functional and structural MRI at baseline and after 12 months, AD patients additionally in between after 6 months. Thirteen AD patients completed the treatment trial and underwent all functional MRI follow-up sequences of good quality. Functional connectivity significantly increased within the AD G group in the posterior cingulate cortex and in the Precuneus between baseline and 12 months follow-up (pcorr<0.05). Between-group analyses demonstrated that functional connectivity in the AD G group significantly increased in the posterior cingulate cortex as well as in the Precuneus compared to the HC group and in the anteromedial aspect of the temporal lobes compared to the AD P+G group, respectively, at 12 months follow-up (pcorr<0.05). Cognitive performance remained stable within groups over time indicating that resting-state fMRI may be sensitive for the detection of pharmacologically induced effects on brain function of AD patients.
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Hayama T, Murakami K, Watanabe T, Maeda R, Kamata M, Kondo S. Single administration of a novel γ-secretase modulator ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in aged C57BL/6J mice. Brain Res 2016; 1633:52-61. [PMID: 26707406 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2) are known to cause early onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These proteins comprise the catalytic domain of γ-secretase, which catalyzes the cleavage of β-amyloid (Aβ) from amyloid precursor protein (APP). In recent reports, PS1 and PS2 were linked to the modulation of intracellular calcium ion (Ca(2+)) dynamics, a key regulator of synaptic function. Ca(2+) dysregulation and synaptic dysfunction are leading hypothesis of cognitive dysfunctions during aging and AD progression. Accordingly, manipulations of presenilins by small molecules may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction. In an accompanying report, we showed that chronic treatment with compound-1, a novel γ-secretase modulator (GSM), reduced Aβ production and ameliorated cognitive dysfunction in Tg2576 APP transgenic mice. Accordingly, in the present study we showed that single oral administration of compound-1 at 1 and 3mg/kg ameliorated cognitive dysfunction in aged non-transgenic mice. Moreover, compound-1 enhanced synaptic plasticity in hippocampal slices from aged C57BL/6J mice and increased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the immediate early gene c-fos, which has been shown to be related to synaptic plasticity in vivo. Finally, compound-1 modulated Ca(2+) signals through PS1 in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. Taken together, compound-1 ameliorates both Aβ pathology and age-related cognitive dysfunctions. Hence, compound-1 may have potential as an early intervention for the cognitive declines that are commonly diagnosed in aged subjects, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and prodromal AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hayama
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Koji Murakami
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Watanabe
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryota Maeda
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Kamata
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kondo
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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Wang J, Li N, Ma J, Gu Z, Yu L, Fu X, Liu X, Wang J. Effects of an amyloid-beta 1-42 oligomers antibody screened from a phage display library in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Brain Res 2016; 1635:169-79. [PMID: 26820640 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We screened anti-Aβ1-42 antibodies from a human Alzheimer's disease (AD) specific single chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display library and assessed their effects in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Reverse transcription-PCR was used to construct the scFv phage display library, and screening identified 11A5 as an anti-Aβ1-42 antibody. We mixed 11A5 and the monoclonal antibody 6E10 with Aβ1-42 and administered the mixture to Sprague-Dawley rats via intracerebroventricular injection. After 30 days, rats injected with the antibody/Aβ1-42 mixture and those injected with Aβ1-42 alone were tested on the Morris water maze. We also injected 11A5 and 6E10 into APP/PS1 transgenic mice and assessed the concentrations of Aβ in brain and peripheral blood by ELISA at 1-month intervals for 3 months. Finally we evaluated behavior changes in the Morris water maze. Rats injected with Aβ1-42 and mixed antibodies showed better performance in the Morris water maze than did rats injected with Aβ1-42 alone. In APP/PS1 transgenic mice, Aβ concentration was lower in the brains of the antibody-treated group than in the control group, but higher in the peripheral blood. The antibody-treated mice also exhibited improved behavioral performance in the Morris water maze. In conclusion, anti-Aβ1-42 antibodies (11A5) screened from the human scFv antibody phage display library promoted the efflux or clearance of Aβ1-42 and effectively decreased the cerebral Aβ burden in an AD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Lie Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Xiaojie Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Singh M, Simpkins JW. From the 90's to now: A brief historical perspective on more than two decades of estrogen neuroprotection. Brain Res 2015; 1633:96-100. [PMID: 26740397 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Historical perspective abstract:From the 90's to now: a historical perspective on more than two decades of estrogen neuroprotection: In the early 90's, estrogens were known to exert organizational and activational effects on reproductive tissues and sexual behavior. As well, the role of sex and gonadal hormones in altering the risk for developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD) was only beginning to be elucidated. Preliminary investigations suggested that estrogen-containing therapies typically given for the management of disruptive menopausal symptoms could reduce AD risk, attenuate disease-associated cognitive deficits, and modulate brain substrates known to be dysregulated by the condition, such as the cholingeric system. The findings from our seminal paper demonstrating cognitive benefits and cholinergic impacts with exogenous estrogen treatment in a rodent model of surgical hormone depletion provided initial support for use of estrogen-containing therapies as a treatment for age-related brain disorders. We then went on to demonstrate neuroprotective actions of estrogen in several other in vivo and in vitro models of neurological challenge, including stroke and AD. Further, our findings of the chemical structure requirements for estrogen's neuroprotective effects identified a novel approach for optimizing future estrogen-containing hormone therapy options. These early efforts laid the groundwork for later, large-scale clinical investigations into the potential of estrogen-based menopausal hormone therapies for the prevention of a variety of age-related disorders. Although findings of these studies were equivocal, the neuroprotective actions of estrogen, and specifically 17β-estradiol, identified by early investigations, remain well-documented. Future development of interventions that optimize cognitive aging are crucial and, with proper understanding of the factors that influence the realization of beneficial impacts, estrogen-containing treatments may still be among these. ORIGINAL ARTICLE ABSTRACT Ovarian steroid deprivation results in a reversible learning impairment and compromised cholinergic function in female Sprague-Dawley rats: We hypothesized that estradiol (E2) serves as a neurotrophomodulatory substance for basal forebrain cholinergic neurons thought to be involved in learning and memory. Learning/memory was assessed using the two-way active avoidance paradigm and the Morris water task. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were either ovariectomized (OVX) or OVX for 3 weeks, followed by s.c. implantation of a Silastic pellet containing 17-βE2 (E2 pellet), resulting in a replacement of E2 to physiological levels. Ovary-intact (INTACT) animals served as our positive control. Active avoidance behavior and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the frontal cortex and hippocampus were assessed at 5 and 28 weeks postovariectomy while performance on the Morris water task and high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) were measured only at the 5-week time point. At the 5-week time point, E2 replacement caused a significant elevation in the level of active avoidance performance relative to OVX animals. At the 28-week time point, OVX animals demonstrated a significantly lower number of avoidances relative to controls (61%) whereas E2-pellet animals not only demonstrated superior performance relative to OVX animals but also showed an accelerated rate of learning. Morris water task performance, on the other hand, was not significantly affected by estrogenic milieu despite a trend towards better performance in the E2-pellet group. Neurochemical analyses revealed that 5 weeks of ovariectomy was sufficient to reduce HACU in both the frontal cortex and hippocampus by 24 and 34%, respectively, while E2 replacement was successful in elevating HACU relative to OVX animals in both regions. ChAT activity was decreased in the hippocampus but not the frontal cortex of 5-week OVX animals. E2 replacement resulted in a reversal of this effect. At the 28-week time period, an unexpected decrease in ChAT activity was observed across all treatment groups. Interestingly, E2-pellet animals demonstrated the least severe decline in ChAT. This phenomenon was most evident in the frontal cortex where ChAT decreased by 61 and 56% in INTACT and OVX animals, respectively, whereas the decline in E2-pellet animals was only 16% over the same time period, suggesting a previously unreported cytoprotective effect of E2. Taken together, these findings demonstrate important effects of estrogens on cholinergic neurons and support the potential use of estrogen therapy in treatment of dementias in postmenopausal women. © 1994. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:50th Anniversary Issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Engler-Chiurazzi
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - M Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - J W Simpkins
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Pallo SP, DiMaio J, Cook A, Nilsson B, Johnson GVW. Mechanisms of tau and Aβ-induced excitotoxicity. Brain Res 2015; 1634:119-131. [PMID: 26731336 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity was originally postulated to be a late stage side effect of Alzheimer׳s disease (AD)-related neurodegeneration, however more recent studies indicate that it may occur early in AD and contribute to the neurodegenerative process. Tau and amyloid beta (Aβ), the main components of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid plaques, have been implicated in cooperatively and independently facilitating excitotoxicity. Our study investigated the roles of tau and Aβ in AD-related excitotoxicity. In vivo studies showed that tau knockout (tau(-/-)) mice were significantly protected from seizures and hippocampal superoxide production induced with the glutamate analog, kainic acid (KA). We hypothesized that tau accomplished this by facilitating KA-induced Ca(2+) influx into neurons, however lentiviral tau knockdown failed to ameliorate KA-induced Ca(2+) influx into primary rat cortical neurons. We further investigated if tau cooperated with Aβ to facilitate KA-induced Ca(2+) influx. While Aβ biphasically modulated the KA-induced Cacyt(2+) responses, tau knockdown continued to have no effect. Therefore, tau facilitates KA-induced seizures and superoxide production in a manner that does not involve facilitation of Ca(2+) influx through KA receptors (KAR). On the other hand, acute pretreatment with Aβ (10 min) enhanced KA-induced Ca(2+) influx, while chronic Aβ (24 h) significantly reduced it, regardless of tau knockdown. Given previously published connections between Aβ, group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), and KAR regulation, we hypothesized that Aβ modulates KAR via a G-protein coupled receptor pathway mediated by group 1 mGluRs. We found that Aβ did not activate group 1 mGluRs and inhibition of these receptors did not reverse Aβ modulation of KA-induced Ca(2+) influx. Therefore, Aβ biphasically regulates KAR via a mechanism that does not involve group 1mGluR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne P Pallo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - John DiMaio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Alexis Cook
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Bradley Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Gail V W Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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11
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Arbo BD, Marques CV, Ruiz-Palmero I, Ortiz-Rodriguez A, Ghorbanpoor S, Arevalo MA, Garcia-Segura LM, Ribeiro MF. 4'-Chlorodiazepam is neuroprotective against amyloid-beta through the modulation of survivin and bax protein expression in vitro. Brain Res 2015; 1632:91-7. [PMID: 26707976 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein of 18kDa (TSPO) is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and is involved in the cholesterol transport into the mitochondria and in the regulation of steroidogenesis, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and apoptosis. TSPO ligands have been investigated as therapeutic agents that promote neuroprotective effects in experimental models of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the neuroprotective effects of 4'-chlorodiazepam (4'-CD), a ligand of TSPO, against amyloid-beta (Aβ) in SHSY-5Y neuroblastoma cells and its mechanisms of action. Aβ decreased the viability of SHSY-5Y neuroblastoma cells, while 4'-CD had a neuroprotective effect at the doses of 1nM and 10nM. The neuroprotective effects of 4'-CD against Aβ were associated with the inhibition of Aβ-induced upregulation of Bax and downregulation of survivin. In summary, our findings indicate that 4'-CD is neuroprotective against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity by a mechanism that may involve the regulation of Bax and survivin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Arbo
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, Department of Physiology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
| | - C V Marques
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, Department of Physiology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Ruiz-Palmero
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Ortiz-Rodriguez
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Ghorbanpoor
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Arevalo
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - L M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - M F Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, Department of Physiology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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12
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Bohlken J, Schulz M, Rapp MA, Bätzing-Feigenbaum J. Pharmacotherapy of dementia in Germany: Results from a nationwide claims database. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:2333-8. [PMID: 26476703 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, about 1.1-1.4 million patients with dementia were living in Germany, a number expected to rise to three million by 2050. Dementia poses a major challenge to the healthcare system and neuropharmacological service provision. The aim of this study was to determine prescription rates for anti-dementia drugs as well as for neuroleptics, sedative-hypnotics and antidepressants in dementia using the complete nationwide outpatient claims data pertaining to the services of statutory health insurance. We controlled for gender, age, dementia diagnosis, physician specialty (general practitioner GP versus neuropsychiatry specialist physician NPSP), and rural and urban living area. In about one million prevalent dementia patients (N=1,014,710) in 2011, the prescription prevalence rate of anti-dementia drugs was 24.6%; it varied with gender, age, and diagnosis (highest in Alzheimer's disease; 42%), and was higher in patients treated by NPSPs (48% vs. 25% in GPs). At the same time, we found an alarmingly high rate of treatment with neuroleptics in dementia patients (35%), with an only slightly decreased risk in patients treated exclusively by NPSPs (OR=0.86). We found marginal differences between rural and urban areas. Our results show that the majority of anti-dementia drug prescriptions appear guideline-oriented, yet prescription rates are overall comparatively low. On the other hand, neuroleptic drugs, which are associated with excess morbidity and mortality in dementia, were prescribed very frequently, suggesting excess use given current guidelines. We therefore suggest that guideline implementation measures and increasing quality control procedures are needed with respect to the pharmacotherapy of this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandy Schulz
- Central Research Institute of Ambulatory Health Care in Germany (Zi), Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael A Rapp
- Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
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13
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Weinshenker D, Holmes PV. Regulation of neurological and neuropsychiatric phenotypes by locus coeruleus-derived galanin. Brain Res 2015; 1641:320-37. [PMID: 26607256 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research confirm that noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons are essential for arousal, attention, motivation, and stress responses. While most studies on LC transmission focused unsurprisingly on norepinephrine (NE), adrenergic signaling cannot account for all the consequences of LC activation. Galanin coexists with NE in the vast majority of LC neurons, yet the precise function of this neuropeptide has proved to be surprisingly elusive given our solid understanding of the LC system. To elucidate the contribution of galanin to LC physiology, here we briefly summarize the nature of stimuli that drive LC activity from a neuroanatomical perspective. We go on to describe the LC pathways in which galanin most likely exerts its effects on behavior, with a focus on addiction, depression, epilepsy, stress, and Alzheimer׳s disease. We propose a model in which LC-derived galanin has two distinct functions: as a neuromodulator, primarily acting via the galanin 1 receptor (GAL1), and as a trophic factor, primarily acting via galanin receptor 2 (GAL2). Finally, we discuss how the recent advances in neuropeptide detection, optogenetics and chemical genetics, and galanin receptor pharmacology can be harnessed to identify the roles of LC-derived galanin definitively. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Noradrenergic System.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 301, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Philip V Holmes
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute and Psychology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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14
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Siklos M, BenAissa M, Thatcher GR. Cysteine proteases as therapeutic targets: does selectivity matter? A systematic review of calpain and cathepsin inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:506-19. [PMID: 26713267 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteases continue to provide validated targets for treatment of human diseases. In neurodegenerative disorders, multiple cysteine proteases provide targets for enzyme inhibitors, notably caspases, calpains, and cathepsins. The reactive, active-site cysteine provides specificity for many inhibitor designs over other families of proteases, such as aspartate and serine; however, a) inhibitor strategies often use covalent enzyme modification, and b) obtaining selectivity within families of cysteine proteases and their isozymes is problematic. This review provides a general update on strategies for cysteine protease inhibitor design and a focus on cathepsin B and calpain 1 as drug targets for neurodegenerative disorders; the latter focus providing an interesting query for the contemporary assumptions that irreversible, covalent protein modification and low selectivity are anathema to therapeutic safety and efficacy.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer׳s disease
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- APP/PS1, Aβ overexpressing mice APP (K670N/M671L) and PS1 (M146L) mutants
- Ala, alanine
- Alzheimer׳s disease
- AppLon, London familial amyloid precursor protein mutation, APP (V717I)
- AppSwe, Swedish amyloid precursor protein mutation, APP (K670N/M671L)
- Arg, arginine
- Aβ, amyloid β
- Aβ1-42, amyloid β, 42 amino acid protein
- BACE-1, β-amyloid cleaving enzyme
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- CANP, calcium-activated neutral protease
- CNS, central nervous system
- CREB, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein
- CaMKII, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II
- Calpain
- Cathepsin
- Cdk5/p35, activator of cyclin-dependent kinase 5
- Cysteine protease
- DTT, dithioerythritol
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- Enzyme inhibitors
- GSH, glutathione
- Gln, glutamine
- Glu, glutamic acid
- Gly, glutamine
- Hsp70.1, heat shock protein 70.1
- Ile, isoleucine
- KO, knockout
- Leu, leucine
- Lys, lysine
- MAP-2, microtubule-associated protein 2
- MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9
- Met, methionine
- NFT, neurofibrilliary tangles
- Neurodegeneration
- Nle, norleucine
- PD, Parkinson׳s disease
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PTP1B, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B
- Phe, phenylalanine
- Pro, proline
- SP, senile plaques
- TBI, traumatic brain injury
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Thr, threonine
- Tyr, tyrosine
- Val, valine
- WRX, Trp-Arg containing epoxysuccinate cysteine protease inhibitor
- WT, wildtype
- isoAsp, isoaspartate
- pGlu, pyroglutamate
- pyroGluAβ, pyroglutamate-amyloid β
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15
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Charkhkar H, Meyyappan S, Matveeva E, Moll JR, McHail DG, Peixoto N, Cliff RO, Pancrazio JJ. Amyloid beta modulation of neuronal network activity in vitro. Brain Res 2015; 1629:1-9. [PMID: 26453830 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro assays offer a means of screening potential therapeutics and accelerating the drug development process. Here, we utilized neuronal cultures on planar microelectrode arrays (MEA) as a functional assay to assess the neurotoxicity of amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ42), a biomolecule implicated in the Alzheimer׳s disease (AD). In this approach, neurons harvested from embryonic mice were seeded on the substrate-integrated microelectrode arrays. The cultured neurons form a spontaneously active network, and the spiking activity as a functional endpoint could be detected via the MEA. Aβ42 oligomer, but not monomer, significantly reduced network spike rate. In addition, we demonstrated that the ionotropic glutamate receptors, NMDA and AMPA/kainate, play a role in the effects of Aβ42 on neuronal activity in vitro. To examine the utility of the MEA-based assay for AD drug discovery, we tested two model therapeutics for AD, methylene blue (MB) and memantine. Our results show an almost full recovery in the activity within 24h after administration of Aβ42 in the cultures pre-treated with either MB or memantine. Our findings suggest that cultured neuronal networks may be a useful platform in screening potential therapeutics for Aβ induced changes in neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Charkhkar
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 1G5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Susheela Meyyappan
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 1G5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Evgenia Matveeva
- Adlyfe Inc., 9430 Key West Avenue, Suite 219, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jonathan R Moll
- Adlyfe Inc., 9430 Key West Avenue, Suite 219, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Daniel G McHail
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, The Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Nathalia Peixoto
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 1G5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Richard O Cliff
- System of Systems Analytics, Inc. (SoSACorp), 11250 Waples Mill Road, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Joseph J Pancrazio
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 1G5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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16
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Sullivan SE, Young-Pearse TL. Induced pluripotent stem cells as a discovery tool for Alzheimer׳s disease. Brain Res 2017; 1656:98-106. [PMID: 26459988 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to accurately and systematically evaluate the cellular mechanisms underlying human neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) should lead to advancements in therapeutics. Recent developments in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have afforded the opportunity to use human neurons and glia to study cellular changes involved in neurological diseases. iPSCs have the potential to be differentiated into AD-relevant cell types, including forebrain neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. This permits the evaluation of individual cell types in isolation or in concert, thus modeling the interdependence of cell types within the brain. When discussing the potential of modeling AD with iPSCs, it is important to remember that the umbrella diagnosis of "Alzheimer׳s disease" represents a disease that is heterogeneous in terms of age of onset, underlying causes, and at times precise pathology. The ability of iPSCs to be derived from an array of AD patients allows for a closer examination of the mechanism of disease progression in particular subsets of subjects, who may have different mutations and allelic variants affecting their risk for disease. Disease mechanisms can be probed both by the genetic manipulation of iPSCs and by modifications to the cellular environment by chemical treatment. These studies may lead not only to the refinement of known pathways implicated in AD, but also to the identification of novel pathways heretofore unaffiliated with disease pathology. In this review, we describe the potential of iPSC models to transform our understanding of AD and to lead to valuable advancements in therapeutics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Exploiting human neurons.
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17
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Koponen M, Taipale H, Tanskanen A, Tolppanen AM, Tiihonen J, Ahonen R, Hartikainen S. Long-term use of antipsychotics among community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer׳s disease: A nationwide register-based study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1706-13. [PMID: 26233607 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotics are recommended only for short-term treatment of severe behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Our objective was to study the duration of antipsychotic use and factors associated with long-term use (365 days or over) among community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) during a 7-year follow-up. This was a nationwide register-based cohort study including all community-dwelling residents in Finland diagnosed with AD in 2005 (n=7217). The follow-up for antipsychotic use started 3 years before the diagnosis of AD and we applied a 7-year washout period to ascertain truly incident antipsychotic use. Follow-up ended on institutionalization, death or at the end of study period (December 31, 2009). Duration of antipsychotic use was modeled from individual purchase histories recorded in the Finnish Prescription Register. During the 7-year follow-up, 34% (2287/6740) of persons initiated antipsychotic use. Median duration of the first antipsychotic use period was 219 (interquartile range 85-583) days. Of those who discontinued antipsychotic use (n=1303), 44% restarted use later. Among users with at least one year of follow-up time after initiating antipsychotic use, prevalence of long-term use was 57% (893/1563). Long-term use was associated with initiation of use after AD diagnosis and choice of antipsychotic. Duration of use was more likely to be shorter among haloperidol users and longer among quetiapine users compared with risperidone users. In conclusion, long-term use of antipsychotics is frequent among community-dwelling persons with AD. Duration of use is not in line with the guidelines recommending time-limited use of antipsychotics.
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18
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Shetty AK, Bates A. Potential of GABA-ergic cell therapy for schizophrenia, neuropathic pain, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Brain Res 2016; 1638:74-87. [PMID: 26423935 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several neurological and psychiatric disorders present hyperexcitability of neurons in specific regions of the brain or spinal cord, partly because of some loss and/or dysfunction of gamma-amino butyric acid positive (GABA-ergic) inhibitory interneurons. Strategies that enhance inhibitory neurotransmission in the affected brain regions may therefore ease several or most deficits linked to these disorders. This perception has incited a huge interest in testing the efficacy of GABA-ergic interneuron cell grafting into regions of the brain or spinal cord exhibiting hyperexcitability, dearth of GABA-ergic interneurons or impaired inhibitory neurotransmission, using preclinical models of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Interneuron progenitors from the embryonic ventral telencephalon capable of differentiating into diverse subclasses of interneurons have particularly received much consideration because of their ability for dispersion, migration and integration with the host neural circuitry after grafting. The goal of this review is to discuss the premise, scope and advancement of GABA-ergic cell therapy for easing neurological deficits in preclinical models of schizophrenia, chronic neuropathic pain, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. As grafting studies in these prototypes have so far utilized either primary cells from the embryonic medial and lateral ganglionic eminences or neural progenitor cells expanded from these eminences as donor material, the proficiency of these cell types is highlighted. Moreover, future studies that are essential prior to considering the possible clinical application of these cells for the above neurological conditions are proposed. Particularly, the need for grafting studies utilizing medial ganglionic eminence-like progenitors generated from human pluripotent stem cells via directed differentiation approaches or somatic cells through direct reprogramming methods are emphasized. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: PSC and the brain.
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Ye M, Moon J, Yang J, Hwa Lim H, Bin Hong S, Shim I, Bae H. The standardized Lycium chinense fruit extract protects against Alzheimer's disease in 3xTg-AD mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 172:85-90. [PMID: 26102549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. This disease is a progressive and irreversible brain disorder accompanied with severe learning and memory impairment. This study investigated whether treatment with standardized Lycii Fructus Extract (LFE) would improve the cognitive function and the pathological features of AD in 3xTg-AD mice. ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lycii Fructus is a fruit of Lycium chinense Miller and widely distributed in East Asia and has been used traditionally for anti-aging purposes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cognitive function of 3xTg-AD mice was assessed using the Morris water maze test. The levels of the amyloid beta deposits and NeuN in the hippocampus were evaluated with immunohistochemistry. Brain neurotrophic derived factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) expressions were examined by western blot analysis. RESULTS LFE treatment significantly ameliorated learning and memory deficits in AD mice, as shown by increased time spent in the target zone during probe tests. In addition, LFE significantly decreased Aβ deposits, increased NeuN-positive cells, and upregulated the expression of BDNF and TrkB in the 3xTg AD mice. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that LFE treatment can be a useful strategy for treating memory impairment induced by several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsook Ye
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghee Moon
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Hwa Lim
- Biomix Inc. 142 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bin Hong
- Biomix Inc. 142 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medical Science Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Naudin M, Mondon K, El-Hage W, Perriot E, Boudjarane M, Desmidt T, Lorette A, Belzung C, Hommet C, Atanasova B. Taste identification used as a potential discriminative test among depression and Alzheimer׳s disease in elderly: A pilot study. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:228-32. [PMID: 25998001 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Major Depression and Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) are two diseases in the elderly characterized by an overlap of early symptoms including memory and emotional disorders. The identification of specific markers would facilitate their diagnosis. The aim of this study was to identify such markers by investigating gustatory function in depressed and AD patients. We included 20 patients with unipolar major depressive episodes (MDE), 20 patients with mild to moderate AD and 24 healthy individuals. We investigated the cognitive profile (depression, global cognitive efficiency and social/physical anhedonia) and gustatory function (ability to identify four basic tastes and to judge their intensity and hedonic value) in all participants. We found that AD patients performed worse than healthy participants in the taste identification test (for the analysis of all tastants together); however, this was not the case for depressed patients. We found no significant differences among the three groups in their ability to evaluate the intensity and hedonic value of the four tastes. Overall, our findings suggest that a taste identification test may be useful to distinguish AD and healthy controls but further investigation is required to conclude whether such a test can differentiate AD and depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Naudin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U930, équipe 4 "Troubles affectifs", Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Karl Mondon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U930, équipe 4 "Troubles affectifs", Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Région Centre et médecine interne gériatrique, Hôpital Bretonneau, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U930, équipe 4 "Troubles affectifs", Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France; Pôle de Psychiatrie, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - Elise Perriot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U930, équipe 4 "Troubles affectifs", Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Mohamed Boudjarane
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U930, équipe 4 "Troubles affectifs", Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Thomas Desmidt
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U930, équipe 4 "Troubles affectifs", Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Région Centre et médecine interne gériatrique, Hôpital Bretonneau, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - Adrien Lorette
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Région Centre et médecine interne gériatrique, Hôpital Bretonneau, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - Catherine Belzung
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U930, équipe 4 "Troubles affectifs", Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Caroline Hommet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U930, équipe 4 "Troubles affectifs", Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France; Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche Région Centre et médecine interne gériatrique, Hôpital Bretonneau, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - Boriana Atanasova
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U930, équipe 4 "Troubles affectifs", Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.
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21
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Abstract
Varying definitions of apathy in the published literature and a lack of a consensus regarding diagnostic criteria make the identification and quantification of apathy difficult in both clinical trials and clinical practice. The Apathy Evaluation Scale was developed specifically to assess apathy, but variations in the threshold values defined for clinically significant apathy diminish its use as a screening tool in clinical trials, although it has demonstrated sensitivity to changes in treatment in a number of studies. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory contains an Apathy subscale, which has been used to identify clinical trial populations (with a consistent threshold value) and measure changes following treatment. Few of the other assessment tools currently used in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders are specific for apathy or explore it in any depth, most have not been validated in the general population, do not have cut-off points representing clinically significant apathy, and its changes over time and in response to treatment. Further research is required to address these issues in order to facilitate the quantification of apathy and its natural history. Such research should be conducted with the aim of developing new, specific tools for use across neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Weiser
- Departments of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University and Sheba Medical Center, Israel.
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22
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Abstract
The microRNA-29 family (miRNA-29s) has three mature members, miR-29a, miR-29b and miR-29c, which have been implicated in the regulation of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The miR-29 family members exhibit differential regulation in various diseases and different subcellular distribution. In the present study, we initially investigated differential expression of miR-29c in the hippocampus and the frontal cortex of the young APPswe/PSΔE9 mouse brain, accompanied by inverse expression of neurone navigator 3 (NAV3), a regulator of axon guidance. We observed that miR-29c directly mediated downregulation of NAV3 protein expression in vitro. The mouse NAV3 mRNA has a functional miR-29c binding site in the 3' UTR, which localized in the position between 830-836 bp of 3'UTR region, slightly different from human NAV3 mRNA binding site. These observations suggest that miR-29c may be involved in neurodegenerative processes by regulating NAV3 expression in the young AD mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zong
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR China
| | - Pin Yu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10021, PR China
| | - Hongxia Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR China
| | - Hailin Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10021, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10021, PR China
| | - Chunlian Liang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10021, PR China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10021, PR China
| | - Yejun Qin
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10021, PR China.
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23
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Kärkkäinen E, Yavich L, Miettinen PO, Tanila H. Opposing effects of APP/PS1 and TrkB.T1 genotypes on midbrain dopamine neurons and stimulated dopamine release in vivo. Brain Res 2015; 1622:452-65. [PMID: 26168899 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling disturbances in Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) have been demonstrated. BDNF levels fall in AD, but the ratio between truncated and full-length BDNF receptors TrkB.T1 and TrkB.TK, respectively, increases in brains of AD patients and APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) AD model mice. Dopaminergic (DAergic) system disturbances in AD and detrimental effects of BDNF signaling deficits on DAergic system functions have also been indicated. Against this, we investigated changes in nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system in mice carrying APP/PS1 and/or TrkB.T1 transgenes, the latter line modeling the TrkB.T1/TK ratio change in AD. Employing in vivo voltammetry, we found normal short-term DA release in caudate-putamen of mice carrying APP/PS1 or TrkB.T1 transgenes but impaired capacity to recruit more DA upon prolonged stimulation. However, mice carrying both transgenes did not differ from wild-type controls. Immunohistochemistry revealed normal density of tyrosine hydroxylase positive axon terminals in caudate-putamen in all genotypes and intact presynaptic machinery for DA release and reuptake, as shown by unchanged levels of SNAP-25, α-synuclein and DA transporter. However, we observed increased DAergic neurons in substantia nigra of TrkB.T1 mice resulting in decreased tyrosine hydroxylase per neuron in TrkB.T1 mice. The finding of unchanged nigral DAergic neurons in APP/PS1 mice largely confirms earlier reports, but the unexpected increase in midbrain DA neurons in TrkB.T1 mice is a novel finding. We suggest that both APP/PS1 and TrkB.T1 genotypes disrupt DAergic signaling, but via separate mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kärkkäinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - L Yavich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Invilog Research Ltd, Kuopio, Finland
| | - P O Miettinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - H Tanila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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24
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Cintron AF, Dalal NV, Dooyema J, Betarbet R, Walker LC. Transport of cargo from periphery to brain by circulating monocytes. Brain Res 2015; 1622:328-38. [PMID: 26168900 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The misfolding and aggregation of the Aβ peptide - a fundamental event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer׳s disease - can be instigated in the brains of experimental animals by the intracranial infusion of brain extracts that are rich in aggregated Aβ. Recent experiments have found that the peripheral (intraperitoneal) injection of Aβ seeds induces Aβ deposition in the brains of APP-transgenic mice, largely in the form of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Macrophage-type cells normally are involved in pathogen neutralization and antigen presentation, but under some circumstances, circulating monocytes have been found to act as vectors for the transport of pathogenic agents such as viruses and prions. The present study assessed the ability of peripheral monocytes to transport Aβ aggregates from the peritoneal cavity to the brain. Our initial experiments showed that intravenously delivered macrophages that had previously ingested fluorescent nanobeads as tracers migrate primarily to peripheral organs such as spleen and liver, but that a small number also reach the brain parenchyma. We next injected CD45.1-expressing monocytes from donor mice intravenously into CD45.2-expressing host mice; after 24h, analysis by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and histology confirmed that some CD45.1 monocytes enter the brain, particularly in the superficial cortex and around blood vessels. When the donor monocytes are first exposed to Aβ-rich brain extracts from human AD cases, a subset of intravenously delivered Aβ-containing cells migrate to the brain. These experiments indicate that, in mouse models, circulating monocytes are potential vectors by which exogenously delivered, aggregated Aβ travels from periphery to brain, and more generally support the hypothesis that macrophage-type cells can participate in the dissemination of proteopathic seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarallys F Cintron
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Nirjari V Dalal
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jeromy Dooyema
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ranjita Betarbet
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lary C Walker
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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25
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Smits LL, Pijnenburg YAL, van der Vlies AE, Koedam ELGE, Bouwman FH, Reuling IEW, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM. Early onset APOE E4-negative Alzheimer's disease patients show faster cognitive decline on non-memory domains. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1010-7. [PMID: 25891378 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Age at onset and APOE E4-genotype have been shown to influence clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated rate of decline in specific cognitive domains according to age at onset and APOE E4-genotype in patients with AD. 199 patients with probable AD underwent at least two annual neuropsychological assessments. Patients were classified according to age-at-onset (≤ 65 years vs >65 years) and APOE genotype (positive vs negative). The neuropsychological test battery compromised tests for memory, language, attention, executive and visuo-spatial functioning. For each domain compound z-scores were calculated, based on the baseline performance of patients. Average duration of follow-up was 1.5 ± 1 years. We used linear mixed models (LMM) to estimate effects of age, APOE and age⁎APOE on cognitive decline over time. At baseline, patients were 65 ± 8 years, 98(49%) were female and MMSE was 22 ± 4. LMM showed that early onset patients declined faster on executive functioning (β ± SE:-0.09 ± 0.06) than late onset patients, but age was not related to decline in the other cognitive domains. APOE E4 negative patients declined faster on language than APOE E4 positive patients (β ± SE:-0.1 ± 0.06). When we took age and APOE genotype into account simultaneously, we found that compared to late onset-E4 positive patients, early onset-E4 negative patients declined faster on language (β ± SE:-0.36 ± 0.1), attention (β ± SE:-0.42 ± 0.1), executive (β ± SE:-0.41 ± 0.1) and visuo-spatial functioning (β ± SE:-0.43 ± 0.1). Late onset-E4 negative and early onset-E4 positive patients showed intermediate rates of decline. We found no differences in decline on memory. We found that patients who develop AD despite absence of the two most important risk factors, show steepest cognitive decline on non-memory cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke L Smits
- Alzheimer Center and Departments of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Center and Departments of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies E van der Vlies
- Alzheimer Center and Departments of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther L G E Koedam
- Alzheimer Center and Departments of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke H Bouwman
- Alzheimer Center and Departments of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilona E W Reuling
- Alzheimer Center and Departments of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center and Departments of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center and Departments of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Alzheimer Center and Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Liu H, Wang J, Wang J, Wang P, Xue Y. Paeoniflorin attenuates Aβ1-42-induced inflammation and chemotaxis of microglia in vitro and inhibits NF-κB- and VEGF/Flt-1 signaling pathways. Brain Res 2015; 1618:149-58. [PMID: 26049130 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with elusive pathogenesis, which accounts for most cases of dementia in the aged population. It has been reported that persistent inflammatory responses and excessive chemotaxis of microglia stimulated by beta-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers in the brain may accelerate the progression of AD. The present study was conducted to explore whether paeoniflorin (PF), a water-soluble monoterpene glycoside isolated from the root of Paeonia lactiflora Pallas, could attenuate Aβ1-42-induced toxic effects on primary and BV-2 microglial cells in vitro. Our data showed that PF pretreatment inhibited Aβ1-42-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in rodent microglia. Also, the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) subunit p65 and the phosphorylation of NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα) in Aβ1-42-stimulated microglial cells were suppressed by PF administration. Moreover, PF treatment reduced the release of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL-2) from Aβ1-42-stimulated microglia. Additionally, application of PF inhibited the increases in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 1 (Flt-1) triggered by Aβ1-42, and resulted in a concomitant reduction in microglial chemotaxis. Restoration of VEGF was noted to counteract the inhibitory effect of PF, suggesting that PF mitigated Aβ1-42-elicited microglial migration at least partly by suppressing the VEGF/Flt-1 axis. In summary, in presence of Aβ1-42, PF pretreatment inhibited the excessive microglial activation and chemotaxis.
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27
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Lloret A, Fuchsberger T, Giraldo E, Viña J. Molecular mechanisms linking amyloid β toxicity and Tau hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer׳s disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:186-91. [PMID: 25746773 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles (aggregates of cytoskeletal Tau protein) and senile plaques (aggregates mainly formed by amyloid β peptide) are two landmark lesions in Alzheimer׳s disease. Some researchers have proposed tangles, whereas others have proposed plaques, as primary lesions. For a long time, these were thought of as independent mechanisms. However, experimental evidence suggests that both lesions are intimately related. We review here some molecular pathways linking amyloid β and Tau toxicities involving, among others, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, p38, Pin1, cyclin-dependent kinase 5, and regulator of calcineurin 1. Understanding amyloid β and Tau toxicities as part of a common pathophysiological mechanism may help to find molecular targets to prevent or even treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lloret
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico Universitario/INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - T Fuchsberger
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico Universitario/INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - E Giraldo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico Universitario/INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - J Viña
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico Universitario/INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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28
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Janota CS, Brites D, Lemere CA, Brito MA. Glio-vascular changes during ageing in wild-type and Alzheimer's disease-like APP/PS1 mice. Brain Res 2015; 1620:153-68. [PMID: 25966615 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vascular and glial involvement in the development of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and age-related brain vulnerabilities have been suggested. Therefore, we sought to: (i) investigate which vascular and glial events are evident in ageing and/or AD, (ii) to establish the temporal evolution of vascular and glial changes in AD-like and wild-type (WT) mice and (iii) to relate them to amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide accumulation. We examined immunohistochemically hippocampi and cortex from APP/PS1dE9 and WT C57BL/6 mice along ageing and disease progression (young-adulthood, middle- and old-age). Ageing resulted in the increase in receptor for advanced glycation endproducts expression, as well as the entrance of thrombin and albumin in hippocampal parenchyma. In contrast, the loss of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β) positive cells, in both regions, was only related to AD pathogenesis. Hypovascularization was affected by both ageing and AD in the hippocampus, but resulted from the interaction between both factors in the cortex. Astrogliosis was a result of AD in hippocampus and of both factors in cortex, while microgliosis was associated with fibrillar amyloid plaques in AD-like mice and with the interaction between both factors in each of the studied regions. In sum, these data show that senile plaques precede vascular and glial alterations only in hippocampus, whereas in cortex, vascular and glial alterations, namely the loss of PDGFR-β-positive cells and astrogliosis, accompanied the first senile plaques. Hence, this study points to vascular and glial events that co-exist in AD pathogenesis and age-related brain vulnerabilities.
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29
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Sarkar S, Jun S, Simpkins JW. Estrogen amelioration of Aβ-induced defects in mitochondria is mediated by mitochondrial signaling pathway involving ERβ, AKAP and Drp1. Brain Res 2015; 1616:101-11. [PMID: 25964165 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Perturbations in dynamic properties of mitochondria including fission, fusion, and movement lead to disruption of energy supply to synapses contributing to neuropathology and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer׳s disease (AD). The molecular mechanisms underlying these defects are still unclear. Previously, we have shown that ERβ is localized in the mitochondria and ERβ knock down disrupts mitochondrial functions. Because a selective ERβ modulator (DPN) can activate PKA, and localized PKA signaling in the mitochondrial membrane regulates mitochondrial structure and functions, we reasoned that ERβ signaling in the mitochondrial membrane rescues many of the mitochondrial defects caused by soluble Aβ oligomer. We now report that DPN treatment in primary hippocampal neurons attenuates soluble Aβ-oligomer induced dendritic mitochondrial fission and reduced mobility. Additionally, Aβ treatment reduced the respiratory reserve capacity of hippocampal neuron and inhibited phosphorylation of Drp1 at its PKA site, which induces excessive mitochondrial fission, and DPN treatment ameliorates these inhibitions. Finally, we discovered a direct interaction of ERβ with a mitochondrial resident protein AKAP1, which induces the PKA-mediated local signaling pathway involved in increased oxidative phosphorylation and inhibition of mitochondrial fission. Taken together, our findings highlight the possibility that ERβ signaling pathway may be a useful mitochondria-directed therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumyendra Sarkar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 20606, USA
| | - Sujung Jun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 20606, USA
| | - James W Simpkins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University Health Science Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 20606, USA.
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30
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Shimoda K, Kimura M, Yokota M, Okubo Y. Comparison of regional gray matter volume abnormalities in Alzheimer׳s disease and late life depression with hippocampal atrophy using VSRAD analysis: a voxel-based morphometry study. Psychiatry Res 2015; 232:71-5. [PMID: 25773003 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies revealed that hippocampal volume loss in patients with late life depression (LLD) is associated with cognitive impairment and a higher risk for dementia. However, LLD patients can experience hippocampal atrophy without cognitive impairment. Thus, while LLD and AD can show comparable hippocampal atrophy, they may encompass different neuropathological changes. Using VBM, we therefore investigated differences in regional gray matter changes in 17 late-onset LLD patients and 21 AD patients (without a history of LLD) who exhibited comparably severe atrophy of the entorhinal cortex and the parahippocampal gyrus on MRI scans for voxel-based specific regional analysis system for AD (VSRAD). Relative to the VSRAD database for healthy individuals, significant atrophy was observed in mesial temporal lobe structures and the anterior cingulate cortex in both groups. Atrophy of the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus was observed only in the AD group. Comparisons of gray matter volume by multivariate analysis of variance revealed significantly reduced volume of the right middle and inferior temporal gyrus, uncus, posterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus in the AD group only, suggesting impairment of different networks in AD and LLD. Indeed, structural changes in the posterior part of the default-mode network are believed to be associated with cognitive impairments specific to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Shimoda
- Department of Psychiatry, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokuso Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Mahito Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokuso Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota
- Department of Psychiatry, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokuso Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Okubo
- Department of Psychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Chang X, Rong C, Chen Y, Yang C, Hu Q, Mo Y, Zhang C, Gu X, Zhang L, He W, Cheng S, Hou X, Su R, Liu S, Dun W, Wang Q, Fang S. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates cognitive deterioration in Alzheimer's disease model mice by upregulating neprilysin expression. Exp Cell Res 2015; 334:136-45. [PMID: 25882496 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic changes are involved in learning and memory, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are considered potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously reported that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) acts as an HDAC inhibitor. Here, we demonstrate that EGCG reduced β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation in vitro and rescued cognitive deterioration in senescence-accelerated mice P8 (SAMP8) via intragastric administration of low- and high-dose EGCG (5 and 15 mg/kg, respectively) for 60 days. The AD brain has decreased levels of the rate-limiting degradation enzyme of Aβ, neprilysin (NEP). We found an association between EGCG-induced reduction in Aβ accumulation and elevated NEP expression. Further, NEP silencing prevented the EGCG-induced Aβ downregulation. Our findings suggest that EGCG might be effective for treating AD.
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32
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Herrera-Rivero M, Elena Hernández-Aguilar M, Emiliano Aranda-Abreu G. A strategy focused on MAPT, APP, NCSTN and BACE1 to build blood classifiers for Alzheimer's disease. J Theor Biol 2015; 376:32-8. [PMID: 25863267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain disorder, a number of peripheral alterations have been found in these patients, including differences in leukocyte gene expression; however, the key genes involved in plaque and tangle formation have shown a relatively small potential as diagnostic markers. We focused on MAPT, APP, NCSTN and BACE1 as the basis to build and compare blood classifiers for AD. METHODS We used a combined model to build disease classifiers, using measures of blood pressure and serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels as well as RT-PCR expression levels of APP, NCSTN and BACE1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from an independent cohort of 36 individuals of cognitively-normal controls, AD and other neuropathologies. Also, a set of genes was carefully selected by molecular interactions with MAPT, APP, NCSTN and BACE1 to test an expression-based classifier in a public microarray dataset of 40 samples (AD and controls). A series of discriminant analyses and classification and regression trees (C&RTs) were used to perform classification tasks. RESULTS Using C&RTs, the combined model showed potential to differentially diagnose AD with up to 94.4% accuracy and 100% specificity for our independent sample. Furthermore, a subset of 16 genes showed the best diagnostic potential using a minimum number of expression variables, correctly classifying up to 100% of samples in the public dataset. CONCLUSIONS Our unique method of variable selection proves that even elements showing no significant differences between controls and AD, but that have somehow been linked to AD or AD-related elements, still hold a potential to be used in its diagnosis. Sample size and inherent methodological limitations of this study need to be kept in mind. Our classifiers require careful further testing in larger cohorts. Nonetheless, we believe these results provide evidence for the utility of our innovative method, which contributes a different approach to generate promising diagnostic tools for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Haghani M, Shabani M, Tondar M. The therapeutic potential of berberine against the altered intrinsic properties of the CA1 neurons induced by Aβ neurotoxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 758:82-8. [PMID: 25861937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It was demonstrated that treatment with beta amyloid (Aβ) led to extreme alterations in the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Also, malfunction of the cholinergic system is correlated to the memory and cognitive impairments. Several new studies have suggested that Berberis vulgaris can act as a cholinesterase inhibitor. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of berberine (BER) on the Aβ-induced impairments in learning and memory. The male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of Sham, BER, Aβ and Aβ+BER. The administration of BER or its vehicle started immediately after the injection of Aβ and followed by 13 days. Then, the animals were tested for learning and memory performance using the Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance tests. Then, they were sacrificed for the whole cell patch clamp recording. The results of the MWM and passive avoidance tasks indicated that administration of the BER in the Aβ+BER group prevented the memory impairment induced by Aβ. The results of the whole cell patch clamp also showed that administration of the BER restored the Aβ-induced impairments in the firing frequency, half-width and rebound action potential. These results suggested that administration of the BER could ameliorate neurotoxicity induced by Aβ. However, this neuroprotection impact could be resulted from the balance effect of the Ca(2+) entry. The optimal level of Ca(2+) entry by BER could be a major factor that modified the function of the Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels and decreased the half-width in the Aβ treated rats.
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Hage S, Stanga S, Marinangeli C, Octave JN, Dewachter I, Quetin-Leclercq J, Kienlen-Campard P. Characterization of Pterocarpus erinaceus kino extract and its gamma-secretase inhibitory properties. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 163:192-202. [PMID: 25639816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The aqueous decoction of Pterocarpus erinaceus has been traditionally used in Benin against memory troubles. AIM OF THE STUDY New strategies are needed against Alzheimer׳s disease (AD), for, to date, AD treatment is symptomatic and consists in drugs treating the cognitive decline. An interesting target is the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), whose accumulation and progressive deposition into amyloid plaques are key events in AD aetiology. Identifying new and more selective γ-secretase inhibitors or modulators (none of the existing has proven so far to be selective or fully efficient) appears in this respect of particular interest. We studied the activity and mechanisms of action of Pterocarpus erinaceus kino aqueous extract, after the removal of catechic tannins (KAST). METHODS AND RESULTS We tested KAST at non-toxic concentrations on cells expressing the human Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP695), as well as on primary neurons. Pterocarpus erinaceus extract was found to inhibit Aβ release in both models. We further showed that KAST inhibited γ-secretase activity in cell-free and in vitro assays, strongly suggesting that KAST is a natural γ-secretase inhibitor. Importantly, this extract did not inhibit the cleavage of Notch, another γ-secretase substrate responsible for major detrimental side effects observed with γ-secretase inhibitors. Epicatechin was further identified in KAST by HPLC-MS. CONCLUSION Pterocarpus erinaceus kino extract appears therefore as a new γ-secretase inhibitor selective towards APP processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Hage
- Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Serena Stanga
- Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Claudia Marinangeli
- Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Jean-Noël Octave
- Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Ilse Dewachter
- Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq
- Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Pascal Kienlen-Campard
- Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
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Ikeda C, Terada S, Oshima E, Hayashi S, Okahisa Y, Takaki M, Inagaki M, Yokota O, Uchitomi Y. Difference in determinants of caregiver burden between amnestic mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Res 2015; 226:242-6. [PMID: 25631688 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Care for the disabled elderly can be stressful and exhausting, especially in cases of dementia. There have been a number of studies on the dementia caregiver burden, but studies focusing on differences by stages of the disease are rare. The caregiver burden of 85 caregivers of patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and 106 caregivers of patients with mild Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) was evaluated by the short version of the Japanese version of the Zarit Burden Interview (sZBI). The caregiver burden in mild AD was more severe than that in aMCI. In mild AD, the risk factors of caregiver burden were neurobehavioral symptoms and disturbances instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), whereas the risk factors in aMCI were neurobehavioral symptoms and memory dysfunction. The severity of dementing disease affects the caregiver burden, and somewhat different factors contribute to the burden at different stages. We should pay attention to different factors in evaluating and reducing the caregiver burden in aMCI and mild AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Ikeda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Seishi Terada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Etsuko Oshima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuko Okahisa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Manabu Takaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Inagaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokota
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Uchitomi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Ito K, Sasaki M, Takahashi J, Uwano I, Yamashita F, Higuchi S, Goodwin J, Harada T, Kudo K, Terayama Y. Detection of early changes in the parahippocampal and posterior cingulum bundles during mild cognitive impairment by using high-resolution multi-parametric diffusion tensor imaging. Psychiatry Res 2015; 231:346-52. [PMID: 25686522 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to determine alterations occurring in the parahippocampal cingulum bundle (PhC) and posterior cingulum bundle (PoC) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) through analysis of high-resolution multi-parametric diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Participants comprised 41 patients with MCI (21 AD converters [MCI-C] and 20 non-converters [MCI-NC]), 20 patients with Alzheimer׳s disease (AD), and 26 healthy elderly subjects who underwent prospective examination with high-resolution DTI. An atlas-based regions-of-interest (ROIs) method calculated fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (DA), and radial diffusivity (DR) in the PhC and PoC. For the PhC, FA values showed significant decreases, and MD and DR values showed significantly increases, in the MCI-C and AD groups compared with the healthy controls, although the MCI-C and MCI-NC groups did not differ significantly in these metrics. Conversely, none of the diffusion metrics for the PoC showed a significant difference among the MCI groups and the control groups, although there were significant differences between the AD group and control groups. High-resolution multi-parametric DTI analysis was able to detect substantial changes in diffusion anisotropy and diffusivity in the PhC of patients with MCI who were destined to convert to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ito
- Division of Ultra-high Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan.
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Division of Ultra-high Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Junko Takahashi
- Department of Neurology and Gerontology, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan
| | - Ikuko Uwano
- Division of Ultra-high Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Fumio Yamashita
- Division of Ultra-high Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Satomi Higuchi
- Division of Ultra-high Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Jonathan Goodwin
- Division of Ultra-high Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Taisuke Harada
- Division of Ultra-high Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hokkaido University Hospital, N14 W5 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8648, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Kudo
- Division of Ultra-high Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hokkaido University Hospital, N14 W5 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8648, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terayama
- Department of Neurology and Gerontology, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan
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Burns TC, Li MD, Mehta S, Awad AJ, Morgan AA. Mouse models rarely mimic the transcriptome of human neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic bioinformatics-based critique of preclinical models. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:101-17. [PMID: 25814260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Translational research for neurodegenerative disease depends intimately upon animal models. Unfortunately, promising therapies developed using mouse models mostly fail in clinical trials, highlighting uncertainty about how well mouse models mimic human neurodegenerative disease at the molecular level. We compared the transcriptional signature of neurodegeneration in mouse models of Alzheimer׳s disease (AD), Parkinson׳s disease (PD), Huntington׳s disease (HD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to human disease. In contrast to aging, which demonstrated a conserved transcriptome between humans and mice, only 3 of 19 animal models showed significant enrichment for gene sets comprising the most dysregulated up- and down-regulated human genes. Spearman׳s correlation analysis revealed even healthy human aging to be more closely related to human neurodegeneration than any mouse model of AD, PD, ALS or HD. Remarkably, mouse models frequently upregulated stress response genes that were consistently downregulated in human diseases. Among potential alternate models of neurodegeneration, mouse prion disease outperformed all other disease-specific models. Even among the best available animal models, conserved differences between mouse and human transcriptomes were found across multiple animal model versus human disease comparisons, surprisingly, even including aging. Relative to mouse models, mouse disease signatures demonstrated consistent trends toward preserved mitochondrial function protein catabolism, DNA repair responses, and chromatin maintenance. These findings suggest a more complex and multifactorial pathophysiology in human neurodegeneration than is captured through standard animal models, and suggest that even among conserved physiological processes such as aging, mice are less prone to exhibit neurodegeneration-like changes. This work may help explain the poor track record of mouse-based translational therapies for neurodegeneration and provides a path forward to critically evaluate and improve animal models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry C Burns
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Matthew D Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Swapnil Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ahmed J Awad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexander A Morgan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Wang XL, Xiong Y, Yang Y, Tuo QZ, Wang XC, Chen R, Tian Q, Zhang ZP, Yan X, Yang ZY, Wang JZ, Liu R. A novel tacrine-dihydropyridine hybrid (-)SCR1693 induces tau dephosphorylation and inhibits Aβ generation in cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 754:134-9. [PMID: 25732864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AChE inhibitors are the first choice for the treatment of Alzheimer׳s disease (AD), but they could only delay the progression of cognitive and behavioral dysfunction, and fail to reverse neuronal damage. Calcium channel blockers have been identified to have protective effect on neurons. Thus, therapy targeting both AChE and calcium channels is supposed to be more effective in AD treatment. In the present study, we explored the effect of a synthesized juxtaposition of an AChE inhibitor and a Calcium channel blocker (named (-)SCR1693) on tau phosphophorylation and Aβ generation. The results showed that: (1) Compared with higher concentrations, (-)SCR1693 incubation in low concentrations such as 0.4, 2, 4μM for 24h did not affect the cell viability of HEK293/tau (HEK293 cells stably transfected with human tau40) and N2a/APP (N2a cells stably transfected with human APP) cells; (2) long-term treatment of cells with (-)SCR1693 (0.4, 2, 5μM) (24h) induced tau dephosphorylation and reduced the total tau level in HEK293/tau cells. Short-term treatment (6h) also resulted in tau dephosphorylation, but did not reduce the total tau level; and (3) (-)SCR1693 (0.4, 2, 4μM) incubation inhibited Aβ generation and release dramatically in N2a/APP cells. We conclude that the novel tacrine-dihydropyridine hybrid (-)SCR1693 in low concentrations could reduce total and phosphorylated tau levels, inhibit the generation and release of Aβ in cells. Thus, (-)SCR1693 may be a potential candidate for effectively treating AD.
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Dondu A, Sevincoka L, Akyol A, Tataroglu C. Is obsessive-compulsive symptomatology a risk factor for Alzheimer-type dementia? Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:381-6. [PMID: 25576369 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we hypothesized that lifetime Obsessive-Compulsive (OC) symptomatology would be risk factors for the development of Alzheimer׳s disease (AD). For this aim, first we compared 39 patients with AD and 30 age and gender matched control subjects. We have found that lifetime and current OC symptoms (OCs) and comorbid diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder in AD patients were significantly more prevalent than in control group. AD patients had more likely to have lifetime and current hoarding, and checking obsessions compared to controls. The rate of lifetime and current hoarding, and checking compulsions also appeared to be higher in AD patients in comparison to control subjects. Hoarding and checking obsessions, and compulsions seemed to proceed through the dementia in contrast to other OCs. The mean number of lifetime compulsions seemed to predict the diagnosis of AD. When we compared AD patients with and without OCs, we have found that OC symptomatology prior to AD did not cause an earlier onset of dementia and more severe cognitive impairment. Further longitudinal clinical, genetic and neuroimaging investigations are required to determine if lifetime presence of OCs would predispose to the development of later AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Dondu
- Adnan Menderes University Department of Psychiatry, Turkey
| | | | - Ali Akyol
- Adnan Menderes University Department of Neurology, Turkey
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Matsuura K, Otani M, Takano M, Kadoyama K, Matsuyama S. The influence of chronic ibuprofen treatment on proteins expressed in the mouse hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 752:61-8. [PMID: 25659514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), treatment with which has been shown to delay the onset, slows the cognitive decline, and decreases the incidence of Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) in epidemiological and clinical studies. However, a comprehensive understanding of its mechanism of action remains unclear. To elucidate the prophylactic effect of ibuprofen on the onset of the learning and memory disturbances of AD, we performed proteomic analysis of the hippocampus of chronic ibuprofen-treated mice using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by mass spectrometry. Twenty-eight proteins and seven phosphoproteins were identified to be significantly changed in the hippocampus of chronic ibuprofen-treated mice: translationally controlled tumor protein, thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase, and peroxiredoxin 6 were increased, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2, EF-hand domain-containing protein D2, and 14-3-3ζ were decreased. These identified proteins and phosphoproteins could be classified as cytoskeletal, neuronal development, chaperone, metabolic, apoptosis, neurotransmitter release, ATP synthase, deubiquitination, proteasome, NOS inhibitor, adapter, vesicle transport, signal transduction, antioxidant enzyme, proton transport, synaptogenesis, and serine/threonine phosphatase types. Western blot analysis showed the changes in dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2, heat shock protein 8, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase PGP9.5, and γ-enolase levels in the hippocampus of chronic ibuprofen-treated mice. These findings showed that the chronic treatment with ibuprofen changed the levels of some proteins and phosphoproteins in the hippocampus. We propose that these identified proteins and phosphoproteins play an important role in decreasing the incidence of AD, especially impaired learning and memory functions.
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Jeon S, Park JE, Lee J, Liu QF, Jeong HJ, Pak SC, Yi S, Kim MH, Kim CW, Park JK, Kim GW, Koo BS. Illite improves memory impairment and reduces Aβ level in the Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer׳s disease through Akt/CREB and GSK-3β phosphorylation in the brain. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 160:69-77. [PMID: 25457987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The use of illite in Korean medicine has a long history as a therapeutic agent for various cerebrovascular diseases. According to Dongui Bogam, illite can be used for Qi-tonifying, phlegm dispersing and activation of blood circulation which is an important principle for the treatment of brain-associated diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was undertaken to evaluate beneficial effects of illite on the neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer׳s disease (AD). MATERIAL AND METHODS The transgenic mice of AD, Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9, were fed with 1% or 3% of illite for 3 months. Behavioral, immunological and ELISA analyses were used to assess memory impairment with additional measurement of Aβ accumulation and plaque deposition in the brain. Other in vitro studies were performed to examine whether illite inhibits the Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y cells. RESULTS Illite treatment rescued Aβ-induced neurotoxicity on SH-SY5Y cells, which was dependent on the PI3K/Akt activation. Intake of illite improved the Aβ-induced memory impairment and suppressed Aβ levels and plaque deposition in the brain of Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Illite increased CREB, Akt, and GSK-3β phosphorylation and suppressed tau phosphorylation in the AD-like brains. Moreover, 1% of illite reduced weight gain and suppressed glucose level in the blood. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that illite has the potential to be a useful adjunct as a therapeutic drug for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhee Jeon
- Dongguk University Research Institute of Biotechnology, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Eun Park
- Dongguk University Research Institute of Biotechnology, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Quan Feng Liu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Jin Jeong
- Dongguk University Research Institute of Biotechnology, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Sok Cheon Pak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia
| | - Sudok Yi
- Yong-dong Illite Co., Ltd., 32, Mocdongnamno Gurogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hun Kim
- Department of Chemisty, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Chan-Wha Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 1-5, Anam Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Keug Park
- Dongguk University Research Institute of Biotechnology, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Woo Kim
- Department of Korean Neuropsychiatry, Dongguk University Bundang Oriental Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Soo Koo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea.
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Li Y, Zhou S, Li J, Sun Y, Hasimu H, Liu R, Zhang T. Quercetin protects human brain microvascular endothelial cells from fibrillar β-amyloid1-40-induced toxicity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:47-54. [PMID: 26579424 PMCID: PMC4629123 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta-peptides (Aβ) are known to undergo active transport across the blood-brain barrier, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy has been shown to be a prominent feature in the majority of Alzheimer׳s disease. Quercetin is a natural flavonoid molecule and has been demonstrated to have potent neuroprotective effects, but its protective effect on endothelial cells under Aβ-damaged condition is unclear. In the present study, the protective effects of quercetin on brain microvascular endothelial cells injured by fibrillar Aβ1–40 (fAβ1–40) were observed. The results show that fAβ1–40-induced cytotoxicity in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) can be relieved by quercetin treatment. Quercetin increases cell viability, reduces the release of lactate dehydrogenase, and relieves nuclear condensation. Quercetin also alleviates intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and increases superoxide dismutase activity. Moreover, it strengthens the barrier integrity through the preservation of the transendothelial electrical resistance value, the relief of aggravated permeability, and the increase of characteristic enzyme levels after being exposed to fAβ1–40. In conclusion, quercetin protects hBMECs from fAβ1–40-induced toxicity.
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Zhang X, Wang J, Hong C, Luo W, Wang C. Design, synthesis and evaluation of genistein-polyamine conjugates as multi-functional anti-Alzheimer agents. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:67-73. [PMID: 26579427 PMCID: PMC4629212 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of genistein-polyamine conjugates (4a–4h) were designed, synthesized and evaluated as multi-functional anti-Alzheimer agents. The results showed that these compounds had significant cholinesterases (ChEs) inhibitory activity. Compound 4b exhibited the strongest inhibition to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 value of 2.75 μmol/L, which was better than that of rivastigmine (5.60 μmol/L). Lineweaver–Burk plot and molecular modeling study showed that compound 4b targeted both the catalytic active site (CAS) and the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE. Besides, compound 4b showed potent metal-chelating ability. In addition, it was found that 4a–4h did not affect HepG-2 cell viability at the concentration of 10 μmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wen Luo
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 371 22864665.
| | - Chaojie Wang
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 371 22864665.
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Tong H, Lou K, Wang W. Near-infrared fluorescent probes for imaging of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer׳s disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:25-33. [PMID: 26579421 PMCID: PMC4629210 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the early pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) is the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain. There has been a tremendous interest in the development of Aβ plaques imaging probes for early diagnosis of AD in the past decades. Optical imaging, particularly near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, has emerged as a safe, low cost, real-time, and widely available technique, providing an attractive approach for in vivo detection of Aβ plaques among many different imaging techniques. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the state-of-the-art development of NIRF Aβ probes and their in vitro and in vivo applications with special focus on design strategies and optical, binding, and brain-kinetic properties.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- APP, amyloid peptide precursor
- Ach, acetylcholine
- Alzheimer׳s disease
- Amyloid-β plagues
- Aβ, amyloid-β
- BAP, BODIPY-based Ab imaging probe
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- Blood-brain barrier
- Cy, cyanine dyes
- Fluorescence probe
- ICG, indocyanine green dyes
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- NIR, near-infrared
- NIRF, near-infrared fluorescence
- Near-infrared fluorescence
- Optical imaging
- PET, positron emission tomography
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography
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Devčić S, Glamuzina L, Ruljancic N, Mihanovic M. There are no differences in IL-6, CRP and homocystein concentrations between women whose mothers had AD and women whose mothers did not have AD. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:970-4. [PMID: 25240941 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of recent studies have detected inflammation as one of the most influent factors in the appearance and spreading of neurodegenerative brain diseases. We aimed to understand the influence of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) on patients suffering from Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) and on their descendants. Three groups of subjects were analyzed: 55 patients suffering from AD, 51 middle-aged daughters of the patients of the first group, and 53 subjects without positive family history of AD. The results of the conducted research are in accordance with the present scientific knowledge, namely a statistically significant difference for examined parameters has been determined between women suffering from AD and their daughters and control group examinees. No difference was found in serum concentrations of IL-6, highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and Hcy between the groups of the middle-aged descendants of patients with AD and healthy controls without family history of AD. This finding supports the hypothesis that these markers may not play causal role in the development of AD. This is supported by the obtained positive correlation between IL-6 and hsCRP and IL-6 and Hcy in AD patients while there is no such correlation between female subjects with or without a family history of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Devčić
- Department of Psychogeriatry, Psychiatric Hospital Sveti Ivan, Jankomir 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljubomir Glamuzina
- Department of Psychogeriatry, Psychiatric Hospital Sveti Ivan, Jankomir 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nedjeljka Ruljancic
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostic, Psychiatric Hospital Sveti Ivan, Jankomir 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mate Mihanovic
- Head of Psychiatric Hospital Sveti Ivan, Jankomir 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Oshima E, Terada S, Sato S, Ikeda C, Oda K, Inoue S, Kawada K, Yokota O, Uchitomi Y. Left frontal lobe hypoperfusion and depressive symptoms in Alzheimer's disease patients taking cholinesterase inhibitors. Psychiatry Res 2014; 224:319-23. [PMID: 25453992 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Depressive symptoms are common in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and increase the caregiver burden. Many studies have reported dorsolateral prefrontal hypometabolism or hypoperfusion in AD patients with depressive symptoms, most of whom did not take acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI). It is not clear, however, whether a similar condition is present in patients taking AChEI medication. Fifty-seven consecutive AD patients taking AChEI were recruited at a memory clinic. Objective depressive symptoms were evaluated using the depression domain of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI-dep). All patients underwent brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with (99m)Tc-ethylcysteinate dimer, and the SPECT images were analyzed using the Statistical Parametric Mapping 8 program. No significant differences between groups with positive and negative NPI-dep scores were found with respect to age, sex, years of education, and cognitive function. Compared with patients with negative NPI-dep scores, patients with NPI-dep scores ≥1 showed significant hypoperfusion in the left middle frontal region. Our results indicate that the dorsolateral prefrontal area is significantly involved in the pathogenesis of depressive symptoms in AD patients being treated with AChEI. The area on the left side especially may be closely related to the depressive symptoms evaluated using the NPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Oshima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Seishi Terada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Sato
- Department of Radiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chikako Ikeda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji Oda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Inoue
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Kawada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokota
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Uchitomi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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Chae YJ, Lee HJ, Jeon JH, Kim IB, Choi JS, Sung KW, Hahn SJ. Effects of donepezil on hERG potassium channels. Brain Res 2014; 1597:77-85. [PMID: 25498859 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Donepezil is a potent, selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, which is used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Whole-cell patch-clamp technique and Western blot analyses were used to study the effects of donepezil on the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel. Donepezil inhibited the tail current of the hERG in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 1.3 μM. The metabolites of donepezil, 6-ODD and 5-ODD, inhibited the hERG currents in a similar concentration-dependent manner; the IC50 values were 1.0 and 1.5 μM, respectively. A fast drug perfusion system demonstrated that donepezil interacted with both the open and inactivated states of the hERG. A fast application of donepezil during the tail currents inhibited the open state of the hERG in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 2.7 μM. Kinetic analysis of donepezil in an open state of the hERG yielded blocking and unblocking rate constants of 0.54 µM(-1)s(-1) and 1.82 s(-1), respectively. The block of the hERG by donepezil was voltage-dependent with a steep increase across the voltage range of channel activation. Donepezil caused a reduction in the hERG channel protein trafficking to the plasma membrane at low concentration, but decreased the channel protein expression at higher concentrations. These results suggest that donepezil inhibited the hERG at a supratherapeutic concentration, and that it did so by preferentially binding to the activated (open and/or inactivated) states of the channels and by inhibiting the trafficking and expression of the hERG channel protein in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ju Chae
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Korea
| | - Hong Joon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Jeon
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical, The Catholic University of Korea, 43-1 Yeokgok 2-dong, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Ki-Wug Sung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Sang June Hahn
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Korea.
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Werner H, LeRoith D. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors in the brain: physiological and pathological aspects. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1947-53. [PMID: 24529663 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of insulin, the insulin-like growth factors (IGF1, IGF2) and their receptors in central nervous system development and function has been the focus of scientific interest for more than 30 years. The insulin-like peptides, both locally-produced proteins as well as those transported from the circulation into the brain via the blood-brain barrier, are involved in a myriad of biological activities. These actions include, among others, neuronal survival, neurogenes, angiogenesis, excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, regulation of food intake, and cognition. In recent years, a linkage between brain insulin/IGF1 and certain neuropathologies has been identified. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a correlation between diabetes (mainly type 2) and Alzheimer׳s disease. In addition, an aberrant decline in IGF1 values was suggested to play a role in the development of Alzheimer׳s disease. The present review focuses on the expression and function of insulin, IGFs and their receptors in the brain in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (LHCRIR), Rambam-Health Care Campus, P.O. Box 9602, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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Guerrero-Berroa E, Schmeidler J, Beeri MS. Neuropathology of type 2 diabetes: a short review on insulin-related mechanisms. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1961-6. [PMID: 24529419 PMCID: PMC4116474 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem studies have shown that cerebrovascular disease (CVD) neuropathology occurs frequently in type 2 diabetes (T2D) through mechanisms associated with chronic hyperglycemia such as advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). The involvement of T2D in Alzheimer׳s disease (AD)-type neuropathology has been more controversial. While postmortem data from animal studies have supported the involvement of T2D in AD-type neuropathology through insulin mechanism that may affect the development of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), findings from postmortem studies in humans, of the association of T2D with AD, have been mainly negative. To complicate matters, medications to treat T2D have been implicated in reduced AD-type neuropathology. In this review we summarize the literature on animal and human postmortem studies of T2D neuropathology, mainly the mechanisms involved in hyperglycemia-related CVD neuropathology and hyperinsulinemia-related AD-type neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Schmeidler
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michal Schnaider Beeri
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Tian M, Deng YY, Hou DR, Li W, Feng XL, Yu ZL. Association of IL-1, IL-18, and IL-33 gene polymorphisms with late-onset Alzheimer׳s disease in a Hunan Han Chinese population. Brain Res 2014; 1596:136-45. [PMID: 25446437 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 plays an important role in Alzheimer׳s disease (AD), and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-1 gene have been shown to be associated with AD susceptibility. IL-18 and IL-33 are proinflammatory cytokines of the IL-1 family, and increasing evidence has accumulated to support their crucial role in AD pathogenesis. To examine whether SNPs in IL-1α (rs1800587), IL-1β (rs1143627), IL-18 (rs187238), and IL-33 (rs11792633) are associated with late-onset Alzheimer׳s disease (LOAD) in a Hunan Han Chinese population, we carried out a case-control study involving 201 LOAD patients and 257 healthy controls. No significant differences were found in genotype frequencies of rs1800587 between LOAD patients and controls (P=0.079), but the T allele of rs1800587 was associated with a significantly increased risk of LOAD (P=0.032, odds ratio (OR)=1.592). Significant differences in genotype (P=0.004) and allele (P=0.001) frequencies of rs11792633 were found between LOAD patients and controls, but not for rs1143627 (P=0.535, 0.262, respectively) or rs187238 (P=0.257, 0.139, respectively). The T allele of rs11792633 was found to be a protective factor for LOAD (OR=0.648). These findings suggest that the IL-1α SNP rs1800587 and IL-33 SNP rs11792633, but not the IL-1β SNP rs1143627 or the IL-18 SNP rs187238, contribute to LOAD susceptibility in the Hunan Han Chinese population. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Brain and Memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tian
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Y Y Deng
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - D R Hou
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
| | - W Li
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - X L Feng
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Z L Yu
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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