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Winfree RL, Nolan E, Dumitrescu L, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Gifford KA, Pechman KR, Seto M, Petyuk VA, Wang Y, Schneider J, Bennett DA, Jefferson AL, Hohman TJ. Variants in the MS4A cluster interact with soluble TREM2 expression on biomarkers of neuropathology. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:41. [PMID: 38760857 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00727-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetic risk variants (rs1582763 and rs6591561) of the MS4A locus are genome-wide significant regulators of soluble TREM2 levels such that the minor allele of the protective variant (rs1582763) is associated with higher sTREM2 and lower AD risk while the minor allele of (rs6591561) relates to lower sTREM2 and higher AD risk. Our group previously found that higher sTREM2 relates to higher Aβ40, worse blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity (measured with the CSF/plasma albumin ratio), and higher CSF tau, suggesting strong associations with amyloid abundance and both BBB and neurodegeneration complicate interpretation. We expand on this work by leveraging these common variants as genetic tools to tune the interpretation of high CSF sTREM2, and by exploring the potential modifying role of these variants on the well-established associations between CSF sTREM2 as well as TREM2 transcript levels in the brain with AD neuropathology. Biomarker analyses leveraged data from the Vanderbilt Memory & Aging Project (n = 127, age = 72 ± 6.43) and were replicated in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (n = 399, age = 73 ± 7.39). Autopsy analyses were performed leveraging data from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project (n = 577, age = 89 ± 6.46). We found that the protective variant rs1582763 attenuated the association between CSF sTREM2 and Aβ40 (β = -0.44, p-value = 0.017) and replicated this interaction in ADNI (β = -0.27, p = 0.017). We did not observe this same interaction effect between TREM2 mRNA levels and Aβ peptides in brain (Aβ total β = -0.14, p = 0.629; Aβ1-38, β = 0.11, p = 0.200). In contrast to the effects on Aβ, the minor allele of this same variant seemed to enhance the association with blood-brain barrier dysfunction (β = 7.0e-4, p = 0.009), suggesting that elevated sTREM2 may carry a much different interpretation in carriers vs. non-carriers of this allele. When evaluating the risk variant (rs6591561) across datasets, we did not observe a statistically significant interaction against any outcome in VMAP and observed opposing directions of associations in ADNI and ROS/MAP on Aβ levels. Together, our results suggest that the protective effect of rs1582763 may act by decoupling the associations between sTREM2 and amyloid abundance, providing important mechanistic insight into sTREM2 changes and highlighting the need to incorporate genetic context into the analysis of sTREM2 levels, particularly if leveraged as a clinical biomarker of disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Winfree
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Pharmacology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Emma Nolan
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epidemiology Doctoral Program, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Logan Dumitrescu
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 431 41, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 431 41, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katherine A Gifford
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly R Pechman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mabel Seto
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vladislav A Petyuk
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julie Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angela L Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Pharmacology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epidemiology Doctoral Program, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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2
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Zhao R. Exercise mimetics: a novel strategy to combat neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:40. [PMID: 38308368 PMCID: PMC10837901 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by the stimulation of resident immune cells of the brain and the penetration of peripheral immune cells. These inflammatory processes facilitate the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Managing neuroinflammation to restore immune homeostasis and decrease neuronal damage is a therapeutic approach for AD. One way to achieve this is through exercise, which can improve brain function and protect against neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and synaptic dysfunction in AD models. The neuroprotective impact of exercise is regulated by various molecular factors that can be activated in the same way as exercise by the administration of their mimetics. Recent evidence has proven some exercise mimetics effective in alleviating neuroinflammation and AD, and, additionally, they are a helpful alternative option for patients who are unable to perform regular physical exercise to manage neurodegenerative disorders. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge on exercise mimetics, including their efficacy, regulatory mechanisms, progress, challenges, limitations, and future guidance for their application in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renqing Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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3
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Abdullahi A, Wong TW, Ng SS. Understanding the mechanisms of disease modifying effects of aerobic exercise in people with Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102202. [PMID: 38272266 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a very disabling disease. Pathologically, it is characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain that results in neurodegeneration. Its clinical manifestations include progressive memory impairment, language decline and difficulty in carrying out activities of daily living (ADL). The disease is managed using interventions such as pharmacological interventions and aerobic exercise. Use of aerobic exercise has shown some promises in reducing the risk of developing AD, and improving cognitive function and the ability to carry out both basic and instrumental ADL. Although, the mechanisms through which aerobic exercise improves AD are poorly understood, improvement in vascular function, brain glucose metabolism and cardiorespiratory fitness, increase in antioxidant capacity and haemoglobin level, amelioration of immune-related and inflammatory responses, modulation of concentration of circulating Neurotrophins and peptides and decrease in concentration of tau protein and cortisol level among others seem to be the possible mechanisms. Therefore, understanding these mechanisms is important to help characterize the dose and the nature of the aerobic exercise to be given. In addition, they may also help in finding ways to optimize other interventions such as the pharmacological interventions. However, more quality studies are needed to verify the mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auwal Abdullahi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomson Wl Wong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shamay Sm Ng
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Tomaszewski Farias S, Fox J, Dulaney H, Chan M, Namboodiri S, Harvey DJ, Weakley A, Rahman S, Luna C, Beech BF, Campbell L, Schmitter-Edgecombe M. Memory support training and lifestyle modifications to promote healthy aging in persons at risk for Alzheimer's disease: a digital application supported intervention (Brain Boosters). BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:881. [PMID: 38129775 PMCID: PMC10740219 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence-based interventions to protect against cognitive decline among older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) are urgently needed. Rehabilitation approaches to support memory and behavioral/lifestyle interventions are recognized as promising strategies for preserving or improving cognitive health, although few previous interventions have combined both approaches. This paper describes the protocol of the Brain Boosters intervention, which synergistically combines training in compensatory and healthy lifestyle behaviors and supports implementation and tracking of new behaviors with a digital application. METHODS The study utilizes a single-site, single-blinded, randomized controlled design to compare a structured lifestyle and compensatory aid intervention to an education-only self-guided intervention. We plan to enroll 225 community-dwelling adults (25% from underrepresented groups) aged 65 + who endorse subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and low baseline levels of healthy lifestyle behaviors. Both interventions will be administered in group format, consisting of 15 two-hour classes that occur weekly for ten weeks and taper to bi-monthly and monthly, for an intervention duration of 6 months. Participants in both interventions will receive education about a variety of memory support strategies and healthy lifestyle behaviors, focusing on physical and cognitive activity and stress management. The structured intervention will also receive support in adopting new behaviors and tracking set goals aided by the Electronic Memory and Management Aid (EMMA) digital application. Primary outcomes include global cognition (composite of memory, attention, and executive function tests) and everyday function (Everyday Cognition Questionnaire). Data will be collected at baseline and outcome visits, at approximately 6, 12, and 18 months. Qualitative interviews, self-report surveys (e.g., indicators of self-determination, health literacy) and EMMA data metrics will also be used to identify what components of the intervention are most effective and for whom they work. DISCUSSION Successful project completion will provide valuable information about how individuals with SCD respond to a compensation and preventative lifestyle intervention assisted by a digital application, including an understanding of factors that may impact outcomes, treatment uptake, and adherence. The work will also inform development, scaling, and personalization of future interventions that can delay disability in individuals at risk for ADRD. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov. (NCT05027789, posted 8/30/2021).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Fox
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, USA
| | - H Dulaney
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, USA
| | - M Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, USA
| | - S Namboodiri
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, USA
| | - D J Harvey
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - A Weakley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, USA
| | - S Rahman
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - C Luna
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - B F Beech
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - L Campbell
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, USA
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5
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Augusto-Oliveira M, Arrifano GP, Leal-Nazaré CG, Santos-Sacramento L, Lopes-Araújo A, Royes LFF, Crespo-Lopez ME. Exercise Reshapes the Brain: Molecular, Cellular, and Structural Changes Associated with Cognitive Improvements. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6950-6974. [PMID: 37518829 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise is well known as a non-pharmacological and holistic therapy believed to prevent and mitigate numerous neurological conditions and alleviate ageing-related cognitive decline. To do so, exercise affects the central nervous system (CNS) at different levels. It changes brain physiology and structure, promoting cognitive improvements, which ultimately improves quality of life. Most of these effects are mediated by neurotrophins release, enhanced adult hippocampal neurogenesis, attenuation of neuroinflammation, modulation of cerebral blood flow, and structural reorganisation, besides to promote social interaction with beneficial cognitive outcomes. In this review, we discuss, based on experimental and human research, how exercise impacts the brain structure and function and how these changes contribute to cognitive improvements. Understanding the mechanisms by which exercise affects the brain is essential to understand the brain plasticity following exercise, guiding therapeutic approaches to improve the quality of life, especially in obesity, ageing, neurodegenerative disorders, and following traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela P Arrifano
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Caio G Leal-Nazaré
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Letícia Santos-Sacramento
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lopes-Araújo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Do Exercício, Centro de Educacão Física E Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RGS, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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6
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Toader C, Dobrin N, Brehar FM, Popa C, Covache-Busuioc RA, Glavan LA, Costin HP, Bratu BG, Corlatescu AD, Popa AA, Ciurea AV. From Recognition to Remedy: The Significance of Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Disease Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16119. [PMID: 38003309 PMCID: PMC10671641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With the inexorable aging of the global populace, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pose escalating challenges, which are underscored by their socioeconomic repercussions. A pivotal aspect in addressing these challenges lies in the elucidation and application of biomarkers for timely diagnosis, vigilant monitoring, and effective treatment modalities. This review delineates the quintessence of biomarkers in the realm of NDs, elucidating various classifications and their indispensable roles. Particularly, the quest for novel biomarkers in AD, transcending traditional markers in PD, and the frontier of biomarker research in ALS are scrutinized. Emergent susceptibility and trait markers herald a new era of personalized medicine, promising enhanced treatment initiation especially in cases of SOD1-ALS. The discourse extends to diagnostic and state markers, revolutionizing early detection and monitoring, alongside progression markers that unveil the trajectory of NDs, propelling forward the potential for tailored interventions. The synergy between burgeoning technologies and innovative techniques like -omics, histologic assessments, and imaging is spotlighted, underscoring their pivotal roles in biomarker discovery. Reflecting on the progress hitherto, the review underscores the exigent need for multidisciplinary collaborations to surmount the challenges ahead, accelerate biomarker discovery, and herald a new epoch of understanding and managing NDs. Through a panoramic lens, this article endeavors to provide a comprehensive insight into the burgeoning field of biomarkers in NDs, spotlighting the promise they hold in transforming the diagnostic landscape, enhancing disease management, and illuminating the pathway toward efficacious therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corneliu Toader
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Department of Vascular Neurosurgery, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 077160 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolaie Dobrin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital “Prof. Dr. Nicolae Oblu”, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Felix-Mircea Brehar
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Popa
- Department of Neurology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 077160 Bucharest, Romania
- Medical Science Section, Romanian Academy, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Luca Andrei Glavan
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Horia Petre Costin
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Bogdan-Gabriel Bratu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Antonio Daniel Corlatescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Andrei Adrian Popa
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Medical Science Section, Romanian Academy, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
- Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania
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Andrade-Guerrero J, Rodríguez-Arellano P, Barron-Leon N, Orta-Salazar E, Ledesma-Alonso C, Díaz-Cintra S, Soto-Rojas LO. Advancing Alzheimer's Therapeutics: Exploring the Impact of Physical Exercise in Animal Models and Patients. Cells 2023; 12:2531. [PMID: 37947609 PMCID: PMC10648553 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main neurodegenerative disorder characterized by several pathophysiological features, including the misfolding of the tau protein and the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, metabolic alterations, and cognitive impairment. These mechanisms collectively contribute to neurodegeneration, necessitating the exploration of therapeutic approaches with multiple targets. Physical exercise has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological intervention for AD, with demonstrated effects on promoting neurogenesis, activating neurotrophic factors, reducing Aβ aggregates, minimizing the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), dampening inflammatory processes, mitigating oxidative stress, and improving the functionality of the neurovascular unit (NVU). Overall, the neuroprotective effects of exercise are not singular, but are multi-targets. Numerous studies have investigated physical exercise's potential in both AD patients and animal models, employing various exercise protocols to elucidate the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and effects. The objective of this review is to analyze the neurological therapeutic effects of these exercise protocols in animal models and compare them with studies conducted in AD patients. By translating findings from different approaches, this review aims to identify opportune, specific, and personalized therapeutic windows, thus advancing research on the use of physical exercise with AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Andrade-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico;
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; (P.R.-A.); (N.B.-L.); (E.O.-S.); (C.L.-A.)
| | - Paola Rodríguez-Arellano
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; (P.R.-A.); (N.B.-L.); (E.O.-S.); (C.L.-A.)
| | - Nayeli Barron-Leon
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; (P.R.-A.); (N.B.-L.); (E.O.-S.); (C.L.-A.)
| | - Erika Orta-Salazar
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; (P.R.-A.); (N.B.-L.); (E.O.-S.); (C.L.-A.)
| | - Carlos Ledesma-Alonso
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; (P.R.-A.); (N.B.-L.); (E.O.-S.); (C.L.-A.)
| | - Sofía Díaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; (P.R.-A.); (N.B.-L.); (E.O.-S.); (C.L.-A.)
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico;
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
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8
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Deng Q, Wu C, Parker E, Liu TCY, Duan R, Yang L. Microglia and Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease: Significance and Summary of Recent Advances. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.0907. [PMID: 37815901 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common forms of dementia, is characterized by a slow progression of cognitive impairment and neuronal loss. Currently, approved treatments for AD are hindered by various side effects and limited efficacy. Despite considerable research, practical treatments for AD have not been developed. Increasing evidence shows that glial cells, especially microglia and astrocytes, are essential in the initiation and progression of AD. During AD progression, activated resident microglia increases the ability of resting astrocytes to transform into reactive astrocytes, promoting neurodegeneration. Extensive clinical and molecular studies show the involvement of microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation in AD pathology, indicating that microglia and astrocytes may be potential therapeutic targets for AD. This review will summarize the significant and recent advances of microglia and astrocytes in the pathogenesis of AD in three parts. First, we will review the typical pathological changes of AD and discuss microglia and astrocytes in terms of function and phenotypic changes. Second, we will describe microglia and astrocytes' physiological and pathological role in AD. These roles include the inflammatory response, "eat me" and "don't eat me" signals, Aβ seeding, propagation, clearance, synapse loss, synaptic pruning, remyelination, and demyelination. Last, we will review the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies targeting microglia and astrocytes in AD. We conclude that microglia and astrocytes are essential in the initiation and development of AD. Therefore, understanding the new role of microglia and astrocytes in AD progression is critical for future AD studies and clinical trials. Moreover, pharmacological, and non-pharmacological therapies targeting microglia and astrocytes, with specific studies investigating microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuronal damage and repair, may be a promising research direction for future studies regarding AD treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Deng
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Emily Parker
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui Duan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Delgado-Peraza F, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Simonsen AH, Knight DD, Yao PJ, Goetzl EJ, Jensen CS, Høgh P, Gottrup H, Vestergaard K, Hasselbalch SG, Kapogiannis D. Neuron-derived extracellular vesicles in blood reveal effects of exercise in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:156. [PMID: 37730689 PMCID: PMC10510190 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) in blood may be used to derive biomarkers for the effects of exercise in Alzheimer's disease (AD). For this purpose, we studied changes in neuroprotective proteins proBDNF, BDNF, and humanin in plasma NDEVs from patients with mild to moderate AD participating in the randomized controlled trial (RCT) of exercise ADEX. METHODS proBDNF, BDNF, and humanin were quantified in NDEVs immunocaptured from the plasma of 95 ADEX participants, randomized into exercise and control groups, and collected at baseline and 16 weeks. Exploratorily, we also quantified NDEV levels of putative exerkines known to respond to exercise in peripheral tissues. RESULTS NDEV levels of proBDNF, BDNF, and humanin increased in the exercise group, especially in APOE ε4 carriers, but remained unchanged in the control group. Inter-correlations between NDEV biomarkers observed at baseline were maintained after exercise. NDEV levels of putative exerkines remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the cognitive benefits of exercise could be mediated by the upregulation of neuroprotective factors in NDEVs. Additionally, our results indicate that AD subjects carrying APOE ε4 are more responsive to the neuroprotective effects of physical activity. Unchanged NDEV levels of putative exerkines after physical activity imply that exercise engages different pathways in neurons and peripheral tissues. Future studies should aim to expand upon the effects of exercise duration, intensity, and type in NDEVs from patients with early AD and additional neurodegenerative disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION The Effect of Physical Exercise in Alzheimer Patients (ADEX) was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov on April 30, 2012 with the identifier NCT01681602.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francheska Delgado-Peraza
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Carlos Nogueras-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - De'Larrian DeAnté Knight
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Pamela J Yao
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Research Department, Campus for Jewish Living, San Francisco, CA, 94112, USA
| | - Camilla Steen Jensen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Høgh
- Department of Neurology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 1165, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Gottrup
- Department of Neurology, Dementia Clinic, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karsten Vestergaard
- Department of Neurology, Dementia Clinic, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Steen Gregers Hasselbalch
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Khalafi M, Akbari A, Symonds ME, Pourvaghar MJ, Rosenkranz SK, Tabari E. Influence of different modes of exercise training on inflammatory markers in older adults with and without chronic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytokine 2023; 169:156303. [PMID: 37467710 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ageing can be accompanied by increased inflammation, which contributes to the development of sarcopenia. Exercise training could be effective for preventing sarcopenia and mitigate inflammation and thus a viable intervention in ageing. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effects of exercise training on markers of inflammation including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in older adults (≥65 years). Exercise-based interventions are most successful in preventing the decline in skeletal muscle mass and in preserving or ameliorating functional capacities with increasing age. METHOD PubMed and Web of Science were searched through to December 2021 using "exercise", "inflammatory markers", "elderly", and "randomized controlled trial" to identify randomized trials evaluating the effects of exercise training versus control groups on IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP in older adults with mean ages ≥ 65 yrs. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined using random effects models. RESULTS Forty studies involving 49 trials and 1,898 older adults were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, exercise training reduced IL-6 [-0.17 (95% CI -0.32 to -0.02), p = 0.02], TNF-α [-0.30 (95% CI -0.46 to -0.13), p = 0.001], and CRP [-0.45 (95% CI -0.61 to -0.29), p = 0.001]. Subgroup analyses showed that IL-6 was reduced significantly by combined training, TNF-α by aerobic training, and CRP by aerobic, resistance, and combined training. In addition, exercise training reduced IL-6 and TNF-α in older adults with chronic diseases, and CRP in older adults with and without chronic diseases. CONCLUSION The current results highlight that exercise training, regardless of exercise type, has small to moderate beneficial effects on markers of inflammation in older adults, particularly in those with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Khalafi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Amir Akbari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
| | - Michael E Symonds
- Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, Centre for Perinatal Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Javad Pourvaghar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Elma Tabari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
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11
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease in the elderly with dementia, memory loss, and severe cognitive impairment that imposes high medical costs on individuals. The causes of AD include increased deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau, age, mitochondrial defects, increased neuroinflammation, decreased synaptic connections, and decreased nerve growth factors (NGF). While in animals moderate-intensity exercise restores hippocampal and amygdala memory through increased levels of p-AKT, p-TrkB, and p-PKC and decreased levels of Aβ, tau phosphorylation, and amyloid precursor proteins (APP) in AD. Aerobic exercise (with an intensity of 50-75% of VO2 max) prevents hippocampal volume reduction, spatial memory reduction, and learning reduction through increasing synaptic flexibility. Exercise training induces the binding of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to TrkB and the binding of NGF to TrkA to induce cell survival and neuronal plasticity. After aerobic training and high-intensity interval training, the increase of VEGF, angiopoietin 1 and 2, NO, tPA, and HCAR1 in cerebral vessels causes increased blood flow and angiogenesis in the cerebellum, motor cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. In the hippocampus, exercise training decreases mitochondrial fragmentation, DRP1, and FIS1, improving OPA1, MFN1, MFN2, and mitochondrial morphology. In humans, acute exercise as an anti-inflammatory condition causes an acute increase in IL-6 and an increase in anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-1RA and IL-10. Moderate-intensity exercise also inhibits inflammatory markers such as IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, CRP, TNF-α, sTNFR1, COX-2, and NF-κB. Aerobic exercise significantly increases plasma levels of BDNF, nerve growth factor, synaptic plasticity, motor activity, spatial memory, and exploratory behavior in AD subjects. Irisin is a myokine released from skeletal muscle during exercise and protects the hippocampus by suppressing Aβ accumulation and promoting hippocampal proliferation through STAT3 signaling. Therefore, combined exercise training such as aerobic training, strength training, balance and coordination training, and cognitive and social activities seems to provide important benefits for people with AD.
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12
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Bellaver B, Povala G, Ferreira PCL, Ferrari-Souza JP, Leffa DT, Lussier FZ, Benedet AL, Ashton NJ, Triana-Baltzer G, Kolb HC, Tissot C, Therriault J, Servaes S, Stevenson J, Rahmouni N, Lopez OL, Tudorascu DL, Villemagne VL, Ikonomovic MD, Gauthier S, Zimmer ER, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Aizenstein HJ, Klunk WE, Snitz BE, Maki P, Thurston RC, Cohen AD, Ganguli M, Karikari TK, Rosa-Neto P, Pascoal TA. Astrocyte reactivity influences amyloid-β effects on tau pathology in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Nat Med 2023:10.1038/s41591-023-02380-x. [PMID: 37248300 PMCID: PMC10353939 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An unresolved question for the understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology is why a significant percentage of amyloid-β (Aβ)-positive cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals do not develop detectable downstream tau pathology and, consequently, clinical deterioration. In vitro evidence suggests that reactive astrocytes unleash Aβ effects in pathological tau phosphorylation. Here, in a biomarker study across three cohorts (n = 1,016), we tested whether astrocyte reactivity modulates the association of Aβ with tau phosphorylation in CU individuals. We found that Aβ was associated with increased plasma phosphorylated tau only in individuals positive for astrocyte reactivity (Ast+). Cross-sectional and longitudinal tau-positron emission tomography analyses revealed an AD-like pattern of tau tangle accumulation as a function of Aβ only in CU Ast+ individuals. Our findings suggest astrocyte reactivity as an important upstream event linking Aβ with initial tau pathology, which may have implications for the biological definition of preclinical AD and for selecting CU individuals for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Bellaver
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences-Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Povala
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - João Pedro Ferrari-Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences-Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Douglas T Leffa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Firoza Z Lussier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andréa L Benedet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Hartmuth C Kolb
- Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cécile Tissot
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph Therriault
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stijn Servaes
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jenna Stevenson
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nesrine Rahmouni
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dana L Tudorascu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh HS, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences-Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Brain Institute, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Howard J Aizenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Beth E Snitz
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pauline Maki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rebecca C Thurston
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ann D Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mary Ganguli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tharick A Pascoal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Twarowski B, Herbet M. Inflammatory Processes in Alzheimer's Disease-Pathomechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6518. [PMID: 37047492 PMCID: PMC10095343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most commonly diagnosed cases of senile dementia in the world. It is an incurable process, most often leading to death. This disease is multifactorial, and one factor of this is inflammation. Numerous mediators secreted by inflammatory cells can cause neuronal degeneration. Neuritis may coexist with other mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease, contributing to disease progression, and may also directly underlie AD. Although much has been established about the inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of AD, many aspects remain unexplained. The work is devoted in particular to the pathomechanism of inflammation and its role in diagnosis and treatment. An in-depth and detailed understanding of the pathomechanism of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease may help in the development of diagnostic methods for early diagnosis and may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariola Herbet
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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14
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Wang M, Zhang H, Liang J, Huang J, Chen N. Exercise suppresses neuroinflammation for alleviating Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:76. [PMID: 36935511 PMCID: PMC10026496 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, with the characteristics of neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) and senile plaque (SP) formation. Although great progresses have been made in clinical trials based on relevant hypotheses, these studies are also accompanied by the emergence of toxic and side effects, and it is an urgent task to explore the underlying mechanisms for the benefits to prevent and treat AD. Herein, based on animal experiments and a few clinical trials, neuroinflammation in AD is characterized by long-term activation of pro-inflammatory microglia and the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes. Damaged signals from the periphery and within the brain continuously activate microglia, thus resulting in a constant source of inflammatory responses. The long-term chronic inflammatory response also exacerbates endoplasmic reticulum oxidative stress in microglia, which triggers microglia-dependent immune responses, ultimately leading to the occurrence and deterioration of AD. In this review, we systematically summarized and sorted out that exercise ameliorates AD by directly and indirectly regulating immune response of the central nervous system and promoting hippocampal neurogenesis to provide a new direction for exploring the neuroinflammation activity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jiling Liang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jielun Huang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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15
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Ayari S, Abellard A, Carayol M, Guedj É, Gavarry O. A systematic review of exercise modalities that reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines in humans and animals' models with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Exp Gerontol 2023; 175:112141. [PMID: 36898593 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate which type, frequency, duration, intensity, and volume of chronic exercise might more strongly reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhance anti-inflammatory cytokines in human and animal models with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or dementia. DESIGN A systematic review. DATA SOURCE English-language search of 13 electronic databases: Web of Science, PubMed/Medline, Sport Discus, Scopus, Cochrane, Psych Net, Springer, ScienceDirect, Pascal & Francis, Sage journals, Pedro, Google Scholar, and Sage. INCLUSION CRITERIA (i) human and animal studies that included exercise, physical activity, or fitness training as an experimental intervention, (ii) studies that addressed MCI, dementia, or AD, (iii) studies that focused on measuring cytokines and/or other inflammatory and/or neuroinflammatory immune markers, (iii) studies that examined inflammatory indicators in blood, CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid), and brain tissue. RESULTS Of the 1290 human and animal studies found, 38 were included for qualitative analysis, 11 human articles, 27 animal articles, and two articles addressing both human and animal protocols. In the animal model, physical exercise decreased pro-inflammatory markers in 70.8 % of the articles and anti-inflammatory cytokines: IL -4, IL -10, IL-4β, IL -10β, and TGF-β in 26 % of articles. Treadmill running, resistance exercise, and swimming exercise reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase anti-inflammatory cytokines. In the human model, 53.9 % of items reduced pro-inflammatory proteins and 23 % increased anti-inflammatory proteins. Cycling exercise, multimodal, and resistance training effectively decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION In rodent animal models with AD phenotype, treadmill, swimming, and resistance training remain good interventions that can delay various mechanisms of dementia progression. In the human model, aerobic, multimodal, and resistance training are beneficial in both MCI and AD. Multimodal training of moderate to high intensity multimodal exercise is effective for MCI. Voluntary cycling training, moderate- or high-intensity aerobic exercise is effective in mild AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsen Ayari
- Research Unit "Impact of Physical Activity on Health" (IAPS n°201723207F), University of Toulon, Toulon, France.
| | - Alexandre Abellard
- Mediterranean Institute of Information and Communication Sciences, Toulon, France.
| | - Marion Carayol
- Research Unit "Impact of Physical Activity on Health" (IAPS n°201723207F), University of Toulon, Toulon, France.
| | - Éric Guedj
- APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, Nuclear Medicine Department, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
| | - Olivier Gavarry
- Research Unit "Impact of Physical Activity on Health" (IAPS n°201723207F), University of Toulon, Toulon, France.
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16
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Xu J, Zhang L, Li M, He X, Luo J, Wu R, Hong Z, Zheng H, Hu X. TREM2 mediates physical exercise-promoted neural functional recovery in rats with ischemic stroke via microglia-promoted white matter repair. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:50. [PMID: 36829205 PMCID: PMC9960657 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02741-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The repair of white matter injury is of significant importance for functional recovery after ischemic stroke, and the up-regulation of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) after ischemic stroke is neuroprotective and implicated in remyelination. However, the lack of effective therapies calls for the need to investigate the regenerative process of remyelination and the role of rehabilitation therapy. This study sought to investigate whether and how moderate physical exercise (PE) promotes oligodendrogenesis and remyelination in rats with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 250-280 g) were subjected to tMCAO. AAV-shRNA was injected into the lateral ventricle to silence the Trem2 gene before the operation. The rats in the physical exercise group started electric running cage training at 48 h after the operation. The Morris water maze and novel object recognition test were used to evaluate cognitive function. Luxol fast blue staining, diffusion tensor imaging, and electron microscopy were used to observe myelin injury and repair. Immunofluorescence staining was applied to observe the proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Expression of key molecules were detected using immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. RESULTS PE exerted neuroprotective efects by modulating microglial state, promoting remyelination and recovery of neurological function of rats over 35 d after stroke, while silencing Trem2 expression in rats suppressed the aforementioned effects promoted by PE. In addition, by leveraging the activin-A neutralizing antibody, we found a direct beneficial effect of PE on microglia-derived activin-A and its subsequent role on oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination mediated by the activin-A/Acvr axis. CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals a novel regenerative role of PE in white matter injury after stroke, which is mediated by upregulation of TREM2 and microglia-derived factor for oligodendrocytes regeneration. PE is an effective therapeutic approach for improving white matter integrity and alleviating neurological function deficits after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Xu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei He
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Luo
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Wu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongqiu Hong
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiqing Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiquan Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China.
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17
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Frederiksen KS, Jensen CS, Høgh P, Gergelyffy R, Waldemar G, Andersen BB, Gottrup H, Vestergaard K, Wermuth L, Søndergaard HB, Sellebjerg F, Hasselbalch SG, Simonsen AH. Aerobic exercise does not affect serum neurofilament light in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1108191. [PMID: 36761410 PMCID: PMC9902368 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1108191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aerobic exercise has been shown to modify Alzheimer pathology in animal models, and in patients with multiple sclerosis to reduce neurofilament light (NfL), a biomarker of neurodegeneration. Objective To investigate whether a 16-week aerobic exercise program was able to reduce serum NfL in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods This is a secondary analysis of data from the multi-center Preserving Cognition, Quality of Life, Physical Health, and Functional Ability in Alzheimer's disease: The Effect of Physical Exercise (ADEX) study. Participants were randomized to 16 weeks of moderate intensity aerobic exercise or usual care. Clinical assessment and measurement of serum NfL was done at baseline and after the intervention. Results A total of 136 participants were included in the analysis. Groups were comparable at baseline except for APOEε4 carriership which was higher in the usual care group (75.3 versus 60.2%; p = 0.04). There was no effect of the intervention on serum NfL [intervention: baseline NfL (pg/mL) 25.76, change from baseline 0.87; usual care: baseline 27.09, change from baseline -1.16, p = 0.09]. Conclusion The findings do not support an effect of the exercise intervention on a single measure of neurodegeneration in AD. Further studies are needed using other types and durations of exercise and other measures of neurodegeneration. Clinical trial registration clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT01681602.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Steen Frederiksen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Center, Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark,*Correspondence: Kristian Steen Frederiksen,
| | - Camilla Steen Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Center, Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Høgh
- Department of Neurology, Regional Dementia Research Centre, Zealand University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Regional Dementia Research Centre, Zealand University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Gunhild Waldemar
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Center, Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Bo Andersen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Center, Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Gottrup
- Dementia Clinic, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Lene Wermuth
- Department of Neurology, Dementia Clinic, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle Bach Søndergaard
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Steen Gregers Hasselbalch
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Center, Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Center, Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Azevedo CV, Hashiguchi D, Campos HC, Figueiredo EV, Otaviano SFSD, Penitente AR, Arida RM, Longo BM. The effects of resistance exercise on cognitive function, amyloidogenesis, and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1131214. [PMID: 36937673 PMCID: PMC10017453 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1131214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and difficulties in finding effective treatments, it is essential to discover alternative therapies through new approaches. In this regard, non-pharmacological therapies, such as physical exercise, have been proposed and explored for the treatment of AD. Recent studies have suggested that resistance exercise (RE) is an effective strategy for promoting benefits in memory and cognitive function, producing neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, and reducing amyloid load and plaques, thereby reducing the risk, and alleviating the neurodegeneration process of AD and other types of dementia in the elderly. In addition, RE is the exercise recommended by the World Health Organization for the elderly due to its benefits in improving muscle strength and balance, and increasing autonomy and functional capacity, favoring improvements in the quality of life of the elderly population, who is more likely to develop AD and other types of dementia. In this mini-review, we discuss the impact of RE on humans affected by MCI and AD, and animal models of AD, and summarize the main findings regarding the effects of RE program on memory and cognitive functions, neurotrophic factors, Aβ deposition and plaque formation, as well as on neuroinflammation. Overall, the present review provides clinical and preclinical evidence that RE plays a role in alleviating AD symptoms and may help to understand the therapeutic potential of RE, thereby continuing the advances in AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debora Hashiguchi
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto do Cérebro, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Arlete Rita Penitente
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Escola de Medicina, Departamento de Ginecologia Obstetrícia e Propedêutica da, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Mario Arida
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Monteiro Longo
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Monteiro Longo,
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19
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Aerqin Q, Wang ZT, Wu KM, He XY, Dong Q, Yu JT. Omics-based biomarkers discovery for Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:585. [PMID: 36348101 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04614-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorders presenting with the pathological hallmarks of amyloid plaques and tau tangles. Over the past few years, great efforts have been made to explore reliable biomarkers of AD. High-throughput omics are a technology driven by multiple levels of unbiased data to detect the complex etiology of AD, and it provides us with new opportunities to better understand the pathophysiology of AD and thereby identify potential biomarkers. Through revealing the interaction networks between different molecular levels, the ultimate goal of multi-omics is to improve the diagnosis and treatment of AD. In this review, based on the current AD pathology and the current status of AD diagnostic biomarkers, we summarize how genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics are all conducing to the discovery of reliable AD biomarkers that could be developed and used in clinical AD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolifan Aerqin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Zuo-Teng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kai-Min Wu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiao-Yu He
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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20
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Wu C, Yang L, Feng S, Zhu L, Yang L, Liu TCY, Duan R. Therapeutic non-invasive brain treatments in Alzheimer's disease: recent advances and challenges. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:31. [PMID: 36184623 PMCID: PMC9527145 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major neurodegenerative diseases and the most common form of dementia. Characterized by the loss of learning, memory, problem-solving, language, and other thinking abilities, AD exerts a detrimental effect on both patients' and families' quality of life. Although there have been significant advances in understanding the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis and progression of AD, there is no cure for AD. The failure of numerous molecular targeted pharmacologic clinical trials leads to an emerging research shift toward non-invasive therapies, especially multiple targeted non-invasive treatments. In this paper, we reviewed the advances of the most widely studied non-invasive therapies, including photobiomodulation (PBM), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and exercise therapy. Firstly, we reviewed the pathological changes of AD and the challenges for AD studies. We then introduced these non-invasive therapies and discussed the factors that may affect the effects of these therapies. Additionally, we review the effects of these therapies and the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. Finally, we summarized the challenges of the non-invasive treatments in future AD studies and clinical applications. We concluded that it would be critical to understand the exact underlying mechanisms and find the optimal treatment parameters to improve the translational value of these non-invasive therapies. Moreover, the combined use of non-invasive treatments is also a promising research direction for future studies and sheds light on the future treatment or prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Luoman Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital (PUTH), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shu Feng
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Rui Duan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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21
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Winfree RL, Dumitrescu L, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Gifford KA, Pechman KR, Jefferson AL, Hohman TJ. Biological correlates of elevated soluble TREM2 in cerebrospinal fluid. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 118:88-98. [PMID: 35908327 PMCID: PMC9707345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (sTREM2) is an emerging biomarker of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet, sTREM2 expression has not been systematically evaluated in relation to concomitant drivers of neuroinflammation. While associations between sTREM2 and tau in CSF are established, we sought to determine additional biological correlates of CSF sTREM2 during the prodromal stages of AD by evaluating CSF Aβ species (Aβx-40), a fluid biomarker of blood-brain barrier integrity (CSF/plasma albumin ratio), and CSF biomarkers of neurodegeneration measured in 155 participants from the Vanderbilt Memory and Aging Project. A novel association between high CSF levels of both sTREM2 and Aβx-40 was observed and replicated in an independent dataset. Aβx-40 levels, as well as the CSF/plasma albumin ratio, explained additional and unique variance in sTREM2 levels above and beyond that of CSF biomarkers of neurodegeneration. The component of sTREM2 levels correlated with Aβx-40 levels best predicted future cognitive performance. We highlight potential contributions of Aβ homeostasis and blood-brain barrier integrity to elevated CSF sTREM2, underscoring novel biomarker associations relevant to disease progression and clinical outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Winfree
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Pharmacology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Logan Dumitrescu
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Katherine A Gifford
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly R Pechman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Angela L Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Pharmacology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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22
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Winn NC, Wolf EM, Garcia JN, Hasty AH. Exon 2-mediated deletion of Trem2 does not worsen metabolic function in diet-induced obese mice. J Physiol 2022; 600:4485-4501. [PMID: 36044273 PMCID: PMC9588740 DOI: 10.1113/jp283684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) is highly expressed on myeloid cells and is involved in cellular lipid homeostasis and inflammatory processes. Trem2 deletion in mice (Trem2-/- ) evokes adipose tissue dysfunction, but its role in worsening obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction has not been resolved. Here we aimed to determine the causal role of Trem2 in regulating glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in mice. Nine-week-old male and female littermate wild-type (WT) and Trem2-/- mice were fed a low- or high-fat diet for 18 weeks and phenotyped for metabolic function. Diet-induced weight gain was similar between genotypes, irrespective of sex. Consistent with previous reports, we find that loss of Trem2 causes massive adipocyte hypertrophy and an attenuation in the lipid-associated macrophage transcriptional response to obesity. In contrast to published data, we find that loss of Trem2 does not worsen metabolic function in obese mice. No differences in intraperitoneal glucose tolerance (ipGTT), oral GTT or mixed meal substrate control, including postprandial glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, insulin or triglycerides, were found between WT and Trem2-/- animals. Similarly, no phenotypic differences existed when animals were challenged with stressors on metabolic demand (i.e. acute exercise or environmental temperature modulation). Collectively, we report a disassociation between adipose tissue remodelling caused by loss of Trem2 and whole-body metabolic homeostasis in obese mice. The complementary nature of experiments conducted gives credence to the conclusion that loss of Trem2 is unlikely to worsen glucose homeostasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Winn
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elysa M. Wolf
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jamie N. Garcia
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alyssa H. Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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23
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Xu H, Pan LB, Yu H, Han P, Fu J, Zhang ZW, Hu JC, Yang XY, Keranmu A, Zhang HJ, Bu MM, Jiang JD, Wang Y. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites in inflammatory diseases based on targeted metabolomics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:919181. [PMID: 36238574 PMCID: PMC9551995 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.919181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in inflammatory diseases. Metabolites in the three metabolic pathways of tryptophan (Trp), histidine (His), and phenylalanine (Phe) can affect various inflammatory conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, arthritis, colitis, atherosclerosis, and neuroinflammation. We established an LC–MS/MS method to measure 17 metabolites—Trp, 3-indole-acetic acid (Iaa), 3-indole-lactate (Ila), 3-indole-propionic acid (Ipa), 3-indole formaldehyde (Iald), kynurenine (Kn), kynurenic acid (Kyna), 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-Haa), His, 3-methylhistidine (3-Mhis), histamine (Hist), imidazole propionic acid (Imp), 4-imidazoacetic acid (Imaa), urocanic acid (Ua), Phe, phenylethylamine (Pea), and hippuric acid (Ha)—in the three metabolic pathways. The method exhibited high sensitivity and good selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability; and recovery rate; all met the requirements of biological sample analysis. By establishing a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model of Sprague–Dawley rats and performing 16S rRNA sequencing on their feces, it was found that there was dysbiosis, including changes in phylum level, genus level, and α biodiversity of gut bacteria. The contents of the microbiota metabolites Iaa and Ipa in the model group were significantly decreased, and those of Iald, Kn, Kyna, Ha, and Imp were significantly increased. The common therapeutic drugs Tripterygium glycosides, total glucosides of peony, and their main active ingredients were screened by in vitro incubation with gut bacteria: it was found that Tripterygium glycosides and their active ingredients could lead to a variation in metabolites in the Trp and Phe pathways. Total glucosides and active components of peony could lead to a variation in metabolites in the Phe pathway of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan Wang
- *Correspondence: Yan Wang, ; Jian-Dong Jiang,
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24
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Shobeiri P, Seyedmirzaei H, Karimi N, Rashidi F, Teixeira AL, Brand S, Sadeghi-Bahmani D, Rezaei N. IL-6 and TNF-α responses to acute and regular exercise in adult individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:185. [PMID: 36156182 PMCID: PMC9511785 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In both the general population and people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), physical exercise is associated with improved mental well-being. Moreover, there is evidence of the possible protection of physical activity against disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the question arises if acute or regular exercise has any impact on the immune system in PwMS. To answer this question, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on both plasma and serum cytokine levels (IL-6 and TNF-α) before and after acute and regular exercise among PwMS and compared to healthy controls. Method We performed an online search via PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library till September 2021 to identify original studies on IL-6 and TNF-α changes after acute and regular exercise in PwMS and controls. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), 11 original studies were included in the meta-analysis. Sensitivity analyses were used to identify the origins of heterogeneity. R 4.0.4 was used to perform the meta-analysis of IL-6 and TNF-α levels before and after acute and regular exercise in PwMS, compared to controls. This study does not qualify for a clinical trial number. Results IL-6 levels did neither increase nor decrease after acute and regular exercise in PwMS, and compared to controls (pre- vs. post-intervention: Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) -0.09, 95% CI [−0.29; 0.11], p-value = 0.37, PwMS vs. Control: SMD −0.08, 95% CI [−0.33; 0.16], p-value = 0.47). In PwMS, TNF-α levels decreased after regular exercise and when TNF-α levels of both acute and regular exercise were pooled (pre- vs. post-intervention: SMD −0.51, 95% CI [-0.91; 0.11], p-value = 0.01, PwMS vs. Control: SMD −0.23, 95% CI [−0.66; 0.18], p-value = 0.26). TNF-α levels did neither increase nor decrease after acute and regular exercise in PwMS, when compared to controls. Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis show that exercise does not lead to significant changes in peripheral levels of IL-6 in PwMS in contrast to the observed response in healthy subjects and other medical contexts. However, regular exercise had a specific anti-inflammatory effect on blood TNF-α levels in PwMS. It remains to be investigated why PwMS display this different exercise-induced pattern of cytokines. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40001-022-00814-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Shobeiri
- School of Medicine, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Seyedmirzaei
- School of Medicine, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program (INRP), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Karimi
- School of Medicine, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rashidi
- School of Medicine, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran
| | - Antônio L Teixeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, Neuropsychiatry Program, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Serge Brand
- School of Medicine, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran.,Psychiatric Clinics, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Sport Science and Psychosocial Health, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Dena Sadeghi-Bahmani
- Psychiatric Clinics, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran. .,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Fernández-Calle R, Konings SC, Frontiñán-Rubio J, García-Revilla J, Camprubí-Ferrer L, Svensson M, Martinson I, Boza-Serrano A, Venero JL, Nielsen HM, Gouras GK, Deierborg T. APOE in the bullseye of neurodegenerative diseases: impact of the APOE genotype in Alzheimer’s disease pathology and brain diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:62. [PMID: 36153580 PMCID: PMC9509584 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoE is the major lipid and cholesterol carrier in the CNS. There are three major human polymorphisms, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, and the genetic expression of APOE4 is one of the most influential risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation has become the third hallmark of AD, together with Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated aggregated tau protein. This review aims to broadly and extensively describe the differential aspects concerning apoE. Starting from the evolution of apoE to how APOE's single-nucleotide polymorphisms affect its structure, function, and involvement during health and disease. This review reflects on how APOE's polymorphisms impact critical aspects of AD pathology, such as the neuroinflammatory response, particularly the effect of APOE on astrocytic and microglial function and microglial dynamics, synaptic function, amyloid-β load, tau pathology, autophagy, and cell–cell communication. We discuss influential factors affecting AD pathology combined with the APOE genotype, such as sex, age, diet, physical exercise, current therapies and clinical trials in the AD field. The impact of the APOE genotype in other neurodegenerative diseases characterized by overt inflammation, e.g., alpha- synucleinopathies and Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, is also addressed. Therefore, this review gathers the most relevant findings related to the APOE genotype up to date and its implications on AD and CNS pathologies to provide a deeper understanding of the knowledge in the APOE field.
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Rody T, De Amorim JA, De Felice FG. The emerging neuroprotective roles of exerkines in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:965190. [PMID: 36118704 PMCID: PMC9472554 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.965190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive knowledge of the beneficial effects of physical exercise, a sedentary lifestyle is still a predominant harm in our society. Sedentarism is one of the major modifiable risk factors for metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD)–characterized by synaptic failure, amyloid protein deposition and memory loss. Physical exercise promotes neuroprotective effects through molecules released in circulation and mediates the physiological crosstalk between the periphery and the brain. This literature review summarizes the current understanding of the roles of exerkines, molecules released during physical exercise, as systemic and central factors that mediate the beneficial effects of physical exercise on cognition. We highlight the neuroprotective role of irisin—a myokine released from the proteolytic cleavage of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) transmembrane protein. Lastly, we review evidence pointing to physical exercise as a potential preventative and interventional strategy against cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayna Rody
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia A. De Amorim
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G. De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Fernanda G. De Felice,
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Miao Y, Cui L, Li J, Chen Y, Xie X, Guo Q. Cognitive Improvement After Multi-Domain Lifestyle Interventions in an APOE ɛ4 Homozygous Carrier with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Case Report and Literature Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:1131-1142. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system with insidious onset and chronic progression. The pathogenesis of AD is complex, which is currently considered to be the result of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The APOE ɛ4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD and a risk factor for progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD. So far, no effective drugs have been found for the progression of MCI. However, the effects of nonpharmacological interventions such as nutrition, cognitive, and physical exercises on early AD have received increasing attention. We followed up cognitive assessment scales, Aβ-PET and MRI examination of a patient with MCI for 4 years, who carried APOE ɛ4 homozygous with a clear family history. After 4 years of multi-domain lifestyle interventions including nutrition, socialization, and physical exercises, the patient’s cognitive function, especially memory function, improved significantly. Intracerebral amyloid deposition was decreased, and hippocampal atrophy improved. Based on this case, this study reviewed and discussed the interaction of APOE ɛ4 with the environment in AD research in recent years, as well as the impact and mechanisms of non-pharmaceutical multi-domain lifestyle interventions on MCI or early AD. Both the literature review and this case showed that multi-domain lifestyle interventions may reduce the risk of disease progression by reducing Aβ deposition in the brain and other different pathologic mechanisms, which offers promise in brain amyloid-positivity or APOE ɛ4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Miao
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Cui
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junpeng Li
- PET Center, Fudan University Affiliated Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangqing Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihao Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
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de Almeida EJR, Ibrahim HJ, Chitolina Schetinger MR, de Andrade CM, Cardoso AM. Modulation of Inflammatory Mediators and Microglial Activation Through Physical Exercise in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3221-3240. [PMID: 35962936 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory process in the central nervous system (CNS), in addition to being one of the main features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Microglia are known for their immune functions and have multiple reactive phenotypes related to the types of stages involving neurodegenerative diseases. Depending on the state of activation of microglia in the CNS, it can be neuroprotective or neurotoxic. In this context, AD is a neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease characterized by the deposition of beta-amyloid plaques, formation of fibrillar tangles of tau protein, and loss of neurons due to neurotoxic activation of microglia. However, PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and accumulation of alpha-synuclein in the cortical regions, spinal cord, and brain stem, which occurs by microglial activation, contributing to the neuroinflammatory process. In this aspect, the activation of microglia in both pathologies triggers high levels of inflammatory markers, such as interleukins, and causes the neuroinflammatory process of the diseases. Thus, physical exercise is pointed out as neuroprotective, as it can act to strengthen neurogenesis and reduce the inflammatory process. Therefore, the present review addresses the neuroprotective effect of microglia after different types of physical exercise protocols and evaluates the activity and effects of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory parameters and mechanisms of AD and PD. This review will discuss the anti-inflammatory effects of physical exercise through microglia activation with neuroprotective activity and the role of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cinthia Melazzo de Andrade
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria-RS, Room 121, Veterinary Hospital Building, Avenue Roraima No. 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Andréia Machado Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Physical Education From Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences From Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Rodovia SC 484 - Km 02, Fronteira Sul, SC, 89815-899, Brazil.
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29
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Li C, Wang Y, Xing Y, Han J, Zhang Y, Zhang A, Hu J, Hua Y, Bai Y. Regulation of microglia phagocytosis and potential involvement of exercise. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:953534. [PMID: 35959472 PMCID: PMC9357882 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.953534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are considered the main phagocytic cells in the central nervous system, remodeling neural circuits by pruning synapses during development. Microglial phagocytosis is also a crucial process in maintaining adult brain homeostasis and clearing potential toxic factors, which are recognized to be associated with neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders. For example, microglia can engulf amyloid-β plaques, myelin debris, apoptotic cells, and extracellular harmful substances by expressing a variety of specific receptors on the cell surface or by reprogramming intracellular glucose and lipid metabolism processes. Furthermore, physical exercise has been implicated to be one of the non-pharmaceutical treatments for various nervous system diseases, which is closely related to neuroplasticity and microglia functions including proliferation, activation, and phagocytosis. This review focuses on the central regulatory mechanisms related to microglia phagocytosis and the potential role of exercise training in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congqin Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqian Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anjing Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Hua
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulong Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yulong Bai
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Saiyasit N, Butlig EAR, Chaney SD, Traylor MK, Hawley NA, Randall RB, Bobinger HV, Frizell CA, Trimm F, Crook ED, Lin M, Hill BD, Keller JL, Nelson AR. Neurovascular Dysfunction in Diverse Communities With Health Disparities-Contributions to Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:915405. [PMID: 35844216 PMCID: PMC9279126 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.915405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) are an expanding worldwide crisis. In the absence of scientific breakthroughs, the global prevalence of ADRD will continue to increase as more people are living longer. Racial or ethnic minority groups have an increased risk and incidence of ADRD and have often been neglected by the scientific research community. There is mounting evidence that vascular insults in the brain can initiate a series of biological events leading to neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and ADRD. We are a group of researchers interested in developing and expanding ADRD research, with an emphasis on vascular contributions to dementia, to serve our local diverse community. Toward this goal, the primary objective of this review was to investigate and better understand health disparities in Alabama and the contributions of the social determinants of health to those disparities, particularly in the context of vascular dysfunction in ADRD. Here, we explain the neurovascular dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as the intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors contributing to dysfunction of the neurovascular unit (NVU). Next, we ascertain ethnoregional health disparities of individuals living in Alabama, as well as relevant vascular risk factors linked to AD. We also discuss current pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatment options for neurovascular dysfunction, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD, including relevant studies and ongoing clinical trials. Overall, individuals in Alabama are adversely affected by social and structural determinants of health leading to health disparities, driven by rurality, ethnic minority status, and lower socioeconomic status (SES). In general, these communities have limited access to healthcare and healthy food and other amenities resulting in decreased opportunities for early diagnosis of and pharmaceutical treatments for ADRD. Although this review is focused on the current state of health disparities of ADRD patients in Alabama, future studies must include diversity of race, ethnicity, and region to best be able to treat all individuals affected by ADRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napatsorn Saiyasit
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Evan-Angelo R. Butlig
- Department of Neurology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samantha D. Chaney
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Miranda K. Traylor
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Nanako A. Hawley
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Ryleigh B. Randall
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Hanna V. Bobinger
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Carl A. Frizell
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Franklin Trimm
- College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Errol D. Crook
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Mike Lin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Hill
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Joshua L. Keller
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Amy R. Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
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Oroszi T, de Boer SF, Nyakas C, Schoemaker RG, van der Zee EA. Chronic whole body vibration ameliorates hippocampal neuroinflammation, anxiety-like behavior, memory functions and motor performance in aged male rats dose dependently. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9020. [PMID: 35637277 PMCID: PMC9151803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWhole body vibration (WBV) is a form of passive exercise by the stimulation of mechanical vibration platform. WBV has been extensively investigated through clinical studies with main focus on the musculoskeletal system. However, pre-clinical data in the context of behavior, memory and motor functions with aged rodents are limited. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the dose dependent effects of a five weeks long WBV intervention with an aged animal model including anxiety-related behavior, memory and motor functions, as well as markers of (neuro)inflammation. Male Wistar rats (18 months) underwent 5 or 20 min daily vibration exposure or pseudo-treatment (i.e.: being subjected to the same environmental stimuli for 5 or 20 min, but without exposure to vibrations) 5 times per week. After 5 weeks treatment, cognitive functions, anxiety-like behavior and motor performance were evaluated. Finally, brain tissue was collected for immunohistological purposes to evaluate hippocampal (neuro)inflammation. Animals with 20 min daily session of WBV showed a decrease in their anxiety-like behavior and improvement in their spatial memory. Muscle strength in the grip hanging test was only significantly improved by 5 min daily WBV treatments, whereas motor coordination in the balance beam test was not significantly altered. Microglia activation showed a significant decrease in the CA1 and Dentate gyrus subregions by both dose of WBV. In contrast, these effects were less pronounced in the CA3 and Hilus subregions, where only 5 min dose showed a significant effect on microglia activation. Our results indicate, that WBV seems to be a comparable strategy on age-related anxiety, cognitive and motor decline, as well as alleviating age-related (neuro)inflammation.
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Jia Y, Yao Y, Zhuo L, Chen X, Yan C, Ji Y, Tao J, Zhu Y. Aerobic Physical Exercise as a Non-medical Intervention for Brain Dysfunction: State of the Art and Beyond. Front Neurol 2022; 13:862078. [PMID: 35645958 PMCID: PMC9136296 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.862078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain disorders, including stroke, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and chronic pain, are difficult to effectively treat. These major brain disorders have high incidence and mortality rates in the general population, and seriously affect not only the patient's quality of life, but also increases the burden of social medical care. Aerobic physical exercise is considered an effective adjuvant therapy for preventing and treating major brain disorders. Although the underlying regulatory mechanisms are still unknown, systemic processes may be involved. Here, this review aimed to reveal that aerobic physical exercise improved depression and several brain functions, including cognitive functions, and provided chronic pain relief. We concluded that aerobic physical exercise helps to maintain the regulatory mechanisms of brain homeostasis through anti-inflammatory mechanisms and enhanced synaptic plasticity and inhibition of hippocampal atrophy and neuronal apoptosis. In addition, we also discussed the cross-system mechanisms of aerobic exercise in regulating imbalances in brain function, such as the “bone-brain axis.” Furthermore, our findings provide a scientific basis for the clinical application of aerobic physical exercise in the fight against brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Jia
- School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Yao
- School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Zhuo
- School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuina Yan
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghua Ji
- School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yonghua Ji
| | - Jie Tao
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Jie Tao
| | - Yudan Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Yudan Zhu
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Tjernberg I, Gyllemark P, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Ernerudh J, Forsberg P, Sjöwall J, Henningsson AJ. Cerebrospinal fluid markers of inflammation and brain injury in Lyme neuroborreliosis - a prospective follow-up study. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:1124-1132. [PMID: 35499913 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate levels and kinetics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of inflammation and brain injury in patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB). METHODS Adult patients with clinically suspected LNB were enrolled, in a prospective clinical study in the South East of Sweden. Patients were classified according to the European Federation of Neurological Societies' guidelines. Definite cases of LNB were re-examined one month later including a repeat CSF investigation. Routine laboratory parameters were investigated along with CSF levels of neurodegenerative markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp), total tau (t-tau) and neurofilament light protein (NFL), as well as neuroinflammatory markers soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), YKL-40 and CXCL13. Non-LNB served as controls. An additional comparison group consisted of spinal anesthesia subjects (SAS) without known central nervous system conditions. RESULTS CSF levels of sTREM2 and CXCL13 were elevated in definite LNB patients at diagnosis compared with non-LNB patients (p<0.001) and SAS (p≤0.01). In addition, CSF levels of sTREM2, YKL-40 and CXCL13 rapidly declined in at follow-up after antibiotic treatment. In contrast, CSF levels of GFAp and t-tau did not differ across LNB groups, and did not change after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Although in a limited number of LNB patients, the results indicate a predominance of microglial and neuroinflammatory involvement rather than parenchymal CNS injury in CSF at diagnosis of LNB with a prompt decline after antibiotic treatment. The findings provide pathogenetic insights and may be of value in differential diagnosis of CSF findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar Tjernberg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Region Kalmar County, Kalmar, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Paula Gyllemark
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Ryhov County Hospital, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jan Ernerudh
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pia Forsberg
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johanna Sjöwall
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases in Östergötland, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna J Henningsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,National Reference Laboratory for Borrelia and Other Tick-Borne Bacteria, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, Region Jönköping County, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology in Linköping, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Ribarič S. Physical Exercise, a Potential Non-Pharmacological Intervention for Attenuating Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063245. [PMID: 35328666 PMCID: PMC8952567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This narrative review summarises the evidence for considering physical exercise (PE) as a non-pharmacological intervention for delaying cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) not only by improving cardiovascular fitness but also by attenuating neuroinflammation. Ageing is the most important risk factor for AD. A hallmark of the ageing process is a systemic low-grade chronic inflammation that also contributes to neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is associated with AD, Parkinson’s disease, late-onset epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and anxiety disorders. Pharmacological treatment of AD is currently limited to mitigating the symptoms and attenuating progression of the disease. AD animal model studies and human studies on patients with a clinical diagnosis of different stages of AD have concluded that PE attenuates cognitive decline not only by improving cardiovascular fitness but possibly also by attenuating neuroinflammation. Therefore, low-grade chronic inflammation and neuroinflammation should be considered potential modifiable risk factors for AD that can be attenuated by PE. This opens the possibility for personalised attenuation of neuroinflammation that could also have important health benefits for patients with other inflammation associated brain disorders (i.e., Parkinson’s disease, late-onset epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and anxiety disorders). In summary, life-long, regular, structured PE should be considered as a supplemental intervention for attenuating the progression of AD in human. Further studies in human are necessary to develop optimal, personalised protocols, adapted to the progression of AD and the individual’s mental and physical limitations, to take full advantage of the beneficial effects of PE that include improved cardiovascular fitness, attenuated systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, stimulated brain Aβ peptides brain catabolism and brain clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Ribarič
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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35
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Moore EE, Khan OA, Shashikumar N, Pechman KR, Liu D, Bell SP, Nair S, Terry JG, Gifford KA, Anderson AW, Landman BA, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Hohman TJ, Carr JJ, Jefferson AL. Axonal Injury Partially Mediates Associations Between Increased Left Ventricular Mass Index and White Matter Damage. Stroke 2022; 53:808-816. [PMID: 34702069 PMCID: PMC8885768 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.034349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Left ventricular (LV) mass index is a marker of subclinical LV remodeling that relates to white matter damage in aging, but molecular pathways underlying this association are unknown. This study assessed if LV mass index related to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of microglial activation (sTREM2 [soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2]), axonal injury (NFL [neurofilament light]), neurodegeneration (total-tau), and amyloid-β, and whether these biomarkers partially accounted for associations between increased LV mass index and white matter damage. We hypothesized higher LV mass index would relate to greater CSF biomarker levels, and these pathologies would partially mediate associations with cerebral white matter microstructure. METHODS Vanderbilt Memory and Aging Project participants who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance, lumbar puncture, and diffusion tensor imaging (n=142, 72±6 years, 37% mild cognitive impairment [MCI], 32% APOE-ε4 positive, LV mass index 51.4±8.1 g/m2, NFL 1070±588 pg/mL) were included. Linear regressions and voxel-wise analyses related LV mass index to each biomarker and diffusion tensor imaging metrics, respectively. Follow-up models assessed interactions with MCI and APOE-ε4. In models where LV mass index significantly related to a biomarker and white matter microstructure, we assessed if the biomarker mediated white matter associations. RESULTS Among all participants, LV mass index was unrelated to CSF biomarkers (P>0.33). LV mass index interacted with MCI (P=0.01), such that higher LV mass index related to increased NFL among MCI participants. Associations were also present among APOE-ε4 carriers (P=0.02). NFL partially mediated up to 13% of the effect of increased LV mass index on white matter damage. CONCLUSIONS Subclinical cardiovascular remodeling, measured as an increase in LV mass index, is associated with neuroaxonal degeneration among individuals with MCI and APOE-ε4. Neuroaxonal degeneration partially reflects associations between higher LV mass index and white matter damage. Findings highlight neuroaxonal degeneration, rather than amyloidosis or microglia, may be more relevant in pathways between structural cardiovascular remodeling and white matter damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E. Moore
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Omair A. Khan
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Niranjana Shashikumar
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly R. Pechman
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dandan Liu
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Susan P. Bell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sangeeta Nair
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James G. Terry
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katherine A. Gifford
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Adam W. Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bennett A. Landman
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden,Clinical Neurochemistry Lab, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden,Clinical Neurochemistry Lab, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University of College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK,United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy J. Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John Jeffrey Carr
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Angela L. Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Filipello F, Goldsbury C, Feng YS, Locca A, Karch CM, Piccio L. Soluble TREM2: Innocent bystander or active player in neurological diseases? Neurobiol Dis 2022; 165:105630. [PMID: 35041990 PMCID: PMC10108835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune receptor expressed by macrophages and microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). TREM2 has attracted a lot of interest in the past decade for its critical role in modulating microglia functions under homeostatic conditions and in neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic variation in TREM2 is sufficient to cause Nasu-Hakola disease, a rare pre-senile dementia with bone cysts, and to increase risk for Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Beyond the role played by TREM2 genetic variants in these diseases, TREM2 engagement is a key step in microglia activation in response to different types of tissue injury (e.g. β-Amyloid deposition, demyelination, apoptotic cell death) leading to enhanced microglia metabolism, phagocytosis, proliferation and survival. TREM2 also exists as a soluble form (sTREM2), generated from receptor shedding or alternative splicing, which is detectable in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Genetic variation, physiological conditions and disease status impact CSF sTREM2 levels. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that targeting and/or monitoring sTREM2 could have clinical and therapeutic implications. Despite the critical role of sTREM2 in neurologic disease, its function remains poorly understood. Here, we review the current literature on sTREM2 regarding its origin, genetic variation, and possible functions as a biomarker in neurological disorders and as a potential active player in CNS diseases and target for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabia Filipello
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Claire Goldsbury
- Brain and Mind Centre and Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - You Shih Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alberto Locca
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Brain and Mind Centre and Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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37
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Umegaki H, Sakurai T, Arai H. Active Life for Brain Health: A Narrative Review of the Mechanism Underlying the Protective Effects of Physical Activity on the Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:761674. [PMID: 34916925 PMCID: PMC8670095 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.761674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence clearly indicates the beneficial effects of physical activity (PA) on cognition. The importance of PA is now being reevaluated due to the increase in sedentary behavior in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although many studies in humans have revealed that PA helps to preserve brain health, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. In this review, which mainly focuses on studies in humans, we comprehensively summarize the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of PA or exercise on brain health, particularly cognition. The most intensively studied mechanisms of the beneficial effects of PA involve an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and preservation of brain volume, especially that of the hippocampus. Nonetheless, the mutual associations between these two factors remain unclear. For example, although BDNF presumably affects brain volume by inhibiting neuronal death and/or increasing neurogenesis, human data on this issue are scarce. It also remains to be determined whether PA modulates amyloid and tau metabolism. However, recent advances in blood-based biomarkers are expected to help elucidate the beneficial effects of PA on the brain. Clinical data suggest that PA functionally modulates cognition independently of neurodegeneration, and the mechanisms involved include modulation of functional connectivity, neuronal compensation, neuronal resource allocation, and neuronal efficiency. However, these mechanisms are as yet not fully understood. A clear understanding of the mechanisms involved could help motivate inactive persons to change their behavior. More accumulation of evidence in this field is awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Umegaki
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Hidenori Arai
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
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Liang J, Wang C, Zhang H, Huang J, Xie J, Chen N. Exercise-Induced Benefits for Alzheimer's Disease by Stimulating Mitophagy and Improving Mitochondrial Function. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:755665. [PMID: 34658846 PMCID: PMC8519401 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.755665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly specialized post-mitotic cells that are inherently dependent on mitochondria due to their higher bioenergetic demand. Mitochondrial dysfunction is closely associated with a variety of aging-related neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and the accumulation of dysfunctional and superfluous mitochondria has been reported as an early stage that significantly facilitates the progression of AD. Mitochondrial damage causes bioenergetic deficiency, intracellular calcium imbalance and oxidative stress, thereby aggravating β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and Tau hyperphosphorylation, and further leading to cognitive decline and memory loss. Although there is an intricate parallel relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and AD, their triggering factors, such as Aβ aggregation and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein and action time, are still unclear. Moreover, many studies have confirmed abnormal mitochondrial biosynthesis, dynamics and functions will present once the mitochondrial quality control is impaired, thus leading to aggravated AD pathological changes. Accumulating evidence shows beneficial effects of appropriate exercise on improved mitophagy and mitochondrial function to promote mitochondrial plasticity, reduce oxidative stress, enhance cognitive capacity and reduce the risks of cognitive impairment and dementia in later life. Therefore, stimulating mitophagy and optimizing mitochondrial function through exercise may forestall the neurodegenerative process of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiling Liang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cenyi Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jielun Huang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juying Xie
- Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
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Kodali M, Mishra V, Hattiangady B, Attaluri S, Gonzalez JJ, Shuai B, Shetty AK. Moderate, intermittent voluntary exercise in a model of Gulf War Illness improves cognitive and mood function with alleviation of activated microglia and astrocytes, and enhanced neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:135-149. [PMID: 34245811 PMCID: PMC9885810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent cognitive and mood impairments in Gulf War Illness (GWI) are associated with chronic neuroinflammation, typified by hypertrophied astrocytes, activated microglia, and increased proinflammatory mediators in the brain. Using a rat model, we investigated whether a simple lifestyle change such as moderate voluntary physical exercise would improve cognitive and mood function in GWI. Because veterans with GWI exhibit fatigue and post-exertional malaise, we employed an intermittent voluntary running exercise (RE) regimen, which prevented exercise-induced stress. The GWI rats were provided access to running wheels three days per week for 13 weeks, commencing ten weeks after the exposure to GWI-related chemicals and stress (GWI-RE group). Groups of age-matched sedentary GWI rats (GWI-SED group) and naïve rats were maintained parallelly. Interrogation of rats with behavioral tests after the 13-week RE regimen revealed improved hippocampus-dependent object location memory and pattern separation function and reduced anxiety-like behavior in the GWI-RE group compared to the GWI-SED group. Moreover, 13 weeks of RE in GWI rats significantly reversed activated microglia with short and less ramified processes into non-inflammatory/antiinflammatory microglia with highly ramified processes and reduced the hypertrophy of astrocytes. Moreover, the production of new neurons in the hippocampus was enhanced when examined eight weeks after the commencement of RE. Notably, increased neurogenesis continued even after the cessation of RE. Collectively, the results suggest that even a moderate, intermittent physical exercise has the promise to improve brain function in veterans with GWI in association with suppression of neuroinflammation and enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheedhar Kodali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Vikas Mishra
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Bharathi Hattiangady
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Sahithi Attaluri
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jenny Jaimes Gonzalez
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Bing Shuai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Ashok K. Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States,Corresponding author at: Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77843, United States. (A.K. Shetty)
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40
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Jie Z, Liang S, Ding Q, Li F, Sun X, Lin Y, Chen P, Cai K, Wang X, Zhang T, Zhou H, Lu H, Xiao L, Yang H, Wang J, Hou Y, Kristiansen K, Jia H, Xu X. Dairy consumption and physical fitness tests associated with fecal microbiome in a Chinese cohort. Medicine in Microecology 2021; 9:100038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2021.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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41
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Pascoal TA, Benedet AL, Ashton NJ, Kang MS, Therriault J, Chamoun M, Savard M, Lussier FZ, Tissot C, Karikari TK, Ottoy J, Mathotaarachchi S, Stevenson J, Massarweh G, Schöll M, de Leon MJ, Soucy JP, Edison P, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Gauthier S, Rosa-Neto P. Microglial activation and tau propagate jointly across Braak stages. Nat Med 2021; 27:1592-1599. [PMID: 34446931 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01456-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Compelling experimental evidence suggests that microglial activation is involved in the spread of tau tangles over the neocortex in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We tested the hypothesis that the spatial propagation of microglial activation and tau accumulation colocalize in a Braak-like pattern in the living human brain. We studied 130 individuals across the aging and AD clinical spectrum with positron emission tomography brain imaging for microglial activation ([11C]PBR28), amyloid-β (Aβ) ([18F]AZD4694) and tau ([18F]MK-6240) pathologies. We further assessed microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations and brain gene expression patterns. We found that [11C]PBR28 correlated with CSF soluble TREM2 and showed regional distribution resembling TREM2 gene expression. Network analysis revealed that microglial activation and tau correlated hierarchically with each other following Braak-like stages. Regression analysis revealed that the longitudinal tau propagation pathways depended on the baseline microglia network rather than the tau network circuits. The co-occurrence of Aβ, tau and microglia abnormalities was the strongest predictor of cognitive impairment in our study population. Our findings support a model where an interaction between Aβ and activated microglia sets the pace for tau spread across Braak stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharick A Pascoal
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Departments of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Andrea L Benedet
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Institute Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley, NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Min Su Kang
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph Therriault
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mira Chamoun
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Melissa Savard
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Firoza Z Lussier
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cécile Tissot
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julie Ottoy
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sulantha Mathotaarachchi
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jenna Stevenson
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gassan Massarweh
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Schöll
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mony J de Leon
- Department of Radiology Weill Medical Center Brain Health Imaging Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Edison
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, and Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Tan ZX, Dong F, Wu LY, Feng YS, Zhang F. The Beneficial Role of Exercise on Treating Alzheimer's Disease by Inhibiting β-Amyloid Peptide. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5890-5906. [PMID: 34415486 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with a very large burden on global healthcare systems. Thus, it is imperative to find effective treatments of the disease. One feature of AD is the accumulation of neurotoxic β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). Aβ induces multiple pathological processes that are deleterious to nerve cells. Despite the development of medications that target the reduction of Aβ to treat AD, none has proven to be effective to date. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as physical exercise, are also being studied. The benefits of exercise on AD are widely recognized. Experimental and clinical studies have been performed to verify the role that exercise plays in reducing Aβ deposition to alleviate AD. This paper reviewed the various mechanisms involved in the exercise-induced reduction of Aβ, including the regulation of amyloid precursor protein cleaved proteases, the glymphatic system, brain-blood transport proteins, degrading enzymes and autophagy, which is beneficial to promote exercise therapy as a means of prevention and treatment of AD and indicates that exercise may provide new therapeutic targets for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xuan Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Yu Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Shuo Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China. .,Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China.
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Angelopoulou E, Paudel YN, Papageorgiou SG, Piperi C. APOE Genotype and Alzheimer's Disease: The Influence of Lifestyle and Environmental Factors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2749-2764. [PMID: 34275270 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with obscure pathogenesis and no disease-modifying therapy to date. AD is multifactorial disease that develops from the complex interplay of genetic factors and environmental exposures. The E4 allele of the gene encoding apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the most common genetic risk factor for AD, whereas the E2 allele acts in a protective manner. A growing amount of epidemiological evidence suggests that several lifestyle habits and environmental factors may interact with APOE alleles to synergistically affect the risk of AD development. Among them, physical exercise, dietary habits including fat intake and ketogenic diet, higher education, traumatic brain injury, cigarette smoking, coffee consumption, alcohol intake, and exposure to pesticides and sunlight have gained increasing attention. Although the current evidence is inconsistent, it seems that younger APOE4 carriers in preclinical stages may benefit mostly from preventive lifestyle interventions, whereas older APOE4 noncarriers with dementia may show the most pronounced effects. The large discrepancies between the epidemiological studies may be attributed to differences in the sample sizes, the demographic characteristics of the participants, including age and sex, the methodological design, and potential related exposures and comorbidities as possible cofounding factors. In this Review, we aim to discuss available evidence of the prominent APOE genotype-environment interactions in regard to cognitive decline with a focus on AD, providing an overview of the current landscape in this field and suggesting future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Neurology, Eginition University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sokratis G. Papageorgiou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Desai P, Evans D, Dhana K, Aggarwal NT, Wilson RS, McAninch E, Rajan KB. Longitudinal Association of Total Tau Concentrations and Physical Activity With Cognitive Decline in a Population Sample. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2120398. [PMID: 34379124 PMCID: PMC8358733 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.20398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Tau is a brain protein located in neurons and develops abnormally in individuals with Alzheimer disease. New technology is convenient for measuring blood total tau concentrations and provides a unique and increased opportunity for early intervention to slow cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of physical activity and total tau concentrations with cognitive decline at baseline and over time. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Chicago Health and Aging Project is a population-based cohort study conducted in 4 Chicago communities. Data collection occurred in 3-year cycles between 1993 and 2012. Participants completed in-home interviews. Clinical evaluations, which included blood samples, were performed with a stratified random sample of 1159 participants. Statistical analyses were conducted from October 30, 2020, to May 25, 2021. EXPOSURES Physical activity and total serum tau concentrations. Data on physical activity were obtained through self-report items, and a sum of minutes per week was calculated. Little physical activity was defined as no participation in a minimum of 4 of the items on the physical activity measure. Medium activity was defined as participating in less than 150 minutes of physical activity per week, and high activity was defined as participating in 150 minutes or more of physical activity per week. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome for this study is global cognitive function, measured through a battery of cognitive tests. The study hypothesis was developed after data were collected. RESULTS Of the 1159 participants in the study, 728 were women (63%), and 696 were African American (60%); the mean (SD) age was 77.4 (6.0) years, and the mean (SD) educational level was 12.6 (3.5) years. Participants with high total tau concentrations with medium physical activity had a 58% slower rate of cognitive decline (estimate, -0.028 standard deviation unit [SDU] per year [95% CI, -0.057 to 0.002 SDU per year]; difference, 0.038 SDU per year [95% CI, 0.011-0.065 SDU per year]), and those with high physical activity had a 41% slower rate of cognitive decline (estimate, -0.038 SDU per year [95% CI, -0.068 to -0.009 SDU per year]; difference, 0.027 SDU per year [95% CI, -0.002 to 0.056 SDU per year]), compared with those with little physical activity. Among participants with low total tau concentrations, medium physical activity was associated with a 2% slower rate of cognitive decline (estimate, -0.050 SDU per year [95% CI, -0.069 to -0.031 SDU per year]; difference, 0.001 SDU per year [95% CI, -0.019 to 0.021 SDU per year]), and high physical activity was associated with a 27% slower rate of cognitive decline (estimate, -0.037 SDU per year [95% CI, -0.055 to -0.019 SDU per year]; difference, 0.014 SDU per year [95% CI, -0.007 to 0.034 SDU per year]), compared with little physical activity. Individual tests of cognitive function showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study suggests that, among participants with both high and low total tau concentrations, physical activity was associated with slower cognitive decline. Results support the potential utility of blood biomarkers in measuring the benefits associated with health behaviors and may contribute to specifying target populations or informing interventions for trials that focus on improving physical activity behavior. Future work should examine the association of total tau concentrations with other health behaviors and physical activity types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaja Desai
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Denis Evans
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Klodian Dhana
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Neelum T. Aggarwal
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert S. Wilson
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth McAninch
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kumar B. Rajan
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Davis
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Gupta R, Khan R, Cortes CJ. Forgot to Exercise? Exercise Derived Circulating Myokines in Alzheimer's Disease: A Perspective. Front Neurol 2021; 12:649452. [PMID: 34276532 PMCID: PMC8278015 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.649452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise plays an essential role in maintaining healthy neurocognitive function and central nervous system (CNS) immuno-metabolism in the aging CNS. Physical activity decreases the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD), is associated with better AD prognosis, and positively affects cognitive function in AD patients. Skeletal muscle is an important secretory organ, communicating proteotoxic and metabolic stress to distant tissues, including the CNS, through the secretion of bioactive molecules collectively known as myokines. Skeletal muscle undergoes significant physical and metabolic remodeling during exercise, including alterations in myokine expression profiles. This suggests that changes in myokine and myometabolite secretion may underlie the well-documented benefits of exercise in AD. However, to date, very few studies have focused on specific alterations in skeletal muscle-originating secreted factors and their potential neuroprotective effects in AD. In this review, we discuss exercise therapy for AD prevention and intervention, and propose the use of circulating myokines as novel therapeutic tools for modifying AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Gupta
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (CDIB), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Rizwan Khan
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (CDIB), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Constanza J Cortes
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (CDIB), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Center for Exercise Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,UAB Nathan Shock Center for the Excellence in the Study of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingman, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Huang X, Zhao X, Li B, Cai Y, Zhang S, Yu F, Wan Q. Biomarkers for evaluating the effects of exercise interventions in patients with MCI or dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Gerontol 2021; 151:111424. [PMID: 34051283 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize the biomarkers for evaluating the effects of exercise interventions in patients with cognitive impairment associated with aging, as well as their responses to exercise interventions. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis METHODS: We systematically searched different electronic database, including PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus up to April 2020. Clinical controlled trials with exercise interventions in patients with cognitive impairment were included. The main outcomes included all the biomarkers used to evaluate the effects of exercise interventions. If data for certain biomarkers was enough (more than 2 studies), meta-analyses would be performed to estimate the effect sizes by calculating the standard mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Finally, we included 33 articles from 26 trials. The biomarkers included neurotrophic factors, inflammatory factors, oxidative stress markers, neuropathological hallmarks, metabolic biomarkers and genotypes. The meta-analyses indicated that exercise significantly decreased the levels of IL-6 (SMD = -0.45; 95% CI: -0.72, -0.18) and low-density lipoprotein (SMD = -0.26; 95% CI: -0.50, -0.01). Subgroup analyses showed that aerobic exercise also could decrease the levels of TNF-α (SMD = -1.21; 95% CI: -2.29, -0.14). There were some important cognition-related biomarkers which were rarely measured, such as Aβ, tau and IGF-1. CONCLUSION Regular exercise showed positive effects on reducing inflammation and regulating lipid metabolism. But the available evidence is limited and more studies with different exercise interventions should be conducted to test the effects of exercise on other important cognition-related biomarkers in patients with cognitive dysfunction.
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Duggan MR, Parikh V. Microglia and modifiable life factors: Potential contributions to cognitive resilience in aging. Behav Brain Res 2021; 405:113207. [PMID: 33640394 PMCID: PMC8005490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing prevalence of age-related cognitive decline, it is relevant to consider the factors and mechanisms that might facilitate an individual's resiliency to such deficits. Growing evidence suggests a preeminent role of microglia, the prime mediator of innate immunity within the central nervous system. Human and animal investigations suggest aberrant microglial functioning and neuroinflammation are not only characteristic of the aged brain, but also might contribute to age-related dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. Conversely, accumulating data suggest that modifiable lifestyle factors (MLFs), such as healthy diet, exercise and cognitive engagement, can reliably afford cognitive benefits by potentially suppressing inflammation in the aging brain. The present review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the role for microglia in maintaining brain homeostasis and cognitive functioning in aging. Moreover, we propose an integrated, mechanistic model that postulates an individual's resiliency to cognitive decline afforded by MLFs might be mediated by the mitigation of aberrant microglia activation in aging, and subsequent suppression of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Duggan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States.
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Pape SE, Baksh RA, Startin C, Hamburg S, Hithersay R, Strydom A. The Association between Physical Activity and CAMDEX-DS Changes Prior to the Onset of Alzheimer's Disease in Down Syndrome. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1882. [PMID: 33925348 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with Down syndrome are at ultra-high risk of developing Alzheimer's dementia. At present, there are no preventative or curative treatments. Evidence from sporadic Alzheimer's disease literature suggests that lifestyle factors including physical activity may help maintain cognitive and functional skills and reduce dementia risk. Our study aimed to explore the association between regular exercise undertaken by participants with Down syndrome and changes in dementia-related domains of cognition and function. This was to consider whether physical activity may be a protective measure to delay cognitive decline and dementia in Down syndrome. METHODS Demographic, lifestyle, and health information was collected at baseline and at a two year follow up from 214 adults with Down syndrome without dementia, who also underwent assessment using the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of Older People with Down Syndrome and Others with Intellectual Disabilities (CAMDEX-DS) and genetic analysis. Logistic regression models were used to examine the potential associations between decline in CAMDEX-DS domains and exercise whilst controlling for key variables. RESULTS At baseline, engaging in moderate intensity exercise was associated with a 47% reduced risk of everyday skills decline and engaging in high intensity exercise was associated with a 62% reduced risk of decline in personality and behaviour. At follow-up, high levels of exercise were associated with an 87% reduced risk of decline in personality and behaviour. Moderate intensity exercise at baseline was associated with a 62% reduction in risk of decline during the follow-up period in memory and orientation. DISCUSSION Based on our data it appears that regular moderate and high intensity exercise could reduce the risk of clinically detectable decline in a Down syndrome population with possible long-term benefits. People with Down syndrome may engage in less physical activity than their peers, and barriers remain which can prevent people with Down syndrome engaging in exercise. Our work highlights how important it is that people with Down syndrome are supported to be physically active, and to promote exercise as part of a healthy ageing plan. Clinical trials in this area would be justified to determine if engaging in exercise can lead to realistic improvements in maintaining functioning and delaying dementia onset in Down syndrome and to help develop guidance in this area.
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Vinuesa A, Pomilio C, Gregosa A, Bentivegna M, Presa J, Bellotto M, Saravia F, Beauquis J. Inflammation and Insulin Resistance as Risk Factors and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:653651. [PMID: 33967682 PMCID: PMC8102834 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.653651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overnutrition and modern diets containing high proportions of saturated fat are among the major factors contributing to a low-grade state of inflammation, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. In the last decades, the global rise of type 2 diabetes and obesity prevalence has elicited a great interest in understanding how changes in metabolic function lead to an increased risk for premature brain aging and the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cognitive impairment and decreased neurogenic capacity could be a consequence of metabolic disturbances. In these scenarios, the interplay between inflammation and insulin resistance could represent a potential therapeutic target to prevent or ameliorate neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. The present review aims to provide an update on the impact of metabolic stress pathways on AD with a focus on inflammation and insulin resistance as risk factors and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Vinuesa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Pomilio
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amal Gregosa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melisa Bentivegna
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jessica Presa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina Bellotto
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia Saravia
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Beauquis
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cancela-Carral JM, López-Rodríguez A, Mollinedo-Cardalda I. Effect of physical exercise on cognitive function in older adults' carriers versus noncarriers of apolipoprotein E4: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Exerc Rehabil 2021; 17:69-80. [PMID: 34012932 PMCID: PMC8103191 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2142130.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of apolipoprotein (Apo) E4 is a genetic risk factor in cognitive impairment. Physical exercise contributes to slowing cognitive impairment in older adults, but little is known about the influence of exercise on ApoE4 carriers and noncarriers. The objective of systematic review is to study the role of physical exercise in older adults' ApoE4 carriers and noncarriers. A systematic literature search was carried out in five international databases: PubMed, Web of Science, PeDro, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus. A total of nine randomized controlled trials were included with a sample size of 2,025 subjects (901 ApoE4 carriers). The exercise reported a significant improvement on cognitive performance in older adults' ApoE4 noncarriers (standardized mean difference [SMD]=0.653; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-1.00; chi2=35.36; degrees of freedom [df ]=7; P<0.0001; l 2=80%). It was also reported that a total program duration greater than 50 sessions generated different and significant effects on cognitive performance in older adults' ApoE4 noncarriers (SMD=0.878; 95% CI, 0.14-1.61; chi2=31.82; df=3; P<0.0001; l 2=91%). The results reported that high intensity generated a differential effect on cognitive performance in older adults' ApoE4 carriers versus noncarriers (SMD=0.963; 95% CI, 0.25-1.67; chi2=18.11; df=3; P<0.0004; l 2=83%). The effect of physical exercise on cognitive performance in older adults is conditioned by the presence or not of ApoE4.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Cancela-Carral
- HealthyFit Research Group, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Sergas-UVIGO, Pontevedra, Spain
- Faculty of Education and Sports Science, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Adriana López-Rodríguez
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Sergas-UVIGO, Pontevedra, Spain
- Faculty of Education and Sports Science, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Irimia Mollinedo-Cardalda
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Sergas-UVIGO, Pontevedra, Spain
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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