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Ünsal SG, Yeni O, Büyük U, Özden Çiftçi Y. A novel method of multiplex SNP genotyping assay through variable fragment length allele-specific polymerase chain reaction: Multiplex VFLASP-ARMS. Mol Cell Probes 2024; 75:101960. [PMID: 38583643 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2024.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Variable Fragment Length Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (VFLASP) and Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) are reliable methods for detecting allelic variations resulting from single base changes within the genome. Due to their widespread application, allele variations caused by Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) can be readily detected using allele-specific primers. In the context of the current study, VFLASP was combined with ARMS method as a novel strategy to enhance the efficacy of both techniques. Clinically important base variations within SNP regions used in the study were detected by a fragment analysis method. To validate the accuracy of the developed VFLASP-ARMS method, specifically designed synthetic sequences were tested using a capillary electrophoresis system. Allele-specific primers exhibit differences solely at the 3' end based on the sequence of the SNP. Additionally, to increase the specificity of the primers, a base was intentionally added for incompatibility. Therefore, allele discrimination on fragment analysis has been made possible through the 3-6 bp differences in the amplicons. With the optimization of the system, designed synthetic sequences provided reliable and reproducible results in wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous genotypes using the VFLASP-ARMS method. Hence, our results demonstrated that VFLASP-ARMS method, offers a novel design methodology that can be included in the content of SNP genotyping assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Gül Ünsal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Science, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Turkey.
| | - Oğuzhan Yeni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, 34452, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Büyük
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, 34452, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yelda Özden Çiftçi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Science, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Turkey; Smart Agriculture Research and Application Center, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Turkey; Central Research Laboratory (GTU-MAR), Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Turkey
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Khoja A, Andraweera PH, Lassi ZS, Padhani ZA, Ali A, Zheng M, Pathirana MM, Aldridge E, Wittwer MR, Chaudhuri DD, Tavella R, Arstall MA. Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Premature Coronary Heart Disease (PCHD): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Heart Lung Circ 2024; 33:265-280. [PMID: 38365496 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to compare the prevalence of modifiable and non-modifiable coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors among those with premature CHD and healthy individuals. METHODS PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched (review protocol is registered in PROSPERO CRD42020173216). The quality of studies was assessed using the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute tool for cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies. Meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.3. Effect sizes for categorical and continuous variables, odds ratio (OR) and mean differences (MD)/standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. RESULTS A total of n=208 primary studies were included in this review. Individuals presenting with premature CHD (PCHD, age ≤65 years) had higher mean body mass index (MD 0.54 kg/m2, 95% CI 0.24, 0.83), total cholesterol (SMD 0.27, 95% CI 0.17, 0.38), triglycerides (SMD 0.50, 95% CI 0.41, 0.60) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD 0.79, 95% CI: -0.91, -0.68) compared with healthy individuals. Individuals presenting with PCHD were more likely to be smokers (OR 2.88, 95% CI 2.51, 3.31), consumed excessive alcohol (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.05, 1.86), had higher mean lipoprotein (a) levels (SMD 0.41, 95% CI 0.28, 0.54), and had a positive family history of CHD (OR 3.65, 95% CI 2.87, 4.66) compared with healthy individuals. Also, they were more likely to be obese (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.32, 1.91), and to have had dyslipidaemia (OR 2.74, 95% CI 2.18, 3.45), hypertension (OR 2.80, 95% CI 2.28, 3.45), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR 2.93, 95% CI 2.50, 3.45) compared with healthy individuals. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis confirms current knowledge of risk factors for PCHD, and identifying these early may reduce CHD in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Khoja
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Prabha H Andraweera
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zohra S Lassi
- The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zahra A Padhani
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anna Ali
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Maleesa M Pathirana
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Emily Aldridge
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Melanie R Wittwer
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Debajyoti D Chaudhuri
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rosanna Tavella
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Margaret A Arstall
- Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Medical Specialties, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Ceylan MR, Kankılıç N, Öz Ö. Are H1 and H3 haplotypes of endothelial protein C receptor (PROCR) an important factor in contracting COVID-19? J Med Virol 2022; 94:4803-4808. [PMID: 35710974 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of cardiovascular disease shows increase after contracting coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease and myocardial damage is observed in patients who have had the disease severely. The relationship between genetic cardiovascular risk factors with COVID-19 infection was investigated in our study. One hundred thirty-five patients, 27 of whom were COVID-19 (-) and 108 were COVID-19 (+) patients, were included in the study. Patients were divided into three groups ([COVID-19 [-], COVID-19 [+] asymptomatic, and COVID-19 [+] symptomatic + patients with pulmonary involvement]). Genetic cardiovascular risk factors were examined in blood samples taken from the patients with new generation sequencing analysis. In the clinical classification, there were no significant differences between the three groups in fibrinogen beta chain-455G>A, human platelet antigen 1 (HPA1b)/platelet receptor GPIIIa/(ITGB3) (HPA1a/b; GpIIIa; integrin beta 3 L33P), ACE I/D, AGT (M268T), AGTR1 (1166A>C), Apo E (E2/E3/E4) (rs7412, rs429358), eNOS (786T>C), eNOS (894G>T) genes (p > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed in PROCR H3 haplotype/G (endothelial protein C receptor gene [EPCR] 4600A>G [A3 haplotype]), PROCR H1 haplotype/C (EPCR 4678G>C [A1 haplotype]) genes (p < 0.05). When COVID-19 (+) and COVID-19 (-) groups were compared, it was observed that the infection was more common in people with PROCR H1 haplotype/C and PROCR H3 haplotype/G genotypes (p < 0.05). PROCR H1 and PROCR H3 haplotypes may be an important factor in contracting COVID-19 disease. In people with COVID-19 disease, revealing PROCR genetic differences and measuring sEPCR levels will be beneficial in the follow-up of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Reşat Ceylan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus of Osmanbey, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Nazım Kankılıç
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Özlem Öz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
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Stacey D, Chen L, Stanczyk PJ, Howson JMM, Mason AM, Burgess S, MacDonald S, Langdown J, McKinney H, Downes K, Farahi N, Peters JE, Basu S, Pankow JS, Tang W, Pankratz N, Sabater-Lleal M, de Vries PS, Smith NL, Gelinas AD, Schneider DJ, Janjic N, Samani NJ, Ye S, Summers C, Chilvers ER, Danesh J, Paul DS. Elucidating mechanisms of genetic cross-disease associations at the PROCR vascular disease locus. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1222. [PMID: 35264566 PMCID: PMC8907312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28729-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many individual genetic risk loci have been associated with multiple common human diseases. However, the molecular basis of this pleiotropy often remains unclear. We present an integrative approach to reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the PROCR locus, associated with lower coronary artery disease (CAD) risk but higher venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk. We identify PROCR-p.Ser219Gly as the likely causal variant at the locus and protein C as a causal factor. Using genetic analyses, human recall-by-genotype and in vitro experimentation, we demonstrate that PROCR-219Gly increases plasma levels of (activated) protein C through endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) ectodomain shedding in endothelial cells, attenuating leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and vascular inflammation. We also associate PROCR-219Gly with an increased pro-thrombotic state via coagulation factor VII, a ligand of EPCR. Our study, which links PROCR-219Gly to CAD through anti-inflammatory mechanisms and to VTE through pro-thrombotic mechanisms, provides a framework to reveal the mechanisms underlying similar cross-phenotype associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stacey
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lingyan Chen
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paulina J Stanczyk
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Innovation Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy M Mason
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Burgess
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen MacDonald
- Specialist Haemostasis Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Langdown
- Specialist Haemostasis Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Harriett McKinney
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kate Downes
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research BioResource, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Neda Farahi
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James E Peters
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK London, London, UK
| | - Saonli Basu
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Weihong Tang
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Genomics of Complex Diseases Group, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul S de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences; School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Shu Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Edwin R Chilvers
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John Danesh
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Dirk S Paul
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
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Oto J, Fernández-Pardo Á, Miralles M, Plana E, España F, Navarro S, Medina P. Activated protein C assays: A review. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 502:227-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Cole JW, Xu H, Ryan K, Jaworek T, Dueker N, McArdle P, Gaynor B, Cheng YC, O'Connell J, Bevan S, Malik R, Ahmed NU, Amouyel P, Anjum S, Bis JC, Crosslin D, Danesh J, Engelter ST, Fornage M, Frossard P, Gieger C, Giese AK, Grond-Ginsbach C, Ho WK, Holliday E, Hopewell J, Hussain M, Iqbal W, Jabeen S, Jannes J, Kamal A, Kamatani Y, Kanse S, Kloss M, Lathrop M, Leys D, Lindgren A, Longstreth WT, Mahmood K, Meisinger C, Metso TM, Mosley T, Müller-Nurasyid M, Norrving B, Parati E, Peters A, Pezzini A, Quereshi I, Rasheed A, Rauf A, Salam T, Shen J, Słowik A, Stanne T, Strauch K, Tatlisumak T, Thijs VN, Tiedt S, Traylor M, Waldenberger M, Walters M, Zhao W, Boncoraglio G, Debette S, Jern C, Levi C, Markus H, Meschia J, Rolfs A, Rothwell P, Saleheen D, Seshadri S, Sharma P, Sudlow C, Worrall B, Stine OC, Kittner SJ, Mitchell BD. Genetics of the thrombomodulin-endothelial cell protein C receptor system and the risk of early-onset ischemic stroke. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206554. [PMID: 30383853 PMCID: PMC6211695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Polymorphisms in coagulation genes have been associated with early-onset ischemic stroke. Here we pursue an a priori hypothesis that genetic variation in the endothelial-based receptors of the thrombomodulin-protein C system (THBD and PROCR) may similarly be associated with early-onset ischemic stroke. We explored this hypothesis utilizing a multi-stage design of discovery and replication. METHODS Discovery was performed in the Genetics-of-Early-Onset Stroke (GEOS) Study, a biracial population-based case-control study of ischemic stroke among men and women aged 15-49 including 829 cases of first ischemic stroke (42.2% African-American) and 850 age-comparable stroke-free controls (38.1% African-American). Twenty-four single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNPs) in THBD and 22 SNPs in PROCR were evaluated. Following LD pruning (r2≥0.8), we advanced uncorrelated SNPs forward for association analyses. Associated SNPs were evaluated for replication in an early-onset ischemic stroke population (onset-age<60 years) consisting of 3676 cases and 21118 non-stroke controls from 6 case-control studies. Lastly, we determined if the replicated SNPs also associated with older-onset ischemic stroke in the METASTROKE data-base. RESULTS Among GEOS Caucasians, PROCR rs9574, which was in strong LD with 8 other SNPs, and one additional independent SNP rs2069951, were significantly associated with ischemic stroke (rs9574, OR = 1.33, p = 0.003; rs2069951, OR = 1.80, p = 0.006) using an additive-model adjusting for age, gender and population-structure. Adjusting for risk factors did not change the associations; however, associations were strengthened among those without risk factors. PROCR rs9574 also associated with early-onset ischemic stroke in the replication sample (OR = 1.08, p = 0.015), but not older-onset stroke. There were no PROCR associations in African-Americans, nor were there any THBD associations in either ethnicity. CONCLUSION PROCR polymorphisms are associated with early-onset ischemic stroke in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Cole
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Huichun Xu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Ryan
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Thomas Jaworek
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Nicole Dueker
- University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Patrick McArdle
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Brady Gaynor
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Yu-Ching Cheng
- Food and Drug Administration, White Oak, MD, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey O'Connell
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Steve Bevan
- University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Malik
- Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Sheraz Anjum
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - David Crosslin
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - John Danesh
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Myriam Fornage
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | | | | | - Anne-Katrin Giese
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Weang Kee Ho
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - M. Hussain
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - W. Iqbal
- Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S. Jabeen
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jim Jannes
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sandip Kanse
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | - W. T. Longstreth
- Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Thomas Mosley
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Annette Peters
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany
| | | | - I. Quereshi
- King Edward Medical University and Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - A. Rauf
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - T. Salam
- Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jess Shen
- Lunenfeld Tenubaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Tara Stanne
- Institute of Biomedicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Vincent N. Thijs
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steffen Tiedt
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Wei Zhao
- Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Hugh Markus
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Meschia
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- University of Rostock, Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | | | - Danish Saleheen
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Royal Holloway, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bradford Worrall
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | | | | | - O. Colin Stine
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Kittner
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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The H1 haplotype of the endothelial protein C receptor protects against arterial thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Res 2018; 169:128-134. [PMID: 30048851 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic variants in the endothelial protein C receptor gene (PROCR) may contribute to the thrombosis risk by regulating levels of the soluble form of this protein (sEPCR). We evaluated whether PROCR polymorphisms and sEPCR levels play a role in the thrombotic manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and seventy-five patients (62 with primary antiphospholipid syndrome, 30 with antiphospholipid syndrome associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, 40 with systemic lupus erythematosus without antiphospholipid antibodies and 43 with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibodies) and 66 healthy controls were included. PROCR H1 and H3 haplotypes were determined by genotyping 7014G/C and 1651C/G tag-polymorphisms, respectively. sEPCR levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS PROCR haplotype distribution was similar among groups of patients and controls. PROCR H1 and H3 haplotypes were less prevalent in antiphospholipid syndrome patients with arterial thrombosis than those without arterial thrombosis, but statistical significance was only reached for the H1 haplotype (58.0% vs. 85.7%, p = 0.003; odds ratio: 0.23 [95% CI 0.08-0.65]). No relationship between the PROCR H1 and H3 haplotypes and venous thrombosis was found. sEPCR levels were higher in H3 than in H1 carriers (175.5 [95% CI 60.9-290.1] ng/ml vs. 69.1 [95% CI 61.5-76.9] ng/ml, p < 0.01). No relationship of sEPCR with arterial or venous thrombosis was found. CONCLUSION The PROCR H1 haplotype was less frequently found in APS patients with arterial thrombosis, suggesting a protective effect of PROCR H1 against arterial thrombosis in these patients. No relationship between sEPCR and thrombosis was found.
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Martos L, Ramón LA, Oto J, Fernández-Pardo Á, Bonanad S, Cid AR, Gruber A, Griffin JH, España F, Navarro S, Medina P. α2-Macroglobulin Is a Significant In Vivo Inhibitor of Activated Protein C and Low APC:α2M Levels Are Associated with Venous Thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 2018; 118:630-638. [PMID: 29448296 PMCID: PMC6002867 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1629902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated protein C (APC) is a major regulator of thrombin formation. Two major plasma inhibitors form complexes with APC, protein C inhibitor (PCI) and α1-antitrypsin (α1AT), and these complexes have been quantified by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Also, complexes of APC with α2-macroglobulin (α2M) have been observed by immunoblotting. Here, we report an ELISA for APC:α2M complexes in plasma. METHODS Plasma samples were pre-treated with dithiothreitol and then with iodoacetamide. The detection range of the newly developed APC:α2M assay was 0.031 to 8.0 ng/mL of complexed APC. Following infusions of APC in humans and baboons, complexes of APC with α2M, PCI and α1AT were quantified. These complexes as well as circulating APC were also measured in 121 patients with a history of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and 119 matched controls. RESULTS In all the in vivo experiments, α2M was a significant APC inhibitor. The VTE case-control study showed that VTE patients had significantly lower APC:α2M and APC levels than the controls (p < 0.001). Individuals in the lowest quartile of APC:α2M or the lowest quartile of APC had approximately four times more VTE risk than those in the highest quartile of APC:α2M or of APC. The risk increased for individuals with low levels of both parameters. CONCLUSION The APC:α2M assay reported here may be useful to help monitor the in vivo fate of APC in plasma. In addition, our results show that a low APC:α2M level is associated with increased VTE risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martos
- Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Andrés Ramón
- Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Oto
- Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Pardo
- Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Bonanad
- Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain,Unidad de Trombosis y Hemostasia, Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Rosa Cid
- Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain,Unidad de Trombosis y Hemostasia, Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andras Gruber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Francisco España
- Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia Navarro
- Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Medina
- Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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9
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Vassiliou AG, Kotanidou A, Mastora Z, Tascini C, Cardinali G, Orfanos SE. The H3 Haplotype of the EPCR Gene Determines High sEPCR Levels in Critically Ill Septic Patients. Infect Dis Ther 2018; 7:3-14. [PMID: 29549653 PMCID: PMC5856733 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-018-0193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A soluble (s) form of the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) circulates in plasma and inhibits activated protein C (APC) activities. The clinical impact of sEPCR and its involvement in the septic process is under investigation. This study determined the frequencies of EPCR haplotypes H1 and H3 to investigate possible associations with plasma admission levels of sEPCR in an intensive care unit (ICU) cohort of septic patients. Methods Three polymorphisms in the EPCR gene were genotyped in 239 Caucasian critically ill patients, and their plasma sEPCR levels were also measured at the time of admission to the ICU. Multivariate logistic regression analysis controlling for sepsis severity, age, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores, lactate level, sex, diagnostic category, length of ICU stay and hospital mortality was performed to determine the effect of EPCR haplotypes H1 and H3 on the levels of sEPCR. Results Individuals carrying at least one H3 allele had significantly higher levels of sEPCR than individuals with no H3 alleles (p < 0.001). No differences were found in the distribution of the H3 allele in the patient groups categorized using the pre-existing and current sepsis-3 definitions. Conclusion Using the preceding and current sepsis definitions, sEPCR levels and the H3 haplotype were not associated with sepsis severity and the risk of poor outcomes in septic patients; however, the EPCR H3 allele contributed to higher levels of sEPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice G Vassiliou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, Evangelismos Hospital, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Anastasia Kotanidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, Evangelismos Hospital, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, Evangelismos Hospital, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Zafeiria Mastora
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, Evangelismos Hospital, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Carlo Tascini
- First Division of Infectious Diseases, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Cardinali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stylianos E Orfanos
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, Evangelismos Hospital, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Second Department of Critical Care, Attikon Hospital, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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10
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Medina P, Bonet E, Navarro S, Martos L, Estellés A, Ferrando F, Vicente V, Bertina RM, España F. Effects of oral anticoagulant therapy and haplotype 1 of the endothelial protein C receptor gene on activated protein C levels. Thromb Haemost 2017; 107:448-57. [DOI: 10.1160/th11-07-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryOral anticoagulants (OACs) reduce activated protein C (APC) plasma levels less than those of protein C (PC) in lupus erythematosus and cardiac patients. Carriers of the H1 haplotype of the endothelial PC receptor gene (PROCR) have higher APC levels than non-carriers. We aimed to confirm these results in a large group of patients treated with OACs because of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and to assess whether the effect is influenced by the PROCR H1 haplotype. We evaluated APC, PC, and factor (F)II levels in 502 VTE patients (158 with and 344 without OACs) and in 322 healthy individuals. Mean APC, PC and FII levels were significantly lower in OAC patients than in patients not taking OACs. During anticoagulant therapy, the FII/PC ratios were independent of the PC values, whereas APC/FII and APC/PC ratios significantly increased when FII and PC levels decreased. Of the 22 OAC patients carrying the H1H1genotype, 11 (50%) showed APC/PCag ≥2.0 and 10 (45%) APC/ FIIag ratios ≥2.0, whereas for the 49 OAC patients non-carrying the H1 haplotype these figures were 6 (12%) and 4 (8%), respectively (p<0.001). Barium citrate adsorption of plasma from OAC patients showed that most of the circulating free and complexed APC, but only part of PCag, is fully carboxylated. In conclusion, during anticoagulant therapy VT patients have APC levels disproportionately higher than the corresponding PC levels, mainly due to the presence of the PROCR H1 haplotype. Furthermore, a sufficiently carboxylated PC Gla-domain seems to be essential for PC activation in vivo.
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11
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Liang Y, Huang X, Jiang Y, Qin Y, Peng D, Huang Y, Li J, Sooranna SR, Pinhu L. Endothelial protein C receptor polymorphisms and risk of sepsis in a Chinese population. J Int Med Res 2017; 45:504-513. [PMID: 28415941 PMCID: PMC5536666 DOI: 10.1177/0300060516686496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the potential relationship of EPCR polymorphisms and the risk of sepsis in a Chinese population. Methods Snapshot SNP genotyping assays and DNA sequencing methods were used to detect polymorphisms of the EPCR gene, rs2069948C/T (2532C/T) and rs867186A/G (6936A/G), in 64 patients with sepsis and in 113 controls. Soluble EPCR (sEPCR) was measured by ELISA. Results There were significant differences in the allele and genotype frequencies of EPCR gene rs2069948C/T and allele frequencies of rs867186A/G between male and female patients and controls. Females carrying rs2069948 C/T genotype or T allele and males carrying rs867186 A allele were associated with a significantly increased risk of sepsis. Plasma sEPCR levels of sepsis patients were higher than controls and showed no correlation with EPCR gene polymorphisms. Conclusions EPCR polymorphisms may be associated with increased risk of sepsis, but this has no effect on the release of sEPCR in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Liang
- 1 Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University, Baise, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Xia Huang
- 1 Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University, Baise, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yujie Jiang
- 1 Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University, Baise, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yueqiu Qin
- 1 Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University, Baise, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Dingwei Peng
- 1 Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University, Baise, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- 1 Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University, Baise, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Jin Li
- 1 Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University, Baise, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Suren R Sooranna
- 2 Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Liao Pinhu
- 1 Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University, Baise, Guangxi, PR China
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12
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Martos L, Bonanad S, Ramón LA, Cid AR, Bonet E, Corral J, Miralles M, España F, Navarro S, Medina P. A simplified assay for the quantification of circulating activated protein C. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 459:101-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Mannhalter C. Biomarkers for arterial and venous thrombotic disorders. Hamostaseologie 2015; 34:115-20, 122-6, 128-30, passim. [PMID: 24819458 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-13-08-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The haemostatic system maintains the blood in a fluid state, but allows rapid clot formation at sites of vascular injury to prevent excessive bleeding. Unbalances within the haemostatic system can lead to thrombosis. Inspite of successful research our understanding of the disease pathogenesis is still incomplete. There is great hope that genetic, genomic, and epigenetic discoveries will enhance the diagnostic capability, and improve the treatment options. During the preceding 20 years, the identification of polymorphisms and the elucidation of their role in arterial and venous thromboses became an important area of research. Today, a large body of data is available regarding associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes with plasma concentrations and e. g. the risk of ischaemic stroke or myocardial infarction. However, the results for individual polymorphisms and genes are often controversial. It is now well established that besides acquired also hereditary risk factors influence the occurrence of thrombotic events, and environmental factors may add to this risk. Currently available statistical methods are only able to identify combined risk genotypes if very large patient collectives (>10,000 cases) are tested, and appropriate algorithms to evaluate the data have yet to be developed. Further research is needed to understand the functional effects of genetic variants in genes of blood coagulation proteins that are critical to the pathogenesis of arterial and venous thrombotic disorders. In this review genetic variants in selected genes of the haemostatic system and their relevance for arterial and venous thrombosis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mannhalter
- Univ.-Prof. Dr. Christine Mannhalter Dept. Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Tel. +43/1/404 00 20 85, Fax +43/1/404 00 20 97, E-mail:
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14
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Anastasiou G, Politou M, Rallidis L, Grouzi E, Karakitsos P, Merkouri E, Travlou A, Gialeraki A. Endothelial Protein C Receptor Gene Variants and Risk of Thrombosis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2014; 22:199-204. [DOI: 10.1177/1076029614547261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) is a candidate mediator in the pathogenesis of thrombosis, as several data in the literature indicate that polymorphisms such as EPCR 4678G/C and 4600A/G are associated with either protective effect or increased risk of thrombosis, respectively. We investigated the prevalence of these polymorphisms in patients with thrombotic disorders as well as their impact on the risk of thrombosis, the age of first thrombotic episode, and recurrence. The prevalence of the rare EPCR alleles 4600G and 4678C was comparable in patients and controls. However, in a subset analysis, we observed that 4600G allele was more prevalent among patients who developed thrombosis at younger age (<35 years). Moreover, the prevalence of 4678C allele was significantly lower in younger patients compared to older patients. Neither polymorphism seemed to have an impact on recurrence regardless of age. Soluble EPCR levels were elevated in 4600AG patients compared to controls while 4678CC patients presented with lower levels of soluble form of EPCR compared to carriers of at least 1 4678G allele. Our data suggest that either the lack of the protective EPCR 4678C allele or the presence of EPCR 4600G allele may be associated with earlier development of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Anastasiou
- Laboratory of Haematology and Blood Transfusion Unit, Attikon Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna Politou
- Laboratory of Haematology and Blood Transfusion Unit, Attikon Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Loukianos Rallidis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisavet Grouzi
- Laboratory of Haematology and Blood Transfusion Unit, Attikon Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Karakitsos
- Department of Cytology, Attikon Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efrosini Merkouri
- Laboratory of Haematology and Blood Transfusion Unit, Attikon Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anthi Travlou
- Laboratory of Haematology and Blood Transfusion Unit, Attikon Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Argyri Gialeraki
- Laboratory of Haematology and Blood Transfusion Unit, Attikon Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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15
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Nguyen NT, Zhang X, Wu C, Lange RA, Chilton RJ, Lindsey ML, Jin YF. Integrative computational and experimental approaches to establish a post-myocardial infarction knowledge map. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003472. [PMID: 24651374 PMCID: PMC3961365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vast research efforts have been devoted to providing clinical diagnostic markers of myocardial infarction (MI), leading to over one million abstracts associated with “MI” and “Cardiovascular Diseases” in PubMed. Accumulation of the research results imposed a challenge to integrate and interpret these results. To address this problem and better understand how the left ventricle (LV) remodels post-MI at both the molecular and cellular levels, we propose here an integrative framework that couples computational methods and experimental data. We selected an initial set of MI-related proteins from published human studies and constructed an MI-specific protein-protein-interaction network (MIPIN). Structural and functional analysis of the MIPIN showed that the post-MI LV exhibited increased representation of proteins involved in transcriptional activity, inflammatory response, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Known plasma or serum expression changes of the MIPIN proteins in patients with MI were acquired by data mining of the PubMed and UniProt knowledgebase, and served as a training set to predict unlabeled MIPIN protein changes post-MI. The predictions were validated with published results in PubMed, suggesting prognosticative capability of the MIPIN. Further, we established the first knowledge map related to the post-MI response, providing a major step towards enhancing our understanding of molecular interactions specific to MI and linking the molecular interaction, cellular responses, and biological processes to quantify LV remodeling. Heart attack, known medically as myocardial infarction, often occurs as a result of partial shortage of blood supply to a portion of the heart, leading to the death of heart muscle cells. Following myocardial infarction, complications might arise, including arrhythmia, myocardial rupture, left ventricular dysfunction, and heart failure. Although myocardial infarction can be quickly diagnosed using a various number of tests, including blood tests and electrocardiography, there have been no available prognostic tests to predict the long-term outcome in response to myocardial infarction. Here, we present a framework to analyze how the left ventricle responds to myocardial infarction by combining protein interactome and experimental results retrieved from published human studies. The framework organized current understanding of molecular interactions specific to myocardial infarction, cellular responses, and biological processes to quantify left ventricular remodeling process. Specifically, our knowledge map showed that transcriptional activity, inflammatory response, and extracellular matrix remodeling are the main functional themes post myocardial infarction. In addition, text analytics of relevant abstracts revealed differentiated protein expressions in plasma or serum expressions from patients with myocardial infarction. Using this data, we predicted expression levels of other proteins following myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T. Nguyen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Cathy Wu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology and Protein Information Resource, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Lange
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Chilton
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Merry L. Lindsey
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Yu-Fang Jin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Naka I, Patarapotikul J, Hananantachai H, Imai H, Ohashi J. Association of the endothelial protein C receptor (PROCR) rs867186-G allele with protection from severe malaria. Malar J 2014; 13:105. [PMID: 24635948 PMCID: PMC4004250 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytoadhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to endothelial cells in microvessels is a remarkable characteristic of severe malaria. The endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), encoded by the endothelial protein C receptor gene (PROCR), has recently been identified as an endothelial receptor for specific P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) subtypes containing domain cassettes (DCs) 8 and 13. The PROCR rs867186-G allele (serine-to-glycine substitution at position 219 of EPCR; 219Gly) has been shown to be associated with higher levels of plasma soluble EPCR (sEPCR). In this study, the association of PROCR rs867186 with severe malaria is examined in Thai population. Methods A total of 707 Thai patients with P. falciparum malaria (341 with severe malaria and 336 with mild malaria) were genotyped for rs867186. To assess the association of PROCR rs867186 with severe malaria, three models (dominant, recessive and allelic) were evaluated. The rates of non-synonymous and synonymous substitutions were estimated for the coding sequence of the PROCR gene. Results The rs867186-GG genotype was significantly associated with protection from severe malaria (P-value = 0.026; odds ratio = 0.33; 95% confidence interval = 0.12–0.90). Evolutionary analysis provided no evidence of strong positive selection acting on the PROCR gene. Conclusion The rs867186-GG genotype showed significant association with protection from severe malaria. The present results suggest that PfEMP1–EPCR interaction, which can mediate cytoadhesion and/or reduce cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, is crucial to the pathogenesis of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jun Ohashi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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17
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Medina P, Navarro S, Bonet E, Martos L, Estellés A, Bertina R, Vos H, España F. Functional Analysis of Two Haplotypes of the Human Endothelial Protein C Receptor Gene. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:684-90. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
To confirm the effect of the endothelial protein receptor gene (
PROCR
) haplotypes H1 and H3 on venous thromboembolism (VTE), to study their effect on endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and to investigate the functionality of H1 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms in an in vitro model.
Approach and Results—
Protein C (PC), activated PC, and soluble EPCR (sEPCR) levels were measured in 702 patients with VTE and 518 healthy individuals. All subjects were genotyped for
PROCR
H1 and H3. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells isolated from 111 umbilical cords were used to study the relation between
PROCR
haplotypes,
PROCR
mRNA, cellular distribution of EPCR, and rate of PC activation. Finally, the functionality of the intragenic
PROCR
H1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms was analyzed using a luciferase-based method. We confirmed that individuals carrying H1 have reduced VTE risk, increased plasma activated PC levels, and reduced plasma sEPCR levels and that individuals with the H3H3 genotype have an increased VTE risk and increased plasma sEPCR levels. In cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, H1 is associated with increased membrane-bound EPCR, increased rate of PC activation, and reduced sEPCR in conditioned medium, but does not significantly influence
PROCR
mRNA levels. In contrast, H3 is associated with reduced membrane-bound EPCR and increased sEPCR in human umbilical vein endothelial cell–conditioned medium, higher levels of a truncated mRNA isoform, and a lower rate of PC activation. Finally, we identified the g.2132T>C single-nucleotide polymorphism in intron 1 as an intragenic H1-specific functional single-nucleotide polymorphism.
Conclusions—
These results support a protective role of
PROCR
H1 against VTE and an increased risk of VTE associated with the H3 haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Medina
- From the Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Centro de Investigación (P.M., S.N., E.B., L.M., A.E., F.E.) and Servicio de Análisis Clínicos (E.B.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; and Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.M.B., H.L.V.)
| | - S. Navarro
- From the Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Centro de Investigación (P.M., S.N., E.B., L.M., A.E., F.E.) and Servicio de Análisis Clínicos (E.B.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; and Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.M.B., H.L.V.)
| | - E. Bonet
- From the Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Centro de Investigación (P.M., S.N., E.B., L.M., A.E., F.E.) and Servicio de Análisis Clínicos (E.B.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; and Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.M.B., H.L.V.)
| | - L. Martos
- From the Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Centro de Investigación (P.M., S.N., E.B., L.M., A.E., F.E.) and Servicio de Análisis Clínicos (E.B.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; and Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.M.B., H.L.V.)
| | - A. Estellés
- From the Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Centro de Investigación (P.M., S.N., E.B., L.M., A.E., F.E.) and Servicio de Análisis Clínicos (E.B.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; and Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.M.B., H.L.V.)
| | - R.M. Bertina
- From the Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Centro de Investigación (P.M., S.N., E.B., L.M., A.E., F.E.) and Servicio de Análisis Clínicos (E.B.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; and Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.M.B., H.L.V.)
| | - H.L. Vos
- From the Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Centro de Investigación (P.M., S.N., E.B., L.M., A.E., F.E.) and Servicio de Análisis Clínicos (E.B.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; and Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.M.B., H.L.V.)
| | - F. España
- From the Grupo de Investigación en Hemostasia, Trombosis, Arteriosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Centro de Investigación (P.M., S.N., E.B., L.M., A.E., F.E.) and Servicio de Análisis Clínicos (E.B.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; and Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.M.B., H.L.V.)
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Endothelial protein C receptor polymorphisms and risk of severe sepsis in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39:1752-9. [PMID: 23881209 PMCID: PMC7095157 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-013-3018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) is expressed mainly in endothelial cells and is involved in regulation of the cytoprotective and anticoagulant pathways of protein C. We assessed whether haplotypes in the EPCR gene modify the risk of severe sepsis and/or septic shock (SS/SS) development in critically ill patients. Methods Three polymorphisms in the EPCR gene were genotyped in 389 Caucasian critically ill patients, hospitalized in the intensive care units of two major hospitals in Athens, Greece. Multivariate logistic regression analysis controlling for age, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores, sex, and diagnosis was performed to determine the effect of haplotypes H1 and H3 in the EPCR gene on the development of SS/SS. Results H2 carriers versus all other genotypes combined had a nonsignificant excess of SS/SS (p = 0.087). SS/SS occurred in 38.8 % of critically ill patients carrying minor alleles belonging to both H1 and H3 haplotypes, in 58.0 % of H1 carriers, 64.3 % of H3 carriers, and 65.2 % of patients carrying all common alleles (H2). Compared with H2 carriers, the odds ratios (OR) for developing SS/SS were 0.34 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.16–0.76, p = 0.008] for simultaneous H1 and H3 carriers, 0.65 (95 % CI 0.37–1.13, p = 0.123) for H1 carriers, and 0.82 (95 % CI 0.39–1.70, p = 0.590) for H3 carriers. Conclusions Our results indicate that simultaneous carriers of minor alleles belonging to both the H1 and H3 haplotypes may be at reduced risk of developing SS/SS in this cohort of critically ill patients.
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Navarro S, Medina P, Bonet E, Corral J, Martínez-Sales V, Martos L, Rivera M, Roselló-Lletí E, Alberca I, Roldán V, Mira Y, Ferrando F, Estellés A, Vicente V, Bertina RM, España F. Association of the Thrombomodulin Gene c.1418C>T Polymorphism With Thrombomodulin Levels and With Venous Thrombosis Risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1435-40. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
To investigate the association of the
THBD
c.1418C>T polymorphism, which encodes for the replacement of Ala455 by Val in thrombomodulin (TM), with venous thromboembolism (VTE), plasma soluble TM, and activated protein C levels. In addition, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) isolated from 100 umbilical cords were used to analyze the relation between this polymorphism and
THBD
mRNA and TM protein expression.
Approach and Results—
The
THBD
c.1418C>T polymorphism was genotyped in 1173 patients with VTE and 1262 control subjects. Levels of soluble TM and activated protein C were measured in 414 patients with VTE (not on oral anticoagulants) and 451 controls. HUVECs were genotyped for the polymorphism and analyzed for
THBD
mRNA and TM protein expression and for the ability to enhance protein C activation by thrombin. The 1418T allele frequency was lower in patients than in controls (
P
<0.001), and its presence was associated with a reduced VTE risk, reduced soluble TM levels, and increased circulating activated protein C levels (
P
<0.001). In cultured HUVEC, the 1418T allele did not influence
THBD
expression but was associated with increased TM in cell lysates, increased rate of protein C activation, and reduced soluble TM levels in conditioned medium.
Conclusions—
The
THBD
1418T allele is associated with lower soluble TM, both in plasma and in HUVEC-conditioned medium, and with an increase in functional membrane–bound TM in HUVEC, which could explain the increased activated protein C levels and the reduced VTE risk observed in individuals carrying this allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Navarro
- From the Unidad de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (S.N., P.M., E.B., V.M.-S., L.M., A.E., F.E.); Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.B.); Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (J.C., V.R., V.V.); Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (M.R., E.R.-L); Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain (I
| | - Pilar Medina
- From the Unidad de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (S.N., P.M., E.B., V.M.-S., L.M., A.E., F.E.); Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.B.); Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (J.C., V.R., V.V.); Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (M.R., E.R.-L); Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain (I
| | - Elena Bonet
- From the Unidad de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (S.N., P.M., E.B., V.M.-S., L.M., A.E., F.E.); Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.B.); Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (J.C., V.R., V.V.); Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (M.R., E.R.-L); Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain (I
| | - Javier Corral
- From the Unidad de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (S.N., P.M., E.B., V.M.-S., L.M., A.E., F.E.); Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.B.); Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (J.C., V.R., V.V.); Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (M.R., E.R.-L); Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain (I
| | - Vicenta Martínez-Sales
- From the Unidad de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (S.N., P.M., E.B., V.M.-S., L.M., A.E., F.E.); Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.B.); Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (J.C., V.R., V.V.); Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (M.R., E.R.-L); Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain (I
| | - Laura Martos
- From the Unidad de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (S.N., P.M., E.B., V.M.-S., L.M., A.E., F.E.); Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.B.); Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (J.C., V.R., V.V.); Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (M.R., E.R.-L); Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain (I
| | - Miguel Rivera
- From the Unidad de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (S.N., P.M., E.B., V.M.-S., L.M., A.E., F.E.); Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.B.); Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (J.C., V.R., V.V.); Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (M.R., E.R.-L); Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain (I
| | - Esther Roselló-Lletí
- From the Unidad de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (S.N., P.M., E.B., V.M.-S., L.M., A.E., F.E.); Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.B.); Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (J.C., V.R., V.V.); Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (M.R., E.R.-L); Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain (I
| | - Ignacio Alberca
- From the Unidad de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (S.N., P.M., E.B., V.M.-S., L.M., A.E., F.E.); Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.B.); Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (J.C., V.R., V.V.); Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (M.R., E.R.-L); Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain (I
| | - Vanessa Roldán
- From the Unidad de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (S.N., P.M., E.B., V.M.-S., L.M., A.E., F.E.); Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.B.); Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (J.C., V.R., V.V.); Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (M.R., E.R.-L); Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain (I
| | - Yolanda Mira
- From the Unidad de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (S.N., P.M., E.B., V.M.-S., L.M., A.E., F.E.); Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.B.); Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (J.C., V.R., V.V.); Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (M.R., E.R.-L); Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain (I
| | - Fernando Ferrando
- From the Unidad de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (S.N., P.M., E.B., V.M.-S., L.M., A.E., F.E.); Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.B.); Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (J.C., V.R., V.V.); Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (M.R., E.R.-L); Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain (I
| | - Amparo Estellés
- From the Unidad de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (S.N., P.M., E.B., V.M.-S., L.M., A.E., F.E.); Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.B.); Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (J.C., V.R., V.V.); Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (M.R., E.R.-L); Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain (I
| | - Vicente Vicente
- From the Unidad de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (S.N., P.M., E.B., V.M.-S., L.M., A.E., F.E.); Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.B.); Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (J.C., V.R., V.V.); Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (M.R., E.R.-L); Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain (I
| | - Rogier M. Bertina
- From the Unidad de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (S.N., P.M., E.B., V.M.-S., L.M., A.E., F.E.); Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.B.); Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (J.C., V.R., V.V.); Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (M.R., E.R.-L); Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain (I
| | - Francisco España
- From the Unidad de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (S.N., P.M., E.B., V.M.-S., L.M., A.E., F.E.); Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (E.B.); Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (J.C., V.R., V.V.); Unidad de Cardiocirculación, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain (M.R., E.R.-L); Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain (I
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Kallel C, Cohen W, Saut N, Blankenberg S, Schnabel R, Rupprecht HJ, Bickel C, Munzel T, Tregouet DA, Morange PE. Association of soluble endothelial protein C receptor plasma levels and PROCR rs867186 with cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease patients: the Athero Gene study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:103. [PMID: 23136988 PMCID: PMC3523004 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood coagulation is an essential determinant of coronary artery disease (CAD). Soluble Endothelial Protein C Receptor (sEPCR) may be a biomarker of a hypercoagulable state. We prospectively investigated the relationship between plasma sEPCR levels and the risk of cardiovascular events (CVE). METHODS We measured baseline sEPCR levels in 1673 individuals with CAD (521 with acute coronary syndrome [ACS] and 1152 with stable angina pectoris [SAP]) from the AtheroGene cohort. During a median follow up of 3.7 years, 136 individuals had a CVE. In addition, 891 of these CAD patients were genotyped for the PROCR rs867186 (Ser219Gly) variant. RESULTS At baseline, sEPCR levels were similar in individuals with ACS and SAP (median: 111 vs. 115 ng/mL respectively; p=0.20). Increased sEPCR levels were found to be associated with several cardiovascular risk factors including gender (p=0.006), soluble Tissue Factor levels (p=0.0001), diabetes (p=0.0005), and factors reflecting impaired renal function such as creatinine and cystatin C (p<0.0001). sEPCR levels were not significantly associated with the risk of CVE (median: 110 and 114 ng/mL in individuals with and without future CVE respectively; p=0.68). The rs867186 variant was found to explain 59% of sEPCR levels variability (p<10-200) but did not associate with CVE risk. CONCLUSION Our findings show that in patients with CAD, circulating sEPCR levels are related to classical cardiovascular risk factors and renal impairment but are not related to long-term incidence of CVE.
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21
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Costa R, Morrison A, Wang J, Manithody C, Li J, Rezaie AR. Activated protein C modulates cardiac metabolism and augments autophagy in the ischemic heart. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:1736-44. [PMID: 22738025 PMCID: PMC3433592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modulation of energy substrate metabolism may constitute a novel therapeutic intervention against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has emerged as a key regulator of favorable metabolic signaling pathways in response to myocardial ischemia. Recently, we demonstrated that activated protein C (APC) is cardioprotective against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by augmenting AMPK signaling. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine whether the APC modulation of substrate metabolism contributes to its cardioprotective effect against I/R injury. METHODS An ex vivo working mouse heart perfusion system was used to characterize the effect of wild-type APC and its signaling-proficient mutant, APC-2Cys (which has dramatically reduced anticoagulant activity), on glucose transport in the ischemic heart. RESULTS Both APC and APC-2Cys (0.2 μg g(-1)) augment the ischemic stress-induced translocation of the glucose transporter (GLUT4) to the myocardial cell membrane, leading to increased glucose uptake and glucose oxidation in the ischemic heart (P < 0.05 vs. vehicle). Both APC derivatives increased the autophagic flux in the heart following I/R. The activity of APC-2Cys in modulating these metabolic pathways was significantly higher than APC during I/R (P < 0.05). Intriguingly, APC-2Cys, but not wild-type APC, attenuated the I/R-initiated fatty acid oxidation by 80% (P < 0.01 vs. vehicle). CONCLUSIONS APC exerts a cardioprotective effect against I/R injury by preferentially enhancing the oxidation of glucose over fatty acids as energy substrates in the ischemic heart. Given its significantly higher beneficial metabolic modulatory effect, APC-2Cys may be developed as a potential therapeutic drug for treating ischemic heart disease without risk of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Costa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, NY
| | - Alex Morrison
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, NY
| | - Jingying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, NY
| | - Chandrashekhara Manithody
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, NY
| | - Alireza R Rezaie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
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Navarro S, Bonet E, Medina P, Martos L, Ricart JM, Vayá A, Todolí J, Fontcuberta J, Estellés A, España F. Haplotypes of the endothelial protein C receptor gene and Behçet's disease. Thromb Res 2012; 129:459-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Montes R, Puy C, Molina E, Hermida J. Is EPCR a multi-ligand receptor? Pros and cons. Thromb Haemost 2012; 107:815-26. [PMID: 22318610 DOI: 10.1160/th11-11-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the endothelial cell protein C/activated protein C receptor (EPCR) has received considerable attention. The role initially attributed to EPCR, i.e. the enhancement of protein C (PC) activation by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex on the surface of the large vessels, although important, did not go beyond the haemostasis scenario. However, the discovery of the cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic features of the activated PC (APC) and the required involvement of EPCR for APC to exert such actions did place the receptor in a privileged position in the crosstalk between coagulation and inflammation. The last five years have shown that PC/APC are not the only molecules able to interact with EPCR. Factor VII/VIIa (FVII/VIIa) and factor Xa (FXa), two other serine proteases that play a central role in haemostasis and are also involved in signalling processes influencing wound healing, tissue remodelling, inflammation or metastasis, have been reported to bind to EPCR. These observations have paved the way for an exploration of unsuspected new roles for the receptor. This review aims to offer a new image of EPCR in the light of its extended panel of ligands. A brief update of what is known about the APC-evoked EPCR-dependent cell signalling mechanisms is provided, but special care has been taken to assemble all the information available about the interaction of EPCR with FVII/VIIa and FXa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Montes
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Laboratory of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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The endothelial protein C receptor (PROCR) Ser219Gly variant and risk of common thrombotic disorders: a HuGE review and meta-analysis of evidence from observational studies. Blood 2012; 119:2392-400. [PMID: 22251481 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-383448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) limits thrombus formation by enhancing activation of the protein C anticoagulant pathway, and therefore may play a role in the etiology of thrombotic disorders. The rs867186 single-nucleotide polymorphism in the PROCR gene (g.6936A > G, c.4600A > G), resulting in a serine-to-glycine substitution at codon 219, has been associated with reduced activation of the protein C pathway, although its association with thrombosis risk remains unclear. The present study is a highly comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis, including unpublished genome-wide association study results, conducted to evaluate the evidence for an association between rs867186 and 2 common thrombotic outcomes, venous thromboembolism (VTE) and myocardial infarction (MI), which are hypothesized to share some etiologic pathways. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and HuGE Navigator were searched through July 2011 to identify relevant epidemiologic studies, and data were summarized using random-effects meta-analysis. Twelve candidate genes and 13 genome-wide association studies were analyzed (11 VTE and 14 MI, including 37,415 cases and 84,406 noncases). Under the additive genetic model, the odds of VTE increased by a factor of 1.22 (95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.33, P < .001) for every additional copy of the G allele. No evidence for association with MI was observed.
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Navarro S, Bonet E, Estellés A, Montes R, Hermida J, Martos L, España F, Medina P. The endothelial cell protein C receptor: Its role in thrombosis. Thromb Res 2011; 128:410-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Stur E, Silveira AN, Selvatici LS, Alves LNR, de Vargas Wolfgramm E, Tovar TT, De Nadai Sartori MP, de Paula F, Louro ID. Polymorphism analysis of MTHFR, factor II, and factor V genes in the Pomeranian population of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 16:219-22. [PMID: 21919702 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pomeranian populations worldwide immigrated originally from the north of Europe, and because of their preferential marriage, religion, and cultural habits, they show little or no reproductive mixing with local populations. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) C677T, Factor V Leiden, and Factor II G20210A polymorphisms are linked to augmented clotting and their frequencies may vary according to population ethnicity. We aimed to assess the frequencies of these thrombophilic alleles in the Pomeranian population residing in Espirito Santo and compare with the general population of the Espirito Santo state, Brazil. A total of 200 individuals were analyzed. The intrapopulation fixation index of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism was 0.03736. The observed heterozygosity was 0.44 and 0.4 for the general and Pomeranian populations, respectively. According to the chi-square test, both populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Four polymorphic alleles were detected for Factor II (2.02%) and 8 for Factor V (4.81%). Our results show that there is gene flow between the general and the Pomeranian population of Espirito Santo, which should no longer be considered an isolated population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Stur
- Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Guella I, Duga S, Ardissino D, Merlini PA, Peyvandi F, Mannucci PM, Asselta R. Common variants in the haemostatic gene pathway contribute to risk of early-onset myocardial infarction in the Italian population. Thromb Haemost 2011; 106:655-64. [PMID: 21901231 DOI: 10.1160/th11-04-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Occlusive coronary thrombus formation superimposed on an atherosclerotic plaque is the ultimate event leading to myocardial infarction (MI). Therefore, haemostatic proteins may represent important players in the pathogenesis of MI. It was the objective of this study to evaluate, in a comprehensive way, the role of haemostatic gene polymorphisms in predisposition to premature MI. A total of 810 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 37 genes were assessed for association with MI in a large cohort (1,670 males, 210 females) of Italian patients who suffered from an MI event before the age of 45, and an equal number of controls. Thirty-eight SNPs selected from the literature were genotyped using the SNPlex technology, whereas genotypes for the remaining 772 SNPs were extracted from a previous genome-wide association study. Genotypes were analysed by a standard case-control analysis corrected for classical cardiovascular risk factors, and by haplotype analysis. A weighted Genetic Risk Score (GRS) was calculated. Evidence for association with MI after covariate correction was found for 35 SNPs in 12 loci: F5, PROS1, F11, ITGA2, F12, F13A1, SERPINE1, PLAT, VWF, THBD, PROCR, and F9. The weighted GRS was constructed by including the top SNP for each of the 12 associated loci. The GRS distribution was significantly different between cases and controls, and subjects in the highest quintile had a 2.69-fold increased risk for MI compared with those in the lowest quintile. Our results suggest that a GRS, based on the combined effect of several risk alleles in different haemostatic genes, is associated with an increased risk of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Guella
- Department of Biology and Genetics for Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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Wang J, Yang L, Rezaie AR, Li J. Activated protein C protects against myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injury through AMP-activated protein kinase signaling. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:1308-17. [PMID: 21535395 PMCID: PMC3129410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated protein C (APC) is a vitamin K-dependent plasma serine protease that down-regulates clotting and inflammatory pathways. It is known that APC exerts a cardioprotective effect by decreasing apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and inhibiting expression of inflammatory mediators after myocardial ischemia. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to understand the mechanism of the APC-mediated cardioprotection against ischemic injury. METHODS Cardioprotective activities of wild-type APC and two derivatives, having either dramatically reduced anticoagulant activity or lacking signaling activity, were monitored in an acute ischemia/reperfusion injury model in which the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded. RESULTS APC reduced the myocardial infarct size by a mechanism that was largely independent of its anticoagulant activity. Thus, the non-anticoagulant APC-2Cys mutant, but not the non-signaling APC-E170A mutant, attenuated myocardial infarct size by EPCR and PAR-1-dependent mechanisms. Further studies revealed that APC acts directly on cardiomyocytes to stimulate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. The activation of AMPK by APC ameliorated the post-ischemic cardiac dysfunction in isolated perfused mouse hearts. Moreover, both APC and APC-2Cys inhibited production of TNFα and IL-6 in vivo by attenuating the ischemia/reperfusion-induced JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS APC exerts a cardioprotective function in ischemic/reperfusion injury through modulation of AMPK, NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Pintao MC, Roshani S, de Visser MCH, Tieken C, Tanck MWT, Wichers IM, Meijers JCM, Rosendaal FR, Middeldorp S, Reitsma PH. High levels of protein C are determined by PROCR haplotype 3. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:969-76. [PMID: 21392254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic determinants of plasma levels of protein C (PC) are poorly understood. Recently, we identified a locus on chromosome 20 determining high PC levels in a large Dutch pedigree with unexplained thrombophilia. Candidate genes in the LOD-1 support interval included FOXA2, THBD and PROCR. OBJECTIVES To examine these candidate genes and their influence on plasma levels of PC. PATIENTS/METHODS Exons, promoter and 3'UTR of the candidate genes were sequenced in 12 family members with normal to high PC levels. Four haplotypes of PROCR, two SNPs in the neighboring gene EDEM2 and critical SNPs encountered during resequencing were genotyped in the family and in a large group of healthy individuals (the Leiden Thrombophilia Study (LETS) controls). Soluble endothelial protein C receptor (sEPCR) and soluble thrombomodulin (sTM) plasma levels were measured in the family. RESULTS PROCR haplotype 3 (H3) and FOXA2 rs1055080 were associated with PC levels in the family but only PROCR H3 was also associated with plasma levels in the healthy individuals. Carriers of both variants had higher PC levels than carriers of only PROCR H3 in the family but not in healthy individuals, suggesting that a second determinant is present. EDEM2 SNPs were associated with PC levels, but their effect was small. PC and sEPCR levels were associated in both studies. sTM was not associated with variations of THBD or PC levels. CONCLUSIONS Chromosome 20 harbors genetic determinants of PC and sEPCR levels and the analysis of candidate genes suggests that the PROCR locus is responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Pintao
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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