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Ibrahimli A, Aliyev A, Majidli A, Kahraman A, Galandarova A, Khalilzade E, Mammadli H, Huseynli K, Assaf K, Kilinc C, Muradov N, Alisan OF, Abdullayev S, Sahin YI, Samadov E. Metastasis to the stomach: a systematic review. F1000Res 2023; 12:1374. [PMID: 38706640 PMCID: PMC11066534 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.140758.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: This study reviews the literature on gastric metastases (GM) in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. The goal of this study was to provide clinicians with a reliable and beneficial source to understand gastric metastases arising from various primary tumors and to present the growing literature in an easily accessible form. Methods: Articles published in English language from implementation of MEDLINE and Cochrane databases until May 2022 were considered for the systematic review. Articles other than English language, letters to the editor, posters, and clinical images were excluded. Hematogenous and lymphogenic metastases were included whereas direct tumoral invasion and seeding were excluded. Articles and abstracts were analyzed and last selection was done after cross-referencing and by use of defined eligibility criteria. Results: In total 1,521 publications were identified and 170 articles were finally included totaling 186 patients with GM. The median age of patients was 62 years. Gynecologic cancer was the most common cancer type causing GM (67 patients), followed by lung cancer (33 patients), renal cancer (20 patients), and melanoma (19 patients). One of the main treatment methods performed for metastasis was resection surgery (n=62), sometimes combined with chemotherapy (ChT) or immunotherapy. ChT was the other most used treatment method (n=78). Also, immunotherapy was amongst the most preferred treatment options after surgery and ChT (n=10). Conclusions: As 172 case reports were screened in the systematic review from different journals, heterogeneity was inevitable. Some articles missed important information such as complete follow-up or clinical information. Moreover, since all of the included articles were case reports quality assessment could not be performed. Among 172 case reports reviewed, resection surgery was performed the most and was sometimes combined with ChT and immunotherapy. Further research about what type of treatment has the best outcomes for patients with gastric metastases is needed.
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2
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Noor A, Lopetegui-Lia N, Desai A, Mesologites T, Rathmann J. Breast Cancer Metastasis Masquerading as Primary Colon and Gastric Cancer: A Case Report. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2020; 21:e917376. [PMID: 31927561 PMCID: PMC6977610 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.917376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
<strong>BACKGROUND</strong> Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. Despite treatment, recurrence and metastasis are common. Lobular breast cancer most commonly metastasizes to the lungs, liver, lymph nodes, and sites in the brain. Metastasis to the gastrointestinal tract is rare, with few cases reported to date. <strong>CASE REPORT</strong> This report describes a patient with late colon and gastric metastases from lobular breast cancer mimicking primary colon and gastric cancers. <strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong> Immunohistochemical methods can help differentiate metastatic breast disease to the gastrointestinal tract from primary gastrointestinal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arish Noor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Nerea Lopetegui-Lia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Aakash Desai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Joerg Rathmann
- Department of Hematology Oncology, St. Francis Hospital/Smilow Cancer Center, Hartford, CT, USA
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3
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Urbaniak A, Jablonska K, Podhorska-Okolow M, Ugorski M, Dziegiel P. Prolactin-induced protein (PIP)-characterization and role in breast cancer progression. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:2150-2164. [PMID: 30555735 PMCID: PMC6291655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-induced protein (PIP) is a small secreted glycoprotein carrying several N-linked carbohydrate chains. The expression of PIP is generally restricted to cells with apocrine properties. It was found in apocrine glands of the axilla, vulva, eyelid, ear canal, and seminal vesicle. Being a secretory protein, PIP is present in seminal plasma, saliva, lacrimal fluid, tears, sweat gland secretion. Little is known about the biological role of PIP. It binds to numerous proteins, however, in most cases the biological role of such interactions is poorly understood. A notable exception is its binding to CD4 receptors present on the surface of T lymphocytes, macrophages, and spermatozoa. The available data suggest that PIP can have immunomodulatory functions and plays an important role in cell-mediate adoptive immunity. PIP binds to bacteria from several genera, which suggests that this glycoprotein may participate also in innate immunity and protection of hosts against microbial infections. Increased levels of PIP were found in several types of human cancer (prostate, sweat and salivary gland cancers). It is especially common in breast cancer, however, data on the expression of PIP in normal and cancerous breast cancer tissues are to some degree conflicting. In early studies, it was shown that PIP is absent or its expression is very low in normal breast epithelium, whereas in breast cancers PIP is frequently expressed and present in large amounts. On the other hand, later study showed that expression of PIP is lower in advanced apocrine carcinomas and invasive carcinomas than in, respectively, in situ carcinomas and adjacent normal tissue. The most recent study revealed that PIP gene expression decreased gradually along with higher stage and grade of breast cancer. In agreement with these data, it was shown that that low levels or the lack of PIP expression are associated with a worse response of breast cancer cells to chemotherapy. It was proposed that PIP plays important role in the development and progression of breast cancer. However, its role in these processes is both unclear and controversial. In this review, the role of PIP in both physiological processes and carcinogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Urbaniak
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWroclaw, Poland
- Department of Human Morphology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Jablonska
- Department of Human Morphology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Marzenna Podhorska-Okolow
- Department of Human Morphology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Ugorski
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWroclaw, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life SciencesWroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Department of Human Morphology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
- Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical EducationWroclaw, Poland
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4
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Khan S, Asghari R, Lin M. An unusual presentation: breast metastases imitating a gastric primary - first Australian case reported. Intern Med J 2018; 48:885-886. [PMID: 29984506 DOI: 10.1111/imj.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Khan
- Medical Oncology Department, Bankstown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ray Asghari
- Medical Oncology Department, Bankstown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver is the most frequent site of metastatic disease, and metastatic disease to the liver is far more common than primary liver carcinoma in the United States. Pathologic evaluation of biopsy samples is key to establishing a correct diagnosis for patient management. Morphologic and immunoperoxidase studies, which are the standard for pathologic practice, accurately classify most tumors. Subclassification of carcinoma of unknown primary remains problematic. METHODS The author reviewed the literature for articles pertaining to liver biopsy, diagnosis of specific tumor types, utility of immunohistochemical markers, and microarray and proteomic analysis. RESULTS Sampling of liver lesions is best accomplished by combining fine-needle aspiration and needle core biopsy. Many malignancies have distinct morphologic and immunohistochemical patterns and can be correctly subclassified. Adenocarcinoma of unknown primary remains enigmatic since current immunohistochemical markers for this differential diagnosis lack specificity. Microarray analysis and proteomic analysis of tumors can provide distinct gene or protein expression profiles, respectively, for tumor classification. These technologies can be used with fine-needle aspiration and needle core biopsy samples. CONCLUSIONS Most metastatic malignancies in the liver may be correctly diagnosed using standard morphology and immunohistochemical techniques. However, subtyping of some carcinomas and identification of site of unknown primary remains problematic. New technologies may help to further refine our diagnostic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Centeno
- Pathology Services, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa FL 33612, USA.
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6
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Yim K, Ro SM, Lee J. Breast cancer metastasizing to the stomach mimicking primary gastric cancer: A case report. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:2251-2257. [PMID: 28405154 PMCID: PMC5374138 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i12.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer with stomach metastasis rare with an incidence of 1% or less among metastatic breast cancer patients. We experienced a case of breast cancer metastasizing to the stomach in 65-year-old female patient. She experienced dyspepsia and poor oral intake before visiting the clinic. Diffuse infiltration with nodular mucosal thickening of the stomach wall was observed, suggesting advanced gastric cancer based on gross endoscopic finding. Spread of poorly cohesive tumor cells in the gastric mucosa observed upon hematoxylin and eosin stain resembled signet ring cell carcinoma, but diffuse positive staining for GATA3 in immunohistochemical stain allowed for a conclusive diagnosis of breast cancer metastasizing to the stomach. Based on the final diagnosis, systemic chemotherapy was administered instead of primary surgical resection. After 2 cycles of docetaxel administration, she showed a partial response based on abdominal computed tomography scan. This case is an unusual presentation of breast cancer metastasizing to the gastrointestinal tract.
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7
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Zullo A, Balsamo G, Lorenzetti R, Romiti A, De Francesco V, Hassan C, Manta R. Gastric metastases from gynaecologic tumors: case reports and review of the literature. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:483. [PMID: 28149845 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.12.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The stomach is an infrequent localization of tumor metastases, and metastases originating from primary gynaecological cancers are particularly rare. We described the case of three females with ovarian, uterine, and breast metastases in the stomach, and we performed a systematic review of the literature of cases diagnosed at endoscopy. Overall, data of 18 patients with gastric metastases originating from the ovary, 11 from the uterus, and 159 from breast cancer were analyzed. Therefore, gastric metastasis mainly occurs from breast cancer, whilst both ovarian and uterine metastases are distinctly less frequent, but not impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Zullo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Adriana Romiti
- Oncology Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cesare Hassan
- Gastroenterology Unit, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Manta
- Gastroenterology Unit, Nuovo Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino-Estense, Baggiovara-Modena, Italy
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8
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Signet-ring cell carcinoma of the breast: a case report. World J Surg Oncol 2013; 11:183. [PMID: 23938020 PMCID: PMC3751374 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) can arise from virtually all organs. However, primary SRCC of the breast is very rare. Until 2003, SRCC was placed under ‘mucin-producing carcinomas’ and separated from other carcinomas by the World Health Organization (WHO). To date, only a few cases have been reported. A case of a 46-year-old woman with primary SRCC of the breast is presented in this report. The patient underwent a right modified radical mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection. Characteristic features and differential diagnosis of this tumor are discussed in the light of pertinent literature.
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9
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Abid A, Moffa C, Monga DK. Breast cancer metastasis to the GI tract may mimic primary gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:e106-7. [PMID: 23319694 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.44.6393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arifa Abid
- West Penn Allegheny Health System–Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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10
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El Hadi A, Al-Momani H, Edwards P. An effect of letrozole on gastric cancer? J Gastric Cancer 2011; 11:180-4. [PMID: 22076224 PMCID: PMC3204464 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2011.11.3.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Letrozole is a drug used in the treatment of postmenopausal women with breast and ovarian tumours. There is no evidence in the literature indicating its use in treating gastric cancer. We present a 68 year old lady admitted from the emergency department with weight loss, malaise and anaemia. Investigations confirmed the presence of two different primary tumours in the left breast and the stomach. Following that this patient with oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer and oestrogen receptor negative gastric cancer was treated with letrozole for her breast cancer followed by a gastric resection. Independent histology by two pathologists pre-operatively diagnosed gastric adenocarcinoma. Post-operatively, independent analysis of the resected stomach, omentum and lymph nodes revealed no evidence of gastric cancer. Therefore we conclude that there is a possibility of letrozole having an effect on gastric cancer. Further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Hadi
- Department of General Surgery, Aneurin Bevan Healthcare NHS Trust Nevill Hall Hospital, Wales, United Kingdom
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11
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Primary pure signet cell carcinoma of the breast: a case report and review of the literature. Breast Cancer 2010; 20:363-6. [PMID: 20556557 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-010-0210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) of the breast is a rare tumor that is classified into mucinous carcinoma and other tumors with abundant mucin as an independent subset and entity under the 2003 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the breast. Pure form SRCC is very rare. To date, only a few cases have been reported in the literature. A case of primary SRCC of the breast in a 48-year-old woman is presented in this report. Histologically, the majority of the neoplastic cells are characterized by large intracytoplasmic mucin, compressing the nuclei toward one pole of the cell. The patient underwent both mastectomy and axillary lymph node excision. Adjuvant chemotherapy and chest wall irradiation were performed, and the case was discharged and followed up in remission for 20 months. The primary breast tumor was confirmed by clinical, morphological, and immunohistochemical studies. Characteristic features and differential diagnosis of this tumor were discussed in the light of pertinent literature.
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12
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Ellis MC, Mason T, Barnett J, Kiesow LL, Vetto JT. Gastric malignancies in breast cancer survivors: pathology and outcomes. Am J Surg 2009; 197:633-6. [PMID: 19306975 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the number of breast cancer survivors increases, the appearance of second malignancies and unusual metastatic patterns likely also is increasing. In particular, we and others have observed gastric malignancies in breast cancer survivors. METHODS We reviewed 3 regional hospital system tumor databases, comprising 19,049 analytic breast cancer cases, to determine the number, types, and outcomes of subsequent gastric malignancies. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients developed subsequent gastric malignancies, representing .15% of breast cancer survivors; 82% of patients had gastric symptoms. Overall survival for the cohort was 39%. Twenty-four patients (86%) had gastric primaries and 13 died of their second cancers. Four patients had gastric metastases; all had lobular histology in both their primary tumors and metastatic lesions. Five patients had gastrointestinal stromal tumors; all patients underwent resection and currently are alive. CONCLUSION Gastric symptoms in breast cancer survivors may represent malignant lesions, often second primaries. All gastric metastases in our series were of lobular histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Ellis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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13
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Jones GE, Strauss DC, Forshaw MJ, Deere H, Mahedeva U, Mason RC. Breast cancer metastasis to the stomach may mimic primary gastric cancer: report of two cases and review of literature. World J Surg Oncol 2007; 5:75. [PMID: 17620117 PMCID: PMC1937002 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-5-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The stomach is an infrequent site of breast cancer metastasis. It may prove very difficult to distinguish a breast cancer metastasis to the stomach from a primary gastric cancer on the basis of clinical, endoscopic, radiological and histopathological features. It is important to make this distinction as the basis of treatment for breast cancer metastasis to the stomach is usually with systemic therapies rather than surgery. Case presentations The first patient, a 51 year old woman, developed an apparently localised signet-ring gastric adenocarcinoma 3 years after treatment for lobular breast cancer with no clinical evidence of recurrence. Initial gastric biopsies were negative for both oestrogen and progesterone receptors. Histopathology after a D2 total gastrectomy was reported as T4 N3 Mx. Immunohistochemistry for Gross Cystic Disease Fluid Protein was positive, suggesting metastatic breast cancer. The second patient, a 61 year old woman, developed a proximal gastric signet-ring adenocarcinoma 14 years after initial treatment for breast cancer which had subsequently recurred with bony and pleural metastases. In this case, initial gastric biopsies were positive for both oestrogen and progesterone receptors; subsequent investigations revealed widespread metastases and surgery was avoided. Conclusion In patients with a history of breast cancer, a high index of suspicion for potential breast cancer metastasis to the stomach should be maintained when new gastrointestinal symptoms develop or an apparent primary gastric cancer is diagnosed. Complete histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of the gastric biopsies and comparison with the original breast cancer pathology is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Jones
- Department of General Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Dirk C Strauss
- Department of General Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Matthew J Forshaw
- Department of General Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Harriet Deere
- Department of Histopathology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Ula Mahedeva
- Department of Histopathology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Robert C Mason
- Department of General Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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14
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Boutis AL, Andreadis C, Patakiouta F, Mouratidou D. Gastric signet-ring adenocarcinoma presenting with breast metastasis. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:2958-61. [PMID: 16718828 PMCID: PMC4087820 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i18.2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast metastases from gastric cancer are extremely rare. A case report of a 37-year-old female with breast inflammatory invasion and ascites is described. Breast biopsy revealed carcinomatous invasion of the lymphatics from adenocarcinoma cells with signet-ring features. Estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) and c-erb-B2 were negative. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a prepyloric ulcerative mass. Histopathologic examination of the lesion showed infiltration from a high-grade adenocarcinoma, identical with that of the breast. Immunostaining was positive for cytokeratins CK-7 and CK-20 and CEA and negative for ER and PR. Ascitic fluid cytology was positive for adenocarcinoma cells. Mammography was not diagnostic. Abdominal CT scanning revealed large ovarian masses suggestive of metastases (Krukenberg’s tumor). A cisplatin-based regimen was given but no objective response was observed. The patient died six months after initial diagnosis. A review of the literature is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios L Boutis
- 3rd Department of Clinical Oncology, Theagenion Cancer Hospital, 54007, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although primary breast cancer is common, metastatic disease to the breast, especially primary gastrointestinal cancer, is rare. Routine pathologic examination may be helpful in determining the true diagnosis, but can be misleading. METHODS To determine whether a signet ring carcinoma was a primary malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract metastatic to the breast or vice versa, histochemical analysis was performed for Her-2/NEU, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15, estrogen receptor, progesterone, carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin 7, and cytokeratin 20. RESULTS Positive staining for carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin 20 (and negative staining for the breast cancer antigens), and the clinical criteria favors the diagnosis of gastrointestinal carcinoma metastatic to the mammary gland. CONCLUSIONS Because the prognosis of therapy for metastatic cancer to the breast differs from that of primary breast cancer, it is imperative that the correct diagnosis be established. Immunohistochemistry for carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin 20 are particularly useful. Metastatic gastrointestinal carcinoma to the breast is a rare lesion but needs to be at least included in the differential diagnosis of breast masses, especially in patients with a history of gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul K Madan
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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16
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Satoh F, Umemura S, Osamura RY. Immunohistochemical analysis of GCDFP-15 and GCDFP-24 in mammary and non-mammary tissue. Breast Cancer 2000; 7:49-55. [PMID: 11029771 DOI: 10.1007/bf02967188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP)-15, a major constituent protein in breast cysts, is known to be a marker of breast cancer, while the diagnostic value of GCDFP-24, a protein with a molecular weight of 24,000 daltons, has not been determined. The aim of this study was to elucidate the usefulness of GCDFP-24 for the differential diagnosis of breast cancer in combination with GCDFP-15 and to characterize the histologic features of GCDFP-24-positive breast cancer. METHODS A total of 326 samples including non-neoplastic tissue and benign and malignant tumors from several anatomic sites were examined using commercially available monoclonal antibodies against GCDFP-15 and GCDFP-24. RESULTS In non-mammary tissue, GCDFP-15 was detected in skin, salivary gland, bronchial gland, prostate and seminal vesicle, and GCDFP-24 was detected in apocrine glands and peripheral nerve. Thirty-seven (44.6%) and 22 (26.5%) samples of 83 breast cancers were positive for GCDFP-15 and -24, respectively. Combined assays of GCDFP-15 and -24 raised the positive rate to 50.6%. The markers were not detected in tumors originating from gastrointestinal tract, bronchopulmonary structures or the genitourinary system. Breast cancers positive for both GCDFP-15 and GCDFP-24 were of lower histologic grade according to Bloom & Richardson's scoring system (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Immunohistochemical analysis of GCDFP-24 in combination with GCDFP-15 expression was useful for definitive diagnosis of breast cancers, and the expression of these markers correlated with low grade breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Apolipoproteins
- Apolipoproteins D
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Breast/chemistry
- Breast Diseases/diagnosis
- Breast Diseases/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/chemistry
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma/chemistry
- Carcinoma/diagnosis
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Lobular/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carrier Proteins/analysis
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Fibroadenoma/chemistry
- Fibroadenoma/diagnosis
- Fibroadenoma/pathology
- Glycoproteins
- Humans
- Male
- Membrane Transport Proteins
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasms/chemistry
- Organ Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- F Satoh
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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17
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Abstract
Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the breast is a very rare tumor and is not recognized as an independent entity of the World Health Organization classification of breast tumor. Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the breast is usually considered as a variant of mucinous carcinoma or lobular carcinoma and usually originates from the lobular epithelium. A case of primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the breast in a 68-year-old woman is presented. Histologically, the majority of neoplastic cells had an intracytoplasmic mucin collection. The histological presence of ductal carcinoma in situ, absence of lobular lesion and immunoreactivity for estrogen and progesterone receptors implicated the tumor cells arising from ductal epithelium. The papillary or organoid growth pattern is characteristic in this case. The patient underwent a modified radical mastectomy and was subsequently followed up for 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Liu
- Department of Pathology, China Medical College Hospital and China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan.
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