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Muñoz D, Grijota FJ, Bartolomé I, Siquier-Coll J, Toro-Román V, Maynar M. Serum and urinary concentrations of arsenic, beryllium, cadmium and lead after an aerobic training period of six months in aerobic athletes and sedentary people. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:43. [PMID: 32807167 PMCID: PMC7433203 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible effect of a period of 6 months of aerobic physical training on serum and urinary concentrations of arsenic (As), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), potentially toxic minerals. Methods Twenty-four well-trained, long distance runners (AG), were recruited at the start of their training period. They had been performing training regularly for the previous 2 years, recording an average volume of 120 km per week of rigorous aerobic exercise aimed at high-level competitions (1500 and 5000 m race modalities). Twenty-six untrained, sedentary participants constituted the control group (CG). All participants had been living in the same geographic area for at least 2 years before the start of the survey. Serum and urine samples were obtained from each participant at the beginning and at the end of the 6 months of the training program. The values of each mineral were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Additionally, the daily intake of each mineral was evaluated at both moments in time. Results The daily concentrations of trace elements in the diet were similar at the start and the end of the training period without differences between groups. In serum, significant differences between groups were observed in As, Cd and Pb (p < 0.05). Attending to time effects, a significant difference was obtained in Pb (p < 0.05). In urine, significant differences between groups were obtained in all minerals (p < 0.05). According to training period, significant differences were observed in As, Be and Pb (p < 0.05). Finally, the group x time interaction revealed significant differences in As and Be (p < 0.05). Conclusions Aerobic training may constitute a possibly effective method for increasing the elimination of Cd and Pb potentially toxic minerals from the body, especially among highly trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Muñoz
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Grijota
- Education Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bartolomé
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jesús Siquier-Coll
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Víctor Toro-Román
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Marcos Maynar
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
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Eom SY, Lee YS, Lee SG, Seo MN, Choi BS, Kim YD, Lim JA, Hwang MS, Kwon HJ, Kim YM, Hong YS, Sohn SJ, Park KS, Pyo HS, Kim H, Kim H, Park JD. Lead, Mercury, and Cadmium Exposure in the Korean General Population. J Korean Med Sci 2018; 33:e9. [PMID: 29215818 PMCID: PMC5729657 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) are well-known environmental pollutants. They are unnecessary in the biological processes of humans. This study was performed to estimate the representative background exposure levels to the metals by measuring concentrations in whole blood of the Korean general population. METHODS This population-based cross-sectional study included 4,000 subjects (1,886 males and 2,114 females) 0-83 years of age in 2010 and 2011. Adult subjects (≥ 19 years of age) were collected by sex- and age-stratified probability method, and preschool- and school-aged subjects were recruited by a cluster sampling method. Written consent was provided prior to blood sampling. Pb and Cd blood concentrations were determined by a flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and blood Hg was analyzed by a direct Hg analyzer. RESULTS The geometric mean, median and 95th percentile of blood Pb was 1.82 μg/dL, 1.83 μg/dL, and 3.78 μg/dL, respectively. The respective values were 2.92 μg/L, 2.87 μg/L, 9.12 μg/L for Hg, and 0.56 μg/L, 0.59 μg/L, 2.20 μg/L for Cd. Blood Pb and Hg were higher in males than in females, but no sex difference was observed, respectively, in subjects 0-4 years of age for Pb and in subjects less than 20 years for Hg. However, blood Cd was higher in females than in males and no sex difference was observed in subjects < 30 years of age. CONCLUSION This study provides representative data of human exposure to Pb, Hg, and Cd covering whole age groups of the general population in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yong Eom
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young Sub Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seul Gi Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Na Seo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Sun Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Dae Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ji Ae Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Myung Sil Hwang
- Food Risk Analysis Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ho Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yu Mi Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Young Seoub Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Seok Joon Sohn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung Su Park
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Soo Pyo
- Biomolecules Function Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jung Duck Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
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Eom SY, Hwang MS, Lim JA, Choi BS, Kwon HJ, Park JD, Kim YD, Kim H. Exome-wide association study identifies genetic polymorphisms of C12orf51, MYL2, and ALDH2 associated with blood lead levels in the general Korean population. Environ Health 2017; 16:11. [PMID: 28212632 PMCID: PMC5316181 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous toxic metal present in the environment that poses adverse health effects to humans. Inter-individual variation in blood Pb levels is affected by various factors, including genetic makeup. However, limited data are available on the association between genetic variation and blood Pb levels. The purpose of this study was to identify the genetic markers associated with blood Pb levels in the Korean population. METHODS The study subjects consisted of 1,483 healthy adults with no history of occupational exposure to Pb. We measured blood Pb levels and calculated probable daily intake of Pb according to dietary data collected using 24-hour recall. We conducted exome-wide association screening using Illumina Human Exome-12v1.2 platform (n = 500) and a replication analysis using VeraCode Goldengate assay (n = 1,483). RESULTS Among the 244,770 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tested, 12 SNPs associated with blood Pb level were identified, with suggestive significance level (P < 1 × 10-4). In the Goldengate assay for replication, three SNPs (C12orf51 rs11066280, MYL2 rs12229654, and ALDH2 rs671) were associated with statistically suggestively significant differences in blood Pb levels. When stratified by drinking status, a potential association of C12orf51 rs11066280, MYL2 rs12229654, and ALDH2 rs671 with blood Pb level was observed only in drinkers. A marginally significant gene-environment interaction between ALDH2 rs671 and alcohol consumption was observed in relation to blood Pb levels. The effects of the three suggestively significant SNPs on blood Pb levels was dependent on daily calcium intake amounts. CONCLUSIONS This exome-wide association study indicated that C12orf51 rs11066280, MYL2 rs12229654, and ALDH2 rs671 polymorphisms are linked to blood Pb levels in the Korean population. Our results suggest that these three SNPs are involved in the determination of Pb levels in Koreans via the regulation of alcohol drinking behavior, and that their negative effects may be compensated by appropriate calcium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Eom
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
| | - Myung Sil Hwang
- Food Risk Analysis Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-Ro, Heungdeok-Gu, Cheongju 28159 Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Korea
| | - Byung-Sun Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974 Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Korea
| | - Jung-Duck Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974 Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
| | - Heon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
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